sparse and discharged- Question Which is correct: “sparse” or “discharged?” Sparse and sparse 1) participle of the verb to sparse (to make less frequent, separating one from the other at intervals, to place at a considerable distance from each other; to reduce the density ... Dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language
I. General concepts. II. Types of electrical stations for the production of electrical energy. III. Classification of them. IV. Buildings and premises of electric power stations. V. Equipment of electrical stations. VI. Operation of electric power stations. VII. Ship electrical stations. VIII. Carriage and train E. stations. IX... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron
A law connecting changes in the volume of a gas at constant temperature with changes in its elasticity. This law, discovered in 1660 physicist Boyle and later, but, independently of him, by Mariotte in France, in its simplicity and certainty... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron
- (Bovidae)** * * The family of bovids, or bulls, is the largest and most diverse group of artiodactyls, including 45-50 modern genera and about 130 species. Bovids form a natural, clearly defined group. No matter how... ...Animal life
EMPHYSEMA- EMPHYSEMA, emphysema (from the Greek empliy SaO I inflate). This word means stalemate. a condition in which there is either an increased air content in an organ (lung) or an accumulation of air that is unusual for a given tissue. In accordance with this they talk about E.... ...
- (North-East forced labor camp) a structural unit of the system of forced labor camps of the OGPU NKVD of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR, which existed on the territory of Dalstroy (North-East of the USSR) as its production division.... ... Wikipedia
CLIMATE THERAPY- CLIMATE THERAPY, climate treatment (see), based on knowledge of experimental climatophysiology. Medicine began to develop only in the mid-19th century, although Hippocrates already attached great importance to the health of the exposure to the place where the given person lives... ... Great Medical Encyclopedia
- (anatomy) see Respiratory organs. L., their diseases: 1) tubercle, consumption, caused by specific bacteria (see), widespread in almost all countries of the globe. Being a contagious disease, consumption is transmitted by inhalation... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron
The sun and the celestial bodies orbiting around it are 9 planets, more than 63 satellites, four ring systems of the giant planets, tens of thousands of asteroids, a myriad of meteoroids ranging in size from boulders to dust grains, as well as millions of comets. IN… … Collier's Encyclopedia
The layer of the atmosphere located above 11 km is very rarefied, with a very low atmosphere; The lower layer of the atmosphere is called the troposphere. There are no vertical currents or cloud formation in the north. The study of S. is of practical importance for aviation, ... ... Marine Dictionary
Books
- Forays into another life. Paradoxical psychology, Konstantin Sevastyanov. The paradox is that a person wants to change his life for the better, but at the same time remain as he is. Is such a person suitable for a better life? There are two liters of milk in a liter jug...
What is thin air? Explain to me like a fool what thin air is...)) and got the best answer
Answer from Anatoly Shodoev[guru]
Hence the meaning of the word “rarefied” - air. in which molecules are located less frequently. Because there are simply fewer of them there.
I saw it. How do you inflate a ball with a pump? Air is pumped into it, there are more air molecules there, and since they always move chaotically, they now more often hit the walls of the ball from the inside and put pressure on it. That's why the inflated ball is so elastic.
Now imagine that the pump works in the opposite direction - it pumps out air. Of course, the ball will simply flatten - that's all. But if instead of a ball we have a rigid vessel - glass, metal, then it retains its shape and size. But when pumped out, there is actually less air (and molecules) in it. This kind of air is called rarefied.
This is how rarefied air is obtained artificially. But it also happens in nature. Namely:
The higher you go up the mountains from sea level, the thinner the air becomes. Therefore, it is difficult to breathe high in the mountains; climbers even wear oxygen masks. And even higher, where planes fly, the air is even thinner. And if the sealing of the plane is broken, the passengers will die very quickly. You may ask: why do planes fly so high if it is dangerous? This is forced by strict economic interests: the thin air is much less dense than below, and therefore has less resistance. This means that the plane can fly at higher speeds, the flight time is reduced, and fuel is saved.
PS Isn't it time to take a break from physics? . Take a look at my page (in My World), look through the photo albums...
Answer from 2 answers[guru]
Hello! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: What is thin air? Explain to me, like a fool, what thin air is...))
Answer from ForShmak[guru]
Now, if you imagine air as water, then in a liter jar there will be less than a liter and there will be nothing else... drops of water will seem to retreat from each other.
That's how it is with air
Answer from Stealthy[guru]
You climb a high mountain and oops! But I can’t breathe))
In general, this is low atmospheric pressure, observed at high altitudes.
Answer from Alexander[guru]
There is such a concept - pressure. imagine that there is a certain amount of air in the piston, we pull back the piston, and now the previous volume has doubled, but there is as much air left there as there was before. This will be rarefied air, as opposed to, for example, the excess air pressure in the tires of a car. And don't call yourself a fool, it's bad
Answer from Yoalikaly Güntner[active]
Anatoly Shodoev Enlightened (48195) 5 years ago
First of all, I won’t explain it like a fool. I’ll explain it like a normal student who didn’t understand the topic a little.
Secondly, well done. that you spell the word sparse correctly. A lot of people write discharged, maybe they even think that this word comes from the word “discharge”.
In fact. Of course, the underlying word is “rarely.”
======================================================
How then do you understand how to discharge the AK 47 assault rifle? If this word is based on "rarely"?
Answer from ..|..
[newbie]
“Then how do we understand how to unload an AK 47 assault rifle? If this word is based on “rarely”?”
Sparse comes from the word rarely.
And discharge comes from the word discharge.
Answer from Alan Tedeshvili[newbie]
So guys, I want to reassure everyone... First of all, the molecules are not getting smaller! they simply move away from each other... It follows that the concentration of gases does not change, the volume of the gas mixture system changes! And this happens due to a decrease in pressure... The gas mixture is like a spring, the more you compress it, the less volume it will ultimately occupy... The lower the potential pressure, the greater the volume! With the same concentration but a larger volume, our body must ventilate more air, but since the volume of the lungs has its maximum, and is unable to take in more, we experience malaise (hypoxia)
Since the air pressure at altitude is less than at sea level, the air there is less dense and rarefied. With each breath, there is less oxygen in your lungs, namely its molecules, than when breathing in the lowlands, closer to sea level. At the same time, the oxygen content (its percentage) in the air does not change.
This means that in such conditions it is more difficult for the human body to absorb the amount of oxygen it needs than when it is at sea level. When the body's need for oxygen exceeds the ability to absorb it from rarefied air (this can happen during significant physical exertion), hypoxia develops - oxygen deficiency. The reason for the appearance of hypoxia even before the start of the descent from the mountain is often the heavy physical exertion that the rider experiences while climbing. Signs and symptoms of hypoxia include fatigue, dizziness, weakness and complete loss of energy.
It seems to you that the work you are doing is much more difficult than usual.
Fortunately, hypoxia is easy to avoid. Being high above sea level, you need to limit your physical activity and rest more often. Give extra time to packing, do not take more than necessary and remember that in the mountains every kilogram is worth three. Make sure you don't lose your breath. If you live high above sea level, or spend a lot of time in the mountains, then your body, accustomed to rarefied air, is less susceptible to hypoxia.
If you feel signs of hypoxia, immediately stop making any physical efforts, take a break and restore your breathing.
Resume activity only after breathing has returned to normal, and do everything at a slower pace. If you get a little tired while doing physical exercise, rest and regain your breathing before the next climb up the mountain.
1000-2500 The intensity of development of mountain sickness depending on altitude:
2500-3000 Physically untrained people experience some lethargy, slight dizziness, and rapid heartbeat. But there are no symptoms of altitude sickness yet.
4000-5000 Most physically healthy people will already feel the effects of altitude and thin air. A headache will appear, pain in muscles and joints is possible, a decrease in appetite, respiratory rhythm disturbances, and drowsiness are possible. But most likely there will be no obvious symptoms of altitude sickness. But some untrained or weakened people may experience behavioral deviations. High spirits, excessive gesticulation and talkativeness, causeless fun and laughter. Very similar to slight alcohol intoxication.
5000-7000 Perhaps she will appear here.
Mountain sickness. In its most unpleasant symptoms. Acute and severe mountain sickness may occur in some cases.
A sharp deterioration in breathing, disruption of the rhythm of respiratory movements, complaints of suffocation. Nausea and vomiting, pain in the abdominal area are common. The excited state is replaced by apathy, indifference, low mood, melancholy.
Prevention of mountain sickness, we repeat – acclimatization.
Take a break and relax. Let the body itself get used to this altitude and adapt to new conditions. But in very severe cases, immediate descent into the valley is recommended. There the mountain sickness will go away on its own. Preventative agents are: caffeine - 0.1 g, pyramidon - 0.3 g, enhanced nutrition, vitamins, glucose with vitamin C.
Using the Russian translation, the Adventures in Diving PADI textbook and 1000+1 tourist tips
May 29 marks exactly 66 years since the first ascent of the world’s highest mountain, Everest. After many attempts on different expeditions, in 1953, New Zealander Edmund Hillary and Nepalese Sherpa Tenzing Norgay reached the world peak - 8848 meters above sea level.
To date, more than nine thousand people have conquered Everest, while more than 300 died during the ascent. Will a person turn around 150 meters before reaching the summit and go down if another climber becomes ill, and is it possible to climb Everest without oxygen - in our material.
Conquer the peak or save someone else's life
Of course, there is now a lot of commerce in extreme tourism, and climbers with many years of experience also note this. If previously you had to wait for years to climb Everest, now getting permission for the next season is not a problem. Nepal has sold 381 lift licenses this spring alone. Because of this, hours-long queues of tourists formed on the approaches to the top of the mountain, and this at altitudes critical for life. There are situations when oxygen runs out or there are not enough physical resources of the body to stay in such conditions, and people can no longer walk, someone dies. In cases where one of the group members becomes ill, the rest have a question: leave him and continue on the path to achieve the goal for which they have been preparing all their lives, or turn around and go downhill, saving the life of another person?
According to mountaineer Nikolai Totmyanin, who has made more than 200 ascents (of which five ascents to eight-thousanders and 53 ascents to seven-thousanders), in Russian groups on mountain expeditions it is not customary to leave a person who cannot go further. If someone feels bad and there are serious health risks, then the whole group turns around and goes down. This happened more than once in his practice: it happened that he had to turn around the entire expedition 150 meters before the goal (by the way, Nikolai himself climbed to the top of Everest twice without an oxygen cylinder).
There are situations when it is impossible to save a person. But just leaving him and continuing to move, knowing that he could die or spoil his health - this, according to our concepts, is nonsense and is simply unacceptable. Human life is more important than any mountain.
At the same time, Totmyanin notes that things are different on Everest, since commercial groups from different countries are gathered there: “Others, for example, the Japanese, do not have such principles. There, everyone is for himself and realizes the degree of responsibility that he can stay there forever ". Another important point: non-professional climbers have no sense of danger, they do not see it. And, being in an extreme situation, when there is little oxygen, the body is limited in any activity, including mental. “In such a situation, people make inadequate decisions, so it is impossible to entrust a person with the decision about whether to continue moving or not. This should be done by the leader of the group or expedition,” summarizes Totmyanin.
Oxygen starvation
What happens to a person at such a height? Let's imagine that we ourselves decided to conquer the peak. Due to the fact that we get used to high atmospheric pressure, living in a city almost on a plateau (for Moscow this is an average of 156 meters above sea level), when we get into mountainous areas our body experiences stress.
This is because the mountain climate is, first of all, low atmospheric pressure and thinner air than at sea level. Contrary to popular belief, the amount of oxygen in the air does not change with altitude; only its partial pressure (tension) decreases.
That is, when we breathe thin air, oxygen is not absorbed as well as at low altitudes. As a result, the amount of oxygen entering the body decreases - a person experiences oxygen starvation.
That’s why when we come to the mountains, often instead of the joy of clean air filling our lungs, we get headaches, nausea, shortness of breath and severe fatigue even during a short walk.
Oxygen starvation (hypoxia)– a state of oxygen starvation of both the entire organism as a whole and individual organs and tissues, caused by various factors: holding one’s breath, painful conditions, low oxygen content in the atmosphere.
And the higher and faster we rise, the more severe the health consequences can be. At high altitudes there is a risk of developing altitude sickness.
What are the heights:
- up to 1500 meters – low altitudes (even with hard work there are no physiological changes);
- 1500-2500 meters – intermediate (physiological changes are noticeable, blood oxygen saturation is less than 90 percent (normal), the likelihood of altitude sickness is low);
- 2500-3500 meters – high altitudes (altitude sickness develops with rapid ascent);
- 3500-5800 meters – very high altitudes (altitude sickness often develops, blood oxygen saturation is less than 90 percent, significant hypoxemia (decrease in oxygen concentration in the blood during exercise);
- over 5800 meters – extreme altitudes (severe hypoxemia at rest, progressive deterioration, despite maximum acclimatization, constant stay at such altitudes is impossible).
Altitude sickness– a painful condition associated with oxygen starvation due to a decrease in the partial pressure of oxygen in the inhaled air. Occurs high in the mountains, starting at approximately 2000 meters and above.
Everest without oxygen
The highest peak in the world is the dream of many climbers. The awareness of the unconquered mass with a height of 8848 meters has excited minds since the beginning of the last century. However, for the first time people reached its summit only in the middle of the twentieth century - on May 29, 1953, the mountain finally conquered the New Zealander Edmund Hillary and the Nepalese Sherpa Tenzing Norgay.
In the summer of 1980, a person overcame another obstacle - the famous Italian climber Reinhold Massner climbed Everest without auxiliary oxygen in special cylinders, which are used on climbs.
Many professional climbers, as well as doctors, pay attention to the difference in the sensations of the two climbers - Norgay and Massner - when they reached the top.
According to the memoirs of Tenzing Norgay, “the sun was shining, and the sky - in my entire life I had never seen a bluer sky! I looked down and recognized places memorable from past expeditions... On all sides around us were the great Himalayas... Never before have I seen such a sight and never I won’t see anything more – wild, beautiful and terrible.”
And here are Messner’s memories of the same peak. “I sink into the snow, heavy as a stone from fatigue... But there is no rest here. I am exhausted and exhausted to the limit... Another half hour - and I’m finished... It’s time to leave. There is no feeling of the greatness of what is happening. I’m too tired for this.”
What caused such a significant difference in the descriptions of the two climbers’ triumphant ascent? The answer is simple - Reinhold Massner, unlike Norgay and Hillary, did not breathe oxygen.
Inhaling at the top of Everest will bring three times less oxygen to the brain than at sea level. This is why most climbers prefer to conquer peaks using oxygen cylinders.
On eight-thousanders (peaks above 8,000 meters) there is a so-called death zone - an altitude at which, due to cold and lack of oxygen, a person cannot stay for a long time.
Many climbers note that doing the simplest things: tying boots, boiling water or getting dressed becomes extremely difficult.
Our brain suffers the most during oxygen starvation. It uses 10 times more oxygen than all other parts of the body combined. Above 7500 meters, a person receives so little oxygen that disruption of blood flow to the brain and brain swelling can occur.
Cerebral edema is a pathological process manifested by excessive accumulation of fluid in the cells of the brain or spinal cord and intercellular space, and an increase in brain volume.
At an altitude of more than 6,000 meters, the brain suffers so much that temporary bouts of insanity can occur. A slow reaction may give way to agitation and even inappropriate behavior.
For example, the most experienced American guide and climber Scott Fischer, most likely having suffered cerebral edema, at an altitude of more than 7000 meters, asked to call him a helicopter for evacuation. Although in normal conditions, any climber, even a not very experienced one, knows perfectly well that helicopters do not fly to such a height. This incident occurred during the infamous 1996 Everest climb, when eight climbers died during a storm on the descent.
This tragedy became widely known due to the large number of climbers who died. The ascent on May 11, 1996 killed 8 people, including two guides. On that day, several commercial expeditions simultaneously climbed to the summit. Participants in such expeditions pay money to guides, and they, in turn, provide maximum safety and everyday comfort to their clients along the route.
Most of the participants in the 1996 climb were not professional climbers and were heavily dependent on bottled auxiliary oxygen. According to various testimonies, 34 people simultaneously went out to storm the summit that day, which significantly delayed the ascent. As a result, the last climber reached the summit after 16:00. The critical ascent time is considered to be 13:00; after this time, guides are required to turn clients back in order to have time to descend while it is still light. 20 years ago, neither of the two guides gave such an order in time.
Due to the late ascent, many participants did not have oxygen left for the descent, during which a powerful hurricane hit the mountain. As a result, after midnight, many climbers were still on the mountainside. Without oxygen and poor visibility, they could not find their way to the camp. Some of them were rescued single-handedly by professional climber Anatoly Boukreev. Eight people died on the mountain due to hypothermia and lack of oxygen.
About mountain air and acclimatization
And yet our body can adapt to very difficult conditions, including high altitudes. In order to be at an altitude of more than 2500-3000 meters without serious consequences, an ordinary person needs from one to four days of acclimatization.
As for altitudes above 5000 meters, it is almost impossible to adapt to them normally, so you can only stay at them for a limited time. The body at such altitudes is not able to rest and recover.
Is it possible to reduce the health risk when staying at height and how to do it? As a rule, all health problems in the mountains begin due to insufficient or improper preparation of the body, namely lack of acclimatization.
Acclimatization is the sum of adaptive and compensatory reactions of the body, as a result of which good general condition is maintained, weight, normal performance and psychological state are maintained.
Many doctors and climbers believe that the best way to adapt to altitude is to gain altitude gradually - make several ascents, reaching higher and higher heights, and then descend and rest as low as possible.
Let's imagine a situation: a traveler who decides to conquer Elbrus, the highest peak in Europe, begins his journey from Moscow at 156 meters above sea level. And in four days it turns out to be 5642 meters.
And although adaptation to altitude is genetically embedded in us, such a careless climber faces several days of rapid heartbeat, insomnia and headaches. But for a climber who sets aside at least a week for the climb, these problems will be reduced to a minimum.
While a resident of the mountainous regions of Kabardino-Balkaria will not have them at all. Highlanders' blood naturally contains more erythrocytes (red blood cells), and their lung capacity is on average two liters larger.
How to protect yourself in the mountains when skiing or hiking
- Gradually gain altitude and avoid sudden changes in altitude;
- If you feel unwell, reduce the time of riding or walking, make more rest stops, drink warm tea;
- Due to high ultraviolet radiation, retinal burns can occur. To avoid this in the mountains you need to use sunglasses and a hat;
- Bananas, chocolate, muesli, cereals and nuts help fight oxygen starvation;
- You should not drink alcoholic drinks at altitude - they increase dehydration of the body and aggravate the lack of oxygen.
Another interesting and, at first glance, obvious fact is that in the mountains a person moves much slower than on the plain. In normal life, we walk at a speed of approximately 5 kilometers per hour. This means that we cover a distance of a kilometer in 12 minutes.
To climb to the top of Elbrus (5642 meters), starting from an altitude of 3800 meters, a healthy acclimatized person will need on average about 12 hours. That is, the speed will drop to 130 meters per hour compared to normal.
Comparing these figures, it is not difficult to understand how seriously altitude affects our body.
The tenth tourist died on Everest this spring
Why is it that the higher you go, the colder it gets?
Even those who have never been to the mountains know another feature of mountain air - the higher it is, the colder it is. Why does this happen, because closer to the sun the air, on the contrary, should warm up more.
The thing is that we feel heat not from the air, it heats up very poorly, but from the surface of the earth. That is, the sun's ray comes from above, through the air and does not heat it.
And the earth or water receives this ray, heats up quickly enough and gives off heat upward to the air. Therefore, the higher we are from the plain, the less heat we receive from the earth.
Inna Lobanova, Natalya Loskutnikova
First of all, it is worth mentioning that we will talk about the meaning of the word “sparse” and not “discharged”. "Discharged" means "to be deprived of charge."
The revolver may be unloaded, but the air may be rarefied.
What is thin air
The word "sparse" comes from the adjective "sparse". That is, with reduced density. This is a state of air when the number of molecules per cubic centimeter of space becomes less than in the air that everyone is used to breathing.
In nature it is found at altitude. For example, in the mountains or in layers of the atmosphere that can be reached by plane. The higher you rise above ocean level, the thinner the air will become. As a result, it will turn into a vacuum, that is, a complete absence of air molecules in space.
The decrease in density with increasing altitude occurs because the further you are from the ground, the less the gravitational force of the earth affects the oxygen particles. It turns out that the maximum density of air is near the surface, especially where many plants grow, but in open space there is no air at all, there is a complete vacuum. You can also thin the air artificially.
On airplanes
A passenger plane rises above the surface of the earth by about 10-12 km. Flying vehicles with rocket and turbojet engines can fly up to 100 km, but ordinary people cannot fly on them; only people specially trained for this fly. At such a height, the vital activity of the human body is impossible. If the door of an airplane in flight is opened or an emergency depressurization of the cabin occurs, then all passengers on the airplane will instantly die.
But even in a sealed, closed cabin, people will experience discomfort:
- high blood pressure;
- pawns ears;
- legs swell.
Frequent airplane flights are not good for your health. Pressure changes, high levels of carbon monoxide, too much acceleration - all this affects the cardiovascular system. Pregnant women and patients with hypertension are generally not recommended to move in this way.
In the mountains
The highest point on earth is the summit of Mount Everest. The maximum point of this mountain reaches more than 8 thousand meters, and this is very high.
Instinctively, a person is afraid of heights and strives to go lower. This happens not only because you can fall from a high place, but also because height can have a detrimental and even fatal effect on human health.
It is impossible to completely get used to the properties of thin air, but you can adapt. Climbers who climb high mountains spend years preparing for this. They also know that you need to climb gradually, having gained a certain height - you need to get used to it. If an unprepared person climbs sharply to Everest or even a mountain much lower, then he will probably suffer from altitude sickness. For a healthy, strong person, the critical altitude is 2.5 km and above, and for a sick or elderly person - from 1 km and above. The symptoms of this disease are as follows:
- headache and dizziness;
- dyspnea;
- vomit;
- a sharp loss of strength, and then a sudden surge of strength;
- inadequate perception of reality.
If a person has the feeling that he has suddenly become happy, then this is a very bad sign. Drowsiness will follow, and if you fall asleep, you won’t wake up.
The worst thing is that mountain sickness can be practically asymptomatic for a long time, and then the person suddenly loses consciousness. If you do nothing and don’t go down immediately, the person will die. The most destructive thing is hypoxia or lack of oxygen for the central nervous system.
Treatment with rarefied air
But there is an opinion that mountain air is very useful. And this opinion is true; moreover, there is even orotherapy - treatment and restoration with rarefied air.
The principle of therapy is to place a person in a capsule with rarefied air in a certain concentration.
Orotherapy is effective in the following cases:
- allergic reactions of the body;
- diseases of the central nervous system;
- prevention of pregnancy pathologies;
- anemia;
- the need to stimulate regeneration.
The technique has been used in Russia since 1987. Such treatment should be carried out exclusively in a clinical setting and under the supervision of a physician. After all, both electric current and radioactive radiation in incorrect doses kill, but in accurately calculated doses they cure. A mountain air generator allows you to thin the air in clinical conditions.
