What is included in the OGE in social studies. What issues should you pay more attention to? What does social science study?

We present to your attention a section on preparing for the OGE in Social Studies. This subject is the third most popular after compulsory ones and the first most popular among elective exams. We are pleased to provide you with the most useful and necessary material for each task with detailed explanations and theory. We are confident that this section will help you pass the 9th grade social studies exam with flying colors!

General information about the exam

The OGE in social studies consists of two parts, which in total contain 31 tasks.

First part contains 25 tasks with brief answer. Second part - 6 tasks with expanded answer.

The examination work in social studies is allotted 3 hours(180 minutes). Answers to tasks 1-20 are written as one number, which corresponds to the number of the correct answer. Answers to tasks 21-25 are written as a sequence of numbers in the answer field in the text of the work.

Part 2 includes the text and 6 tasks for it. To complete these tasks you must:

• select the necessary information from the text
• reveal (including examples) its individual provisions
• correlate information from the text with the knowledge gained while studying the course
• apply existing knowledge to analyze social situations
• express and justify your own opinion.

Answers to tasks in Part 2 are written down on a separate sheet. When completing tasks Can use the draft. Entries in the draft are not taken into account when grading work.

Theory for the OGE in Social Studies

A brief theory for successfully completing tasks (recommended reading before analyzing the options).

Preparation for the OGE, Unified State Exam. Block theory. Training tasks for preparing for the OGE, Unified State Exam.

"society"

Society.

Social science: economics, philosophy, sociology, political science, ethics (about morality), aesthetics (about beauty).

Society:

In a narrow sense: A group of people connected by common interests and goals.

In a broad sense: A part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, including all ways of interaction between people and forms of their unification.

Society and nature interact and influence each other. Economic interaction – consumption of natural resources , environmental– protection of natural resources.

Noosphere (IN. Vernadsky) – habitat (biosphere) controlled by the human mind.

Society - dynamic system.

Systemic qualities of society: integrity, dynamism, historicity, openness, hierarchy.

There are 4 spheres (subsystems) in the structure of society:

1. Economic- material production and industrial relations.

2. Political- politics, state, law, their relationships and functioning, media, army.

3. Social– relations between classes, groups, nations, etc.

4. Spiritual– forms of social consciousness: religion, morality, science, art.

The spheres interact and are interconnected.

Public relations – relationships and forms that arise in the process of life between social groups, classes, nations, as well as within them.

Public relations

Spiritual Material

The most important component of society is social institution – a historically established form of organization of people, based on a set of norms and statuses, regulating their activities and satisfying fundamental human needs.

Social institutions : property, state, political parties, family, church, labor organizations, educational institutions, science, media, etc.

Types of societies (according to Daniel Bell, Alvin Toffler)

Types of societies (according to O. Toffler)

Social change– transition of social systems, communities, organizations from one state to another (natural, demographic, social, spiritual changes, etc.).

Directed development

progress stagnation regression

Progress criterion – the degree of freedom that society gives a person for its optimal development. Progress controversial(both positive and negative processes)

Forms of progress: revolution and reform. Evolution – gradual development.

Scientific and technological progress (NTP) - qualitative change in the productive forces of society under the influence of the scientific and technological revolution.

Scientific and technological revolution (STR) – a leap in the development of the productive forces of society based on fundamental changes in the system of scientific knowledge.

Historical process – chronological sequence of events that influence the development of society. Subjects of the historical process: individuals, social groups, masses. Historical fact - an event in public life.

Civilization – the totality of material, spiritual and moral means that a given society has in a given historical period.

The term put forward N. Danilevsky, called civilizations cultural and historical types. He distinguished civilizations according to 4 characteristics: economic, cultural, political, religious. To characterize civilizations, the concept of mentality is also distinguished.

Mentality- a way of thinking, worldview inherent in a certain group or individual

Two theories: the theory of stage development ( study development as a single process ) and the theory of local civilizations(study large historically established communities).

Approaches to studying the historical process:

Global problems of our time – a complex of social and natural contradictions affecting the entire world as a whole. I are an indicator of the integrity and interconnection of the modern world, pose a threat to humanity, and require joint efforts to be resolved.

Main problems:

1. Environmental: pollution, species extinction, “ozone holes”, etc.

The term "Ecology" was introducedE. Haeckel.

2. Demographic;

3. The problem of security and prevention of world war;

4. Resource problem;

5. The North-South problem: developing and highly developed countries.

Globalization – strengthening integration ties in various spheres between states, organizations, and communities.

International organizations: UN (United Nations); IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency); UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization); WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization); WTO (World Trade Organization); NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization); OSCE (Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe); European Union; OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Producing and Exporting Countries); CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States); SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organization) and others.

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"policy"

Policy.

Policy (Aristotle)– “the art of statecraft” - a set of connections and social groups that are characterized by dominance and subordination.

Policy: 1. sphere of life 2. relations between states, groups, nations regarding power 3. activities of government bodies.

Policy functions:

1. defining the goals and objectives of society 2. coordinating the interests of groups 3. ensuring stability 4. monitoring the implementation of norms 5. distribution of resources.

Policy: micro level, macro level (state level), mega level (between states).

Political system – a set of elements in which political power is exercised.

The type of political system determines the political and legal regime: democratic, totalitarian, authoritarian.

Elements of the political system (spheres or subsystems):

1. Institutional: state, parties, movements (institutions)

2. Communication– a set of relations between groups regarding power

3. Regulatory– rules and regulations

4. Cultural-ideological– ideology, political culture, views, emotions.

Power – the ability to exercise one’s will and influence.

Power structure:

1. Subjects of power– state, political leaders, parties

2. Objects of power– individuals, groups, masses

3. Bases of power- legal, economic, security, social, information

4 . Power resources– coercion, persuasion, law, traditions, fear, encouragement, myths

5. Functions of power– domination, leadership, regulation, control, management, coordination, organization, mobilization.

Power is legal- legally legitimate authority, legitimate power- that which is not imposed by force is accepted by the people voluntarily.

Legitimacy or dominance of power (M. Weber)

1. Traditional dominance– due to traditions

2. Legal domination– on the recognition of legal norms

3. Charismatic dominance– relies on the authority of the leader.

Political power is divided into: state and public power.

Theories of the origin of the state:

1. Patriarchal theory - Aristotle2. Religious theory – Thomas Aquinas3. Contract theory – D. Locke, T. Hobbes4. Organic theory – G. Spencer5. Class theory – K. Marx

State - a special organization of power and management, which has a special coercive apparatus and is capable of making its orders binding for the entire country.

Signs of the state –

1. The presence of special public authority

2. Availability of a special control apparatus

3. Territorial organization

5. Sovereignty of power

6. Monopoly on lawmaking.

Functions of the state – the main, socially significant areas of state activity.

Functions:

1. By object y: internal and external

3. By the nature of the impact: protective (ensuring the protection of public relations) and regulatory (development of public relations).

State form – a set of basic methods of organization, structure and exercise of state power, expressing its essence.

State forms:

1. Form of government – way of organizing supreme power.

Form of government : 1. Monarchy – power is concentrated in the hands of one head and is inherited. 2. Republic - power is exercised by elected bodies elected for a certain period of time. Monarchy: 1 . absolute, 2. parliamentary, 3. dualistic.Republic: 1. presidential, 2. parliamentary, 3. mixed.

2. Form of government – method of national and administrative-territorial structure. Forms: 1. unitary state, 2. federation, 3. confederation.

3. Political and legal regime – a set of political and legal means and methods of exercising power. Regime: 1. democratic, 2. anti-democratic (1. authoritarian, 2 totalitarian, 3. military).

Democracy – recognition of the principle of equality of all people, active participation of the people in political life.

Signs of democracy: 1. recognition of the people as the source of power and sovereignty, 2. presence of rights and freedoms, 3. pluralism, 4. separation of powers(legislative, executive, judicial), 5. publicity. 6. election of power, 7. developed system of local governments.

Forms of democracy : 1. direct (immediate), 2 indirect (representative).

Institutions of direct democracy : 1. elections, 2. referendum (popular vote).

Electoral system (includes electoral law, electoral process and procedure for recalling deputies) – procedure for the formation of elected bodies.

Suffrage – principles and conditions for citizen participation in elections. Suffrage : 1. active(right to vote), 2. passive(the right to be elected). Signs: 1. universal, 2. equal, 3. vowel, 4. open. The results are determined using two systems : 1. majoritarian electoral system – The candidate who receives the majority of votes is considered the winner. 2. proportional electoral system – voting according to party lists and distribution of mandates between parties is strictly proportional to the number of votes cast. Mandate– a document certifying the rights of a deputy.

Civil society (G. Hegel)– this is a non-state part of socio-political life, protected from direct government intervention, equality of rights and freedoms of all people; Signs of civil society:1. the presence in society of free owners of the means of production; 2. development and ramifications of democracy; 3. legal protection of citizens; 4. a certain level of civic culture.

Rule of law - a state that is subject to the law in its activities. Signs of a rule of law state: 1. rule of law, 2. respect for rights and freedoms, 3. principle of separation of powers, 4. mutual responsibility of the state and citizens.

Political party - an institution of the political system, a group of adherents of certain goals, uniting to fight for power. Signs of the party: 1. power struggle, 2. program with goals and strategy, 3. charter, 4. organizational structure, 5. presence of governing bodies.

Types of parties : 1. By methods: revolutionary, reformist . 2. By nature of membership: personnel, mass. 3. By ideology: conservative, liberal, social democratic, communist. 4. By representation in government: ruling, opposition. 5. By the nature of the actions: radical, reactionary, moderate, extremist, conservative.

Political culture (G. Almond, S. Verba) – the totality of a system of opinions, positions, values ​​dominant in a society or group.

Types of political culture:

1. Patriarchal– orientation of citizens towards local values, 2. subject– passive attitude of citizens in the political system. 3. political culture of participation (activist) – active participation of citizens in political life. Absenteeism– non-participation, avoidance of political life.

Political ideology – system of ideas . Types of ideologies:

1. Conservatism- maintaining order. 2. liberalism– freedom of individuality, entrepreneurship, law. 3. Socialism- a fair structure of society. 4. anarchism– elimination of the state 5. nationalism– superiority of the nation 6. extremism- violent methods.

Constitution of Russia – 1918 (first), 1925, 1937, 1978, 1993 (December 12). The first in the world - 1787 – US Constitution. December 10, 1948– “Universal Declaration of Human Rights”, 1966 – “International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights” and “International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights”. 1959 – "Declaration of the Rights of the Child" 1989 – "Convention of the Rights of the Child".

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"right"

Right

Right

1. A system of rules and norms of behavior established and protected by the state.

2. The ability to do, implement, have something (the right to work, education).

Signs of law (and norms of law): normativity, obligation, general character, formal certainty.

Theories of the origin of law: theory of natural law (T. Hobbes), liberal tradition (first law - then the state), statist tradition (first the state - then law), Marxist, sociological. Statism- a theory that states that state the highest result and goal of social development

Functions of law – regulatory, educational, protective.

Legal culture: legal knowledge, attitude to law, law enforcement activities.

Differences between law and morality:

Source (form) of law – specific types of social phenomena that shape the law and the result of law-making by the state. Sources (forms) of law:

1. Legal custom- patterns of behavior rooted in society as a result of their repetition, which have turned into rules of behavior.

2. Judicial practice.

3. Legal (judicial) precedent- a legal decision made earlier in a specific legal case and served as an example for subsequent decisions.

4. Regulatory agreement– an agreement between the parties containing the rules of law

5. Legal act– an act of lawmaking by government bodies that establishes or repeals rules of law.

Regulatory legal act : laws and regulations.

I . Laws – regulatory legal acts adopted by the highest legislative body of the state (or referendum), establishing the most significant social relations. There are Federal Laws And Laws of the subjects of the Federation.

Laws are divided:

1. Constitutional laws(1. Constitution, 2. Laws amending the Constitution.

3. Laws provided for by the Constitution).

2. Ordinary laws– regulatory legal acts of current legislation. They happen current(valid for a certain period) and codified(codes of laws - codes).

II. By-laws – regulatory legal acts specifying the provisions of laws. – decrees, resolutions, decrees.

Legal system (family) - unification of states based on legal regulation.

1. Romano-Germanic– the main source is the legal act. (Russia).

2. Anglo-Saxon– main source – legal precedent

3. Muslim– the main source is legal custom.

Right share for private law - serves private interests (family, civil) and public law(constitutional, criminal).

Realization of the right – implementation of law. Forms of exercising the right:

1. Use of the right – use of rights

2. Execution of rights– fulfillment of duties

3. Respect for the law- not a violation of the law

4. Application of law– carried out with the help of officials.

Legal system – a set of interconnected norms, institutions and branches of law.

System elements - 1. Legal norm(rule of law) – a unit of the system. 2. Institute of Law– a small group of rights regulating one type of relationship. (For example, the institution of gift in civil law, the institution of marriage in family law). 3. Branch of law– a set of homogeneous legal norms.

Rule of law - the basic element of the legal system, a rule of conduct established and protected by the state.

Structure of the rule of law:

1. Hypothesis- part of the norm indicating the conditions for the emergence of rights and obligations.

2. Disposition– part of the norm indicating the content of the norm

3. Sanction– part of a norm indicating the legal consequences of a violation.

Types of law

1. By function: regulatory(establish rights and obligations) and protective(measures against violators)

2. By industry: family, civil, etc.

Branches of law.

1. Constitutional (state) law – regulates socially significant social relations and the structure of the state.

2. Family law– regulates issues of marriage and family relations, kinship.

3. Civil law– regulates property and related non-property relations.

4. Administrative law– regulates public relations in the field of management, associated with the activities of the executive branch.

5. Labor law– regulates the relationship between employee and employer

6. Criminal law– regulates relations related to the commission of criminal acts.

Legal relations – types of social relations regulated by law.

To become participants in legal relations, legal entities and individuals (subjects of public relations) must have legal capacity and legal capacity.

Legal capacity – the ability of subjects of legal relations to have legal rights and bear responsibilities. It begins at birth and ends with death.

Capacity– the ability of subjects of legal relations to independently realize rights and obligations. 1. Full– from 18 years old. 2. Partial– (in criminal from 16 years, for some crimes from 14 years, in family from 16 years, in civil - from 14 years, in administrative - from 16 years) 3. Limited- according to the court.

Legal fact – living conditions in connection with which legal relations arise.

Legal facts– 1. Law-formers. 2. Law-altering. 3. Legally terminating.

Legal facts: 1. Events(do not depend on the will of people), 2 . Actions(depend on the will of people).

Actions there are legitimate And illegal(offences).

Offenses – acts contrary to the requirements of legal norms are expressed as action, so inaction.

Offenses are divided into misconduct And crimes.

Misdemeanors (torts) and legal liability.

1. Administrative(in the field of state and local regulation) – administrative responsibility ( warning, fine, deprivation of rights, confiscation of an item, correctional work, administrative arrest)

2 . Disciplinary(in the field of official relations) – disciplinary liability(remark, reprimand, dismissal), financial liability(compensation for damage)

3. Civil(in the field of property and non-property relations ) – civil liability.

Crimes – socially dangerous illegal acts that cause special harm or threat. Coming criminal liability.

Signs of an offense: guilt, illegality, social danger.

Legal structure of the offense :

1.Object of the offense – what the action is aimed at. 2. Subject of the offense – who committed

3. The objective side of the offense– a characteristic that includes signs of illegality, social danger, and socially dangerous consequences.

4. The subjective side of the offense- internal characteristics of the offense (motive and purpose).

5. Motive for the offense- conscious inducement to commit an act.

6. Purpose of the offense- the mental result that the subject was striving for.

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"social sphere"

Social sphere

Sociology– the science of patterns, formation, functioning, development of society and social relations. (O. Comte).

The structure of the social sphere includes:

I . Social connections – dependencies of social groups and people on each other (they can be formal and informal). Social connections:

1. Social contacts – unstable connections that arise for specific reasons (for example, subway passengers).

2. Social interactions– stable, regular connections based on joint activities (for example, colleagues at work).

3. Social relationships– ultra-stable, self-renewing connections that are systemic in nature (for example, friends).

II . Social groups – communities of individuals united according to some characteristic. (T. Hobbes).

Signs:

number: small groups (characterized by direct contact and informal communication), medium, large

demographic: by gender, age, education, marital status

settlement criterion: townspeople, villagers

confessional: Catholics, Orthodox, Muslims

by ethnicity, professionally etc.

III . Social communities– groups capable of self-reproduction.

Ethnosocial communities: clan (tribe), nationality, nation.

Genus- unification of people based on consanguineous ties, tribe- unification of clans, nationalities - unification of people based on territorial and linguistic characteristics, nation – large groups of people united by economic space, language, culture, traditions, and national identity.

IV . Social institution – see chapter Society. The main social institution is the family.

Function family as a social institution: child production. The family is also a small group.Family functions: educational, socialization, leisure, creating a sense of security, economic. Family: matriarchal, patriarchal, partnership. Nuclear family– consisting of 2 generations.

V . Social culture– social norms and social values ​​on the basis of which social relations are formed.

VI . Social values- goals that people strive for in society. Core values– vital for society (health, well-being, family, etc.)

VII . Social norms– rules of social behavior.

Social norms (there are written and unwritten):

Moral norms, ethical norms, norms of traditions and customs, religious norms, political norms, legal norms.

Functions of social norms: regulating, unifying, educational.

Conformist behavior - consistent with accepted standards.

Behavior that does not correspond to social norms – deviant.

Deviant behavior:

Deviant behavior – violation that does not meet the standards.

Deviation can be positive (heroes) and negative (drug addicts, murderers)

Delinquent behavior – committing crimes.

Compliance with standards is ensured by the use of sanctions– the reaction of society to the behavior of an individual or group. Sanctions function– social control.

Sanctions:

Positive(incentive) and negative(punishing)

Official and unofficial.

Social stratification

Social stratification (differentiation) – stratification and hierarchical organization of society. (P. Sorokin).

Differentiation criteria: income(economic), amount of power(political) , education(occupation type), also distinguished prestige - society's assessment of the social significance of an individual's status. Prestige depends on the real usefulness of the activity and the value system of society.

Social layers:

Castes– strictly closed layers of traditional societies.

Estates – groups of people with different rights and responsibilities.

Classes– social groups, distinguished by the method of their participation in social production and distribution, their place in the social division of labor.

Strata– informal groups that have relatively equal social status, the criteria of which are income, access to political power, and education.

Status

Status– a position in the social structure of society, connected with other positions through a system of rights and obligations.

Personal status- the position an individual occupies in a small group

Social status– the position of the individual in a social group.

Status set– a set of statuses of one person.

Prescribed(natural) status: gender, age, nationality, kinship

Acquired(achieved) status: profession, education, position, marital status, religion.

Social role- a certain pattern of behavior recognized for people of a certain status.

Social mobility

Social mobility (P. Sorokin) – the transition of an individual or group from one position in the hierarchy of social stratification to another.

Social mobility: horizontal - inside one layer and vertical– transition from one layer to another. Vertical mobility can be descending and ascending.

Channels of social mobility (“social elevators”) – education, army, schools, family, property.

Marginal – an individual who has lost his previous social status and is unable to adapt to a new social environment (“on the edge”).

Marginality– the intermediate position of an individual between social groups, associated with his movements in social space.

Lumpen- people who have sunk to the bottom of social life.

Social conflict.

Social conflict (G. Spencer) – a clash of opposing interests, goals, views, ideologies between individuals, groups, classes in society.

Structure of the conflict: conflict situation - incident - active actions - completion

Types of behavior in conflict: adaptation, compromise, cooperation, ignoring, competition. Most scientists consider conflict to be a natural, progressive phenomenon.

Types of conflicts: internal, external, global, local, economic, political, family, national.

National conflicts associated with exacerbation national issue - about the self-determination of peoples and overcoming ethnic inequality, as well as trends in the modern world.

Two trends in the modern world:

1. International – integration, bringing nations closer together.

2. National – differentiation, desire for independence.

Social policy of the state- purposeful activities of the state to improve the social sphere of society. Directions: 1. improvement of the social structure of society, 2. regulation of relationships between different layers, 3. development of human potential (education development programs, pensions, healthcare, ecology).

Social policy: active- direct influence of the state (can be centralized and decentralized) and passive- mediated by economic factors

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"Human"

Human.

Origin theories: religious, evolutionary (C. Darwin), Marxist (labor made man)

Biosocial problem– the problem of the relationship between the biological and the social in man.

At the moment of birth, a person is an individual. A person becomes a person through the process of socialization.

Socialization - the process of a person’s assimilation of social experience and forms of behavior acceptable for a given society.

Primary socialization: agents (relatives, teachers) and institutions of socialization (family, school).

Secondary socialization: agents (colleagues, teachers, officials) and institutions (universities, army, church).

Desocialization – the process of moving away from old values, norms, rules, roles.

Resocialization– the process of learning new values, norms, rules, roles.

Freedom of the individual- the ability to create oneself and the world of other people, make choices, be responsible. “Freedom is a recognized necessity” - G. Hegel.

Interpersonal relationships – relationships between different individuals for different reasons.

Interpersonal relationships

Worldview of the individual– a set of principles, views, beliefs and attitudes towards objective reality and man’s place in it.

Worldview:

ordinary, religious, mythological, scientific, philosophical, humanistic.

Activity - human activity aimed at changing and transforming the world around us and ourselves. Subject- the one who carries out the activity. Object- what the activity is aimed at.

Activity structure:

Motive - goal - means - action - result.

Motive – a material or ideal object that encourages action.

Target– a conscious image of the expected result.

Types of activities:

Work- a type of human activity aimed at achieving a practically useful result.

Communication- the process of interaction between people, consisting of perception and understanding and the exchange of information (communication)

2. By direction:spiritual, practical,creative, managerial.

Creation - activity that generates something new that has never existed before.

Heuristic- a science that studies creative activity.

Human needs- an experienced or perceived need for something.

Needs:

biological, social, perfect.

Needs according to A. Maslow.

1. Physiological, 2. Existential, 3.Social, 4. Prestigious, 5. Spiritual

Primary, congenital Secondary, acquired

The needs of each level become urgent when the previous ones are satisfied.

Interest- a conscious need that characterizes people’s attitude towards objects and phenomena that have important social development for them. Interests are incentives for various types of activities.

Capabilities– individual characteristics of a person, on which the success of various types of activities depends.

Abilities have a biological basis.

Talent- a set of abilities that allows you to obtain a product of activity that is distinguished by novelty and significance.

Genius– the highest level of talent development, allowing for fundamental shifts in a particular field of activity.

Genius is a cultural phenomenon of human nature.

"Conscious" and "Unconscious"- these are correlative concepts that express the peculiarities of the work of the human psyche. A person thinks about situations and makes decisions. Such actions are called conscious. However, often a person acts thoughtlessly, and sometimes he himself cannot understand why he did this. Unconscious actions presuppose that a person acts on an internal impulse, without any analysis of the situation, without clarifying the possible consequences. ( Z. Freud).

Being- anything existing that exists at all (being is studied by the section of philosophy ontology).

Forms of being: material existence, spiritual existence, human existence, social existence.

The spiritual world of man (microcosm) is a complex system of a person’s inner world, the elements of which are spiritual needs, thoughts, feelings, worldview, emotions, values, etc.

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“what does society study”

What does social studies study?

The object of study of social science is society. Society is a very complex system that is subject to various laws. Naturally, there is no one science that could cover all aspects of society, so several sciences study it. Each science studies one aspect of the development of society: economics, social relations, development paths, and others.

Social science - a general name for sciences that study society as a whole and social processes.

Every science hasobject and subject.

Object of science - a phenomenon of objective reality that science studies.

Subject of science - A person, a group of people cognizing an object.

Sciences are divided into three groups.

Sciences:

Society is studied by social sciences (humanities).

The main difference between social sciences and humanities:

Social (humanitarian) sciences that study society and man:

archaeology, economics, history, cultural studies, linguistics, political science, psychology, sociology, law, ethnography, philosophy, ethics, aesthetics.

Archeology- a science that studies the past from material sources.

Economy– the science of the economic activities of society.

Story- the science of the past of humanity.

Cultural studies- a science that studies the culture of society.

Linguistics- the science of language.

Political science- the science of politics, society, the relationship between people, society and the state.

Psychology– the science of the development and functioning of the human psyche.

Sociology- the science of the laws of formation and development of social systems, groups, individuals.

Right – a set of laws and rules of behavior in society.

Ethnography- a science that studies the life and culture of peoples and nations.

Philosophy- the science of the universal laws of social development.

Ethics- the science of morality.

Aesthetics - the science of beauty.

Sciences study societies in the narrow and broad senses.

Society in the narrow sense:

1. The entire population of the Earth, the totality of all peoples.

2. Historical stage of human development (feudal society, slave society).

3. Country, state (French society, Russian society).

4. Uniting people for some purpose (animal lovers club, soldiers’ society

mothers).

5. A circle of people united by a common position, origin, interests (high society).

6. Methods of interaction between the authorities and the population of the country (democratic society, totalitarian society)

Society in the broad sense - a part of the material world isolated from nature, but closely connected with it, which includes ways of interaction between people and forms of their unification.

The Unified State Examination in social studies is the most popular elective exam after the mandatory Unified State Examination in mathematics and the Russian language. According to previous years, social studies was chosen by more than half of graduates, and in 2013, 69.3% passed it! And at the same time, this is one of the most difficult exams. This year, 5.3% of graduates failed the Unified State Examination in social studies, which is about 25 thousand people! What is the reason for this failure?

There is a common misconception among graduates that social studies is one of the easiest subjects. Many of them are sure that they can “talk something out” about him. This is the first trap of social studies. Students rely on their experience of giving oral answers in class, where you can really say a lot, and the teacher himself will extract the correct answer from what has been said. On the Unified State Exam, where even the detailed answers to Part C consist of only a few sentences, it is impossible to “talk”, but you need to give clear answers.

And here we have the second trap of social studies: knowledge of terminology and ability to operate with it. If terminology can be learned, then the ability to operate with it requires logical thinking skills: the ability to compare and analyze. This means that the Unified State Examination in social studies, more than any other exam, involves not simply reproducing memorized material, but “dissecting” it, which is much more difficult.

The Unified State Examination in social studies is a real integral exam: it includes five topics related to different sciences: economics, law, philosophy, sociology and political science. Each science has its own conceptual apparatus: terminology, approaches to assessment and analysis. This is the third trap - the student needs to master all the terminology and logic of each of the five sciences. The difficulty of the Unified State Exam in social studies is that, unlike, for example, mathematics, where geometric problems occupy a clear place in the structure of the exam, a comparison question can be in the topic of either economics or sociology. Consequently, the student must, first of all, determine what discipline he is dealing with, and then “turn on” the necessary conceptual apparatus.

When preparing for the Unified State Exam in social studies, it is difficult to avoid the fourth trap: numerous textbooks and manuals. Some of them, unfortunately, are not always conscientious and can do a bad job. It is best to take two basic textbooks as a basis - Kravchenko and Bogolyubov, which are used in most schools. However, it must be borne in mind that schools can use textbooks from different years, and FIPI in its developments of the Unified State Exam relies on the latest editions.

The fifth trap of the Unified State Examination is insufficient hours, which is assigned to this subject in school. This is due, first of all, to the paradoxes of the development of Russian education. As the Unified State Examination in social studies improves, it becomes more complicated, and at this time the school is moving away from the specialized study of this subject. And this despite the fact that it is in demand in more than 30% of humanitarian universities. Today, social studies in the school curriculum exists only as a basic subject, which is given only one hour a week.

First trap: When choosing this subject, objectively evaluate your knowledge. Treat social studies like an exact science.

Second trap: learn terminology and train to think logically. All types of tasks are described in FIPI materials. Look for answers to questions, find out what exactly is required in a given answer and how each answer is scored. In the detailed assignments, specify how much you need to write to answer each question.

Third trap: learn to distinguish the terminology of each of the five disciplines included in the Unified State Exam in social studies. When answering, the first thing to do is to identify the discipline you will be dealing with.

Fourth trap: Choose your preparation guides with care: some of them use unused terminology and concepts. Take into account the changes that were made to the Unified State Exam 2014 compared to 2013, namely:

1. Task B5 has been made more difficult. The total number of judgments given in the task conditions increases from 4 to 5. It is necessary to distribute them into three, instead of the previous two, groups of judgments: facts, assessments, theoretical statements. Here it is very easy to get confused in estimates and theoretical statements. It should be remembered that theory is learned knowledge, and assessment is one’s own opinion.
2. Topics offered for essay writing are grouped into five blocks instead of the previous six. Topics covered taking into account the principles of sociology and social psychology are now included in one general direction. This makes it easier to write an assignment on this topic, since the line between the terminology of these two disciplines is not always distinguishable.
3. You can get a maximum of 5 points for your essay. It is important to remember here that if the meaning of the statement is not revealed, then the work is simply not checked. Extra points are given for presenting a theoretical justification, and the highest points are given for factual argumentation. Fifth trap: an insufficient number of hours can be compensated for by only one thing - additional preparation for the Unified State Exam in social studies in correctly and timely chosen courses.

About 50% of schoolchildren in their senior year choose to take the Unified State Exam in social studies in 2019 as an optional subject. Partly, the guys believe that this is an easy discipline; other teenagers need the subject in order to score a certain number of points and enter the university. Naturally, there are pitfalls here; you need to prepare well, study new areas, and also focus on complex topics in order to ultimately get a decent number of points.

Changes in social studies planned for 2019

There will be quite a lot of changes in the rules for taking the OGE in 9th grade. This is explained by the fact that the leadership of our country is puzzled by the gradual weakening of the younger generation’s interest in the history of their country and the structure of the society in which young people will live and work. Simply put, applicants leaving their home school do not know enough about the history of Russia and do not understand the basic structure of society in our country. This trend could not go unnoticed and caused concern in government circles due to the fact that young people in Russia are becoming easy prey for various international organizations, criminal structures and religious sects who want to reformat the public consciousness of the citizens of our country.

It is not surprising that the emphasis in such attempts is placed on young people, who, having little knowledge of history and social studies, are easily suggestible, believe the words of ideological inspirers, without even realizing that their consciousness is being manipulated and outright lies are instilled in them. Understanding the danger of gaps in the education of students in our schools, the Russian Ministry of Education and Rosobrnadzor are preparing an entire program to change the approach to testing knowledge in humanities subjects. The changes will especially affect social studies and history, which directly shape the completeness of our children’s worldview.

The essence of the changes will be that examinees will have to speak more and write less. Previously, the OGE in social studies boiled down to the fact that the student received an option form, where it was necessary to mark the correct answers, choose the correct one from several options and silently submit the completed option to the examination commission. Now everything will change and, along with the written part of the exam, the student will have to talk with the examiner and explain to him why the student answered this way and not otherwise. Oral arguments and justification for the answer marked on the examination sheet will be required.

In other words, the OGE in social studies in 2019 will become more like a classic school exam, which was introduced in the Soviet education system. This decision of the Ministry of Education and Science caused a positive reaction in society, because everyone still remembers that Soviet education was, indeed, one of the best in the world.

Date

In the 2017-2018 academic year, social studies was the last to be taken, which, on the one hand, provided graduates with an additional opportunity to prepare well, and on the other hand, made them worry about waiting for the exam date. In 2019, the OGE in “society” will be taken on the following days:

*the 2019 OGE schedule has not yet been approved

Features of the social studies exam

We decided to take the OGE in social studies in 2019 based on the fact that this is the easiest subject - get ready to update your knowledge in key areas such as philosophy, sociology, economics, culture, politics and law.

Of course, in KIMs for the 9th grade, students will encounter only those concepts that they should have become familiar with in the lessons as part of the study of the relevant disciplines. But, to successfully pass the OGE you must:

• Possess a sufficiently large amount of information.
• Be able to describe social objects, evaluate and compare them.
• Give examples of social relationships.
• Solve assigned problems based on studied material and experience.
• Be able to express your thoughts, justifying your choice with examples.

At first glance, there is nothing complicated, but many ninth-graders are faced with problems such as a lack of life experience and a lack of understanding of the processes taking place in the political and social spheres of life, which is the main difficulty when passing the OGE.

Format

The social studies exam card consists of 31 tests, among which questions from 5 main sections are evenly distributed:

1. Man and society. Spiritual culture.
2. Sphere of politics and social management.
3. Social sphere.
4. Economy.
5. Right.

There are different options for forming the OGE in social studies, but as in the last season, in 2019 KIMs will consist of 2 parts and include:

• 16 basic tasks;
• 13 tasks of increased difficulty level;
• 2 high level tasks.

Ninth-graders are given 180 minutes (3 hours) to complete the work.

Brief answers to the tasks of Part 1 must be transferred to a special form, taking into account the established formatting rules. It is very important to adhere to the requirements for filling out the form, because this part of the work will later be checked electronically, and the system simply will not accept an incorrectly filled out form.

It is worth allotting more time to complete the second part of the OGE in social studies, because it will require:

• work with the text, highlighting the main semantic fragments;
• organize information by making a plan;
• express your own opinion, giving reasons for it and logically justifying your choice;
• explain the author’s idea based on your knowledge and life experience.

Work evaluation

As in other subjects, when testing the OGE in social studies in 2019, 2 main methods will be used:

• electronic;
• manual.

It is quite difficult to challenge a machine check, and if a graduate has filled out the answer form incorrectly, he will have to try his luck again by retaking the exam in an additional period.

Part 2 is checked by members of the expert commission. Simply put, by teachers who assign points based on tables of uniform assessment criteria developed for each of the 6 tasks of the block. Although each task has its own assessment criteria, in 2019 it is worth considering the following basic requirements for detailed answers to the OGE in social studies:

• brevity;
• content;
• reliance on theory;
• ability to use terms;
• the presence of real examples when discussing the topic.

In total, when completing the work, the student can score 39 test points, of which:

Starting from 2017, the result of the OGE has a direct impact on the certificate score, therefore the test points awarded during the examination of work are transferred to the traditional five-point system according to the following correspondence table:

Thus, to overcome the minimum threshold for those taking natural science, it is enough to score 15 primary points, which is more than realistic for a child who listened carefully in class and has a good memory. It is much more difficult to get a high score, which gives the right to enter a specialized class or study at a college.

For social studies, the minimum profile level threshold is 30 points, for which, obviously, it will not be enough to simply answer all the test questions correctly.

What issues should you pay more attention to?

When taking the tests presented in the tickets, there are questions distributed across blocks, in particular:

• section where it is important to demonstrate an understanding of interaction, communication, and complexities in social groups. Also take into account the understanding of the algorithm for the development of society, rationally demonstrate how well the teenager understands conflict aspects;
• then we will talk about a person in society, the questions of the section return to the history of the biosocial development of citizens, in the end it will be possible to understand their place in the modern world. The student must show that he knows a lot about the details of society, has understood the most important principles of the functioning of society, and must determine his personal place in it;
• of course, one cannot do without politics, the structure of the country in the dynamics of prosperity, its current state, various kinds of regimes, administrative institutions, the essence of statehood and other nuances of the topic that are not enough to know, but should also be understood;
• legal aspects will be touched upon, answers to this section provide specific data, knowledge from the scope of the country’s legislation, plus it is important to be able to operate in legal terms;
• Finally, you should answer questions on economics; here, not only knowledge of theory in the field of market economics is demonstrated, but also the ability to analyze, read graphs, and predetermine the main economic indicators.

Summing up, it becomes clear that each ticket is designed for 29 questions, they are divided into blocks. For 20 tasks from 1 block you should give simple answers, sometimes these are words, numbers or phrases. Some of the questions are designed for a minimum level of knowledge, but some assume excellent preparation of teenagers. For the first part of the exam, it is most realistic to score 35 points.

The next block includes 9 questions, and detailed answers will also be presented there. You definitely need to pay attention to tasks 21-22, they are of a basic type, then there are questions of increased complexity, in particular the essay. Themes to choose from, 5 options in total. The designated part of the exam is worth 29 points.

How to prepare properly?

It is definitely important to decide on good literature; representatives of FIPI on the official portal give some recommendations. During the exam, one should show only knowledge, and arguing and debating was possible only in class. Sometimes questions provide a chance to reflect and express a personal opinion. There is a similar opportunity in an essay; the main thing is to choose a topic based on how you could reveal it, this allows you to count on the highest score.

Teachers often said that it is important not only to know the terminology, but also to understand it. Often a child cannot give the correct answer, because he does not see the connection with a specific scientific field, and uses the wrong analytical method. The discipline described covers several areas, but the main difficulty is the blurred understanding of adolescents on many topics.

Online video lessons will also help you prepare for the exam: