Jupiter Ancient astronomers named this planet after the ancient Roman god of sky, thunder, lightning and rain. Jupiter is a real giant, the largest planet in the solar system. To the naked eye, this is a bright yellow luminary, which with its brilliance outshines all planets, with the exception of the Moon and Venus. It shines even brighter than Sirius - the brightest star in our sky.
Jupiter has a thick atmosphere 50 km high, consisting of 90% hydrogen and 10% helium. Ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, methane, ammonium hydrosulfide, water and other simple compounds that form clouds are also found in the lower layers of the atmosphere. Most of Jupiter is in a liquid state. The upper layer is a mixture of hydrogen and helium with a thickness of 20 thousand km, gradually changing its state towards the core from gaseous to liquid, under the influence of increasing temperature and pressure. Movement of clouds in the atmosphere of Jupiter
The planet is named after the Roman god of agriculture. Saturn was first observed through a telescope in the years by Galileo Galilei. Saturn
The main chemical elements that make up Saturn are hydrogen and helium. These gases transform at high pressure inside the planet, first into a liquid state, and then (at a depth of 30 thousand km) into a solid state, since under the physical conditions existing there (pressure 3 million atm.) hydrogen acquires a metallic structure. This metal structure creates a strong magnetic field. Below the layer of metallic hydrogen is a core of heavier elements.
Uranus Uranus, like most of the planets in the solar system, was named after a deity. In this case, Uranus is the god of the sky and the heavens. In ancient mythology, Uranus was the son of Kronos (Saturn). This planet was discovered by the English astronomer William Herschel in 1781.
Neptune Discovered on September 23, 1846 by Johann Halle and Heinrich d Arre based on calculations by Urbain Le Verrier. Neptune became the first planet discovered through mathematical calculations rather than through regular observations. Neptune is sometimes placed in a separate category of "ice giants". Neptune is named after the ancient Roman god of the sea, who rules the oceans, rivers, streams and springs, as well as everything hidden under water. In astrology, Neptune is considered the planet of idealism and spirituality.
Neptune. The internal structure of Neptune resembles the internal structure of Uranus. The atmosphere makes up approximately 1020% of the planet's total mass, and the distance from the surface to the end of the atmosphere is 1020% of the distance from the surface to the core. Near the core, the pressure can reach 1000 Pa. Volumetric concentrations of methane, ammonia and water are found in the lower layers of the atmosphere.
The planet has 13 satellites and 6 rings. Neptune's first satellite was discovered in 1846 by William Lassell almost simultaneously with the planet and was named Triton. The Triton satellite differs from others in that it also has a reverse motion in the direction of its orbit. Another satellite of Neptune, Nereid, was discovered much later in 1949, and during the space mission to the Voyager 2 apparatus, several small satellites of the planet were discovered at once. The same apparatus also discovered a whole system of dimly lit rings of Neptune. At the moment, the last satellite discovered is Psamapha in 2003.
PLUTO It was discovered in March 1930 by the American astronomer C. Tombaugh. It was later found in earlier photographs of the sky, dating back to 1914. The remarkable story of the discoveries of Neptune and Pluto actually begins with the discovery of Uranus, because without the observations of Uranus, the two later discoveries might have been delayed for many years. The dwarf planet Pluto is named after the Roman god of the underworld. In Roman mythology, Pluto was the son of Saturn, who with his three brothers ruled the world: Jupiter controlled the sky, Neptune was the ruler of the seas...
PLUTO'S MOONTS Pluto has four moons: Charon (named after the ferryman of hell), Nyx (after the Greek goddess of night and darkness), Hydra (named after the nine-headed snake that guards hell) and the as yet unnamed moon S/2011 P 1, which was opened quite recently (in 2011).
MERCURY This planet is closest to the sun. Mercury completely circles the sun in eighty-eight Earth days. It travels around its axis in less than sixty days, which by Mercury standards is two-thirds of a year. Temperatures on Mercury's surface can fluctuate wildly, from degrees on the sun side to degrees on the shady side. In our solar system, these differences are the strongest. An unusual phenomenon can be observed on Mercury, which is called the Joshua effect. When the sun on Mercury reaches a certain point, it stops and begins to go in the opposite direction, and not like on Earth - it must go around a full circle around the planet. Mercury is the smallest planet of the Earth group. The planet Mercury is named after the Roman god of trade and travel, Mercury.
The structure of the planet Mercury The average density of Mercury is almost equal to the density of the Earth. Mercury has an iron core, which accounts for 70% of the planet's mass and 75% of its total diameter. A magnetic field was also discovered, the strength of which is only about a hundredth of the Earth's field strength, but its existence serves as additional evidence of the existence of a metallic core.
VENUS She bears the name of the goddess of love. One of the terrestrial planets, similar in nature to Earth, but smaller in size. Like the Earth, it is surrounded by a fairly dense atmosphere. Venus comes closer to Earth than any other planet. Venus rotates around its axis, tilted 2° from the perpendicular to the orbital plane, from east to west, that is, in the direction opposite to the direction of rotation of most planets. One rotation around its axis takes 243.02 Earth days. The temperature on the surface of Venus (at the average radius of the planet) is about 750 K (477 °C), and its daily fluctuations are insignificant. The pressure is about 93 atm, the gas density is almost two orders of magnitude higher than in the atmosphere.
Venus has a liquid iron core, but it does not generate a magnetic field, likely due to Venus's slow rotation. Craters, faults and other signs of intense tectonic processes occurring on it have been discovered on the surface of Venus. Traces of impact bombing are also clearly visible. The surface is covered with stones and slabs of various sizes; surface rocks are similar in composition to terrestrial sedimentary rocks.
Earth Earth is the third planet from the Sun. The fifth largest among all the planets in the solar system. It is also the largest in diameter, mass and density among the terrestrial planets. Sometimes referred to as World, Blue Planet, sometimes Terra (from the Latin Terra) Scientific evidence indicates that the Earth formed from a solar nebula about 4.54 billion years ago and acquired its only natural satellite, the Moon, shortly thereafter. Presumably, life appeared on Earth approximately 3.9 billion years ago, that is, within the first billion after its origin. Approximately 70.8% of the planet's surface is occupied by the World Ocean, the rest of the surface is occupied by continents and islands. Continents contain rivers, lakes, groundwater and ice; together with the World Ocean they make up the hydrosphere. Liquid water, essential for all known life forms, does not exist on the surface of any known planets or planetoids in the Solar System other than Earth. The Earth's poles are covered by a shell of ice that includes Arctic sea ice and the Antarctic ice sheet.
Earth's satellite The Moon is the only natural satellite of the Earth; it is located at a distance of 384.4 thousand km from it. The inclination of the orbit to the ecliptic plane is 58". In the solar system, the Moon is the only natural satellite of the solar system that is attracted by the Sun stronger (2 times!) than by “its” planet.
MARS The planet Mars was named so by the ancient Romans in honor of the god of war. Mars orbits the Sun at a distance one and a half times greater than the Earth. It completes its orbit around the Sun in 687 Earth days. The diameter of Mars is almost half the diameter of the Earth. Mars rotates around its axis at almost the same speed as the Earth; its days are only 37 minutes longer than those on Earth. Mars has two satellites Phobos and Deimos. The planet Mars is surrounded by a rarefied atmosphere consisting mainly of carbon dioxide; a person would not be able to breathe in such conditions. The surface of Mars is somewhat reminiscent of the Moon. It is dotted with many ring-shaped mountains of craters. There are mountain ranges and gorges on Mars. At noon on the equator of Mars, the temperature sometimes rises to plus 20 C. But at night it is very cold everywhere, frosts often reach minus 140 C.
Phobos and Deimos are natural, but very small, satellites of Mars. They have an irregular shape, and according to one version, they are asteroids captured by the gravity of Mars. The satellites of Mars Phobos (fear) and Deimos (horror) are heroes of ancient Greek myths, in which they helped the god of war, Ares (Mars), win battles. In 1877, they were discovered by American astronomer Asaph Hall. Both satellites rotate along their axis with the same period, as around Mars, due to this they always face the same side towards the planet. Deimos is gradually moving away from Mars, and Phobos, on the contrary, is being attracted even more.
Interesting solar system facts: Jupiter sucks up space debris. There are 5 dwarf planets in our system: Pluto Ceres Eris Haumea Makemake One day on Mercury corresponds to 58 days on Earth Seasons on Uranus last 20 years Venus is the hottest planet
Conclusion to the question posed. The Sun always illuminates half of the Moon, but we see the half fully illuminated by the Sun only when the Moon and the Sun are on different sides of the Earth (the Earth in this case does not block the light of the Sun falling on the Moon, because the orbital plane of the Moon and the Earth are separated by a small angle, when the planes coincide, a Lunar Eclipse occurs - accordingly, it can only occur on a full moon). This means that the full Moon cannot be seen together with the Sun. When the Sun and Moon make a different angle in relation to the Earth, then the visible and illuminated halves of the Moon do not coincide, and we see only their coincident part. The smaller this part, the closer the Moon is to the Sun in the sky and the longer it can be observed together with the Sun. That is, the full Moon can be seen together with the Sun only from the subpolar regions, but they will be near the horizon in opposite directions.
Municipal budgetary educational institution
Lyceum No. 4 of Chekhov
Project
PLANETS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
Prepared by: 4-B grade students
Head: primary school teacher
first qualification category
Natopta Elena Nikolaevna
2013-2014 academic year
Content:
Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………
Main part………………………………………………………
Conclusion…………………………………………………………..
References……………………………………………………………………
Introduction
An educational project on the planets of the solar system was completed by students of 4th grade B as part of the subject “The World Around Us.” The formulated goals and objectives determined the ways of processing information on the following questions: why the planet has such a name; who discovered its existence and when; where is the planet located relative to the Sun; what satellites of the planet exist; what structure does the planet have and what is its population?
Project title: “Planets of the Solar System”
Project manager: Natopta E.N., primary school teacher
Academic subjects within which the project work is carried out: the environment, fine arts, technology.
Academic disciplines close to the topic of the project: literary reading.
Age of students for whom the project is designed: 4th grade (10 years).
Type of project by scale of application: group (for students of the same class).
Project type by duration: short-term
Type of project according to the nature of student activity: educational
Type of project by subject area: interdisciplinary, carried out during class and extracurricular hours.
Type of project by nature of management: direct (students have the opportunity to communicate with the teacher “here and now”).
Motivational component: “What do we know about stars and planets?”
The purpose of the project for students: learn to work on a group project, independently search for the necessary information using various sources, exchange information, be able to express their point of view and justify it; analyze and evaluate your own creative and business opportunities.
The purpose of the project for teachers: to teach to work in pairs and groups, to monitor and evaluate their work; develop students’ cognitive interest, develop speech, communication and information competence.
Main part
Stages of work on the project:
Stage 1 Development of design specifications
Stage objectives:
- defining the topic, clarifying the goals;
- selection of working groups and distribution of roles;
- identification of information sources
Group 1 – find information about Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, prepare hats for a mini-play
Group 2 – find information about the Sun, draw, make a model of the planets of the solar system
Group 3 – find material about Mercury, Venus, Earth, draw planets
Group 4 – find material about Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, draw planets
Stage 2. Identification of information sources; determination of methods for its collection and analysis. Determining the way to present the results, discussing specific outputs for the project (newspaper, album, poster, skit).
Establishment of procedures and criteria for assessing the result and process of project development.
Students, together with their parents, work with information, find material in the library and the Internet. They work individually, in groups, in pairs, according to the distribution of roles. The teacher observes and advises.
3.Stage. Research: Gathering information. Solving intermediate problems. Main tools: interviews, surveys, observations.
4. Stage. Analysis and summary:
1. Each group (1-2 people) report to the teacher about the results of their work.
2. Presentation - presentations from groups (1-2 people from the group present the work).
3. Exchange of views on the progress of activities, difficulties and ways to overcome them.
5.Stage. Presentation of the project in the form of a mini-performance: Speech in front of classmates, in front of students, in front of parents, at a scientific and practical conference.
6.Stage. Evaluation of the result and process: Reflection of activities, analysis of project implementation; reasons for success and failure.
Mini-play “Planets of the Solar System”
1 group
“Sun”: “Wandering star”... This is how the word planet is translated from Greek. Planets do not occupy a specific place in the starry sky, but wander among the stars. This happens because they revolve around the Sun.
Mercury is closest to the Sun. It takes 88 Earth days to orbit the Sun.
“Mercury”: I am Mercury – the first planet from the Sun.
I am closest to the Sun, and during the day it is about seven times hotter than anywhere else on Earth. But at night it becomes very cold, below zero - I have no atmosphere, and the heat is not retained. I am the smallest of the "inner planets" and revolve around the Sun much faster than all the other planets. No wonder I was named after the patron saint of travelers and messenger of the gods in Roman mythology. The surface is rocky and deserted.
“Sun”: Even in the light of the Sun, in the rays of morning and evening dawn, when other stars have already disappeared, you can see a bright star in the sky. But, alas, this is not a star. This planet reflects sunlight. Therefore it appears as a luminous ball. Only one side of this planet is visible from Earth.
“Venus”: I am Venus – the second planet from the Sun.
I am similar in size to the Earth, and my surface is covered with mountains and deserts. My atmosphere consists almost entirely of poisonous carbon dioxide and is highly dense, which helps retain heat, and therefore the temperature on Venus is constantly high. I am the brightest of the nine planets in the solar system and do not rotate like the other planets, but vice versa: the Sun rises in the west and sets in the east. The planet Venus is named after the goddess of beauty.
“Earth”: Earth is the third planet in the solar system. This is the only planet we know of that has life. The “living” shell of the planet is formed by microorganisms, plants, animals, and people.
“Sun”: If you notice a reddish star in the night sky that winks at you, then you know that this is our closest neighbor - the planet Mars. When scientists photographed this planet, it turned out that the Martian soil was reddish-brown in color, and the sky was dull pink due to reddish dust particles. Dust lies in a thick layer at the bottom of craters, on mountain slopes, in valleys and deep ravines. As soon as the wind picks up, a dust storm begins. It lasts for several months. Then the dust settles and the sky clears. Mars calms down.
"Mars": I am Mars. Mars is about 2 times smaller than Earth, and is 1.5 times farther from the Sun. Therefore, it receives less heat from the Sun. During the day you can sunbathe here, but as the sun sets it gets sharply cold. It's freezing at night. But you won’t need a swimsuit or a fur coat to travel around this planet! Its atmosphere is unsuitable for breathing.
All: We are rocky planets!
2nd group
“Sun”: Jupiter shines as a bright white star in the sky. It is the largest planet in the solar system. Its diameter is about 140 thousand km. A Jupiter year is equal to almost 12 Earth years. This planet is rich in satellites.
“Jupiter”: I am Jupiter, the largest planet in the solar system. I am so big that the other eight planets could fit inside me. I have a small solid core surrounded by a bubbling mass of liquid hydrogen. I rotate very quickly around my axis, which is why my middle part seems to bulge out and the planet resembles a flattened ball. The planet is named after the most important Roman god, Jupiter. I have a colorful atmosphere and 16 satellites, and powerful hurricanes constantly rage in my atmosphere.
"Sun": It is surrounded by magnificent flat rings that form one ring. Inside it you can lay the globe three times. The ring of Saturn is not continuous, it consists of small satellites located in the same plane.
"Saturn": I am Saturn.
Saturn is the second largest planet in the solar system, I am easily recognized by the beautiful glowing rings surrounding me, consisting of billions of solid particles (ice and rock). I am made of hydrogen and helium and am the least dense of all nine planets in the solar system. Surprisingly, I could swim quite well if there was an ocean big enough to lower me into. The planet Saturn is named after the Roman god of agriculture.
“Sun”: In 1781, a new planet was discovered that was 73 times larger than the Earth. This is Uranus. The French scientist Le Verrier found that over 60 years the planet deviated from the calculated orbit.
"Uranus": I am Uranus. Uranus was first noticed in 1781 by amateur astronomer William Herschel. I am 2 billion 735 million kilometers away from the sun, and therefore it is very cold here. I am primarily composed of helium and hydrogen, and the methane gas in my atmosphere gives me my green color.
“Sun”: When observed through a telescope, the planet appears as a greenish disk, devoid of any details. This is not surprising. After all, the planet is 4.5 billion kilometers away from the Sun.
"Neptune": I am Neptune. Neptune is very similar to Uranus, only smaller in size. From me to the Sun there are 4 billion 345 million kilometers, so there are severe frosts here. The temperature on my surface is minus 200 degrees. The planet Neptune is named after the Roman god of the seas.
“Sun”: Pluto was considered the smallest planet. Perhaps because of its size it had to be left off the list of planets. There are a lot of small planets in the Solar System with diameters ranging from several hundred meters to hundreds of kilometers. They are called asteroids. So our scientists have the opportunity to discover new planets.
"Pluto": I am Pluto. Pluto was first noticed in 1930. I am the smallest and lightest planet in the solar system. My diameter is only 2400 kilometers. Pluto is smaller than the Moon. The planet Pluto is named after the Roman god - the ruler of the kingdom of the dead. the temperature on my surface is minus 230 degrees.
All: We are gas planets!
(Everyone comes out and stands in a row)
“Sun”: Guys, learn a little rhyme that will help you remember the location of the planets in the solar system!
Once Mercury.
Two - Venus.
Three - Earth.
Four - Mars.
Five - Jupiter.
Six - Saturn.
And also Uranus, Neptune,
And, of course, Pluto. Our Sun is a champion!
Conclusion
This project is a serious independent work of students of the 4th “B” grade.
As a result of working on the project, students acquired skills in working with a dictionary, books, and the Internet. Working in groups, interacting with adults (librarian, teacher, parents), defending the project contributed to the formation of communicative competence. The formation of information competence occurred at all stages of work on the project: during the search and processing of information, preparation and defense of a slide presentation.
The work within the project turns out to be interesting, exciting, and educational. Allows you to expand the horizons of each student and create wider social contacts for him.
Literature
Astronomical calendar - M., “Science”, main editorial office of physical and mathematical literature, 1995.
Large Series of Knowledge “Universe” - M., 2006.
Bronstein V.A. “Planets and their observations” - M., “Science”.
Klushantsev P. “Respond, Martians!” - M., “Children’s Literature”, 1995.
“Science” encyclopedia - M., 1995.
“Science”, main editorial office of physical and mathematical literature - M., 1984.
“To the call of the mysterious Mars” - M., “Children's Literature”, 1991.
“About the moon and about the rocket” - M., “ROSMAN”, M., 1999.
Encyclopedia for children “Avanta +” - M., 1998.
Design and research work
"Planets of the Solar System"
- Goals and objectives of the presentation
- What I learned when I gave the presentation
- Universe
- Solar system, planets and satellites
- Planets of the Solar System
- Conclusions
- References
Goals and objectives of the presentation
- Learn as much as possible about Space
- Answer the question: how did the Sun and stars appear?
- What is the solar system, planets, satellites?
- Learn to search for information on a given topic in different sources: books, magazines, Internet
- Learn to formulate conclusions from the information received
- Learn as much as possible about space and planets
What did I learn when I gave the presentation?
- I learned that the Universe, i.e. Space consists of many galaxies.
- Our Galaxy is the Milky Way.
- Galaxies consist of stars, planets and many other space objects.
- The Sun is one of the stars of our Galaxy.
- The solar system is those celestial bodies that revolve around the Sun. There are planets in the solar system: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto and, of course, our favorite planet - Earth. I will talk about this in my presentation.
Universe
- The earth on which we live is a particle of the limitless Universe (Cosmos).
- The Universe is limitless in time and space and infinitely diverse in the forms that matter takes in the process of its development. The Universe contains a gigantic number of celestial bodies, many of which are larger than the Earth, sometimes many millions of times.
- The Universe consists of a collection of clusters of stars, planets, and cosmic dust called galaxies. There are many galaxies. There is only one universe. Everything that can be seen through a telescope is included in the Universe. The universe is so big that it is impossible to imagine what it looks like as a whole. Rays of light from the most distant parts of the Universe reach Earth in about 10 billion years.
- Astronomers believe that the Universe arose as a result of a colossal explosion that occurred 17 billion years ago. This event is called the Big Bang. The Earth on which we live is part of the Solar System, which is part of the Galaxy - the Milky Way - a giant star system. In the cloudless night sky you can see a foggy strip - the Milky Way, consisting of billions of stars located vast distances from the Earth.
- Stars are spherical bodies, like the Sun, made of hot gases. They are very diverse and are divided into “giants” and “dwarfs”. Giant stars are those that are many times larger than the Sun in size and brightness. The Sun belongs to the group of so-called “yellow dwarfs”.
- The Sun is a star, one of the 100 billion stars in our Galaxy, located in the center of the Solar System.
solar system
solar system- these are eight planets plus Pluto and more than 63 of their satellites, which are being discovered more and more often, several dozen comets and a large number of asteroids. All cosmic bodies move along their own clearly directed trajectories around the Sun, which is 1000 times heavier than all the bodies in the solar system combined.
How the planets came to be. Approximately 5-6 billion years ago, one of the disk-shaped gas and dust clouds of our large Galaxy (Milky Way) began to shrink towards the center, gradually forming the present Sun. Further, according to one theory, under the influence of powerful forces of attraction, a large number of dust and gas particles revolving around the Sun began to stick together into balls - forming future planets. As another theory says, the gas and dust cloud immediately broke up into separate clusters of particles, which compressed and became denser, forming the current planets. Now 8 planets revolve around the Sun constantly.
The sun and satellites of the planets
- The center of the solar system is the Sun - a star, around which the planets orbit. They do not emit heat and do not glow, but only reflect the light of the Sun. There are now 8 officially recognized planets in the solar system, and previously Pluto was also classified as a planet.
- Satellites of the planets. The solar system also includes the Moon and the natural satellites of the other planets, which they all have except Mercury and Venus. Over 60 satellites are known. Most of the satellites of the outer planets were discovered when they received photographs taken by robotic spacecraft. Jupiter's smallest satellite, Leda, is only 10 km across.
Mercury is the 1st planet in the solar system
Mercury. The four inner planets (closest to the Sun) - Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars - have a solid surface. They are smaller than the four giant planets. Mercury moves faster than other planets, being burned by the sun's rays during the day and freezing at night.
Characteristics of the planet Mercury:
Period of revolution around the Sun: 88 days.
Diameter at the equator: 4878 km.
Rotation period (rotation around an axis): 58 days.
Surface temperature: plus 350 degrees Celsius during the day and minus 170 degrees at night.
Atmosphere: very rarefied, helium.
How many satellites: 0.
Venus is the 2nd planet in the solar system
Venus is more similar to Earth in size and brightness. Observing it is difficult due to the clouds enveloping it. The surface is a hot rocky desert.
Characteristics of the planet Venus:
Period of revolution around the Sun: 225 days.
Diameter at the equator: 12104 km.
Rotation period (rotation around an axis): 243 days.
Surface temperature: 480 degrees (average).
Atmosphere: dense, mostly carbon dioxide.
How many satellites: 0.
Apparently, the Earth was formed from a gas and dust cloud, like other planets. Particles of gas and dust collided and gradually “grew” the planet. The temperature on the surface reached 5000 degrees Celsius. Then the Earth cooled and became covered with a hard rock crust. But the temperature in the depths is still quite high - 4500 degrees. Rocks in the depths are molten and during volcanic eruptions they flow to the surface. Only on earth there is water. That's why life exists here. It is located relatively close to the Sun in order to receive the necessary heat and light, but far enough so as not to burn out.
Characteristics of planet Earth:
Period of revolution around the Sun: 365 days.
Diameter at the equator: 12756 km.
Period of rotation of the planet (rotation around its axis): 23 hours 56 minutes.
Surface temperature: 22 degrees (average).
Atmosphere: Mainly nitrogen and oxygen.
Number of satellites: 1.
The main satellites of the planet: the Moon.
Earth is the 3rd planet in the solar system
Mars is the 4th planet in the solar system
Because of its resemblance to Earth, it was believed that life existed here. But the spacecraft that descended to the surface of Mars found no signs of life. This is the fourth planet in order.
Characteristics of the planet Mars:
Period of revolution around the Sun: 687 days.
Diameter of the planet at the equator: 6794 km.
Rotation period (rotation around an axis): 24 hours 37 minutes.
Surface temperature: minus 23 degrees (average).
The planet's atmosphere: thin, mostly carbon dioxide.
How many satellites: 2.
The main satellites in order: Phobos, Deimos.
Jupiter is the 5th planet in the solar system
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are made of hydrogen and other gases. Jupiter exceeds Earth by more than 10 times in diameter, 300 times in mass and 1300 times in volume. It is more than twice as massive as all the planets in the solar system combined. How long does it take for planet Jupiter to become a star? We need to increase its mass by 75 times!
Characteristics of the planet Jupiter :
Period of revolution around the Sun: 11 years 314 days.
Diameter of the planet at the equator: 143884 km.
Rotation period (rotation around an axis): 9 hours 55 minutes.
Planet surface temperature: minus 150 degrees (average).
Number of satellites: 16 (+ rings).
The main satellites of the planets in order: Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto.
Saturn is the 6th planet in the solar system
It is number 2, the largest of the planets in the solar system. Saturn attracts attention thanks to its ring system formed of ice, rocks and dust that orbit the planet. There are three main rings with an outer diameter of 270,000 km, but their thickness is about 30 meters.
Characteristics of the planet Saturn:
Period of revolution around the Sun: 29 years 168 days.
Diameter of the planet at the equator: 120 thousand km
Rotation period (rotation around an axis): 10 hours 14 minutes.
Surface temperature: minus 180 degrees (average).
Atmosphere: Mainly hydrogen and helium.
Number of satellites: 18 (+ rings).
Main satellites: Titan.
Uranus is the 7th planet in the solar system
A unique planet in the solar system. Its peculiarity is that it rotates around the Sun not like everyone else, but “lying on its side.” Uranus also has rings, although they are harder to see. In 1986, Voyager 2 flew at a distance of 64 thousand km, he had six hours to take photographs, which he successfully implemented.
Characteristics of the planet Uranus:
Orbital period: 84 years 4 days.
Diameter at the equator: 51 thousand km.
Period of rotation of the planet (rotation around its axis): 17 hours 14 minutes.
Surface temperature: minus 214 degrees (average).
Atmosphere: Mainly hydrogen and helium.
Neptune is the 8th planet in the solar system
At the moment, Neptune is considered the last planet in the solar system. Its discovery took place through mathematical calculations, and then it was seen through a telescope. In 1989, Voyager 2 flew past. He took stunning photographs of the blue surface of Neptune and its largest moon, Triton.
Characteristics of the planet Neptune:
Period of revolution around the Sun: 164 years 292 days.
Diameter at the equator: 50 thousand km.
Rotation period (rotation around an axis): 16 hours 7 minutes.
Surface temperature: minus 220 degrees (average).
Atmosphere: Mainly hydrogen and helium.
Number of satellites: 8.
Main satellites: Triton.
Pluto is the 9th planet in the solar system
Until 2006, Pluto was considered the ninth planet of the solar system.
Pluto is the ninth major planet from the Sun in the Solar System:
The average distance from the Sun is about 40 astronomical units
Orbital period 248 years
Rotation period 6 days
Diameter about 3000 km
Methane has been discovered on Pluto.
Pluto is a double planet, its satellite, approximately 3 times smaller in diameter, moves at a distance of only about 20,000 km from the center of the planet, making 1 revolution in 6.4 days.
Main moons: Charon
- Since ancient times, people have looked at the stars and wanted to look beyond the ends of the earth. Now space is being explored using telescopes, artificial satellites, and spacecraft.
- Someday we will meet (or be found!!!) with intelligent beings from other planets, and in order for us to communicate, we need to know many different things: how the Universe works, what planets are and much more
- I will continue to study Space and the planets, and in order not to forget their names, you can learn a memory book:
Memo on the planets:
There lived an astrologer on the moon
He kept track of the planets: MERCURY - once, VENUS - two, sir, Three - EARTH, Four - MARS, Five - JUPITER, Six - SATURN, Seven - URANUS, Eight - NEPTUNE, Nine - PLUTO is farthest away, If you don't see it, get out!
References
- Large illustrated encyclopedia of erudite. - M: Makhaon, 2008
- Ananyeva E.G., Mironova S.S. Earth. Complete encyclopedia. – M.: Eksmo, 2009
- Galileo. Science by experience
- Wikipedia website
Relevance of the topic: Since ancient times, people have been attracted by everything inaccessible and mysterious. Without a doubt, the most unattainable of all that surrounded them was space. Therefore, the sun, moon and stars attracted their views and souls. They made them dream, love, create. People have changed a lot since then. They are more attracted to the TV screen and increasingly do not have time to admire the stars. People have forgotten how to be surprised and enjoy simple and at the same time brilliant things: a snowflake, the first leaves, butterflies, stars and entire galaxies. But this is all about adults. We are Children; like ancient people, we are in fusion with nature, and therefore everything that surrounds us seems so familiar and interesting to us.
Jupiter does not have a solid surface. The first layer of the planet is a mixture of hydrogen and helium, about 21 thousand km thick. Then - a layer of liquid and metallic hydrogen, thousands of kilometers deep. Inside there may be a solid core with a diameter of about 20 thousand km.
All-Russian conference “Young researcher: project activities of junior schoolchildren”
Presentation of the project “Planets of the Solar System”
"Slide number 1. Good afternoon I would like to introduce you to my project “Planets of the Solar System”.
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Every person loves to look at the stars. I'm also interested in space! After all, there are so many mysterious and unknown things there!
In the lesson “The world around us”, we got acquainted with the planets of the solar system and constellations. This is very interesting! And I wanted to learn more about space and the solar system. Therefore, I decided to collect as much information as possible about this in the Planets of the Solar System project.
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Project goal: Expand your knowledge about space. Collect interesting information about the solar system.
To do this, I need to find answers to the questions:
- How and when was the Universe formed?
- Find out what is the center of the solar system?
- Find out how many planets are in the solar system and what are they called?
- Create a model of the solar system;
- Find interesting facts about the solar system.
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Work on the project was divided into 3 stages.
At the first stage, we began collecting information from various sources: books, Internet sources, educational programs.
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How and when did the Universe originate? The universe began more than 15 billion years ago as a result of the Big Bang. Before the explosion, the substance was compressed almost to a point. Having exploded, it scattered with enormous force and speed.
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Giant clouds of gas and dust formed from the scattered matter; as they cooled, they became denser and turned into stars. Presumably, the matter remaining after the explosion, under the influence of gravity, formed different GALAXIES, in one of which we live.
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Our galaxy, called the Milky Way, is a giant spiral galaxy filled with stars, star clusters, gas and dust. There are so many stars in it that a person cannot count in his entire life. Our Galaxy is constantly rotating, but very slowly.
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After the “Big Bang”, the shock wave was so strong that the gas-dust cloud began to rotate strongly and was divided into 10 or 11 clusters of substances, which after separation were called PROTOPLANETS.
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As a result of the explosion, a large and very hot star, a huge, hot ball, was formed in the center of the galaxy - the Sun. PROTOPLANETS revolved around the Sun.
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At first they became very hot, but then gradually cooled down and turned into the planets that we know today.
Slide number 11 Mercury is the SMALLEST PLANET, moving faster than other planets, being burned by the sun's rays during the day and freezing at night.
Slide number 12 Venus is more similar to Earth in size and brightness. Observing it is difficult due to the clouds enveloping it. The surface is a hot rocky desert.
Slide number 13 The Earth was formed from a gas and dust cloud, like other planets. Particles of gas and dust collided and gradually “grew” the planet. Then the Earth cooled and became covered with a hard rock crust. Only on earth there is water. That's why life exists here. It is located relatively close to the Sun in order to receive the necessary heat and light, but far enough so as not to burn out.
Slide number 14 Mars is the RED PLANET. Because of its resemblance to Earth, it was believed that life existed here. But the spacecraft that descended to the surface of Mars found no signs of life. This is the fourth planet in order.
Slide number 15 Jupiter is a GIANT PLANET! It is more than twice as massive as all the planets in the solar system combined.
Slide number 16 Saturn is a gas giant, almost as big as Jupiter.
Slide number 17 Uranus is a unique planet in the solar system. Its peculiarity is that it rotates around the Sun not like everyone else, but “lying on its side.” Uranus also has rings, although they are harder to see.
Slide number 18 Neptune - Among the four gas giants (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune), it is the smallest, coldest, most distant and windiest. At the moment, Neptune is considered the last planet in the solar system. Its discovery took place through mathematical calculations, and then it was seen through a telescope.
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There are eight planets in our solar system, and they all revolve around the sun in the same direction and in their orbit. The gravitational force of the huge Sun holds the planets like an invisible rope, preventing them from breaking free and flying into space. First four planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars- consist of rocks and are located quite close to the Sun. They are called terrestrial planets. You can walk on the solid surface of these planets.
Other four planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune consist entirely of gases. If you stand on their surface, you can fall through and fly right through the entire planet. These four gas giants There are many more terrestrial planets, and they are located very far from each other. WHAT CAN YOU SAY ABOUT THE PLANET PLUTO?
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For a long time it was believed that the most distant planet in our solar system is Pluto, which is located beyond Neptune.
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But not so long ago, scientists decided that Pluto still cannot be considered a planet; many scientists consider it a satellite of the planet Neptune.
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Since 2006, there have been 8 planets in the solar system.
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Having studied in detail the information about the Planets of the Solar System, we began to create a model of the “Solar System”.
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This is the layout of the “Solar System” we have created! Using this model, you can observe how the planets move around the Sun.
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Do you know what a parade of planets is?
The parade of planets is an event of amazing beauty in which several celestial bodies find themselves on the same line. To the person observing what is happening, it seems as if the planets are located very close to each other.
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The parade of planets can be small or large. The minor planetary parade is the configuration of Mars, Mercury, Venus and Saturn, while they stand on one side of the luminary. This happens no more than once a year. A parade of three planets sometimes happens even several times a year, although the conditions for their visibility are different everywhere.
Big parade of planets. With this astronomical phenomenon, one immediately appears on the same line six celestial bodies such as Venus, Mars, Earth, Saturn, Jupiter and Uranus. This magnificent spectacle can only be seen once every twenty years.
Using our layout, you can create any parade of planets: large or small.
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We found many interesting facts about our Universe.
Every year forty new stars are born in our Galaxy alone, imagine how many stars are born in all galaxies!
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In the vastness of the Universe there is a very amazing thing - a GIANT GAS BUBBLE. It was formed after the Big Bang.
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The sun “loses weight” by a billion kilograms per second, this happens from the solar wind.
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And most importantly, scientists believe that planet Earth has a twin, a celestial body similar to Earth. But which planet is a double - Gloria or Titan? Both planets are similar to our Earth. Scientists have to find out.
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The starry sky has always interested people, even those who lived in the Stone Age. Today, people study the Universe, both from Earth and from space, with the help of telescopes, artificial satellites, and spacecraft.
How many solar systems similar to our Earth could have formed in the Universe? On how many planets could life originate? Recently, even on Earth, previously unknown organisms have been discovered that are capable of living in areas that were previously considered uninhabited - ice caps, the depths of the sea, the bowels of the Earth and even volcanic craters. Nowadays there is a lot of talk about how life on Earth is becoming crowded.
Having studied the planets, we have not learned whether it is possible to find a planet suitable for life, if such a need arises. And what conclusion follows from this? We will continue to dream, listen and search...
Sooner or later, the answer will come from the beautiful distance of space!
