What happened in 1547. History in faces

Moscow burned more than once. Famous fires left thousands of people homeless and destroyed churches, valuables, books in 1365, when the wooden fortress wall around Moscow burned down, in 1400, when the city burned out completely due to careless handling of gunpowder, in 1445 it was destroyed by fire The Kremlin, and the Tatars set fire to the suburbs...

But there was no more terrible, mystical and destructive fire in Moscow than in June 1547. Many historians tend to consider it not just a disaster, an accident, but the apotheosis of a whole chain of political and personal events during the time of Ivan the Terrible.

In 1525, the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily Ivanovich turned 46 years old. A considerable age for a man, especially in the Middle Ages, when the duration of human life was much shorter than it is now. Nevertheless, the Grand Duke still did not have a son, an heir. Vasily married on September 4, 1505, shortly before the death of his father, Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III, choosing a bride according to a new custom, previously unknown in Moscow.

The marriage was prosperous, but childless, and as time passed, this increasingly worried the spouses. They began to make long trips to the most famous Russian monasteries, asking their patron saints for “childbearing.” The Grand Duchess embroidered covers on the tombs of saints, expecting help from them in her misfortune, but nothing helped. Vasily III was apparently attached to his wife, but when, after twenty years of marriage, the marriage did not produce children, he decided to separate from her.

When the Grand Duchess was taken from Moscow to the Intercession Suzdal Monastery and “in the monastery, despite her tears and sobs, the Metropolitan first cut her hair and then handed her the monastic doll, she not only did not allow it to be placed on her, but grabbed it and threw it on and trampled the ground with her feet." Only after a close nobleman of Vasily III, Ivan Yuryevich Shigona Podzhogin, hit her with a whip, was the Grand Duchess forced to submit and take monastic vows under the name of Sophia. All this happened at the very end of 1525. Vasily III donated two villages to the Intercession Monastery in Suzdal district.

Now the Grand Duke was free and could enter into a new marriage. According to the already established custom, bride viewings were arranged, and the sovereign’s choice fell on Princess Elena Vasilievna Glinskaya. On January 21, 1526, the king celebrated his wedding.

Not everyone liked the efforts of the Grand Duke about organizing his family life. The Pskov chronicler wrote with condemnation about the wedding of Vasily III: “And all this is for our sin, as the Apostle wrote: he lets his wife go, but marries another, commits adultery.” Over time, the reprehensible act of Vasily III began to be seen as a harbinger of the grave disasters that befell the Russian land during the reign of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, who was born from a new marriage.

The Glinsky family appeared relatively recently, already in the 16th century, among the Moscow nobility. She belonged to a Tatar family that eventually became Russified and had served the Grand Dukes of Lithuania since the end of the 14th century. But the rise of the Glinskys was short-lived. After Alexander's death they began to be relegated to the background. Mikhail Glinsky in 1508 rebelled against the new king Sigismund I and left with his brothers for Russia.

At first, the new marriage did not bring what the Grand Duke expected from him, namely a son-heir. Vasily again began to travel to monasteries with his young wife, asking miracle workers for help. Fate gave him a son only four years after the wedding, when the Grand Duke was already over fifty.

The long-awaited heir was born on August 25, 1530, “at the seventh hour of the night.” On October 30, 1532, Elena Glinskaya gave birth to another son, Yuri. However, the child turned out to be deaf and mute from birth and mentally underdeveloped (as the official chronicle delicately said, “meaningless and simple”). The further fate of the Moscow grand-ducal dynasty depended entirely on the life of little Ivan IV.

The prince's solitary life in the mansion in the circle of mothers, nannies and noblewomen of the Grand Duchess came to an end on December 3, 1533, when his father died. The Grand Duke was ill for a long time and seriously, the child was not allowed to see him, only just before his death Vasily called Ivan to him and blessed him with the cross of St. Metropolitan Peter.

After the death of the Grand Duke, little Ivan became head of state. Of course, a three-year-old boy could not engage in government affairs. They were entirely in the hands of his mother Elena Glinskaya, who ruled the state together with his father’s advisers. But the boy had to participate in receptions and ceremonies very early. He did not understand their significance, but he occupied a central place in them. Just a few days after the death of his father, a three-year-old boy received messengers from the Crimean Khan “and served them honey.” In August of the following 1536, a six-year-old boy received Lithuanian ambassadors.

Ivan IV was not just a noble orphan, he was the future ruler of the state, on whose behalf all administrative orders came. In this case, completely different rules came into play - the rules of the political game. In organizing the governance of the medieval state, the monarch played the most important, key role. In particular, he acted as the supreme arbiter in conflicts between different groups of nobility. When, for some reason, such a supreme arbiter was absent, a sharp, uncompromising struggle for power began between groups of nobility, and the winning group forcibly assumed custody of the minor heir. This is exactly what happened after the death of Elena Glinskaya.

Among the boyars who seized power, the main role was played by the Suzdal princes, the boyars Vasily Vasilyevich and Ivan Vasilyevich Shuisky. The young ruler found himself under the tutelage of strangers, for whom he had no reason to have good feelings.

Later, in his message, the tsar blamed the boyar rulers for many of the troubles that befell the country during his childhood. Having seized power, they subjected people to “torture” and extortion, and under the guise of the need to pay salaries to the boyars’ children, they emptied the state treasury. From the gold and silver stolen from there, they forged gold and silver vessels “and placed the names of their parents on them, as if their parental acquisition.”

In the summer of 1541, Moscow anxiously awaited an attack by the Crimean Khan Sahib-Girey. With the Tatar horde, “the Tsar’s men with cannons and arquebuses” went on a campaign against the Russian capital. And the next year, 1542, the Russian capital became the scene of a real military coup. Prince Ivan Vasilyevich Shuisky, removed by his opponents from the leadership of the country and sent to Vladimir “to take care of the Kazan people,” managed to attract the army gathered here to his side (“he brought many boyar children to kiss them so that they could be in their council”), “came army to Moscow" and, with the assistance of his supporters in the capital, captured the city and eliminated his opponents by force.

Soon, however, events occurred that shocked the young monarch and forced him to dramatically change his entire life.

Such events were the Moscow fire and the subsequent uprising in Moscow in June 1547.

The tsar himself was to a certain extent to blame for what happened at this time. He completely entrusted the conduct of government affairs to his relatives, who were unable to stop the disasters that tormented the country. During their relatively short reign, the Glinskys gained fame only for reprisals against people who caused their displeasure: the execution was especially cruel “by order of Prince Mikhail Glinsky and his mother, Princess Anna,” Prince Ivan Fedorovich Ovchina-Obolensky, “who was impaled in a meadow outside Moscow river." Gradually, the king’s favorites, who were considered responsible for the situation in the country, aroused universal hatred towards themselves, and only a push was needed for this hatred to burst out. This impetus was the fires that literally destroyed Moscow in the spring and summer of 1547.

Already on April 12, a large fire engulfed the Moscow market - “shops in all rows of the city of Moscow with many goods burned” and a significant part of the settlement on the territory of Kitai-Gorod; Gunpowder caught fire in one of the Kremlin towers and it exploded. On April 20, behind the Yauza, “Potters and Tanners burned.” The city had not yet had time to recover from the consequences when, on June 21, a new fire started on Arbat, engulfing most of Moscow: the Kremlin, Kitay-Gorod, and Bolshoi Posad were on fire. As the Pskov chronicler wrote, “all of Moscow was burned, the city and all the suburbs, the churches and the market.” According to the so-called “Chronicle Nikolsky,” 25,000 households and 250 churches were lost in the terrible fire. He went from Vozdvizhenie on Arbat and burned all of Zaneglimenye. A storm arose and drove fire from here to the Kremlin: the top of the Assumption Cathedral, the roof of the royal chambers, the courtyard of the royal treasury, the Annunciation Cathedral with its precious icons in Greek and Russian writing (by Andrei Rublev), the metropolitan courtyard and the royal stables caught fire. The monasteries of Chudov and Voznesensky burned down, and all the boyar houses in the Kremlin were destroyed. One powder tower with part of the wall flew into the air. The fire spread to Kitai-Gorod and destroyed what was left of the first fire. In Bolshoi Posad, the following burned down: Tverskaya, Dmitrovka to the Nikolo-Grachevsky Monastery, Rozhdestvenka, Myasnitskaya to Flora and Lavra, Pokrovka to the now non-existent Church of St. Basil, with many churches, and a lot of ancient books, icons and precious church utensils were lost. About two thousand people burned alive; Metropolitan Macarius almost suffocated from the smoke in the Assumption Cathedral, from where he carried with his own hands the image of the Mother of God painted by St. Peter. The Bishop, accompanied by Archpriest Gury, who carried the Helmsman's Book, ascended the Tainitskaya Tower, engulfed in thick smoke. They began to lower Macarius from the tower on a rope to Moskvoretskaya embankment, but it broke, and Vladyka was so hurt that he barely came to his senses and was taken to the Novospassky Monastery. The Tsar with his family and boyars left for the country, to the village of Vorobyovo.

Several thousand people burned in the fire - a huge figure for a medieval city.

Popular among the people was the mystical version that Ivan the Terrible’s grandmother, Princess Anna, allegedly caused a fire with her “sorcery.” It was as if she was tearing up the graves and taking out the hearts from the dead, having dried them, crushed them, poured the powder into the water, and with that water, driving around Moscow, she sprinkled the streets, which is why Moscow burned down: “she did magic with her children and with people: she washed out the hearts she put human ones in the water and sprinkled them with that water when traveling around Moscow,” “Princess Anna flew with a magpie and lit it on fire.” Modern researchers believe that the boyars really incited the people, but their actions were successful only because the Glinskys had previously become the subject of general hatred.

The long-accumulated indignation at the Glinskys burst out. Muscovites, black people, “gathered in a veche”, that is, having called a meeting of all Moscow citizens - a “veche”, burst into the Kremlin on June 26. The Tsar's uncle, Prince Yuri Vasilyevich Glinsky, was captured during a service in the Assumption Cathedral and killed. His corpse was pulled out of the Kremlin and thrown in front of Torg, “where they will be executed” (this is how the corpses of those executed for treason were treated by the verdict of “peace”). Another royal uncle, Prince Mikhail, fled Moscow with his mother and was “buried in a monastery.” For several days Moscow was in the power of the rebels, who “countlessly killed Prince Yuryev’s people and plundered the belly of the princes.”

After the fire in the Kremlin, which destroyed all the palace buildings, the Tsar lived in one of his suburban residences - the village of Vorobyovo, so everything that happened in Moscow did not directly affect him. However, on June 29, “many black people came to Vorobyov with a shield and from the street, as if they were in battle customs (that is, equipped as if for war),” and demanded that the tsar hand over to them Mikhail Glinsky and Princess Anna, who, in their opinion, , hiding with the king. This meeting with the armed people made a very strong impression on the king. In a speech at the Council of the Stoglavy in 1551, recalling the events of 1547, the tsar said: “And from this, fear came into my soul and trembling into my bones.”

Later, in the First Message to Kurbsky, the tsar claimed that “the boyars taught the people to kill us too” because he, the tsar, was hiding the Glinskys, and spread rumors that the tsar allegedly knew about the villainous plans of the Glinskys (“as if we were the one their advice was in charge"). The official story of the chronicle says that the tsar “commanded those people to be killed and executed,” but the testimony of the unofficial “Chronicle Nikolsky” is much more credible, according to which the Grand Duke, when the armed Muscovites came to the village of Vorobyov, “was surprised and horrified,” but “ do not bring disgrace on them.” Apparently, negotiations that were humiliating for the young monarch took place: the Muscovites were convinced that the Glinskys were not at the royal residence, and they went home.

The outside world with its problems invaded Ivan’s life so powerfully that it became impossible to ignore it. It was necessary to start living in a new way - but how?

The young monarch was at a loss. Disasters of the kind that befell Moscow in 1547 were perceived by people of the Middle Ages as a manifestation of God's wrath. The fire remained not just a disaster, but a key political event of the 16th century. There were many political reasons that led to its beginning and even more political and economic consequences.

The enormous fire of 1547 was of extreme importance not only because it required John IV to undertake extensive construction work to restore Moscow, but also because it produced a beneficial revolution in the tsar’s soul, bringing him closer to Archpriest Sylvester, the author of the famous “Domostroi,” Alexei Adashev and other well-meaning people, headed by Metropolitan Macarius, and encouraged John to personal work in governing the state. With this catastrophe begins the brilliant thirteen-year period of John's reign, glorified by the conquest of the vast Volga region from Kazan to Astrakhan, the happy war with Livonia, the publication of the Code of Laws and a number of government reforms. At that time, Moscow saw the Zemsky Sobor for the first time, listened to the sovereign’s speech to the people from the Execution Ground, and witnessed an extremely important church council, the so-called Stoglavoy.

But all this, as well as the terrible new change in John’s character, the conquest of Siberia and other political events, relates more to national history than to the history of Moscow as a city.

The material was prepared by the online editorswww.rian.ru based on information from RIA Novosti Agency and other sources

At that time, Ivan and his wife took refuge in the village of Vorobyovo near Moscow, and a rebellion began in Moscow against the hated royal uncles. Prince Yuri Glinsky was killed, his body was dragged through the streets and thrown into the square to be desecrated. The people came to Vorobyovo, demanding that the tsar hand over the “witch” Anna Glinskaya and the other Glinskys. The king ordered to shoot. Seeing the death of their comrades, the rioters fled. FIRE OF MOSCOW 1547

Following the crowning, on February 3, 1547, the wedding of Ivan IV took place. Ivan’s wife was Anastasia Zakharyina, the daughter of the devious Roman Zakharyin. Aristocratic families were dissatisfied with Ivan's marriage to a girl from a non-princely family. Ivan sincerely loved his wife and did not pay attention to the discontent of the boyars.

The Glinskys and their proteges continued to do business for the young Tsar. The “great fire” that broke out in Moscow on June 21, 1547 destroyed not only the capital, but also the power of the Glinskys. In those days, the streets and the Kremlin with its cathedrals were burning - the Metropolitan himself miraculously escaped from the burning church. During the 10 hours of the fire, about 3 thousand people died in the fire, tens of thousands were left homeless. The people declared the Glinskys to be the culprits of the fire. Rumors spread that the Tsar’s grandmother Anna Glinskaya, having turned into a bird through witchcraft, flew around Moscow, took out people’s hearts, put them in water and sprinkled the city with that water - and that’s what started the fire.

At that time, Ivan and his wife took refuge in the village of Vorobyovo near Moscow, and a rebellion began in Moscow against the hated royal uncles. Prince Yuri Glinsky was killed, his body was dragged through the streets and thrown into the square to be desecrated. The people came to Vorobyovo, demanding that the tsar hand over the “witch” Anna Glinskaya and the other Glinskys. The king ordered to shoot. Seeing the death of their comrades, the rebels fled. 03/10/2019

In 1533, Vasily 3 died, passing the throne to his eldest son Ivan. Ivan Vasilyevich was 3 years old at that time. Until he came of age, he could not rule on his own, so the first years of his reign are characterized by the power of his mother (Elena Glinskaya) and the boyars.

Regency of Elena Glinskaya (1533-1538)

Elena Glinskaya was 25 years old in 1533. To govern the country, Vasily 3 left a boyar council, but actual power ended up in the hands of Elena Glinskaya, who mercilessly fought against everyone who could lay claim to power. Her favorite, Prince Ovchina-Obolensky, carried out reprisals against some of the boyars of the council, and the rest no longer resisted Glinskaya’s will.

Realizing that a three-year-old child on the throne is not what the country needs, and that the reign of her son Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible could be interrupted without actually beginning, Elena decided to eliminate the brothers Vasily 3 so that there would be no contenders for the throne. Yuri Dmitrovsky was arrested and killed in prison. Andrei Staritsky was accused of treason and executed.

The reign of Elena Glinskaya, as regent of Ivan 4, was quite productive. The country has not lost its power and influence in the international arena, and important reforms have been carried out within the country. In 1535, a monetary reform took place, according to which only the king could mint coins. There were 3 types of money at face value:

• Kopek (it depicted a horseman with a spear, hence the name).
• Money equaled 0.5 kopecks.
• Polushka was equal to 0.25 kopecks.

In 1538, Elena Glinskaya dies. Assume. That it was a natural death is naive. A young and healthy woman dies at 30! Apparently, she was poisoned by boyars who wanted power. Most historians studying the era of Ivan the Terrible agree on this opinion.

Boyar rule (1538-1547)

At the age of 8, Prince Ivan Vasilyevich was left an orphan. Since 1538, Rus' came under the rule of the boyars, who acted as guardians of the young king. Here it is important to understand that the boyars were interested in personal gain, and not the country and not the young king. In 1835-1547 this was a time of brutal massacre for the throne, where the main warring parties were 3 clans: Shuisky, Belsky, Glinsky. The struggle for power was bloody, and all this happened before the eyes of a child. At the same time, there was a complete decomposition of the foundations of statehood and an insane devouring of the budget: the boyars, having received full power into their own hands, and realizing that this would last for 1013 years, began to line their pockets as best they could. Two sayings can best demonstrate what was happening in Rus' at that time: “The treasury is not a wretched widow, you can’t rob her” and “A pocket is dry, so a judge is deaf.”

Ivan 4 was strongly impressed by the elements of boyar cruelty and permissiveness, as well as a sense of his own weakness and limited power. Of course, when the young king received the throne, there was a 180-degree turn in consciousness, and then he tried to prove everything that he was the main person in the country.

Education of Ivan the Terrible

The following factors influenced the upbringing of Ivan the Terrible:

• Early loss of parents. There were also practically no close relatives. Therefore, there really were no people who would strive to give the child the right upbringing.
• The power of the boyars. From his earliest years, Ivan Vasilyevich saw the strength of the boyars, saw their antics, rudeness, drunkenness, struggle for power, and so on. Everything that a child is not allowed to see, he not only saw, but also took part in it.
• Church literature. The archbishop and later metropolitan, Macarius, had a great influence on the future king. Thanks to this man, Ivan 4 studied church literature, fascinated by aspects about the completeness of royal power.

In Ivan's upbringing, the contradictions between word and deed played a big role. For example, all the books and speeches of Macarius spoke about the completeness of royal power, about its divine origin, but in reality, every day the child had to deal with the tyranny of the boyars, who did not even feed him dinner every evening. Or another example. Ivan 4, as a virgin tsar, was always taken to meetings, meetings with ambassadors and other state affairs. There he was treated like a king. The child was seated on the throne, everyone bowed at his feet, talking about admiration for his power. But everything changed as soon as the official part ended and the king returned to his chambers. There were no longer bows, but the harshness of the boyars, their rudeness, sometimes even insulting a child. And such contradictions were everywhere. When a child grows up in an atmosphere where one thing is said and another is done, it breaks all patterns and affects the psyche. This is what ultimately happened, because in such an atmosphere, how can an orphan know what is good and what is bad?

Ivan loved to read and by the age of 10 he could quote many passages from it. He took part in church services, sometimes even participating in them as a singer. He played chess quite well, composed music, knew how to write beautifully, and often used folk sayings in his speech. That is, the child was absolutely talented, and with parental education and love could become a full-fledged person. But in the absence of the latter, and with constant contradictions, the other side began to appear in it. Historians write that at the age of 12 the king threw cats and dogs from the roofs of his towers. At the age of 13, Ivan Vasilyevich the Terrible ordered dogs to tear apart Andrei Shuisky, who, drunk and in dirty clothes, lay on the bed of the late Vasily 3.

Independent rule

Royal wedding

On January 16, 1547, the independent reign of Ivan the Terrible began. The 17-year-old youth was crowned king by Metropolitan Macarius. For the first time, the Grand Duke of Rus' was named Tsar. Therefore, we can say without exaggeration that Ivan 4 is the first Russian Tsar. The coronation took place in the Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin. The Monomakh cap was placed on the head of Ivan 4 Vasilyevich. Monomakh's cap and the title “Tsar” Russia becomes the successor to the Byzantine Empire, and the Tsar thereby rose above the rest of his subjects, including the governors. The population perceived the new title as a symbol of unlimited power, since not only the rulers of Byzantium, but also the rulers of the Golden Horde were called kings.

The official title of Ivan the Terrible after the coronation is Tsar and Grand Duke of All Rus'.

Immediately after the start of independent rule, the king got married. On February 3, 1947, Ivan the Terrible took Anastasia Zakharyina (Romanova) as his wife. This is an important event, since the Romanovs will soon form a new ruling dynasty, and the basis for this will be Anastasia’s marriage to Ivan on February 3.

The autocrat's first shock

Having received power, without a regency council, Ivan 4 decided that this was the end of his torment, and now he is truly the main person in the country with absolute power over others. The reality was different, and the young man soon realized this. The summer of 1547 turned out to be dry, and on June 21 a strong storm broke out. One of the churches caught fire and, due to strong winds, the fire quickly spread throughout wooden Moscow. The fires continued from June 21-29.

As a result, 80 thousand of the capital's population were left homeless. Popular indignation was directed at the Glinskys, who were accused of witchcraft and starting a fire. When a maddened crowd rose up in Moscow in 1547 and came to the Tsar in the village of Vorobyovo, where the Tsar and the Metropolitan were taking refuge from the fires, Ivan the Terrible for the first time saw the uprising and the power of the maddened crowd.

Fear came into my soul and trembling into my bones, and my spirit was humbled.

Ivan 4 Vasilievich

Once again, a contradiction occurred - the king was confident in the limitlessness of his power, but he saw the force of nature that caused the fire, the strength of the people who rebelled.

State management system

The governance system of Russia under the reign of Ivan the Terrible should be divided into 2 stages:

• The period after the reforms of the Elected Rada.
• Oprichnina period.

After the reforms, the management system can be graphically depicted as follows.

During the Oprichnina period the system was different.

A unique precedent was created when the state had two control systems at the same time. At the same time, Ivan 4 retained the title of tsar in each of these branches of government of the country.

Domestic policy

The reign of Ivan the Terrible, in terms of internal governance of the country, is divided into the stage of reforms of the Elected Rada and the oprichnina. Moreover, these systems of governing the country were radically different from each other. The entire work of the Rada boiled down to the fact that power should be with the tsar, but in its implementation he should rely on the boyars. Oprichnina concentrated all power in the hands of the tsar and his system of government, and relegated the boyars to the background.

During the time of Ivan the Terrible, great changes occurred in Russia. The following areas were reformed:

• Ordering the law. Code of Laws of 1550 was adopted.
• Local control. The feeding system was finally abolished, when local boyars lined their pockets rather than solve the problems of the region. As a result, the local nobility gained more power into their own hands, and Moscow gained a more successful tax collection system.
• Central management. A system of “Orders” was implemented, which streamlined power. In total, more than 10 orders were created that covered all areas of the state’s internal policy.
• Army. A regular army was created, the basis of which was archers, gunners and Cossacks.

The desire to strengthen his power, as well as failures in the Livonian War, led to Ivan the Terrible creating the Oprichnina (1565-1572). We can further familiarize ourselves with this topic on our website, but for a general understanding it is important to note that as a result of this, the state actually went bankrupt. An increase in taxes and the development of Siberia began, as steps that could attract additional money to the treasury.

Foreign policy

By the beginning of the independent reign of Ivan 4, Russia had significantly lost its political status, since 11 years of boyar rule, when they cared not about the country, but about their own wallet, had an effect. The table below shows the main directions of Ivan the Terrible’s foreign policy and the key tasks in each direction.

East direction

Here maximum success was achieved, although everything did not start out in the best way. In 1547 and 1549, military campaigns against Kazan were organized. Both of these campaigns ended unsuccessfully. But in 1552 the city managed to take it. In 1556, the Astrakhan Khanate was annexed, and in 1581 Ermak’s campaign to Siberia began.

South direction

Campaigns were undertaken against the Crimea, but they were unsuccessful. The largest campaign took place in 1559. Proof that the campaigns were unsuccessful, in 1771 and 1572 the Crimean Khanate carried out raids on the young territories of Russia.

Western direction

To solve problems on the western borders of Russia in 1558, Ivan the Terrible begins the Livonian War. Until a certain time, it seemed that they could end in success, but the first local failures in the war broke the Russian Tsar. Blaming everyone around for the defeats, he started the Oprichnina, which actually ruined the country and made it unfit for combat. As a result of the war:

• In 1582, peace was signed with Poland. Russia lost Livonia and Polotsk.
• In 1583, peace was signed with Sweden. Russia lost the cities: Narva, Yam, Ivangorod and Koporye.

Results of the reign of Ivan 4

The results of the reign of Ivan the Terrible can be characterized as contradictory. On the one hand, there are undeniable signs of greatness - Russia has expanded to enormous proportions, gaining access to the Baltic and Caspian seas. On the other hand, economically the country was in a depressing situation, and this despite the annexation of new territories.

Map

Map of Russia towards the end of the 16th century

Comparison of Ivan 4 and Peter 1

Russian history is amazing - Ivan the Terrible is portrayed as a tyrant, usurper and simply a sick person, and Peter 1 is portrayed as a great reformer, the founder of “modern Russia”. In fact, these two rulers are very similar to each other.

Upbringing . Ivan the Terrible lost his parents early, and his upbringing went on its own - he did whatever he wanted. Peter 1 – did not like to study, but loved to study the army. They didn’t touch the child - he did whatever he wanted.

Boyars. Both rulers grew up during a period of fierce boyar squabbling for the throne, when a lot of blood was shed. Hence the hatred of both for the nobility, and hence the approach of people without a family!

Habits. Today they are trying to denigrate Ivan 4, saying that he was almost an alcoholic, but the truth is that this fully suits Peter. Let me remind you that it was Peter who created the “most jocular and most drunken cathedral.”

Murder of a son. Ivan is accused of murdering his son (although it has already been proven that there was no murder and his son was poisoned), but Peter 1 also imposed a death sentence on his son. Moreover, he tortured him and Alexei died from torture in prison.

Expansion of territories. During the reign of both, Russia expanded significantly territorially.

Economy . Both rulers brought the country to complete decline, when the economy was in a terrible state. By the way, both rulers loved taxes and actively used them to fill the budget.

Atrocities. Everything is clear with Ivan the Terrible - a tyrant and murderer - that’s what official history calls him, accusing the tsar of atrocities against ordinary citizens. But Peter 1 was of a similar nature - he beat people with sticks, personally tortured and killed archers for rebellion. Suffice it to say that during the reign of Peter the population of Russia decreased by more than 20%. And this takes into account the seizure of new territories.

There are a lot of similarities between these two people. Therefore, if you praise one and demonize the other, perhaps it makes sense to reconsider your views on history.

MOSCOW UPRISING 1547 , June 21-29. It started after a huge fire. The rebellious townspeople destroyed a number of courtyards of the nobility, killed Prince Yu. V. Glinsky, and demanded from Ivan IV the extradition of the remaining Glinskys, who were considered the culprits of the fire. Brutally suppressed by the government of Ivan IV.

Source: Encyclopedia "Fatherland"

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• - anti-feudal urban uprising in the Russian state...

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• - “Salt Riot”, a movement of the lower and middle strata of the townsfolk population, urban artisans, archers and courtyard people in June in Moscow, one of the largest urban uprisings of the mid-17th century. Was...

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

• - "Copper Riot", a major anti-feudal uprising that broke out on July 25. To M. v. led to a breakdown in the economic life of the state during the wars between Russia and Poland and Sweden, a sharp increase in taxes and...

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

• - “Khovanshchina”, leader of the Streltsy movement, head of the Streletsky Prikaz), a major anti-feudal uprising, mainly of Streltsy and soldiers of Moscow, supported by part of the residents of the capital and its...

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

• - the first major uprising in the Czech Republic against the rule of the Habsburgs. Caused by tax oppression, religious persecution, strengthening the position of the German element in the country...

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

"MOSCOW UPRISING 1547" in books

Muscovy (1547-1689)

Russia (Moscow Kingdom) Kingdom since 1547, empire since 1721