Which complicates a simple sentence. Simple complex sentence

Simple sentence is a sentence that has one grammatical basis.

A simple sentence can be complicated by homogeneous members.

Homogeneous are two or more members that answer the same question, refer to the same member of the sentence and, therefore, perform the same syntactic role (are the same members of the sentence: subjects, predicates, definitions, additions, circumstances). Homogeneous members have equal rights and do not depend on each other.

Homogeneous members are connected by a coordinating or non-conjunctive connection; they can be both common (have dependent words) and non-common.
For example : Vinogradov was short, thin, and weak, like a child.

In rare cases, they can be connected by subordinating conjunctions (causal, concessive).
For example: The book is interesting, Although complex.

Note:
The following are not homogeneous members of the sentence:

• repetition of the same words:
  I'm going, I'm going in an open field; And the snow walked And walked ;
• phraseological units with repeated conjunctions:
  both day and night; both old and young; neither give nor take; neither fish nor fowl;
• combinations of verbs acting as a single predicate:
  I'll go see what the children are doing; I’ll take it and tell you everything;

Relationship of homogeneous members

• Bessoyuznaya (enumeration, intonation)
• Coordinating Conjunctions
  • connecting: and, yes(=and), neither…nor;
  • adversative: a, but, yes (= but), however, but, otherwise, not that, not that, although, although not, however;
  • separating: or, either, whether...either, or...or, then...that, not that... not that, either... or ;
  • gradational: not only...but also, as...so and, although and...but, not as much...as, as much...as much, not that...and, not that...and, if not...then.
• Summarizing words
  Generalizing words for homogeneous members of a sentence denote concepts that are generic or common in relation to the elements of a number of homogeneous members. The generalizing word answers the same question and is the same member of the sentence as the homogeneous members.

Punctuation marks in sentences with homogeneous members

1. Homogeneous members connected without conjunctions (intonation) are separated by commas:
Swallows, larks, rooks, and nightingales fly to warmer regions in the fall.

2. Comma for homogeneous terms NOT put:

• if homogeneous members are connected by single unions AND, OR, OR, YES(=I):
  It was snowing And melted on warm earth. I have a vacation in June or in July.
• if homogeneous members are connected by means of a union YES AND:
  I'll take it yes and I'll leave.
• in stable word combinations:
  They went through fire and water and copper pipes. Glory to the living and the fallen. Both parents and children came to the meeting.
• in connections of a homogeneous member with a pair of homogeneous members that form a close semantic unity or have a common dependent component:
  The courier delivered asters and carnations tied with ribbon and a note addressed to me.

3. A comma is used for homogeneous terms:

• if homogeneous members are connected through unions A, BUT, YES(=BUT), HOWEVER, ALTHOUGH, BUT:
  A fairy tale is a lie, Yes there is a hint in it. Inexpensive, but useful gift.
• if homogeneous members are connected by gradational unions ( AS..., SO AND... / NOT ONLY BUT... / NOT SO MUCH..., HOW MUCH... / ALTHOUGH..., BUT...), then the comma is placed only once - before the second part of the conjunction:
  In the end of January How in technical schools, so and Universities hold sessions.
  We are interested Not only quantitative, But And qualitative indicators.
• e if homogeneous members are connected through repeated conjunctions And...And, YES YES,TO...TO, OR EITHER, OR OR:
  Corals, And amethysts, And topazes come to life in skillful hands.
  Doctors or they scold or praised to the skies.
  Note: A comma is placed before the first repeating conjunction if a homogeneous series was started before it. In other cases, a comma is placed before the second, third, etc. conjunction used in listing.
• if homogeneous members are connected in pairs, then a comma is placed only in front of the paired groups:
  Take apples or pears, cookies or gingerbread from the store.

4. General words

• if a generalizing word comes before homogeneous members, then a colon is placed after it:
  The cat was nowhere to be found: neither in the living room, nor in the basement, nor in the front garden.
• if a generalizing word comes after homogeneous members, then a dash is placed in front of it:
  Neither in the living room, nor in the basement, nor in the front garden - there was no cat anywhere.
• if the generalizing word comes before homogeneous members, and after the completion of the homogeneous series the sentence continues, then a colon is placed after it, and after the completion of the homogeneous series - a dash:
  Nowhere: neither in the living room, nor in the basement, nor in the front garden - there was no cat.
• if a comma is needed after the completion of a homogeneous series according to the context, then the dash is not placed : The cat was nowhere to be found: neither in the living room, nor in the basement, nor in the front garden, and I didn’t even look in the attic.

Homogeneous members of the sentence

Homogeneous members are connected by a coordinating or non-conjunctive connection; they can be both common (have dependent words) and non-common. They may have the same or different morphological expression:

Subject.

Flattery andcowardice- the worst vices(expressed by nouns);
Somehow in the summerbrothersAndtwo guysfrom a neighboring yard carelessly went deeper into the forest and soon realized that they were lost(expressed by a noun and a combination of a numeral with a noun).

Predicate.

Homogeneous predicates are combinations of either simple verbs, or compound predicates, or predicates of a mixed type.
Linden tablewasrecentlyscraped outAndwashed;
Forestwas old, clean, no undergrowth;

Add-ons

have the form of one case: Hidefrom the rainAndwindthere was nowhere;
expressed by an objective infinitive: It was orderedappearon time for the exam andreportin front of the group.

Circumstances

They are usually united by the same meaning: time, place, reason, purpose, etc.:
His speech flowedhard, Butfree.
It is sometimes possible to combine opposite circumstances, provided that the meaning of the combined words is generalized:
Somewhere, once upon a timeI heard these words;For whatAndWhyI need to be there?

Definitions

They are considered homogeneous in the following cases:

1. they are used to list varieties of objects, characterizing them on the one hand:
   Red, blue, green pencils are scattered on the table.
2. they list the characteristics of one object, assessed positively or negatively, i.e., emotionally synonymous:
   It was a cold, snowy, boring time.
3. the subsequent definition reveals the content of the previous one:
   New, unknown horizons opened before him.
4. the first definition is an adjective, the second is a participial phrase:
   There was a small, illegibly signed envelope on the table.
5. with reverse word order (inversion):
   There was a briefcase on the table - a large leather one.

Homogeneous definitions refer to the word being defined; the conjunction I can be inserted between them; they are pronounced with enumerative intonation

A simple complex sentence is a sentence that includes syntactic structures that do not have a grammatical basis. Among the constructions that complicate a simple sentence, introductory words, addresses and insertions stand out.

The concept of a simple complex sentence

Often, a simple complex sentence in its semantics is very similar to a complex one, but it is not. In order to find out whether a sentence is complex or simple complex, it is necessary to determine the grammatical basis of this sentence.

In a simple complex sentence, the complicating component never has a grammatical basis, but is an additional statement that depends on the main sentence.

For example: Anton Olegovich, let us draw a wall newspaper.

In this simple complicated sentence, the complex construction of the appeal is interconnected with the main sentence and acts as an addition to it.

Complicating components of a simple complex sentence

Most often, the complicating component of such sentences are homogeneous members of the sentence.

For example: Neither new toys, nor a delicious cake, nor fun games - nothing made the birthday girl happy. We see that the homogeneous members of this sentence - toys, cake, games - do not form part of the grammatical basis. Introductory words also complicate a simple sentence.

For example: Natasha will most likely watch a film today. Among the complicating components are appeals.

For example: Oh, Peter, Ivanovich, let me be frank today. Clarifying clauses complicate a simple sentence.

For example: Near the house, on a pile of old sedges, Vasya and Petya were already waiting.

Separate definitions as complicating elements

Simple sentences are often complicated by subdivisions. In Russian philology, there are four main groups of singularities that are included in a simple sentence, thereby complicating it. Among them:

1. Separate definitions. Example: A path paved with fine gravel went up.

2. Separate additions. Example: The entire team, excluding Pavel Petrovich, was assembled.

3. Separate applications. Example: We lawyers know the value of law.

4. Special circumstances. Example: Kirill, despite his father’s intervention, arranged everything at his own discretion.

The difference between a complicated sentence and an uncomplicated one. Signs of a complicated sentence

A.F. Priyatkina identifies the following features that distinguish a complicated sentence from an uncomplicated one (hereinafter referred to as OP and NP):

1. In an uncomplicated sentence there are only such elements that are expressed by non-duplicate word forms. In a complicated sentence there are special syntactic positions: the position is duplicated, that is, the sentence contains two (or more) subjects, objects, etc.
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Eg: In our city in winter, especially in January There is very often icy conditions. The highlighted component creates a complicated sentence, since there is a duplication of the syntactic position of the adverbial clause (ʼʼin winter, especially in Januaryʼʼ).

2. Uncomplicated and complicated sentences differ in syntactic relations. In an uncomplicated sentence, there are two types of syntactic relationships: predicative and subordinating. A complex sentence necessarily contains syntactic relations of other types: semi-predicative, explanatory, clarifying, etc.

3. The difference between uncomplicated and complicated sentences also manifests itself in syntactic connections. In an uncomplicated sentence there are two types of connections - predicative and conditional subordinating (coordination, control, adjacency). In a complex sentence, in addition to the indicated connections, there are necessarily connections of other types: coordinative, explanatory, bidirectional connections, formalized by the actual syntactic indicators.

4. The fourth distinctive feature is formal indicators that formalize syntactic connections. In an uncomplicated sentence there are only morphological-syntactic indicators (word forms and underived prepositions). In a complicated sentence there are morphological-syntactic and actual syntactic indicators. The latter include conjunctions - coordinating and subordinating, derivative prepositions of the ʼʼconjunctiveʼʼ type (with adverbial meanings such as ʼʼin spite ofʼʼ, ʼʼin spite ofʼʼ, with comparative and emphatic meanings such as ʼʼexceptʼʼ, ʼʼinstead ofʼʼ), various analogues of conjunctions - particles, introductory-modal words, as well as order words and intonation.

The role of word order and intonation is especially great in the absence of other formal indicators. Eg : At the end of May the artist Petrov arrived. – At the end of May, Petrov, an artist, arrived. The first sentence is uncomplicated, the second is complicated. Complications include word order and intonation.

3. Types of complications of a simple sentence.

SIMPLE COMPLEX SENTENCE - a simple sentence in which there are “complicating elements” expressing an additional message. Complicating elements are divided into two subtypes. 1- homogeneous members of the sentence and isolated members of the sentence; 2 - words and phrases that are not members of the sentence and are not included in its structure: introductory and inserted constructions, addresses and interjections. For this reason, the following types of complications are distinguished:

1) with homogeneous members, 2) with isolated members, 3) with introductory and plug-in constructions, 4) with appeals.

4. HOMOGENEOUS MEMBERS OF A SENTENCE are members of the same name, connected to each other by a coordinating connection and performing the same syntactic function in the sentence. Homogeneous members are or are connected by coordinating conjunctions and are pronounced with the so-called intonation of enumeration.

Both the main and secondary members of a sentence are homogeneous, for example: Meadows, vegetable gardens, fields, and groves have already stretched along the banks.- homogeneous subjects; The arable land is overgrown with strong, tenacious, unpretentious weeds- homogeneous definitions.

Homogeneous members of a sentence are non-common and common, ᴛ.ᴇ. may have explanatory words with them: Every year he comes fresh, fit, bathed by southern showers.

Homogeneous members may have the same morphological expression, but are morphologically heterogeneous: He was always pale, thin, prone to colds, ate little, and slept poorly.

The presence of homogeneous members of a sentence is not seen when repeating the same words in order to emphasize the duration of an action, a multitude of persons or objects, an enhanced manifestation of a feature, etc., for example: I'm driving, driving in an open field. Or in fr.
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expressions: neither light nor dawn, nor fluff nor feather.

HOMOGENEOUS DEFINITIONS are each directly related to the word being defined and are in the same relationship to it. Homogeneous definitions are connected with each other by coordinating conjunctions and enumerative intonation or only by enumerative intonation and connecting pauses.

Homogeneous definitions are used in two cases: a) to designate the distinctive features of different objects: Red, green, purple, yellow, blue flowers were collected in a huge bouquet for the sister. b) to denote different signs of the same object: He loved a strong, decisive, firm word.

Definitions are HETEROGENEOUS if the previous definition does not refer directly to the defined noun, but to a combination of the subsequent definition and the defined noun: The sun disappeared behind the leading low torn cloud.

HETEROGENEOUS definitions characterize an object from different sides, in different respects, for example: large leather briefcase (size and material).

Homogeneous members specify the content of the concept expressed by the generalizing word, and therefore grammatically act as clarifying words in relation to the generalizing word: The entire estate consisted of four, namely: an outbuilding, a stable, a barn, and a bathhouse. The generalizing word can be in front of homogeneous members or follow them.

5. SEPARATION - semantic and intonation highlighting of minor members in order to give them some independence in the sentence. Isolated members of a sentence contain an element of an additional message: He woke up from the stomping of a horse that suddenly burst out from behind a hillock.

Between isolated members and defined words there are so-called semi-predicative relations, as a result of which isolated members in their semantic load and intonation design approach subordinate clauses.

There is also an intonation-semantic emphasis on words, which are not only secondary, but also main members. This is the so-called CLARIFICATION and EXPLANATION.

CLARIFICATION - narrowing the scope of a concept, its limitation: Ahead, right next to the road, the fire was burning.
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Most often, the circumstances of place and time, as well as the circumstance of the manner of action, are clarifying: Quiet , with fear, she told him something strange.

Definitions often act as clarifying members: He examined the little schoolboy in a long, to toe, greatcoats.

EXPLANATION is a designation in a given context of the same concept by another word or other words.

Both secondary and main members of a sentence can be explanatory, for example: I only need one thing - to warn you. - the subject is explained; Completely different city sounds were heard outside and inside the apartment- the definition is explained.

Proposals with separate definitions, applications, circumstances, additions - independently.

6. INTRODUCTORY WORDS, PHRASES AND SENTENCES are not grammatically related to members, are not parts of a sentence and express the speaker’s attitude to the thought being expressed.

Introductory words and phrases can refer either to the entire sentence as a whole or to its individual members: Fortunately, no one noticed me; - ...Our dilapidated ship sank, fortunately, not in a deep place.

According to the meaning they express, introductory words and combinations are divided into several categories:

1. ASSESSMENT by the speaker of the degree of RELIABILITY of what is being reported: of course, without any doubt, it should be: Mountain air, without any doubt, has a beneficial effect on human health.

2. EMOTIONAL ASSESSMENT of what is being reported: fortunately, unfortunately, strange, etc.: But, as luck would have it, the governor turned up at that time.

3. The connection of thoughts, the SEQUENCE OF PRESENTATION is indicated by introductory words and phrases: firstly, secondly, etc., on the one hand, on the contrary, however, in particular, in addition, for example: Nikita's whole life was not a constant holiday, but, on the contrary, was an unceasing service.

4. INDICATION TO THE SOURCE of what is being reported: according to words, according to opinion, they say, as psychologists say, in my opinion, from the point of view of: According to the captain, the nearest port is two days away.

INSERT CONSTRUCTIONS introduce additional information, incidental comments, clarifications, explanations, amendments, etc. into the main sentence. Οʜᴎ are usually not syntactically related to the main sentence, do not express the speaker’s attitude to the thought being expressed, do not contain an evaluation of the message, an indication of its source, connection with other messages, etc. Plug-in constructions can only be in the middle and, less often, at the end of the main sentence: The father lost his usual firmness, and his grief ( usually mute) poured out in bitter complaints.

7. ADDRESS - ϶ᴛᴏ the name of the addressee͵ whose attention the speaker wants to attract: Tanya, turn on the light! Vasya, were you the one who called me? It is said (or written) to establish contact. Such an appeal is not part of the proposal. The address can take place at the beginning, in the middle and at the end of the sentence: Sergey Sergeich, is it you!

The natural form of expression of address is a noun in the nominative case, which performs a nominative function. In the Old Russian language, the form of the vocative case was used for this purpose, which in modern language is sometimes used for stylistic purposes: What do you need, old man? Lord, forgive me! Our Father, have mercy! Very rarely, the role of address is played by words that name the characteristic of the person to whom the speech is addressed: Hey, in a white scarf, where can I find the chairman?

The difference between a complicated sentence and an uncomplicated one. Signs of a complicated sentence - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Difference between a complicated sentence and an uncomplicated one. Signs of a complicated sentence" 2017, 2018.

What is a complicated simple sentence? A comprehensive answer to the question posed will be given in the presented article. In addition, we will tell you how a simple sentence can be complicated, as well as which ones apply in a given case.

general information

A complicated simple sentence is a sentence that includes some syntactic structure. Moreover, it should not have a grammatical basis.

It should be noted that among the constructions that complicate a simple application, definitions, additions, circumstances, etc. stand out. Let's look at each of them in more detail.

Homogeneous members

What does a simple complex sentence look like? Examples are presented in this article.

If you need to complicate a sentence, then homogeneous members are ideal for this. As a rule, this term is used in relation to those lexical units that answer the same questions and are also associated with the same word. It should be noted that such sentence members are usually separated by commas (from each other). Let's give a clear example: “He collected information for the article in Moscow, Orenburg, and Ufa.”

Definitions

What is the complexity of the (simple) sentence, which is presented below: “The road, paved with tiles, went into the forest.” It is difficult to define. This is a minor member, denoting a characteristic of an object and answering the following questions: “which?”, “what?”, “whose?” In this case, this is a separate definition. It should be noted that such expressions can be adjectives or pronouns with or without dependent words, as well as participles or participial phrases and (rarely) numerals.

Let's give a clear example:

• “By nature timid and modest, he was always annoyed with his character traits.” This is a separate definition that refers to a pronoun.
• “On the window, silver from the frost, the flowers bloomed overnight.” This is not a separate definition.

How is such a complicated simple sentence isolated? This can be seen from the examples above. Commas should be used to highlight definitions that come after the lexical unit being defined or refer to a personal pronoun.

Applications

A simple complicated sentence (a test to test knowledge on this topic is very often given after the theoretical part) can include some kind of application, that is, a definition expressed by a noun. As a rule, it gives a completely different name, which uniquely characterizes the selected item. Here are some illustrative examples:

Punctuation of a simple complex sentence with an application:

• personal pronouns are separated;
• applications with the conjunction “how” are isolated;
• common applications that appear after the word being defined are isolated;
• the comma is replaced by a dash if the application is located at the very end of the sentence.

Add-ons

An addition is a secondary member of a sentence that denotes an object and answers questions about indirect cases. Such phrases are distinguished if they include the following words: besides, apart from, over, including, except for, along with, excluding, instead of etc. For clarity, let's give an example:

• “She heard nothing but the sound of rain.”
• “I really liked the article, except for some details.”

Circumstances

A circumstance is a secondary member of a sentence that indicates time, place, manner of action and reason, and also answers the questions “when?”, “where?” "why?", "how?" Here's an example:

It should be noted that circumstances are always isolated if they are expressed by a gerund or “despite + noun”.

Introductory structures and appeals

A complicated simple sentence is a sentence in which there is an address that names the person or thing to whom or what is addressed with a certain speech. Also, instead of addressing, introductory constructions can be used. These are words, combinations or entire sentences with the help of which the speaker expresses his subjective attitude to the content of a particular statement (for example, feelings, uncertainty, order of thoughts, source of the statement, ways of expressing thoughts, etc.).

It should be noted that references are always separated by commas. As for introductory constructions, they can be separated using dashes or brackets. For clarity, here are a few examples:

• “One day - I don’t remember why - there was no concert.”
• “The winter looks like it will be cold.”
• “The essence of American films (if you have seen them) is somewhat monotonous.”
• “Oh, Mary, how beautiful you are.”

Clarifying members of the sentence

The members of a sentence that explain others are called clarifying ones. It should be noted that most often the circumstances of time and place are clarifying. In addition, definitions sometimes act as such members of a sentence.

Here are some examples:

• “The rain started in the evening, around eight o’clock.”
• “Ahead, at the very edge of the road, a large fire was burning.”

Qualifying terms are always separated by commas.

How to determine a simple complex sentence

If you come across a task in which you need to find a simple complicated sentence, then perhaps the following algorithm will help you:

• Eliminate all those sentences that lack punctuation.
• Highlight the stem and eliminate those sentences where punctuation marks separate the stem from each other.
• Regarding the remaining sentences, you should try to find out why they contain certain punctuation marks (introductory words, homogeneous members, adverbial or participial phrases, etc.).