Antisocial and asocial behavior. Types of personality behavior

It is rightly believed that social attitude is one of the basic qualities of human nature; the nature of the social attitude is the most important personality trait. The fundamental opposition is put forward between an outward-oriented, sociable, open personality and a personality, so to speak, closed in on itself, self-focused (autistic), closed.

Jung talks about extroverts and introverts, Kretschmer - about cyclothymic and schizothymic character. Within the cyclothymic type, Kretschmer identifies another opposition: naive self-confidence with a penchant for grandiose undertakings and modest indecision. Within the schizothymic type, idealistic thinking (at one pole of which we observe a passion for transformation, a desire for systematization and organization, while at the other - stubbornness, a spirit of contradiction, gloomy suspicion and misanthropy) is contrasted with rude, openly antisocial behavior.

The social behavior of the mentally ill and psychopaths cannot be reduced to a single, simple formula. Even with the same form of disorder, different people behave differently. Sometimes a person with a severe schizophrenic process continues to lead a completely active social life; on the other hand, a person suffering from psychopathy may stop all contact with other people and vegetate in complete solitude for the rest of his days. But the people we consider mentally abnormal are, for the most part, abnormal in their social behavior. This feature was even put forward as a criterion for defining the disease. People suffering from mental abnormalities are mostly antisocial; but only a few of them are antisocial.

A) Antisocial behavior

Numerous types of antisocial behavior come down to two typical forms.

1. Crazy in the narrow sense of the word - that is, those whom we currently classify as patients with schizophrenia, as a rule, exclude themselves from human society in one form or another. Within themselves they erect a new, special world in which they mainly live. - although to a superficial observer it may seem that they maintain contact with the real world. They have no need to share with others that realm of feelings, experiences and delusional ideas. which belongs only to them. They are self-sufficient and gradually become alienated from other people, including those who suffer from the same form of mental disorder. It is rightly believed that the distance between such patients and us is greater than between us and representatives of primitive cultures. The patient himself, apparently, is not aware of his antisociality and lives in his world as if this world were completely real. Typically, such people withdraw into themselves. without noticing it and without experiencing any suffering in this regard. They constitute a “socially dead” group. If the disorder is relatively mild, patients from the lower strata of society become vagabonds, while patients from the wealthy strata are destined for the reputation of eccentrics.

2. A completely different type of asociality, sometimes, in the early stages of the process, combined with that just described, develops as an inability to communicate with others and adapt to situations. Subjectively, this inability is felt as something very painful. Any contact becomes real torture; therefore, a person tries to stay away from others and prefers to be alone with himself. This causes him enormous suffering: after all, suppressing his social instincts, a person experiences a longing for communication and love. His asociality becomes noticeable to others; he annoys them with his awkwardness. Shyness alternates in him with unceremoniousness, all his external manifestations are immoderate, his behavior contradicts accepted norms. He feels the reaction of others and therefore withdraws more and more into himself. This form of asociality is characterized by many different psychologically understandable connections; it depends on a variety of “complexes” and, under favorable circumstances, can disappear. On the other side. it can lead to absolute self-isolation: a person imprisons himself in a room that he never leaves. This behavior is observed in representatives of a wide variety of characterological types - not only in rude and undifferentiated individuals, but also in cultured people capable of deep feelings; it can be combined with many other defective manifestations of mental life and appear as a passing phase or as one aspect of a stable constitution. It can develop spontaneously or represent a distinct reaction to unfavorable circumstances. In short, these behaviors can be an expression of many different forms of mental illness.

Psychological classification of types of deviant behavior

The psychological approach is based on identifying socio-psychological differences in certain types of deviant behavior of an individual. Psychological classifications are based on the following criteria:

Type of norm violated;

Psychological goals of behavior and its motivation;

The results of this behavior and the damage caused by it;

Individual style characteristics of behavior.

Within the framework of the psychological approach, various typologies of deviant behavior are used. Most authors, for example Yu.A. Clayberg, there are three main groups of behavioral deviations: negative (for example, drug use), positive (e.g. social creativity) and socially neutral (for example, begging).

One of the most complete and interesting options for systematizing types of deviant behavior of an individual, in our opinion, belongs to T.P. Korolenko and T.A. Donskikh. The authors divide all behavioral deviations into two large groups: non-standard and destructive behavior. Non-standard behavior may take the form of new thinking, new ideas, as well as actions that go beyond social stereotypes of behavior. This form presupposes activity, although it goes beyond the accepted norms in specific historical conditions, but plays a positive role in the progressive development of society. An example of non-standard behavior can be the activities of innovators, revolutionaries, oppositionists, and pioneers in any field of knowledge. This group cannot be recognized as having deviant behavior in the strict sense.

Typology destructive behavior aligned with its goals. In one case, these are externally destructive goals aimed at violating social norms (legal, moral, ethical, cultural) and, accordingly, externally destructive behavior. In the second case, there are intra-destructive goals aimed at the disintegration of the personality itself, its regression, and, accordingly, intra-destructive behavior.

Externally destructive behavior in turn, is divided into addictive and antisocial. Addictive behavior involves the use of certain substances or specific activities in order to escape from reality and obtain the desired emotions. Antisocial behavior consists of actions that violate existing laws and the rights of other people in the form of illegal, asocial, immoral and immoral behavior.

In Group intra-destructive behavior Ts.P. Korolenko and T.A. Donskys are distinguished by: suicidal, conformist, narcissistic, fanatical and autistic behavior. Suicidal behavior is characterized by an increased risk of suicide. Conformist - behavior devoid of individuality, focused exclusively on external authorities. Narcissistic- driven by a sense of self-importance. Fanatical - acts in the form of blind adherence to any idea or view. Autistic- manifests itself in the form of immediate isolation from people and the surrounding reality, immersion in the world of one’s own fantasies.

All of these forms of destructive behavior, according to scientists, meet such criteria of deviance as deterioration in the quality of life, decreased criticality of one’s behavior, cognitive distortions (perception and understanding of what is happening), decreased self-esteem and emotional disturbances. Finally, they most likely lead to a state of social disadaptation of the individual, up to and including complete isolation.

In the psychological literature one can find other approaches to the classification of types of deviant behavior of an individual.

In the future, we will adhere to our own classification of behavioral deviations, based on such leading criteria as the type of norm violated and the negative consequences of deviant behavior.

In accordance with the listed criteria, we will distinguish three main groups of deviant behavior: antisocial (delinquent) behavior, asocial (immoral) behavior, autodestructive (self-destructive) behavior.

Antisocial (delinquent) behavior - This behavior that is contrary to legal norms and threatens social order and the well-being of surrounding people. It includes any actions or inactions prohibited by law.

In adults (over 18 years of age), delinquent behavior manifests itself primarily in the form of offenses that entail criminal or civil liability and appropriate punishment. In adolescents (from 13 years old), the following types of delinquent behavior predominate: hooliganism, theft, robbery, vandalism, physical violence, drug trafficking. In childhood (from 5 to 12 years old), the most common forms are violence against younger children or peers, cruelty to animals, theft, petty hooliganism, destruction of property, and arson.

Antisocial behavior - This behavior that deviates from fulfilling moral standards and directly threatens the well-being of interpersonal relationships. It can manifest itself as aggressive behavior, sexual deviations (promiscuity, prostitution, seduction, voyeurism, exhibitionism, etc.), involvement in gambling for money, vagrancy, dependency.

In adolescence, the most common are leaving home, vagrancy, school truancy or refusal to study, lies, aggressive behavior, promiscuity (promiscuous sexual intercourse), graffiti (wall drawings and inscriptions of an obscene nature), subcultural deviations (slang, scarring, tattoos).

Children are more likely to run away from home, vagrancy, school absenteeism, aggressive behavior, slander, lies, theft, and extortion (begging).

The boundaries of antisocial behavior are especially variable because it, more than other behavioral deviations, is influenced by culture and time.

Autodestructive (self-destructive behavior) - This behavior that deviates from medical and psychological norms, threatening the integrity and development of the individual. Self-destructive behavior in the modern world appears in the following main forms: suicidal behavior, food addiction, chemical addiction (substance abuse), fanatical behavior (for example, involvement in a destructive religious cult), autistic behavior, victim behavior (victim behavior), activities with pronounced risk to life (extreme sports, significant speeding when driving, etc.).

The specificity of self-destructive behavior (similar to previous forms) in adolescence is its mediation by group values. The group in which a teenager is included can give rise to the following forms of self-destruction: drug-addictive behavior, self-cutting, computer addiction, food addiction, and less commonly, suicidal behavior.

Smoking and substance abuse occur in childhood, but in general, autodestruction is not typical for this age period.

We see that various types of deviant behavior of an individual are located on a single axis “destructive behavior”, with two opposite directions - towards oneself or towards others.

Based on the direction and severity of destructiveness, the following scale of deviant behavior can be presented: antisocial(active-destructive) - prosocial(relatively destructive, adapted to the norms of the antisocial group) - asocial(passive-destructive) - self-destructive(passive-autodestructive) - suicidal(active-autodestructive).

The identification of individual types of deviant behavior and their systematization according to similar characteristics are conditional, although justified for the purposes of scientific analysis. In real life, individual forms are often combined or intersected, and each specific case of deviant behavior turns out to be individually colored and unique.

EDUCATIONAL SCIENCES

UDC 371.01:151.8 BBK 74.200.44:88.5

O.S. Amosova

antisocial behavior of young people: factors, causes, methods of prevention

and corrections

The article is devoted to the problem of antisocial behavior of young people - one of the most serious problems of modern society. The article reveals the etiology, genealogy and ontogenesis of the phenomenon under study, reveals the factors and causes of the sought-for definition and argues for ways and means of prevention and correction of the phenomenon under study.

Key words: antisocial behavior, deviant behavior, delinquent behavior, addictive behavior, prevention, correction.

antisocial behavior by young people: factors, causes, methods of prevention and correction

The article is devoted to the problem of antisocial behavior of young people being one of the most significant challenges of the modern society. The authors reveal etiology, genealogy, and ontogeny of the phenomenon under study, define factors and reasons of the definition sought, and argue ways and means to prevent and correct of the phenomenon.

Key words: antisocial behavior, deviant behavior, delinquent behavior, prevention, correction.

The problem of antisocial behavior of adolescents and young people has been and remains the most pressing problem of modern Russian society and the state. Recently, statistical data have recorded a steady increase in the rates of young people brought to justice, which indicates the criminalization of the youth environment. Compared to the 30s of the twentieth century, the number of antisocial youth in Russia has more than tripled. It is this ever-increasing social maladjustment among young people that leads to the growth of such phenomena as drug addiction, alcoholism, and sectarianism.

A person’s behavior is his way of life, his actions in relation to society.

society, people, from the point of view of morality and law. It is axiomatically believed that all behavior is socially determined, all of it is social, but it can also be asocial. Antisocial behavior is considered to be behavior that violates social norms, such as criminal, administrative, family norms. Antisocial behavior is unacceptable for individuals and society as a whole, since it contradicts the basics of human life, his activities, customs, traditions, and moral norms. The closest thing to the concept of “antisocial behavior” is the term “deviant”. “Deviant” is considered non-normative behavior that deviates from the social norm. According to A.A. Krylov, maybe

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look at antisocial behavior from the point of view of adaptation/maladaptation. Then social behavior is adaptive, and antisocial behavior is maladaptive.

The term “criminal”, “criminal” behavior, and immoral behavior are also close to antisocial behavior. Antisocial behavior is a type of aggressive behavior that is expressed in destructive actions with the ultimate goal of causing harm to a person. Aggression in people is expressed physically or verbally, actively or passively, directly or indirectly. Young people whose behavior deviates from the rules accepted in society are called difficult, difficult to educate, with deviant, deviant, asocial behavior.

Theories based on the achievements of various disciplines can explain the antisocial behavior of young people. Moffitt's psychopathological developmental model identifies two types of antisocial youth: those with a fixed lifestyle and those with a restricted lifestyle. A person with a limited lifestyle behaves normally in childhood, but is prone to crimes such as vandalism and dromomania. Young people with a regular lifestyle since childhood are characterized by behavioral disorders, and in adolescence they take part in more serious crimes. The public health model emphasizes the influence of environment and other external factors. The model prioritizes preventative strategies and views violence as subject to systematic, scientifically sound, ongoing intervention. The third model examines a person's antisocial behavior inside and outside the family. According to this theory, harsh, neglectful treatment of a child, violence in childhood, insults and violence in adolescence, all this makes a person ultimately antisocial and leads to violent crimes, delinquency, suicide or premature death. Them

However, none of these theories provides a complete explanation for the emergence of antisocial behavior.

There are several clinical signs of antisocial behavior that you need to be able to recognize and take the necessary measures to correct them. The most common pathologies associated with aggressive behavior in adolescents are mental retardation, moderately severe speech disorders, and mental disorders (attention deficit, hyperactivity, depression, anxiety, character abnormalities). Conduct disorder and oppositional defiant behavior are psychiatric diagnoses caused by antisocial behavior. These diagnoses are characterized by attention deficit, hyperactivity, increased propensity to crime, abuse of psychoactive drugs, and criminal behavior.

The reasons for the antisocial behavior of young people can be seen in the peculiarities of the relationship between a person and the environment, the social environment, and themselves and are the result of the individual circumstances of a person’s birth and socialization. Numerous researchers of antisocial behavior, such as: P.G. Velsky, L.S. Vygotsky, A.S. Makarenko, D.I. Feldshtein, A.V. Mudrik, S.A. Zavrazhnov, L.K. Fortova et al., among the reasons for this behavior include heredity, social environment, training, upbringing and social activity of the person himself. All of these factors affect the individual directly or indirectly, but there is no direct relationship between the negative consequences and the nature of a person’s behavior. This is why researchers like T.R. Alimkhanova, Yu.A. Clayberg, A.V. Misko identifies only three main factors: biological, psychological and social. The biological factor lies in the physiological characteristics of the individual, the psychological factor lies in the characteristics of temperament, character accentuation, the social factor reflects the interaction

a person with society (family, educational institution, environment). In general, according to statistical data, among the most common causes of antisocial behavior are the following: 1) most often, antisocial behavior occurs in adolescents whose families have mental disorders, other diseases, or the consequences of illness; 2) if young people have an addiction to drugs, alcohol and antisocial behavior in society; 3) if the relationship between parents in the family is based on misunderstanding, disrespect for each other, and such parents show hostility towards their children. A factor influencing the antisocial behavior of a teenager is the system of punishment and rewards practiced in the family. Both parental cruelty and excessive love are equally dangerous in raising a teenager; 4) there is no paternal education; 5) the family is dominated by an authoritarian way of upbringing, or excessive guardianship towards the teenager. Authoritarianism, cruelty and excessive dominance of the mother are especially dangerous. And if a child has a weak type of nervous system, this can lead to neuropsychiatric diseases, and, ultimately, irreparable defects in the emotional sphere, lack of empathy, aggressiveness and the commission of crimes.

Antisocial behavior can be expressed in the following forms: 1. Deviant behavior - manifests itself in violation of social norms, established rules of behavior in the family and educational institution. Most often, deviant behavior manifests itself in the form of aggression, reluctance to learn, and demonstration of one’s negative attitude towards one’s environment. This behavior can be expressed in leaving home, vagrancy and even suicide, alcoholism, and drug use. 2. Delinquent behavior is expressed in the established stable behavior of young people, leading to violations of public order. Most often, this behavior manifests itself in the form of insults, beatings,

burns, extortion, petty thefts. 3. Addictive behavior is characterized by running away from oneself, from one’s problems. Such an escape may be accompanied by the following deviations: bulimia, anorexia, workaholism, constant playing of computer games, religious deviations, drugs and suicide.

Today, serious changes are taking place in the Russian state, which lead to a restructuring of the psychology of a person (especially young people), his views, habits, beliefs, moral values ​​and social roles. Not all of them can adapt to these changes and transformations in their lives. Young people are the stratum of the population most sensitive to social and psychological stress. It is among young people that there is a sharp increase in conflict-ridden, undisciplined people who do not know how to control themselves. It is in this group that the origins of alcoholism, drug addiction, moral degradation, delinquency and crime lie. According to modern statistics across the country, antisocial behavior among young people is growing exponentially. Over the past five years, the most widespread problems have become: alcoholism - 20%, drug addiction - 90-100%, sexual relations (homosexuality) - 15%, dromomania -50%, criminal (criminal) behavior of young people -50%.

Based on statistical data, we can conclude that the main task of solving the problem of antisocial behavior of young people is preventive measures to prevent deviations in behavior, prevention and psychological and pedagogical correction (if necessary). Since the formation of any personality occurs in the environment, this is of decisive importance for the upbringing of a person. The main role in the formation belongs to small groups: family, educational institutions, informal communication groups. Difficulties in shaping an individual’s behavior are usually due to

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are determined by the characteristics of the group in which the person is located. In our opinion, the most important role in the process of socialization and prevention of antisocial behavior of young people belongs to educational institutions, as the main official institutions of education, which are designed to instill in a young person the norms, rules, and moral values ​​​​accepted in society. In addition, young people spend most of their time in an educational institution and learn many norms of behavior in society. The professional staff of the educational institution is not only a specialist in the field of certain subjects, but also in the field of education and personal development.

Correction of antisocial behavior is a socio-pedagogical and psychological set of procedures aimed at establishing the value behavior of an individual, capable of correcting personal qualities that characterize the attitude towards social actions and deeds. Back in the 30s. twentieth century, famous scientist V.K. Kashchenko developed a classification of correction methods. They were asked to combine these methods into two groups: pedagogical and psychotherapeutic. Pedagogical methods included methods of social influence (correction of active-volitional defects, correction of fears, the method of ignoring, correction of obsessive thoughts and actions, correction of vagrancy, self-correction), special or private pedagogical methods (correction of behavioral or nervous defects), method of correction through work . Psychotherapeutic methods included: suggestion and self-hypnosis, hypnosis, persuasion, psychoanalysis.

Correctional work in youth groups consists of the following stages: 1. Identification of the socio-pedagogical and psychological problem. 2. Determining the causes of antisocial behavior. 3. Diagnostics. 4. Determination of correction methods and technologies and their use. 5. Development, implementation

Implementation and monitoring of the effectiveness of the correction program.

Today, most scientists are of the opinion that the antisocial behavior of young people is caused by destructive socio-political processes occurring in society (errors in the implementation of socio-economic reforms, a decline in the living standards of citizens, a crisis of the traditional value system). Therefore, economic measures for reforming social relations, the need to increase the material level and social security of citizens are put in first place in addressing issues of preventing antisocial behavior among young people. A study of the problem of antisocial behavior of young people shows that material wealth and high social status of parents do not guarantee that young people comply with social norms. Therefore, it is necessary to note among the reasons for the increase in antisocial behavior the shortcomings of educational work with adolescents and young people. The best prevention of antisocial behavior in young people is a clear, purposefully organized educational intervention. It is important to note that preventive educational opportunities are more effective than other means, because Legal preventive measures, as a rule, begin to take effect when the act has already been committed. Using targeted educational influence on young people, it is necessary to include in the consciousness of a teenager legal preventive measures, which should become part of his beliefs and experience. Antisocial behavioral attitudes of young people can be destroyed by applying methods of mutual trust and respect to them. The surrounding social microsphere, the psychological climate in the family, the conditions of upbringing, relationships with parents and teachers - all this is reflected in young people and should become a determining factor in upbringing.

Bibliography

1. Belicheva, S.A. Fundamentals of preventive psychology [Text] / S.A. Belicheva. - M.: Editorial and Publishing Center of the Consortium “Social Health of Russia”, 1994. - 236 p.

2. Gillenbrand, K. Correctional pedagogy. Teaching difficult schoolchildren [Text] / K. Gillenbrand. - M.: Academia, 2007. - 237 p.

3. Zmanovskaya, E.V. Deviantology: psychology of deviant behavior [Text] / E.V. Zma-novskaya. - M.: Academy, 2008. - 288 p.

4. Kashchenko, V.P. Pedagogical correction: correction of character defects in children and adolescents [Text]: a manual for students. avg. and higher ped. textbook establishments / V.P. Kashchenko. - M.: Academy, 2000. - 304 p.

5. Krylov, A.A. Psychology [Text]: textbook for universities / A.A. Krylov. - M.: TC Sfera, 2009. - 191 p.

1. Belicheva S.A. Fundamentals of preventive psychology. M.: Redaktsionno-izdatelskiy tsentr Konsortsiuma "Sotsialnoye zdorovye Rossii", 1994. P. 236. .

2. Hillenbrand K. Correctional pedagogy. Teaching difficult students. M.: Akademiya, 2007. P. 237. .

3. Zmanovskaya E.V. Deviantology: psychology of deviant behavior. M.: Akademiya, 2008. P. 288. .

4. Kashchenko V.P. Pedagogical correction: Correction of character flaws in children and adolescents: textbook. M.: Akademiya, 2000. P. 304. .

5. Krylov A.A. Psychology: textbook. M.: TC Sfera, 2009. P. 191. .

Candidate of Legal Sciences, Senior Lecturer of the Department of State Legal Disciplines, Faculty of Law, Vladimir Law Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, Vladimir, Russian Federation. KtaI: [email protected]

Information about the authors: Amosova Oksana Sergeevna,

Candidate of Sciences (Law), Senior Lecturer Department of State and Law Disciplines, Vladimir Law Institute of the Federal Penitentiary Service of Russia, Vladimir, Russia. Email: [email protected]

The behavior of some children and adolescents attracts attention as a violation of norms, inconsistency with the advice and recommendations received, and differs from the behavior of those who fit into the normative requirements of the family, school and society.

This behavior, characterized by deviation from accepted moral, and in some cases legal norms, is called deviant. It includes anti-disciplinary, anti-social, delinquent illegal and auto-aggressive (suicidal and self-harm) actions. In their origin, they can be caused by various deviations in the development of the individual and his reaction. More often this behavior is the reaction of children and adolescents to difficult life circumstances. It is on the border between normal and disease and therefore should be assessed not only by the employee, but also by the doctor. The possibility of behavioral deviations is also related to the characteristics of physical development, educational conditions and social environment.

Puberty also affects behavior. With premature sexual development, in some cases predominantly emotional disorders occur, in others - behavioral disorders (pretentiousness, hot temper, aggressiveness) and drive disorders; especially sexual. With delayed sexual development, slowness, lack of concentration, uncertainty, impulsiveness and difficulties in adaptation appear.

The occurrence of deviant behavior may be due to psychological characteristics. In younger adolescents, there are disproportions in the level and pace of personality development. The emerging feeling of adulthood leads to an inflated level of aspirations. Emotionality becomes unstable, characterized by sharp mood swings, rapid transitions from exaltation to decreased disposition. When a teenager is faced with a misunderstanding of his aspirations for independence, as well as in response to criticism of physical abilities or external data, outbursts of affect arise. The most unstable mood is observed in boys and girls. Belkin A.S. Difficult teenager // Education of schoolchildren, 2008, No. 1. P. 36.. The most pronounced stubbornness occurs at this same age. Older teenagers are concerned about the right to independence; they are looking for their place in life. A differentiation of abilities and interests occurs, a worldview develops, and psychosexual orientation is determined. However, determination and perseverance at this age still coexist with impulsiveness and instability. Excessive self-confidence and categoricalness are combined with sensitivity and self-doubt. The desire for broad contacts coexists with the desire to be alone, unceremoniousness with shyness, romanticism with pragmatism and cynicism, the need for tenderness with sadism.

The development of a teenager’s personality occurs under the influence of the culture and society that raised him, and is associated with socio-economic status and gender. Puberty in modern adolescents ends before the onset of social maturity. The existing freedom to choose a life path lengthens the time of adaptation. At the same time, social maturation occurs unevenly and depends on the completion of education, financial independence or the onset of adulthood. A teenager may be unadapted in some areas of life and have a hard time experiencing his failure. For example, having authority in a group of athletes, a teenager may turn out to be completely immature in relationships with people of the opposite sex.

During the life of a teenager, the range of social roles expands: student, amateur performer, member of a sports team, etc. However, mastering them is difficult, which can lead to great emotional stress and behavioral disturbances. Behavioral disorders may include the following:

Hyperkinetic behavior disorder. It is characterized by a lack of persistence in activities that require mental effort, a tendency to move from one activity to another without completing any of them, along with poorly regulated and excessive activity. This may be accompanied by recklessness, impulsiveness, a tendency to get into accidents, and to receive disciplinary sanctions due to thoughtless or defiant violations of rules. They don’t feel distance in relationships with adults; children don’t like them and refuse to play with them. There may also be conduct disorder and low self-esteem.

Unsocialized conduct disorder. Characterized by a combination of persistent antisocial or aggressive behavior with violation of social norms and significant disturbances in relationships with other children. It is characterized by a lack of productive communication with peers and manifests itself as isolation from, rejection by, or unpopularity with, and a lack of friends or empathic reciprocal connections with peers. They show disagreement, cruelty and indignation towards adults; less often the relationship is good, but without due trust. There may be associated emotional disturbances. Usually the child or teenager is lonely. Typical behavior includes pugnacity, bullying, extortion or assault with violence and cruelty, disobedience, rudeness, individualism and resistance to authority, severe outbursts of anger and uncontrollable rage, destructive acts, arson,

Socialized conduct disorder. It differs in that persistent antisocial (theft, deceit, truancy from school, leaving home, extortion, rudeness) or aggressive behavior occurs in sociable children and adolescents. Often they are part of a group of antisocial peers, but they can also be part of an indifferent company. Relations with adults representing power are poor.

Mixed, behavioral and emotional disorders are a combination of persistently aggressive antisocial or defiant behavior with severe symptoms of depression or anxiety. In some cases, the above disorders are combined with persistent depression, manifested by severe suffering, loss of interests, loss of pleasure from lively, emotional games and activities, and self-accusation and hopelessness. In others, behavioral disorders are accompanied by anxiety, timidity, fears, obsessions or worries about one’s health.

Delinquent behavior. This refers to misdemeanors, minor offenses that do not reach the level of a crime punishable in court. It manifests itself in the form of truancy from class, communication with antisocial companies, hooliganism, bullying of the small and weak, extortion of money, theft of bicycles and motorcycles. Fraud, speculation, and home theft are common. The reasons are social - shortcomings in education. 30%-80% of delinquent children had single-parent families, 70% of adolescents had serious character disorders, 66% had accentuates. Among hospital patients without psychosis, 40% have delinquent behavior. In half of them it was combined with psychopathy. Running away from home and vagrancy in a third of cases is combined with delinquency. A quarter of those hospitalized are runaways. Self-destructive behavior in adolescents: Sat. scientific tr. / ed. A.E. Lichko and Yu.V. Popova. L., 1991..

Antisocial (immoral) behavior.

This is behavior that evades moral standards and directly threatens the well-being of interpersonal relationships. It can manifest itself as aggressive behavior, sexual deviations (promiscuity, prostitution, seduction, etc.), involvement in gambling for money, vagrancy, dependency.

In adolescence, the most common behaviors are leaving home, vagrancy, school absenteeism or refusal to study, graffiti, slang, and tattoos. Children are more likely to run away from home, vagrancy, slander, lies, theft, extortion or begging.

The boundaries of antisocial behavior are especially variable because it, more than other behavioral deviations, is influenced by culture and time.

Antisocial (delinquent) behavior.

Behavior that is contrary to legal norms and threatens social order and the well-being of others. It includes any actions or inactions prohibited by law.

In adults (over 18 years of age), this behavior manifests itself in the form of offenses that entail criminal liability or civil penalties and appropriate penalties. In adolescents (from 13 years old): hooliganism, theft, robbery, vandalism, violence. In childhood (from 5 to 12 years) violence towards younger children, peers, cruelty to animals, theft, petty hooliganism, arson.

Autodestructive (self-destructive) behavior.

Deviating from medical and psychological norms, threatening the integrity and development of the individual. Self-destructive behavior in the modern world appears in the following main forms: suicidal behavior, food or chemical addiction, fanatical behavior, autistic behavior, activities with a pronounced risk to life (extreme sports, significant speeding when driving a car, etc.).

So, depending on the nature of preventive measures, we can distinguish the following relatively independent groups of unfavorably characterized individual characteristics, which, in the absence of special corrective influences, can cause various antisocial deviations in minors:

1. First of all, this kind of unfavorable individual characteristics should include some crisis phenomena that characterize psychophysiological development in adolescence, which cause a certain difficulty in educating a teenager. These crisis phenomena of adolescence can well be overcome in the system of general educational institutions, provided that the educational process and relationships between adults, teachers, parents, educators and adolescents are built taking into account the specific characteristics of this age.

2. Social adaptation of children and adolescents can be hampered by various neuropsychic diseases, deviations, and accentuations. It is obvious that in this case, pedagogical correction measures are not enough; the intervention and assistance of psychiatrists, neurologists, psychotherapists is necessary, along with educational measures carrying out medical correction, as well as conducting special consultations for employees and parents.

3. A special place among the unfavorable individual characteristics that make up the psychophysiological preconditions of antisocial behavior is occupied by mental retardation, mental retardation, which, as is known, is caused by an organic burden of a congenital, hereditary nature, or resulting from traumatic brain injuries and diseases of the central nervous system suffered at the age of reaching. Social adaptation of children with mental retardation, as well as the prevention of asocial deviations in these children, should be carried out according to special programs in auxiliary educational institutions.

4. In some cases, the role of psychobiological prerequisites for antisocial behavior can be various physical defects, speech defects, external unattractiveness, disadvantages of a constitutional-somatic nature, which can negatively manifest themselves through the system of interpersonal relationships of a child, a teenager in a group of classmates, among peers. It is obvious that disruptions in relationships in the classroom due to physical defects of children can easily be overcome through modern pedagogical correction.

5. The correction of asocial deviations, which are based on perverted or hypertrophied biological needs, presents considerable difficulty for educational and preventive practice. As psychobiological prerequisites for antisocial behavior, they are found much less frequently among minors than among adult criminals, but, nevertheless, they should not fall out of sight of criminological analysis. This includes youthful hypersexuality, not sublimated into socially active forms of activity, entrenched at the level of bad habits, the need for alcohol, smoking, and drugs. The fight against this kind of phenomenon requires comprehensive measures of both a pedagogical, medical and administrative-compulsory nature.

Antisocial behavior examples

How to protect your child from joining antisocial groups"

Poor health and many unresolved social problems turn the most unforgettable and bright page in the life of any person - childhood - into a dark period of joyless existence, into an endless struggle for survival. The situation surrounding children today is aggravated by cruelty, violence, criminal conflicts, social instability in society, and the crazy entertainment industry. An endless stream of propaganda of dubious values ​​and pleasures and detachment from raising a family rains down on him from billboards and television screens. After such zombification procedures, it is perhaps difficult to count on love and gratitude from the younger generation, on its high culture. But the opposite is clearly observed - the unbridled cruelty that has gripped our society.

Western psychiatry beautifully calls such people “sociopaths,” but in our country this term is almost never used, and they talk about “behavioral disorders.”

These people are “problematic” from early childhood.

To one degree or another, they are characterized by:

Indifference to other people's feelings

Neglect of social rules and responsibilities,

Extremely low threshold for aggression, including violence,

Inability to feel guilty and benefit from life experiences, especially punishment,

A pronounced tendency to blame others or put forward plausible explanations for socially unacceptable behavior.

Examples of behaviors that lead to a diagnosis of conduct disorder include:

Excessive pugnacity or hooliganism,

Cruelty to other people or animals,

Severe destruction of property,

Absenteeism from school and leaving home,

Unusually frequent and severe outbursts of anger,

Provocative behavior

Constant, outright disobedience.

This group contains behavioral disorders that include aggressive, oppositional, defiant or brutal behavior, in which the abnormal behavior is entirely or almost entirely confined to the home and relationships with immediate family or household members. Theft from the home may occur, often specifically focused on the money and property of one or two individuals. The child's behavior may be intentionally destructive, also focused on specific family members, such as breaking toys or jewelry, destroying clothes or shoes, cutting furniture, or destroying valuable property.

This type of disorder is characterized by a combination of persistent antisocial or aggressive behavior, with significant general disruption of the child's relationships with other children. Such a child does not have a peer group in which he would “belong”; he is isolated, rejected or unpopular in the children's environment. He doesn't have any close friends either. Relationships with adults can develop in different ways. There is usually a tendency to be cruel, stubborn and negativistic in relationships, but sometimes good relationships with individual adults occur. Typical behavior of such children includes bullying, excessive pugnacity, and (in older children) extortion or violent assault. Also characteristic are rudeness, individualism, resistance to authority, severe outbursts of uncontrollable rage, and cruelty to people and animals.

This category applies to conduct disorders involving persistent antisocial or aggressive behavior and occurring in children who are usually well integrated into their peer group. In this case, the child usually has a peer group to which he is devoted and in which socially unacceptable behavior is certainly approved. Within this group, the child may have long-lasting and close friendships. But if the group's antisocial behavior includes, for example, hooliganism, then the same child may show extreme cruelty towards the victims.

Why do children go "to the left"?

What are the causes of behavioral disorders in children?

Quite often the root of the problem lies in the child’s family.

A family may be unreasonably cruel to a child, and this causes retaliatory cruelty. A child may be beaten or otherwise punished for the slightest offense and deprived of pleasure. Such a child never receives praise or encouragement. The only encouragement for him is the absence of punishment. As a rule, emotional relationships in such a family are cold and lifeless. The child grows up without warmth and affection, and he himself cannot warm or caress anyone. He is often cruel to animals or weaker children, taking out his own humiliations on them. Growing up, such a child, as a rule, begins to take revenge on his parents.

Sometimes there is no cruelty, and all family members are, as it were, cohabitants indifferent to each other. No one in such a family cares about anyone, no one is interested in the affairs and feelings of others. Everyone has been living on their own for a long time. Grandpa watches football, grandma digs in the garden, dad disappears at work, and mom

reads romance novels and chats with her friends on the phone for hours. No one interferes in anything, no one empathizes, no one asks questions. Everyone takes care of their own nerves. It is not surprising that in such a family a child grows up who is callous and indifferent to the feelings of other people.

Sometimes children with antisocial behavior grow up in a child-centric family. Such a child is pampered by everyone, everyone forgives him, everyone allows him. All the benefits available to the family are at his service. He is not used to sharing with anyone: neither chocolate, nor power, nor attention. Growing up, a child naturally expects from the world the same attitude that he met in the family. But the world is in no hurry to be “at his service.” Depending on the temperament and character of the child, protest develops. As a rule, this results in hysterical neurosis. But sometimes, if a child is strong or smart and resourceful, he finds the opportunity to realize his desire to rule in a group of peers with antisocial behavior, becoming a leader there either due to his personal qualities, or due to the influence and wealth of his “ancestors.” If parents continue to “cover up” for the child, “let go of the brakes” on all of his initially minor, hooligan offenses, then antisocial behavior is reinforced, aggravated by character pathology and often becomes irreversible.

Naturally, most often children with antisocial behavior come from so-called socially disadvantaged families.

Firstly, quite often children with behavioral disorders experience certain neurological disorders (parents need to pay special attention in this regard to children diagnosed with ADHD or hyperdynamic syndrome).

Secondly, the provoking factor may be the general low level of development of the child’s intelligence. Such a child falls behind at school and is scolded for poor performance at home. In search of support and understanding, he goes out into the street, and there he may well be “picked up” by members of an antisocial group.

Thirdly, heredity also plays a role. Whatever they say about the obsolescence of “Apple” sayings, personality is still a combination of hereditary inclinations and environmental influences. Of course, unfavorable hereditary factors are psychiatric illnesses of close relatives, alcoholism or drug addiction of one or both parents, suicide of one of the parents or a family member, persistent antisocial behavior of one of the relatives.

Fourth, all types of antisocial behavior are much more common in boys than in girls.

Increase the risk of developing behavioral disorders by such child character traits as cruelty, inability to sympathize, inattention and indifference to the interests of other people, excessive selfishness, a tendency to blame others for everything and the inability to admit one’s mistakes, low or excessively high self-esteem, deceit, rudeness, inability to restrain your negative feelings.

What to do to prevent this from happening? And how to behave if this has already happened?

There are a number of features inherent in prosperous families. A wide variety of children in these families are socialized normally and never or almost never exhibit significant antisocial disorders.

I would like to emphasize that it is the personality as a whole that is accepted. And the point here is not at all that this very person is allowed everything. The child’s actions and individual qualities are not welcomed and, if necessary, harshly condemned. Moreover, the differentiation is sometimes very subtle.

This is not self-indulgence or all-forgiveness - it is precisely support in difficult times, approval in moments of weakness and reflection, a push in moments of doubt, and solidarity with the healthy part of the personality when the shadow part (and each of us has one) is ready to rebel and come out. obedience.

The time of youth is a particularly difficult time, a time of searching for one’s own path. A person at this age is creatively active, he has not yet formed thinking stereotypes, he is mobile, but this mobility can also be called imbalance: a young man easily falls under the influence of others, he can be carried away into both good and evil. Moreover, often he still cannot distinguish good from evil, he does not have the experience to deeply understand and evaluate some phenomenon. In addition, at this age, due to the restructuring of the entire bodily composition, powerful bodily feelings and movements arise in a person, which he often blindly follows.

At this age, a person is acutely aware of his freedom and tries to realize this freedom. Moreover, young people understand freedom as a renunciation of what their parents and, in general, people of the older generation live by; they see in this an affirmation of their “I.” On the other hand, the young man wants to be like everyone else - like everyone else, as they say now, “advanced” young people.

And modern youth culture offers him such an example of “advancement”: drugs, alcohol, promiscuity, appropriate style of clothing and behavior, appropriate music, etc. And all these attributes of a “normal young man” are precisely what are or cause the asocial phenomena that we are talking about today. It is they who become not only the cause of the death of the young themselves, but also the source of many troubles and suffering for those around them. And all this is flourishing throughout Russia - we traveled to the most remote regions and saw that the consumption of drugs and alcohol is only increasing everywhere (no one now says that drinking beer is as dangerous as consuming strong drinks). Everywhere families are being destroyed because it is “not fashionable” to start a family and raise children. It is fashionable to live in a civil marriage, constantly changing partners, same-sex love has become fashionable, etc.

Definition of the concept of “asociality”

The adjective “asocial” is used in relation to a wide range of concepts: asocial lifestyle, asocial personality, asocial families...

In all these cases, it is meant that a certain person (or perhaps a group of people) to one degree or another does not comply with the norms accepted in society. After all, “asocial” is literally “antisocial”, denying society, not taking into account the needs of its members.

Personality type

Psychologists distinguish the so-called asocial personality type (otherwise it is called the sociopathic type or simply a sociopath). This type of characteristic usually consists of the following main features:

• Inability to express your emotions.
• Ignoring the public and unspoken rules that have developed in society.
• Ease of manipulating others, convincing role-playing, lying in one's own interests.
• Aggression as a universal response to external stimuli.
• Lack of shame and remorse, inability to understand that his actions bring suffering to people around him.
• Confidence in the correctness of your behavior.
• Impulsivity, the desire to satisfy needs immediately, here and now.
• Selfishness. One’s own needs always come first, above the needs and wants of others, above any social restrictions.

In general, it is worth noting that asociality can take a wide variety of forms; accordingly, there is no clearly limited set of features inherent in the character of a sociopath. Nevertheless, in an attempt to highlight the most striking features that allow us to speak with great confidence about an antisocial personality type, a list of four points was compiled.

Firstly, this is the already noted impulsiveness. An antisocial personality lives for one second, is not able to think about decisions for a long time and weigh the pros and cons, and most importantly, craves the lightning-fast fulfillment of his own desires.

Secondly, such a person cannot love sincerely, cannot show tenderness and sensitivity to his partner. It is paradoxical that at the same time, antisocial people are often outwardly attractive and charismatic and, as a result, are surrounded by fans. However, the maximum that these fans will receive is superficial relationships, short-term connections.

Thirdly, antisocials do not use past negative experiences in any way. In other words, it is useless to hope that a sociopath will remember how much suffering to others and (or) inconvenience this or that action brought him, and will not repeat it.

Finally, and this trait has also already been noted, an antisocial person will never feel guilty or suffer from remorse. He simply cannot understand why he is being condemned.

Sociopathic child

The mentioned features, as a rule, become noticeable quite early. Antisocial children are capricious, irritable, often hyperactive, strive to control adults and achieve what they want at any cost. They are cruel to their peers, often insulting or humiliating them.

Antisocial behavior of adolescents manifests itself in an interest in a forbidden pastime that is condemned in society. The use of alcohol, drugs, early and promiscuous sex, membership in criminal gangs and other typical types of antisocial behavior become commonplace for such young people.

By the way, an interesting observation: for members of a criminal gang, the rules that operate within it are usually of great importance, including, for example, rules prohibiting the betrayal of other gang members, requiring respect for the leader, and so on. These rules require accepting and taking into account the needs of others, while antisocial individuals will never act in this way.

It is important to understand that one-time antisocial behavior does not mean that your son or daughter has antisocial personality disorder. But if all the described phenomena are observed regularly, and the conclusions of specialists are appropriate, then most likely the child really has a tendency towards asociality.

It is not 100% likely that a child predisposed to sociopathy will develop into a completely antisocial personality. How do antisocial tendencies arise in general, and is it possible to fight them? In other words, is asociality congenital or acquired? Let's look at the reasons that cause antisocial disorder.

Causes

There are three interrelated groups of factors under the influence of which a sociopath is formed.

The first group includes biological factors. Indeed, asociality can be inherited, this mainly concerns criminal tendencies. In addition, it can be caused by various chromosomal abnormalities in the development of the fetus, the mother's use of alcohol or drugs during pregnancy, and complications during childbirth.

The list of social factors includes, for example, rude or aggressive treatment of a child in the family, indifference to him, and lack of attention. So destructive for the psyche - even of an adult, and not just a growing person! - the situation is often typical of families where the parents themselves have psychological problems, so we can say that social factors often overlap with biological ones, and consequently, the likelihood of developing and strengthening sociopathic personality traits increases.

Such asocial families need supervision from guardianship authorities. In extreme cases, it is necessary to separate children and parents so that the child sees other examples, values ​​and guidelines. Also, the prevention of antisocial behavior may include other measures, among which the most common are the following:

• Involving children with antisocial tendencies in sports, creative or other extracurricular activities (to provide the necessary burst of energy).
• Promoting a healthy lifestyle and socially approved behavior.
• Psychologist's conversations with both parents and children.

Prevention of antisocial phenomena, of course, will give the desired result only if it is carried out both at school (or other institution that the child attends) and at home.

An antisocial child has a special type of thinking, and this is a personal factor that contributes to the development of sociopathic tendencies. The type of thinking in question involves an inadequate assessment of the social situation.

A person is determined in advance that all the actions of others that he does not like are committed specifically to cause inconvenience to him. He expects that people around him will show anger and aggression towards him, and he himself intends to respond in kind.

And when peers or adults really get irritated, shout or even use physical violence, a person predisposed to asociality only becomes stronger in the correctness of his views. A vicious circle that is extremely difficult to break.

Thus, the causes of antisocial behavior can be explained by biological, social and personal factors, and most likely, a combination of several of them.

Antisocial behavior and its forms

By antisocial, or delinquent (Latin Delinquo - to commit an offense, to be guilty), behavior is meant a chain of actions, offenses, minor offenses that differ from crime, that is, serious offenses and crimes punishable according to the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The main features of this behavior are the commission of actions that are contrary to ethics and morality, irresponsibility, and disregard for laws and the rights of other people. Sometimes all these behavioral disorders are called “deviant behavior,” which does not accurately reflect the essence. Deviance (asociality, or deviation from accepted norms) is a broader concept, therefore it includes not only delinquency, but also other behavioral disorders: addictive, suicidal, conformist, fanatical, narcissistic, autistic.

Antisocial behavior usually begins with truancy from school and association with an antisocial peer group. This is followed by petty hooliganism, bullying of the younger and weaker, taking away small pocket money from the younger ones, theft of motor vehicles without the purpose of theft, fraud. Typically, antisocial behavior is the most common reason for proceedings before commissions for the prevention of juvenile delinquency. Antisocial behavior has become widespread in large cities, where conditions are often created around numerous leisure centers (discos, beer bars) that facilitate the involvement of adolescents in various types of criminal activities.

In the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), antisocial behavior is considered within the framework of “antisocial personality disorder.” Its signs appear already in childhood: lack of emotional attachment to parents and loved ones, lies, cruelty shown to animals, weaker children, aggressiveness. Such children often get into fights and commit hooligan acts; they also tend to skip school, return home late, wander, and steal. In adolescents, antisocial behavior is characterized by a general lack of responsibility and sense of duty. They do not fulfill their household duties, are not reliable in all respects, cope poorly with professional responsibilities, violate ethical and moral standards, and commit direct offenses: fraud, theft, forgery. Antisocial teenagers are irritable, impulsive, prone to aggression, which is especially often manifested in the home (beating animals, younger peers, etc.). Antisocial behavior is usually combined with promiscuity (frequent sexual relations with different partners). At the same time, there is no remorse regarding their actions; on the contrary, they constantly blame other people for something. They get bored with everything very quickly, including interpersonal relationships with specific people. They are not able to maintain long-term normal relationships with friends, family members, etc. Antisocial behavior is usually combined with the use of various substances that alter the mental state, in some cases with gambling, i.e. a combination of antisocial and addictive behavior. Persons with antisocial behavior already in early adolescence begin to smoke, drink alcohol and other euphoric substances, they early engage in promiscuous sexual relations, usually with their peers, and are prone to sexual aggression. Antisocial persons are prone in adolescence to destructive actions, damage to other people's property, and arson.

Here is an excerpt from A. Loy’s story “The Diary of Lenochka Sosnovskaya” (cited by T.P. Korolenko and T.A. Donskikh, 1990), in which the author described the features of her heroine’s antisocial behavior. The situation of a conversation with a doctor in the venereology department is described: “Eduard Konstantinovich sat down at the table, nodding his head to the chair. I sat down. We were now separated only by a polished surface on which papers lay in disarray. He took cigarettes from the desk drawer.

Yes! – I answered defiantly. He looked at me with a searching glance and handed me the pack. We started smoking. After a pause, he asked:

Did you do well at school? – I looked at him in surprise.

So-so, average.

“He really does look like Alain Delon,” an uninvited thought flashed through his mind.

She did not want. I liked hanging around the cafe more than studying. Remember how it is: “I don’t want to study, but I want to get married!”

So I followed this advice. I took it and fell in love. So much so that I contracted syphilis. Is it possible to love more? “She fell in love until she had syphilis! “Does it sound?!”

Adolescents with antisocial behavior are characterized by a desire for vagrancy, parasitism, and a lack of desire to participate in socially useful work. Almost half of the teenagers registered with the inspectorate for the prevention of juvenile delinquency (42.3%) do not work or study. They explain this by saying that studying and working are boring for them; it is much more interesting to spend time in the company of friends. When asked where they get the money, some answer that they live on their parents’ money, others do not hide the fact that they live on the funds of one of the company members or on the common money of all members of their microgroup; When asked where the common money comes from, they usually refused to answer.

Let's give examples. Teenager T. 14 years old. Lives with his mother and stepfather. The mother is emotionally cold and cares only about the material side of the girl’s life. The stepfather is busy with his work and does not pay attention to the girl. From an early age T. “does not obey” his parents. Capricious, disobedient, prone to deception. The mother noticed that from the age of five the girl wanted to sing “thieves’ songs” that she heard somewhere on the street. From the age of nine, T. runs away from home, does not return at night, spending the night in hallways, “since she can smoke freely, but she is bored at home.” She first tried alcohol at the age of 10, and since that time she drinks periodically in the company of older teenagers. He declares that “you won’t do anything with me anyway, I’ll end up in prison or a brothel.” Communicates with individuals who abuse various medications. He constantly skips school because “study is uninteresting and boring” and prefers to spend time with friends. She has a negative attitude towards her mother and stepfather, believes that they do not need her, but only interfere.

Teenager L., 17 years old. Doesn't work anywhere. Education is not complete secondary. She was brought up in an orphanage. Doesn't know his parents. Has an older brother and sister. The brother is in prison. She practically does not communicate with her sister, since her sister “despises” her. According to the sister, it is known that the patient’s mother abuses alcohol. The girl studied poorly due to lack of interest in school and often left lessons. Starting at the age of 13, she ran away from the orphanage, went to other cities, and wandered. Sexual life from the age of 14. From the age of 11 he occasionally drinks alcohol, from the age of 14 he uses surrogates (windshield wipers), inhalants (gasoline, Moment glue, nitro paints). I like the effect of alcohol better. The main motivation for drinking alcohol is hedonic. Strives for drinking, “to make it more fun and joyful.” Considers drinking alcohol one of the ways to get a “high,” although he can do without it. He drinks only when treated, at someone else's expense. She was registered with the police for hooliganism and theft. Likes to be “active” and constantly communicate with someone. Doesn't tolerate loneliness well, everything gets boring quickly. Strives for leadership among peers. He does not feel sympathy for others, he lives “for today.” He considers the main thing in life to be pleasure.

In the overwhelming majority of cases, teenage delinquency has social causes - primarily shortcomings in upbringing. From 30 to 85% of adolescents with antisocial behavior grow up in an incomplete or deformed family - with a newly appeared stepfather or stepmother. Neglect and “hypoprotection”-type education are of considerable importance. The growth of antisocial behavior among adolescents is facilitated by social upheavals, leading to fatherlessness and deprivation of family care. Delinquency is not always associated with character anomalies, with psychopathy. However, with some of these anomalies, including extreme variants of the norm in the form of character accentuations, there is less stability in relation to the adverse effects of the immediate environment, and greater susceptibility to harmful influences. A.A. Vdovichenko (1976) among adolescents with antisocial behavior in 66% established various types of character accentuations and psychopathic states.

Features of the type of education of adolescents with antisocial behavior

A study of adolescents with antisocial behavior showed that in most cases there were clearly unfavorable family upbringing conditions; they were expressed in insufficient attention to them from their parents, lack of warmth, and emotional attachment on the part of one or both parents. In a number of cases, families were single-parent, children were raised by their mother, mother and stepfather, the home environment was characterized by frequent quarrels, scandals, and a constant conflict situation. At times, this tense situation led to big scandals with mutual insults, after which the teenagers left home. Parents had little interest in the teenager’s performance at school and the inner life of their teenager. At best, parents' concern was limited to providing their children with food and clothing. The teenagers did not develop a positive parental image, there was no emotional attachment to home, and there was no desire to come home.

Teenagers did not receive enough information. This concerned, first of all, formal school knowledge; interest in reading and love for books did not develop. Reading books was usually associated with unpleasant emotional reactions and was experienced as a burden, an uninteresting task. At home, it was replaced by watching television programs of an exclusively entertaining nature. Tastes were formed in accordance with fashion and coincided with the values ​​of mass culture. In adolescence, images of positive heroes were formed, which were, as a rule, movie stars, popular rock singers, and sometimes bards. The most typical was the weak representation of constructive socially positive motivations: the desire for a beautiful and easy life, which should have come by itself, without any serious effort, came to the fore. Ethical and moral criteria were poorly represented and were mostly of a superficial nature: the sense of empathy, moral responsibility for others, and the need to fulfill one’s duty was poorly expressed. Frequent loves arose, based on sexual attraction, but lasting attachments did not develop. The basic attitudes were formed: to live for today, not to think about the future, while life’s difficulties were not overcome, but were simply not taken into account, everything in life flowed as if “at the will of the waves.” The behavior was largely chaotic in nature and was extremely dependent on the search for pleasure in different situations. The “carnal” range of entertainment included being in company, smoking, early drinking, and drugs (at first, always only in the company of friends). For the sake of “pleasure,” teenagers skipped classes at school, did not prepare homework, and deceived parents and teachers. There was no remorse, fear of punishment in most cases was practically absent, which to some extent could be explained by the home situation, but mainly by the personal characteristics of those studied. In addition, mechanism behavior was important: immediate pleasure was more important than more distant punishment.

According to Ts.P. Korolenko and T.A. Donskikh (1990), one of the characteristic features of teenage girls with antisocial behavior is increased activity. From early childhood they attracted attention with their restlessness, capriciousness, and constant desire to communicate. It was difficult to attract them to any work or productive activity. They did not like to play games traditional for girls: “dolls”, “cooking”, “mothers and daughters”, etc., but preferred to participate in boys’ games: “war”, “hide and seek”, rushing along the street, making hooligan acts: setting fire to mailboxes, damaging elevators, painting walls, etc. There was no interest in school activities, which was reflected in frequent tardiness and missed lessons. They often did not prepare their homework; at best, they copied it. The girls deceived teachers, parents, and also their peers, without feeling any remorse. Along with this, they tried to make a good impression on adults, demonstrate their awareness, emphasize independence, arouse interest in themselves, flirted, dressed extravagantly, used cosmetics, and tried to be fashionable.

At home, such teenagers were bored, and they tried to spend as little time as possible within its walls and communicate with their parents. If for some reason leaving home was impossible, they preferred to talk on the phone for a long time. The content of these telephone conversations did not relate to any business topics related, for example, to discussions of school activities, homework, solving mathematical problems, etc. They usually discussed relationships with one of their mutual acquaintances, love stories, interpersonal conflicts, quarrels, plans to spend time together the next day and evening, organizing parties, out-of-town trips, modern fashion, the “black” market, and various ways to get a “high.” If they did not have a telephone at home, they preferred to watch television programs for a long time, if the latter were of an entertaining nature.

Spending time outside the home is quite typical for adolescents with antisocial behavior. It primarily involves socializing in a group that includes other adolescents with antisocial behavior. The mixed-sex composition of such companies is not sufficiently stable, since other people are accepted very easily. Each of the groups has favorite places to spend time: in summer - the streets of the central part of the city, places near hotels, restaurants, cinemas, parks, squares, sometimes station areas, embankment, in winter - vacant apartments of one of the group members in the event of, for example, departure parents, often incompletely completed buildings, as well as basements of residential buildings, attics, garages, and dachas. Typically, each group spends time in its own area.

In the structuring of spending time in such adolescents, hedonic motivations predominate, i.e. desire for pleasure. They are practically at the mercy of their desires and do not pay attention to the possible unfavorable or dangerous consequences of their actions. This is obviously connected with the well-known psychological mechanism of action on the principle of immediate satisfaction of desires, obtaining pleasure at any cost, regardless of more distant results. Fear of punishment was little expressed and did not delay the development of behavioral deviations.

A distinctive feature of the antisocial behavior of adolescents is the numerous sexual relationships they enter into with unfamiliar or even strangers. Teenagers with antisocial behavior often visit brothels where there are individuals who have committed repeated crimes, have been convicted, and have been released after the end of their prison term. Often, attention is drawn to the striking contrast between the prosperous environment of one’s own home and the environment in which adolescents with antisocial behavior tend to live. It was found that sexual contacts themselves, in isolation from a specific environment, for example at home, were not of interest and there was no active desire for them among adolescents.

Teenagers with antisocial behavior are in constant conflict with the people around them. They lack an understanding of the rights of other people, they are incapable of empathy, which is combined with the desire for shameless exploitation of all those who succumb to this, including, first of all, those closest to them. To achieve their egocentric goals, they are not shy in choosing means: they can deceive, betray, blackmail. Such teenagers also have little awareness of public interests and social requirements placed on a person. Only their own desires, impulses and emotions were put at the forefront. They are little familiar with the feeling of anxiety. Noteworthy is the cynicism and demonstrative disregard for ethical standards of behavior.

As an illustration, we present the following observation. Teenager O., 16 years old, is registered with the inspectorate for the prevention of juvenile delinquency. Not studying. 9th grade education. Doesn't know his father. The mother was deprived of parental rights due to alcohol abuse. Lately he has been living with his aunt. Previously, she lived with her grandmother, with whom she often quarreled. Sometimes he visits his mother, but does not stay with her for more than a few days, which he explains by his mother’s drinking. He has been drinking alcohol since he was 9 years old. He has been smoking since he was 8 years old. She studied poorly and often missed school. She loved to be outside for a long time, in the company of friends. Due to the thefts she committed, she was transferred to a special school from the 7th grade. After drinking alcohol, he likes to walk the streets and pick on passers-by, whom he tries to offend. Sexual life from the age of 13. She considers herself “very amorous,” but her “love passes quickly.” Often has sexual relations with casual partners. He talks about it without hesitation, laughs, and is not going to change anything in his life. Prone to lies. When she finds herself in difficult situations, she tries to evoke sympathy, which is in conflict with her previous statements and does not correspond to reality. He often spends the night at the station, where he is detained by the police.

Thus, we can draw a conclusion about the role of certain types of upbringing in the emergence of antisocial behavior. The prevention of this destructive behavior is associated with socio-psychological factors, increasing psychological literacy in the family, and improving the psychological climate in the microsocial environment.

Types of behavior

All people are subject to various types of rules of conduct - at work, in the family, in public places. The curious thing is that the rules are the same for everyone, but the ways to comply with the norms are different. Two people engaged in the same activity can behave completely differently. Why this happens is clear - we are all different, so there is no need to understand the reasons. But it’s worth talking in more detail about what types of human behavior there are.

Types of personality behavior

To denote human behavior in society, the term “social behavior” is used, of which there are a great many types. Therefore, we will highlight only the main varieties.

1. Mass behavior is the activity of the general mass of people that does not lead to the achievement of any specific goal. For example, panic, fashion, social or political parties, etc.
2. Group behavior is the coordinated actions of people within a social group.
3. Prosocial behavior is actions based on the desire to provide people with help and support.
4. Antisocial behavior is actions that go against generally accepted norms. This is a large group of different types of behavior that we will look at later.

Also, modern researchers pay great attention to the following classification of types of behavior:

• actions aimed at manifestations of friendship and enmity, good and evil;
• actions aimed at achieving power and success;
• actions that indicate uncertainty or self-confidence.

Types of antisocial human behavior

1. Bad habits – drug addiction, alcoholism, smoking. Often used by teenagers in an attempt to assert themselves.
2. Run away from home. Also typical of teenagers who see no other way to solve problems.
3. Sexual deviations.
4. Actions of a criminal nature.
5. Suicide, suicide attempts and self-harm.
6. Fears and obsessions - fear of the dark, heights, loneliness.
7. Dysmorphophobia is an unfounded belief in the presence of physical defects.
8. Motor disinhibition is the inability to concentrate on anything.
9. Pathological fantasy is a reluctance to live in the real world.
10. Gambling.
11. Graffiti.
12. Accented character, for example, eccentricity.

As we see, any behavior that at least to some extent disrupts the measured life of society can be called antisocial.

In the past, approaches to behavior problems focused primarily on children's aggression and attributed it to a single cause, such as aggressive tendencies, frustration, poor role models, reinforcement, or deficits in social experience. However, most of these explanations, which describe one main cause, can be questioned. For example, not all children behave aggressively, as aggressive drive theory might predict, and frustration sometimes leads to cooperation rather than aggression. In addition, single-cause theories are not very effective at predicting why the severity and type of aggressive behavior varies across child ages and situations. Although each single-cause theory points to a potentially important cause, no single theory explains all forms of antisocial behavior.

Next, we'll look at several hypothesized causes of behavior problems. Modern psychologists view behavior problems as the result of interactions between the child, family, society and cultural factors.

Genetic influences

The prevalence of aggressive and antisocial behavior in humans and the fact that such behavior occurs in some families over several generations suggests the importance of genetic influence. Although conduct problems are not hereditary, biologically inherited traits such as a difficult temperament or impulsivity may predispose children to develop these behavior patterns.

Apparently, some children are born with predispositions to be impulsive, mood swings, lack of persistence in problem solving, anxiety, negativity, and sensitivity to stress. Some studies have found a link between difficult temperament in youth and the risk of developing behavior problems later. Difficult temperament at 6 months predicts external problems in middle childhood. Restless, impulsive, and emotionally unstable behavior at age 3 distinguishes adolescents with antisocial disorders from those exhibiting other types of disorders or those not exhibiting disorders. Childhood temperaments, including impulsivity, risk-taking behavior, and lack of concentration, have been found to lead to violence and violent crime in late adolescence and adulthood.

Studies of adopted children and twins confirm the importance of genetic influence, while about half of various types of deviations associated with antisociality can be attributed to heredity. However, the strength of the influence of genetic factors on antisocial behavior varies among adults, adolescents, and children. In addition, genetic influences on overt forms of antisocial behavior such as aggression are stronger than on covert acts such as stealing and lying.

Studies of adopted children and twins support the role of genetic influences on aggressive behavior and crime in adults. It appears that children adopted at birth who develop antisocial personality disorder or drug abuse by adulthood are under the influence of their biological parents, not their adoptive parents. Concordance rates for crime in adult monozygotic and dizygotic twins are very different, so it cannot be assumed that they are not influenced by genetics.

In adolescents, mean concordance rates for delinquency are about 85% for monozygotic twins and 70% for dizygotic twins, respectively. This similarity in the level of agreement suggests that environmental influences moderate the influence of genetic factors on aggressive and antisocial behavior in adolescence. Because studies of juvenile delinquents combine adolescents with persistent lifelong antisocial behavior and adolescents whose antisocial behavior is limited to adolescence, the difference in the role of genetic factors for both groups remains unclear. However, it was found that children with a persistent pattern of antisocial behavior were twice as likely to have the corresponding heredity that creates a risk factor than children with a pattern of antisocial behavior limited to adolescence.

Studies of twin children have shown an even less consistent picture of genetic influence, with hereditary factors varying widely. Thus, although genetic factors have been found to influence some characteristics of children associated with patterns of antisociality, the role of genetic influences in childhood requires further study.

Overall, studies of adopted children and twins suggest that genetic factors influence antisocial behavior across the lifespan, as do environmental factors. Research, however, does not indicate the mechanisms by which this process occurs. It is likely that genetic influences contribute to the development of difficult temperament, impulsivity and neuropsychological deficits, creating an antisocial predisposition that makes the likelihood of antisocial behavior higher in those who are prone to such behavioral tendencies than in those who are not.

It is hypothesized that antisocial individuals, especially those with psychopathy, develop a reward mindset, a tendency that causes them to seek rewards more than others. The severity of this attitude in people with behavior problems has been associated with changes in the brain. People with impulsive disorders (addictions and compulsive disorders such as alcoholism, drug abuse, smoking and obesity) are thought to suffer from a lack of reward syndrome. They likely have a biochemical inability to derive pleasure from ordinary, everyday activities, which causes them to constantly seek incentives to obtain rewards. It is assumed that the genetic disorder is associated with a modification of the dopamine D2 receptor gene. This genetic disorder has been observed to a large extent in adolescents diagnosed with pathological violence.

Family factors.

Various family factors have been implicated as possible causes of children's antisocial behavior, including poor discipline, insufficient parental supervision of children, marital conflict, family isolation, and domestic violence. Although the association between family factors and behavior problems is well established, the nature of this association and the possible causal role of family factors are still debated.

Difficulties in the family are associated with the development of both conduct disorders and oppositional-demonstrative disorder, while the family has a much greater influence on conduct disorders than on the occurrence of oppositional-demonstrative disorder. In addition, family problems play a more significant role for children with a long and persistent pattern of antisocial behavior than for children with antisocial behavior limited to adolescence. The combination of individual risk factors (eg difficult temperament) and severe deficits in family communication skills explains the most persistent and severe forms of antisocial behavior.

Family influences are complexly related to children's antisocial behavior and cannot be understood independently of the child's personality and environment. For example, abuse is a strong risk factor for later aggressive behavior. One reason for this association appears to be the child's lack of social information resulting from maltreatment.

Another example is the impact of marital conflict on children's aggressive behavior. These include parental absence and negative attitudes toward the child, or how the child interprets conflict between parents, and/or individual and demographic factors. Other conditions associated with marital conflict or divorce, such as stress, depression, loss of contact with one parent, financial difficulties and greater responsibilities at home may also influence antisocial behavior.

There are several theories:

Coercion theory. Gerald Patterson's coercion theory posits that interactions between parents and children set the stage for the development of antisocial behavior. This process occurs in a sequence of four stages of avoidance and conditioning, where the child learns how to use increasingly intense forms of harmful behavior to avoid and evade unwanted parental demands. The coercive parent-child interaction described in Box 6.3 begins when a mother sees her son Paul, who is failing at school, watching television instead of doing his homework. These coercive patterns of interaction between parents and children consist of already well-practiced actions and reactions, usually not recognized by family members. This process is called the reinforcement trap because over time, coercing family members become trapped by the consequences of their own behavior. For example, mothers of antisocial children were 8 times less likely to give coercive commands than mothers of children without problems. The relationship between parenting quality and behavior problems appears to be attenuated when the child has a harsh and unresponsive personality. Ineffective parenting, one study found, was associated with behavior problems only in children without such pronounced traits. Children with an indifferent-unemotional style exhibited significant behavior problems, regardless of the quality of parenting received. The relationship between parenting and behavior problems may also depend on the number of reprimands - and discipline that is too harsh and too lenient can have the opposite effect. The relationship between parental discipline and children's antisocial behavior may vary depending on the family culture, the emotional climate in which punishment or reprimand is administered, and the broader context of the relationship depending on the gender of the parent and child (parenting appears to be most effective in dyads of the same parent). gender).

Accession theories. Attachment theories indicate that the quality of a child's attachment to parents will ultimately determine his or her identification with the parent's values, beliefs, and standards. Strong ties with parents promote a sense of closeness, shared values, and identification with the social world. Affiliation theory suggests that most children refrain from antisocial behavior because they emphasize conformity.

Children with behavior problems are considered to exhibit weak identification with parents and social standards. Even when such children give in to their parents' demands, they do so because of a perceived threat to their freedom or physical safety. When such threats are not directly in front of them, for example, when children are left unattended, they are more likely to behave antisocially. Weak ties to parents may encourage a child to befriend bully peers, which in turn promotes patterns of delinquency and alcohol and drug abuse.

Research generally supports the relationship between unstable parental attachments in childhood and antisocial behavior in children during childhood and adolescence. However, it is not yet clear whether the quality of attachment during this period can predict current or future variation in the severity of conduct problems. It is likely that the relationship between affiliation and antisocial behavior is influenced by multiple factors, including the child's gender, temperament, and parental competence.

Social factors.

Individual and family-level causes of antisocial behavior only partially explain the individual's behavior and problems. A person's immediate situation, which determines his problems, is influenced by the larger social and cultural context. There is no doubt that poverty, the abundance of immigrants, living next to criminal neighbors, family breakdown and change of residence determine the crime of children and adolescents. However, research has not yet identified the specific mechanism by which these influences lead to delinquency and bullying among children and adolescents. Contemporary theories of social disorder suggest that the structure of society influences child adjustment as it influences family processes.

Adverse environmental factors, such as low socioeconomic level, include poor parenting practices, particularly coercion and inconsistent punishment, and poor child control. In turn, all these factors influence early crime in childhood, arrests and chronic violations of the law in adolescence and youth. An antisocial personality is more vulnerable and more often risks being among the divorced, unemployed and poor. For example, an unfavorable social environment, economic difficulties, as well as social changes associated with divorce, early sexual activity and the status of a working mother can lead to the fact that their teenage children never marry or become divorced mothers, often raising child in an antisocial spirit. Likewise, mothers with antisocial tendencies and poorer parenting may move to larger cities, isolating themselves from family and neighbors and ending up living in an atmosphere of mistrust and limited social contact. When these women become pregnant again, they may be less able to access health care services. Poor nutrition and drugs can lead to premature births and children with disabilities, which in turn can make parenting more difficult. This combination of a difficult child and an inept mother increases the likelihood of antisocial behavior and subsequent arrests. And so, generation after generation, behavior problems arise again.

Cultural factors.

Different cultures express aggressive behavior in different ways. In certain cultures, the aggressive socialization of children makes them more likely to engage in aggressive acts such as murder or assault. As the following examples of contradictory socialization practices illustrate, aggression can result from a culture's emphasis on raising "warriors":

Kapauku from Western New Guinea.

At the age of about 7 years old, the Kapauku boy finds himself under the control of his father, gradually he begins to eat and sleep only with men and away from his mother... His preparation (to become a brave warrior) begins when his father plays with his son and make-believe fights with him with sticks. Gradually, these battles become more serious and can even be deadly when father and son launch real battle arrows at each other. Groups of boys shoot at a target, and they also hit each other on the head with sticks.

For example: The murder rate among the Kapauku from 1953 to 1954 was estimated at 200 per 100,000, 20 times the current murder rate in the United States.

Lepcha from the Himalayas.

Lepcha adults make it very clear to their children what they expect from them “Good children help with work, tell the truth, listen to the teachings of elders, help the elderly and behave calmly. Bad children quarrel and offend others, cheat, pull out knives in anger when They get scolded and don’t do their job.”

Interviews with representatives of the Lepcha people revealed that the only murder in their culture occurred about 200 years ago.

Levels of antisocial behavior vary widely across cultures and are not necessarily correlated with advances in technology, wealth or population density. For example, Third World countries that value interdependence have high levels of prosocial behavior, and some places with high population densities, such as Singapore, have very low levels of violence. Americans are considered the most violent and violent nation of all industrialized countries.

In the United States, minority status is associated with antisocial behavior. Thus, among young people there is a high level of antisocial behavior among African-Americans, Hispanic-Americans and Native Americans. Studies that include small numbers of African American children in their samples report higher rates of externalizing problems for this group. However, other studies with much larger national samples that included non-Hispanic whites, African-American children, and Hispanic children have reported little or no differences in antisocial behavior associated with race or ethnicity in antisocial behavior when gender was controlled for. data, age and status. So, although it was said that externalizing problems were most likely to occur among children with minority status, these findings are likely due to economic hardship, limited job opportunities, or living in dangerous urban areas.