Unified urban space. Urban environment and society

UDC 316.354.56 Ilyinykh Svetlana Anatolyevna

Doctor of Sociological Sciences,

Professor of the Department of Social Communications

and sociology of management

Novosibirsk State University of Economics and Management

Tabarkov Alexey Viktorovich

Postgraduate student of the Department of Sociology, Political Science and Psychology

Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Informatics

URBAN SPACE: SPECIFICS OF MANAGEMENT

Annotation:

The article reveals issues of urban space management, which is designed to provide favorable living conditions for the city population, development of the economic, social and spiritual spheres. Ideas for urban space management are being developed in a variety of scientific approaches. From the point of view of the sociocultural approach, such a local characteristic of the sociocultural space as the organization of the cultural landscape is considered. Representatives of the environmental approach explore in their works the specifics of urban space and phenomena determined by the spatial organization of the city. The work also characterizes the specifics of urban space management within the framework of sociological, anthropological and gender approaches.

Keywords:

city, sociology of the city, urban space, urban type of activity, sociocultural approach, environmental approach, sociological approach, anthropological approach, gender approach.

Ilyinykh Svetlana Anatolyevna

D.Phil. in Social Science, Professor, Social Communications and Sociology of Management Department, Novosibirsk State University of Economics and Management

Tabarkov Alexey Viktorovich

PhD student, Sociology, Political Science and Psychology Department, Siberian State University of Telecommunications and Information Science

URBAN SPACE: SPECIFICS OF MANAGEMENT

The article reveals the issues of urban space management which is designed to provide favorable living conditions for the population of the city, as well as development of economic, social and cultural spheres. The ideas of urban space management are being developed in a variety of scientific approaches. Such a local feature of the sociocultural space as organization of the cultural landscape is considered in the context of the sociocultural approach. Representatives of the environmental approach in their works explore the specifics of urban space and the phenomena caused by the spatial organization of the city. Also, the authors describe the specific features of the urban space management in the framework of sociological, anthropological and gender approaches.

city, sociology of city, urban space, urban activity, socio-cultural approach, environmental approach, sociological approach, anthropological approach, gender approach.

The organization of the world by man always comes from his own ideas about a number of phenomena, such as harmony, beauty, order. These phenomena appear in a form convenient for humans, including thanks to spatial forms. This can most clearly be seen in urban space as a structured human living environment.

Urban space management is designed to provide favorable living conditions for the city population, development of the economic, social and spiritual spheres. The purpose of this management ultimately comes down to the most complete satisfaction of the needs of the population in social, housing, communal, cultural and other services.

The intellectualization of all spheres of activity taking place in the world and the increase in the science-intensity of production and everyday life are aimed at elevating the role of man. Urban space management is a necessary condition for improving the quality of life of the population, improving the environment, as well as increasing the level of education, professional qualifications, culture, physical health and mental stability of the individual.

In urban space, the population is distributed as a result of the geographical spread of the population and the formation of a network of settlements at a certain, usually long, point in time. Nowadays, population distribution is increasingly determined by urban geography. Historically, people are compactly grouped for living together in settlements of various types, sizes, specializations, etc. The placement of individual areas in urban space, their relative location relative to each other are not

THEORY AND PRACTICE OF SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT (2015, No. 13)

an accident. They develop according to the logic of the formation of sociocultural and economic ties. They also reflect the interweaving of the diverse and conflicting interests of numerous social, economic and political forces.

Individual urban areas are not just geographical objects on a map of the area with certain coordinates. They are complex socio-spatial structures that arose as a result of the life activity of certain communities of people living compactly in a limited territory, jointly organizing the reproduction of not only economic, but also social life.

Speaking about urban space, we cannot fail to mention the concept of “city”, which is the object of study and analysis of such sciences as history, anthropology, sociology, economic theory, geography, and political science. Also, the concept of “city” is the most important concept in “urban studies” (from the Latin i^ - city). A city is a populated area whose residents are usually employed outside of agriculture. As V. Vagin notes, the problems of determining the definition of “city” were not always of a research nature. In the Middle Ages, the struggle to give new administrative status to settlements was determined by the tangible significance of such acquisition. The main emphasis in geo-urban studies has been on activities concentrated in cities. But even a basic listing of the types of activities of city residents is quite difficult. Because of this, the simplest version of such a definition is to contrast urban activities with rural ones. Thus, non-agricultural (non-agricultural) production is concentrated in cities. Analyzing the urban activities themselves, we can conclude that historically the key activities in cities were trade, administrative activities and crafts, and later industry.

Ideas for urban space management are being developed in a variety of scientific approaches. For the first time, the ideas of the spread of cultures, the formation of cultural circles and zones in a certain spatial dimension can be found in the works of representatives of the cultural-historical school of diffusionism - F. Ratzel, F. Graebner, W. Schmidt, L. Frobenius. Urban space management today is becoming not just acceptable, but a common phrase. This is due to the fact that urban space represents both sociocultural, economic and social space. And this is already connected with management processes. And here such a local characteristic of the sociocultural space as the organization of the cultural landscape comes into view. This aspect of urban space management is described in the works of V.L. Kagansky, D.S. Likhacheva, I.I. Svirida.

Representatives of the environmental approach to the city phenomenon K. Lynch and L.B. Kogan explores in her works the specifics of urban space and phenomena determined by the spatial organization of the city. A.V. Ikonnikov, O.E. Trushchenko use the term “urban environment” to designate a special level of city development, which is characterized not just by the organization of physical objects, but by the existence of a spiritual component, which is understood as urban culture. And these issues are also related to management.

The sociological approach to the category of space was developed in the works of Western researchers M. Weber, G. Simmel, O. Spengler. The city is considered as a sociocultural heterogeneity that creates conditions for the formation and identification of specific urban communities, which, in turn, differ in symbolic and organizational culture. All this also directly depends on management.

E. Burgess, R. McKenzie, L. Wirth, R. Park present the developments of the Chicago School. Its main difference from the previously listed developments of the classical period was that research projects in the field of urban sociology within the school were used to solve specific problems of the city.

The anthropological approach to considering the city focuses on the problem of human existence in urban space. The anthropological approach was developed by R. Lind and H. Lind, R. Redfield, W. Warner. The focus of scientific thought on the problems of city residents contributes to the development of theories that consider the life of people in the city in a single complex as a “sociocultural phenomenon.” Management of urban space in this approach is due to the fact that the city here acts as a multidimensional phenomenon, as a complex biosocial organism with unique mental properties. These properties “control” the townspeople.

Let us point out another area of ​​research, one way or another related to the management of urban space. In particular, we are talking about the works of urbanists H. Hoyt, C. Harris and E. Ullman. H. Hoyt in his work “Structure and Growth of the Urban Area” was put forward

the concept of sectors, in which the author argued that housing estates are concentrated in sectors and diverge from the city center along transport routes. H. Hoyt uses rent as an indicator of various characteristics of the housing stock, complementing numerous theories of price formation for city land plots, the evaluation criteria of which were utility, intra-city benefits, competition and other factors that led to the orderly placement of these plots within the city.

And finally, the management of urban space is carried out due to the fact that citizens are, first of all, men and women. The governance of the city is implicitly carried out through gender relations. This topic is completely new for classical urban sociology, but nevertheless quite interesting. The relevant issues here are the dominance of men and women, asymmetry in terms of management and power resources, issues of the prospects for the development of the city and the urban environment, depending on who controls this environment. Let us point out that this is a new direction that requires its development.

In conclusion, I would like to note that it is necessary to take into account a wide variety of ideas that reveal the management of urban space, since the city is a complex, multi-structural and living phenomenon.

1. Vagin V. Sociology of the city [Electronic resource]. URL: http://www.gumer.info/bibliotek_Buks/Sociolog/Vagin/01.php (access date: 06/01/2015).

2. Kagansky V.L. Landscape and culture // Social sciences and modernity. 1997. No. 1. P. 134-146.

3. Likhachev D.S. Native land. M., 1983.

4. Svirida I.I. Landscapes of culture. Slavic world. M., 2007.

5. Lynch K. Image of the city. M., 1982.

6. Kogan L.B. To be city dwellers. M., 1990. 207 p.

7. Ikonnikov A.V. Formation of the urban environment. M., 1973.

8. Trushchenko O.E. Urban environment and lifestyle. Criticism of American sociological concepts: abstract. dis. ...cand. ist. Sci. M., 1983.

9. Weber M. History of the economy. City. M., 2001.

10. Simmel G. How is society possible? // Sociological journal. 1994. No. 2. P. 102-114.

11. Spengler O. Decline of Europe. Essays on the morphology of world history. T. 1. M., 1993.

12. Lynd R.S., Lynd H.M. Middletown: A study in American culture. New York, 1929.

13. Redfield R. The Folk Society // The American Journal of Sociology. 1947. Vol. LI I.

14. Warner W.L. Yankee City. New Haven, 1963.

15. Hoyt H. The Structure and Growth of Residential Neighborhoods in American Cities. Washington, 1939.

16. Ilyinykh S.A. The influence of gender on the picture of the world: the experience of sociological research // Sociology: methodology, methods, mathematical modeling: scientific. magazine RAS. 2009. No. 28. P. 66-86.

17. Ilyinykh S.A. Concepts of masculinity and femininity in line with the gender approach // Ideas and ideals. 2011. T. 1, No. 4. P. 131-144.

18. Ilyinykh S.A. Gender asymmetry: causes and main ways to overcome it: abstract. dis. ...cand. sociol. Sci. Novosibirsk, 2004.

19. Ilyinykh S.A. Gender stereotypes and gender perceptions in organizational culture: the example of small business organizations // Bulletin of Tambov University. Series: Humanities. 2009. No. 10 (78). pp. 332-338.

We continue to summarize the year!

I would like to present you with an overview of the best public spaces created in Russia in 2017, from Strelka Magazine.

Yes, Zaryadye is there. And the park near the Krasnodar stadium too. But there are also places you've never heard of!

1. Park "Krasnodar"

One of the most large-scale projects of the past year was a park near the FC Krasnodar stadium. According to the project of the German bureau gmp International, famous for the construction of the Olympic Stadium in Berlin, the park is divided into 30 zones. Among them is a summer amphitheater, which can serve as a cinema and concert hall; a fountain that transforms into a skating rink in winter; water and musical labyrinths. The park has a ropes course and a climbing wall, basketball courts and a skatepark.

The entire park has a complex, multi-level terrain, which is crossed by many paths and wide alleys, ensuring the safety of fans leaving the stadium. Plants occupy a little more than half of the entire territory: more than two thousand trees are planted in the park, among which there are rare bonsai pines, wild plums, Japanese maples and oaks.

It is assumed that in winter the new space will not be empty, like most Russian parks: a fountain with a waterfall in winter is transformed into an artificial ice skating rink. In the summer, film screenings will be held at the amphitheater. Technically, the park has been operating since September 29; by the summer of 2018, a cafe with a rooftop terrace is planned to open there.

2. Khokhlovskaya Square

The goal of the project was to create a new type of public space for Moscow: to give it museum functions. So Khokhlovskaya Square turned into a small archaeological park: the new amphitheater there frames the old part of the White City wall that has survived to this day.

Trees were planted in the square, information stands, lamps and benches were installed. Participants in the round table, where the future of Khokhlovskaya Square was discussed, noted that now nothing is happening there in a good way: there are no food stalls, sports grounds and pink penguins. You can just relax there and do nothing, which is why expats call Khokhlovskaya Square little Verona, and Yuri Saprykin calls it “no place” in the city.

Photo: Mark Sery, Strelka Magazine

Photo: Mark Sery, Strelka Magazine

3. Embankment and descent to the Ural River

The main task of the architects was to return the descent to the river to its historical appearance and turn the embankment into a full-fledged promenade with jogging and cycling paths.

Specialists restored the historical staircase, built back in the 50s in the Stalinist Empire style, restored the fences and installed 64 lanterns, some of which are exact copies of historical ones.

Along with the restored steps, ramps appeared at the stairs. By spring, decking - wooden flooring - should be installed at the exit ramps so that bicycle wheels do not get stuck in the sand. In the spring, a site with sports training equipment will open nearby. Benches and trash cans appeared on the embankment itself, and the slope near it was cleaned and new trees were planted.

4. Embankment of the Vezelka River

The Vezelka embankment used to look more like a natural area, parts of which were cut off from each other. There were no designated descents to the river; it was dark and dangerous to walk somewhere. The architects united these territories, and connected the banks of the river with a network of pedestrian and cycling routes. Wooden terraces appeared on the embankment, along which you can go down to the water.

The entire embankment is divided into three parts: the central section near Victory Park and the Kotofey children's park is intended for children's recreation; an amphitheater was built there near the water. The area near Belgorod State University is aimed at students, and the area near the diorama museum, where trees have been preserved and terraces have been added, is suitable for quiet relaxation.

Bicycle paths were laid along the three-kilometer embankment, gravel and tiles were laid, curbs, lamps, benches and trash cans were installed. To keep the embankment green all year round, coniferous trees and grasses that bloom in early spring were planted there, and to keep it open in winter, the plan is to install skating rinks, ice slides and heated pavilions.

5. Park "Gorka"

Gorka Park on Bolshoy Spasoglinishchevsky Lane is a good example of how practically abandoned areas in the city center can be developed thanks to local residents.

Residents of the area have been nurturing the idea of ​​creating a park on the site of a spontaneous parking lot since the late 90s. When they received the support of local deputies in 2013, other interested parties suddenly began to pay attention to the 2.7-hectare site. This place could be given, for example, to the Russian Military Historical Society, and then not a park, but a parade ground would appear on Bolshoi Spasoglinishchevsky Lane. Fortunately, the initiative group managed to defend their idea.

The park opened in the summer of 2017. The space is spread over three levels and divided into seven zones, all of them connected by through passages and stairs that lead to neighboring courtyards.

In the middle part of the park there is a green area with trees and paths. The dominant feature of this part is a children's rope climbing frame in the shape of a space saucer. On the left is an observation deck with wooden flooring, intended for dancing. There is also a playground there. To the right is a bulk hill and a cast-iron rotunda. There is a basketball court nearby. An amphitheater staircase leads to the level below; a fountain was installed there (like in Muzeon), and the walls nearby were overgrown with grapes.

Photo:

Photo: Olga Alekseenko, "Afisha Daily"

Photo: Olga Alekseenko, "Afisha Daily"

6. Boulevard Builders

A new stage and LED screen were installed on the boulevard, and in place of the old one, surrounded by a fountain, a place was created for a cafe with 30 seats. According to the project, it is assumed that small businesses should come there soon: about five places for pavilions and an area for a food court have been organized on the boulevard. The areas there were paved and electricity was supplied.

Places for sports have appeared on the boulevard: an area with horizontal bars and rings and an area with exercise equipment. There is already a pump track and a closed bike path there, and a skate park should open in the spring.

The lights on the boulevard were replaced and 80 trees were planted: willow, birch, pine, spruce and rowan, and in addition 600 shrubs. New benches and trash cans were also installed there and the police station was transformed.

7. Zaryadye Park

The project of one of the most high-profile openings of 2017 – Zaryadye Park – was built around the phrase “natural urbanism”. Zaryadye, designed according to the plans of the High Line creators Diller Scofidio + Renfro, is both a park and an urban space, where wild nature flows into buildings, and greenery breaks through the paving, unusual for Russia, without curbs.

One of the distinctive features of the park is the landscape itself. It represents all the natural zones of Russia, each of which is present in Zaryadye in the same way that art objects are exhibited in the exhibition hall. Each zone has its own microclimate: for example, in an ice cave covered with a glass crust-dome, it is colder in summer, hotter in winter, and always more humid than outside.

The Philharmonic Hall, whose roof rhymes with the same curved glass bark canopy, will open by spring 2018. On the territory of the park there is a restaurant, an observation deck, a museum and a soaring bridge, the view from which has become a new postcard and the hero of all tourist Instagrams. According to the author of the interiors of the public areas of Zaryadye Park, Timur Bashkaev, according to the original design, the design of the floating bridge included a glass elevator for the disabled. However, it created a feeling of support, and all the "wow effect" important to the park's concept was lost. Then they decided to remove the elevator so as not to spoil the experience. According to the architect, these effects are what the city now lives for.

8. Boulevard on Rakhova Street

The task of the architects was to equip the city boulevard: to plant trees and lights in it, to include infrastructure facilities (that is, playgrounds and sports grounds, places for walking pets), to lay paths for cyclists and to replace pedestrian ones.

During the first stage of improvement, four playgrounds, table tennis and chess tables appeared on the boulevard. 195 linden trees and about 1,500 lilac, serviceberry and spirea bushes were planted on the boulevard. Pipes for automatic watering were also installed there. New lamps and benches were installed along the boulevard. Now only part of Rakhov Street is ready, but the Saratov administration plans to improve the entire street.

9. Public space of the Zarya factory

In 2014, the factory changed owners, and it was decided to create a single public space there with cafes, workshops, offices and shops focused on design and craft. For this purpose, the design studios ConcreteJungle + Skameyka architects were involved.

They were also rebuilding the area near the factory. This year, wooden platforms, slatted facades and comfortable benches were installed there. The project used “rusty” metal, concrete, and natural wood. A huge sewing machine made of plywood appeared at the entrance - an attention-grabbing element that can become a symbol of a new urban space.

Photo: Concrete Jungle

10. Public space in front of the Yeltsin Center

The new space near the Yeltsin Center is essentially a large flowerbed, completely covered with sand. However, the sand is surrounded by a pine border on a metal frame with benches, sun loungers and ramps, so you can walk inside the “sandbox”: children can make sand castles there, adults can relax nearby. According to the project, the object can be used as a stage.

Photo: Ashot Karapetian

11. Gorkinsko-Ometyevsky forest (2016-2017, 2017 – second stage)

At the end of 2016, the first stage of improvement of the Gorkinsko-Ometyevsky forest park began in Kazan. Then water supply and electricity were installed in the park, bridges were built across the ravine and a parking lot for 100 cars, and the park was decorated with glowing balls. The entrance was decorated with seven-meter arches, to the right of which there is a festival area with a stage. On the contrary, a multifunctional pavilion was built to replace the old ski base. The stands lead down from the base building: a place for fans of ski competitions in winter and a cinema with a lecture hall in summer.

By 2017, a large ecological playground appeared in the park (the authors of the project are the Leapfrog bureau), close in style and function to the forest environment. There are two levels here: the air one, passing through the treetops, and the base one, located on the ground. It is divided into subzones: the central game "core", research fields and a sensory labyrinth. A pedestrian bridge was built over a deep ravine, which now connects the forest area with Kasimov Brothers Street. Eco-friendly larch paths and illuminated ski slopes lead through the forest.

Buromoscow architects removed cars from the area, paved it with granite tiles and made the space completely pedestrian. According to the bureau's plan, the renovated square should leave a feeling of youth and romance - for this purpose a swing was installed there. In addition, there are pavilions on the square where you can drink coffee, buy newspapers or get background information. Trees have not yet been planted on Triumphalka - only signs with information about future plantings have appeared on the empty lawns.

Triumphal Square is not unique: its renovation is only part of a global trend towards changing urban spaces. The Village learned how the most interesting spaces are built in other cities around the world.

Innsbruck

Eduard Wallnöfer Square in the center of Innsbruck, Austria, is a typical example of parametric architecture. The area is devoid of sharp corners, and the concrete elements seem to flow into each other. This avant-garde form not only creates an unusual play of light and shadow throughout the day, but also has an ideological function. Previously dominated by an administrative building built during the Anschluss of Austria by Nazi Germany, the square is now freed from this historical emphasis.

Hong Kong

The city square of One Island East in Hong Kong is a small but functional space. It combined an office high-rise with a neighboring residential skyscraper. The architects divided the territory into meaningful zones: an area with swimming pools is located next to the office building and is designed for its employees, a park with cascading fountains, curved benches and lush vegetation is intended for residents of the high-rise, and large terraces can be called a common area for residents of offices and residential buildings.

Copenhagen

Superkilen Square in the center of Nørrebro, Copenhagen's most cosmopolitan district, is an example of a modern mixed-use space. In the open area, literally integrated into the surrounding urban landscape, there are benches, tables for picnics and board games, barbecue grills, a fountain, a children's playground, bicycle paths and parking lots. The peculiarity of this space is the white lines that stretch from north to south. They smoothly go around exterior objects without touching them. To avoid visual contact with vehicular traffic, the architects raised the part of the square bordering the roadway.

Bilbao

This project by the Spanish bureau JAAM is an example of how, with the help of architecture and design, urban space can be changed beyond recognition. Previously, Indauchu Square was crossed by a three-lane highway. The renewed territory has become a single pedestrian zone, conditionally divided in half: the central part is limited by a canopy made of glass and wood and is intended for public events. The external space serves as a place for quiet walks and reading. Trees are planted throughout the area in small circles of different diameters. In the first inner ring maples and liquidambaras grow, in the second - birches, and in the remaining territory - parrotia, yews, thujas and other evergreen shrubs. In the evening, the space of the square is illuminated by LED lights of different heights, shaped like tree leaves.

Aachen

The station square in Aachen has existed for more than a century. During this time, it was rebuilt and updated more than once, but the problem of complicated access to stations due to heavy traffic remained unresolved. Architects from the Hentrup Heyers bureau managed to find a way out of the situation. They turned the station area into a single space, using an elliptical shape to connect the two halves of the area, separated by a highway. The light oval surface is emphasized by contrasting basalt slabs. The design of the space is minimalist and well thought out: two 14-meter light poles at the poles of the ellipse and a stone path directed from the station to the city center help tourists find their way even in the dark. In the northern part of the square there are seating areas, trees, fountains and two wedge-shaped stops.

Istanbul

Günter Richard Wett (1), John Gollings Photography (2), Iwan Baan, Torben Eskerod, Mike Magnussen (3), Elker Azqueta (4), HH+F Architekten Hentrup Heyes + Fuhrmann (5), Olivve Wimmer (6) via archdaily.com

Yu.A. Perelygin(National Guild of City Planners)

Urban space
The urban environment is a collection of many objects that form a space and relationships within this space. The urban environment influences not only the daily behavior and attitude of citizens, but also the fundamental processes of the formation of civil society.

Development in relation to the urban environment is by no means identical to the construction of pompous buildings made of glass and concrete. A city is a complex organism that is influenced by the political and socio-economic situation. Looking at the architecture of a particular settlement, one can understand what processes took place within the framework of its economic and social life, what events were the most significant.

The solution to the issues of creating an environment optimal for living, recreation, and leisure in our country is hampered by several interrelated factors. The first of them is outdated city master plans.

An ordinary person lives on a scale of 1:1, perceives at best on a scale of 1:500, and the general plan is carried out on a scale of 1:10,000. Figuratively speaking, this is what a designer would see if he rose 3 thousand meters above the city. A city planner must think on this scale. The master plan is a very complex document that only a competent architect can work with. Unfortunately, there are not many such specialists in the country. Over the course of 20 years, we have lost our urban planning department. Therefore, accessible versions of the general plan and educational programs for city managers are needed.

We must understand that today it is the city that dictates what type of production and where to locate it. The cost of territory (not land!) plays a key role in what type of business activity can and should be located in the city space. Thus, an underground passage in the center of the capital creates more jobs than a modern assembly plant.

Agglomeration remains an underestimated phenomenon, which, according to urban planners and experts, is capable of transforming several backward cities into a modern, developed metropolis. In agglomerations, there is a special way of organizing economic activity due to the diversity of the economic component and the synergy of urban space. In the agglomeration, the sector of economic activity where liberalism dominates is maximum. Economic agents are less dependent on the arbitrariness of stronger colleagues, the arbitrariness of power at any level, and the arbitrariness of crime. A small or large city with a monostructure of the economy does not provide the freedom that can be obtained in an agglomeration, where the diversity of urban space coincides (or exceeds) the diversity of forms of entrepreneurial activity and forms of social mobility.

To develop the urban environment, among other things, it is necessary to improve legislation in the field of protecting architectural monuments and changing their status in connection with reconstruction. Federal legislation in this regard is imperfect. For example, the issue of legal registration of the transfer of architectural monuments from place to place has not yet been resolved. To obtain permission to transfer, a resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation is required. In a good way, such decisions should be made at the local level, if the monument has regional status, or in the Russian Ministry of Culture, if the monument has federal status.

Breathing new life into an old form is a difficult urban planning and architectural task. On the one hand, there must be a desire to preserve what is historically valuable, on the other hand, one cannot be so conservative as not to give the opportunity to develop something new. This legal unsettlement creates problems for many Siberian cities where the war did not reach. It is there that 100–200-year-old wooden houses, numbering in the thousands, “block” the development of the territories. But they cannot be transferred.

Irkutsk: general plan and city problems
Let's take Irkutsk as an example. In the 1939 directory, it is characterized as follows: population less than 200 thousand people, permafrost zone, high seismicity. Including nearby cities, it currently has a population of almost a million. This is the only city in Eastern Siberia with such growth rates. The outskirts and industrial zones developed, but the center remained in Irkutsk. Another thing is that over the past 70 years it has received little investment. If we fix this, then Irkutsk will catch up with the western territories.

Over the past ten years, the main sources of space development in Russian cities have been investments in commercial real estate - retail facilities, office centers, warehouse complexes, and housing. At the same time, the formation of urban areas left to business has led to the virtual exclusion of spaces for self-expression and free communication of people. The projects being implemented exploited existing public areas and did not create new ones. A shortage of comfortable zones for citizens gradually accumulated both in the central and outlying areas of the city.

The post-crisis stage of development will be characterized by the entry into the labor, real estate, and services markets of a generation of citizens born in the 1980s–2000s, who have a new system of values. The latter will have a fairly strong impact on consumer preferences. For example, in large cities, a significant part of the population is made up of students (more than 12 thousand people in Irkutsk, every fourth in Tomsk), the basis of whose life strategy is the possibility of free self-realization in creative and intellectual activities. Therefore, urban areas should provide as much space as possible for creativity and self-expression.

The city master plan must be accompanied by land use and development rules (LRU), which translate the language of territorial planning into architectural, construction or legal norms. In other words, PZZ indicate what can be done and within what limits, and what is unacceptable. In Irkutsk, PZZs have not yet been adopted, because of this, difficulties arise in the application of urban planning documents. After completing the finalization of the general plan and preparing the PZZ, the document system will work properly.

Irkutsk is still one of the cities that are losing population. Therefore, when we talk about modernizing the urban environment, we mean creating conditions from which people will not want to leave.

Presentation of the 130th quarter
An illustrative example of the implementation of a new urban planning philosophy that shapes a modern comfortable urban environment is the restoration project of the historical center of Irkutsk - the so-called 130th quarter. The idea is to create a new public space based on the architectural and historical heritage, organically complementing and developing the existing city center.

The quarter should take on the functions of a cultural center. Moreover, its evolution can become an incentive for the development of neighboring cultural objects - the Irkutsk Musical Theater, the Church of the Exaltation of the Cross, the Central Park of Culture and Culture, and the library. Undoubtedly, reconstruction of the adjacent residential buildings, the entrance area to the new Angarsky Bridge and other areas will be required. In this vein, the quarter will play the role of one of the main urban planning nodes of the city center, along with the embankment along Gagarin Boulevard, Kirov Square and the pedestrian Uritsky Street.

This is a unique project, the goal of which is to make the central part of the city, while maintaining its originality, comfortable and attractive for the population’s leisure time. The cultural and historical heritage, which will emphasize the uniqueness of the place, will include restored houses - monuments of wooden architecture, as well as the ensemble of the Church of the Exaltation of the Cross adjacent to the territory and other monuments. The key point will be the layout of the quarter, which involves the placement of a number of cultural objects. Environmental design will also help create a unified space. The quarter will feature elements of production, exhibition, and sales of products - workshops and shops.

At the present stage of development of the Russian Federation, there is a tendency for people to migrate from smaller cities to large cities, and the demographic situation is changing.In cities, it is the citizens who are the main producer of the urban economy. If municipalities do not see people as their most important asset, cities will find themselves stuck. Today, local residents generate 25 percent or more of city budget revenues in the form of personal income tax, that is, a quarter of the city budget is generated from taxes that the city receives from residents. In business, for example, if a quarter of the revenue comes from one client, then the company will do everything to please him. And our cities often treat their residents and their needs as a burden.

In the context of competition between cities for “people,” the role of public spaces as a factor in a comfortable environment is increasing.

To form an idea of ​​the potential of using public spaces as a competitive advantage for cities, it is first necessary to form an idea of ​​the meaning of this concept, its types and functions.

A unified concept of public spaces has not yet been formed. Architects pay attention to public space, geographers consider space as a whole, sociologists talk about social space, and the concepts of “public places” and “public places” are found in legal acts.

The first thing I would like to draw attention to when studying public spaces is that they occupy a certain physical territory. According to Russian experts, public (or public) spaces are an indispensable condition for the existence of a city. So, V.L. Glazychev identifies the obligatory presence of “a significant number of people (in public spaces) not engaged in production activities” as one of two signs of urban existence. If public space is empty, it means there is no center of gravity, therefore, there is no urban community, which means that we have a settlement, an agglomeration, a settlement, but not a city. Using the scientific classification: “suburban”, “city”, “non-urban” and “non-urban”, - V.L. Glazychev shows that in the “suburb” public spaces are impossible, since there is no free space and people unoccupied in production; in the “non-city” (or suburb) there is no urban community; in the “non-city” (or metropolis) there is no longer such a single community, but public spaces exist.

We can assume that public space means a certain urban area, formed due to historical, cultural, social and other characteristics, created for public use.

Examples of public spaces are areas available for use by the population: parks, squares, public gardens, pavements, embankments, sidewalks, recreation areas in shopping and business centers, playgrounds, stadiums, courtyards. In public spaces, services can be provided both on a commercial and free basis (carrying out cultural, sports, leisure, political and other events for certain groups of citizens and the population as a whole). Public spaces are created at the initiative of both the state to improve the quality of life of citizens, and at the initiative of private companies for personal interests, including to regulate the behavior of consumers, as well as the citizens themselves through their joint efforts. A characteristic feature of public space is its accessibility, that is, public spaces have such public good properties as non-rivalry and non-excludability. Non-rivalry implies that the presence of one individual in a park or on an embankment does not reduce the opportunity for another individual to also be there. Non-excludability is expressed as “the technical impossibility or prohibitively high costs of preventing additional consumers from accessing the good. Goods that possess both properties to a high degree are called pure public goods.” L.I. Jacobson distinguishes between national and local public goods: “... the difference is determined by the difference in the territorial coverage of the beneficial effect of one or another good.”

The definition of “place of public accommodation” is also ambiguous. In legal acts it is found in the International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings. According to Part 5 of Art. 1 of this Convention, "places of public accommodation" means those parts of any building, land, street, waterway or other place which is accessible or open to the public, whether permanently, periodically or from time to time, and includes any commercial, business, a cultural, historical, educational, religious, governmental, entertainment, recreational or similar facility that is thereby accessible or open to the public.

It should be noted that in Russian legislation there is no definition of the concepts “public space” and “public place”. Based on Part 1 and Part 2 of Art. 20.20 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation, public places include: children's, educational and medical organizations, all types of public transport (public transport) of urban and suburban traffic, cultural organizations, physical education and sports facilities, as well as streets, stadiums, squares, parks. Thus, according to the law in the Russian Federation, public places are organizations that provide social services to the population, transport and recreational areas, while in the international community such places include those territories and objects whose main features are their openness and accessibility to the population.

Thus, an understanding of public space is emerging as a territory, the main feature of which is its accessibility to the population, regardless of their age, nationality, race and other characteristics. This understanding explains why the definition of a place of public use by the International Convention is included in the concept of public space, but is not limited to it.

Public space is also a place of socialization, a gathering place for citizens, that is, it includes the concept of “social space”. In the work “Theoretical Foundations of the Sociology of Space” A.F. Filippov represents the position of the German sociologist Georg Simmel, according to which space is also a kind of “piece of soil” inhabited by people, filled with their interaction and practical activities that require it, and a unique, exclusive location for certain social formations. A.F. Filippov concludes that “the meaning of territory, border, stay, place is found in the practice of social life.” In other words, social interactions of citizens form certain spaces (social), but when they are tied to the territory, public spaces are formed.

Taking into account the trend of predominant growth of the urban population over the rural population, the deterioration of the environmental situation in cities, an important indicator of human life is not only the quantity, but also the quality of public spaces - places where a person can spend time, excluding the office and home.

The social significance of public spaces includes:

Balanced development of territories;

Improving health and increasing life expectancy;

Increasing the level of physical culture;

Environmental and physical safety;

Socialization.

Public space, in addition to performing social functions, is also living economic capital, which is very important for the city.

The impact of public spaces on the city budget can be characterized by the following effects:

Increasing the value of land and real estate;

Increase in rental rates for commercial real estate;

Increasing the number of enterprises in the field of trade and services;

Increasing tourist attractiveness.

Municipal budget revenues can increase due to the organization of public spaces for the following types of revenues: personal income tax, UTII, Unified Agricultural Tax, patents, property tax for individuals, land tax, income from the use of property in state and municipal ownership, income from the sale of material and intangible assets. It should be noted that this is almost the entire list of local budget revenues established by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, as well as the Budget Code of the Russian Federation.

If there is a public space, then there is also a private space. Private space has owners who pay land and property taxes. If public spaces are improved, their property values ​​increase. Therefore, residents of apartments around Central Park in New York are happy to chip in for the improvement of the park - this increases the capitalization of their real estate (Figure 1). According to analysts, the economic value of creating the High Line Park in New York (Figure 2) can be estimated in the form of an increase in rental income in neighboring properties by more than 25% . The same goes for business owners on the ground floors. Landscaped spaces create more foot traffic, they have more visitors, they generate more profit, they pay more income taxes, they hire more employees who pay their income taxes.

Figure 1. Central Park in New York

Figure 2. High Line Park in New York

According to Moscow Mayor Sergei Sobyanin, as a result of the increase in tourist flow and flow associated with event events, additional budget revenues from the implementation of the “My Street” program in 2017 amounted to about 62 billion rubles, and in 2018 they will reach the level of 80 billion rubles. At the same time, in 2015–2017, expenses for the program amounted to more than 93 billion rubles. Thus, capital expenditures that are made not for one year, but for 20 - 30 years, pay off within one year, and subsequent years provide net income to the budget (Figure 3, Figure 4).

Figure 3. Valovaya Street in Moscow before reconstruction under the “My Street” program

Figure 4. Valovaya Street in Moscow after reconstruction under the “My Street” program

Each street after reconstruction is capitalized. The cost of real estate and apartments increases in different proportions up to 20 - 30%. The number of pedestrians on these streets typically increases three to six times. The turnover of restaurants and cafes is increasing. When public spaces are reconstructed, become safe, beautiful, illuminated, cultural events begin to actively arise there: festivals, concerts, various events that further generate flow.

Rental rates on well-maintained streets in Moscow have increased by 10–50%. In addition, instead of banks and offices, public catering outlets and various services appear. At the same time, it is important to maintain the proportion of interests of tenants and landlords, since in the event of a significant increase in rent, small businesses will not be able to compete with chain and large businesses.

In addition, the concept of moving citizens has changed recently. According to recent studies, while previously the majority preferred a car, now citizens choose walking routes, bicycles or public transport.

Walkable cities have 38% higher GDP per capita than other cities, attracting more people with higher education and thus better promoting social equality. This is due to the fact that residents’ travel costs are significantly reduced and, at the same time, housing costs are offset by proximity to the most relevant jobs.

In 2016, a study was conducted in the United States, the results of which led to the conclusion that for the first time in 60 years, pedestrian spaces occupy a larger share of the market compared to transport areas. In 30 megacities, 619 pedestrian zones were assessed, which, however, represent only 1% of the total urban space. Given that the population of these 30 cities is 46% of the total US population and generates 54% of the national GDP. The study showed that the development of pedestrian urban areas contributes to the revitalization of the city's business center and more efficient urbanization of suburban areas.

Thus, creating a comfortable environment through the formation of urban public space is certainly a benefit for the municipal budget.

However, today there are a number of problems associated with the need for reconstruction and management of public spaces that hinder the achievement of a positive budgetary effect. These include:

Low level of improvement of public spaces: lighting, unsuitability for different groups of citizens - disabled people, children in strollers, athletes (cyclists, roller skaters);

The problem of safety in public spaces;

Minimum range of recreational and related services;

Lack of eventful content in public spaces;

Lack of consideration of the needs of the population and city guests;

Insufficient number of streets and squares with priority for pedestrian traffic;

Ineffective use of the recreational potential of embankments.

Unfortunately, in most cases, we have to state the fact that the local administration, not understanding the high social significance of public spaces for citizens, not seeing opportunities to replenish the budget through due attention to the quality organization and effective management of public spaces, does not consider this element of a comfortable environment as an important issue requiring a systematic approach in the organization.

One of the main reasons limiting the actions of local governments in creating and managing public spaces is the limited budget resources under the budget expenditure item “Improvement”.

At the same time, I would like to note that limited budget resources do not imply their complete absence. Of course, the share of budget expenditures in municipal budgets in this area is modest in comparison with other items of expenditure and averages about 2.5 - 3%, but having the opportunity to manage an amount of 500 - 600 million rubles, much depends on making informed, effective decisions on the part of administrative resource.

In addition, the involvement of private investors, philanthropists and city residents in the process makes it possible to compensate for the missing financial resources for the implementation of projects to create public spaces.

In New York there is Zuccotti Park (Figure 5). John Zuccotti was the legendary chairman of the New York City Planning Commission, owner of a real estate company, and developer. His company owns some of the buildings around the park and the park itself. He was often asked the question why he didn’t build this park, but spent about $8 million on its redesign. Zuccotti's argument is that if he had developed the park, the overall cash flow would have been significantly less. This “emptiness” turns out to be the most important part of his economic capital. The private space he made public shows how important landscaping is to the properties around it. And the fact that a space is private does not make it non-public. Activists of the Occupy Wall Street movement occupied Zuccotti Park, since public parks close at 11 or 12 o'clock at night, and a private park does not have such regulations.

Civil protest actions in New York City that began on September 17, 2011. The goal of the protesters is a long-term occupation of Wall Street in the financial center of New York in order to attract public attention to the “crimes of the financial elite” and call for structural changes in the economy

Figure 5. Zuccotti Park in New York

Companies “originally” from Chicago are investing in the improvement of the same parks and other public places, although the authorities do not give them the right to build an elite residential complex nearby, as is happening in Moscow. For them, this is precisely a gesture of goodwill towards their city. The most famous example is Millennium Park in downtown Chicago (Figure 6). Construction took eight years instead of the planned four, the budget exceeded the original by 3 times and reached almost 0.5 billion dollars. But the park has become a landmark not only of the city, but also of the country.

Figure 6. Millennium Park in Chicago

But there are examples when the transformation of isolated territories into public ones took place without the participation of the state or municipality. In one of the districts of Berlin, the Rotaprint factory (8300 sq. m), which produced printing machines, went bankrupt. It was located in a building - a monument of constructivism, built by the architect Klaus Kirsten in 1959–1870. This unusual structure, seemingly assembled from concrete boxes, has already been dubbed Betonbaby by the media. The abandoned factory was put up for auction in 1989, and attempts were made to sell it unsuccessfully several times. Since 2001, the factory site has been managed by a Berlin real estate fund. The object was again put up for auction in a package with other property.

And then the public came onto the scene. “We wanted to be seen as investors,” says Daniela Bram, an artist who collaborated on the factory's transformation. In 2005, she, together with other tenants, created the Ex-Rotaprint association in order to obtain a hereditary lease for the factory territory and save it from destruction (Figure 7). Typically, empty industrial spaces attract artists with low rents, then galleries and high-end stores, and then construction investors come in and turn the popular sites into luxury residential neighborhoods. In the case of Ex-Rotaprint, other potential investors were not active in the area, “which gave us time to develop an alternative (reorganization) program,” Brahm says, “our goal was to preserve the property and support arts and culture.” It was not originally intended to make a profit. Now 10,000 sq. m of factory space are developed autonomously, without government assistance, at the expense of tenants. In total, there are 11 buildings on the territory, and about 90 rental contracts have been concluded.

“Ex-Rotaprint” occupies a third of all premises; the remaining premises are divided between local public institutions and tenant companies. Tutoring classes for schoolchildren, workshops, etc. are held here. “This kind of community forms new partnerships, connections and relationships. Social capital is created here, which has important consequences for the city,” Brahm rejoices.

Figure 7. Creative cluster and social center “Ex-Rotaprint” in Berlin

Examples of mechanisms for financing projects to create public spaces and improve the urban environment in order to create comfortable conditions for citizens are presented in the table below (Table 1).

Table 1. Mechanisms for financing projects to create public spaces and improve the urban environment

There are several models for the development of projects to create public spaces:

Concession agreements;

Rent or management;

Development;

Business associations for territorial development;

City initiative.

It should be noted that regardless of who will act as the ideological inspirer, investor, or executor of local transformations in the form of the formation of public spaces, it is important to be able to rely on a formulated vision of how the city will develop. Such a vision could be, for example, a master plan together with concepts for spatial development, urban zoning or a master plan for the city.

The sequence of actions of local authorities to ensure the regulatory framework for the formation of public spaces should be as follows:

1) development, based on the master plan, of documentation on the planning of public areas;

2) inclusion of the entire set of objects in the register of municipal property;

3) development of rules for land use and development and rules for landscaping in the interconnection of cartographic materials;

4) adoption of a municipal program for the improvement of public areas;

5) consistent implementation of the program.

The man of the new millennium wants to live in an environment saturated with aesthetically valuable, truthful images. The human right to beauty and truth has not yet been written down in any constitution, but it is this right that constitutes the content of the current stage of development of society, and it is precisely this that constitutes the subject and goal of modern urban planning. At the same time, it is important to understand that the implementation of this right is not a solitary game, but a team one, that is, each participant in the process of creating a comfortable urban environment (local governments, business community, civil society) must understand, evaluate the potential benefits, and be ready to engage in dialogue , find optimal solutions and take responsibility for transforming the territory.

Bibliography

1. Glazychev V.L. Political economy of the city: a textbook. – M.: Publishing House “Delo” ANKh, 2009. – 192 p. – (Ser. “Educational Investments”).
2. Yakobson L.I. Public sector of the economy: economic theory and policy: Textbook for universities / European Commission of the EU (Tacis). – M.: State University Higher School of Economics, 2000. – 367 p.
3. International Convention for the Suppression of Terrorist Bombings (New York, December 15, 1997) (The Russian Federation ratified the Convention by Federal Law No. 19-FZ of February 13, 2001, entered into force for the Russian Federation on June 7, 2001).
4. Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses dated December 30, 2001 No. 195-FZ.
5. Abstract of the dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Science: Filippov A.F. Theoretical foundations of the sociology of space. 2003.
6. An A.L. The role of public spaces in municipalities // Issues of state and municipal management. 2012. No. 1. pp. 174 – 184.
[Electronic resource] // Official website of STRELKA magazine. (date of access: 03/12/2018).
7. Beregovskikh A.N. Formula of love for cities or the economy of beauty // Urban planning and management, environmental quality and business climate: materials of the V scientific and technical conference of the Institute of Territorial Planning "Grad" (Omsk, March 1 - 3, 2015) / ch. ed. A.N. Beregovskikh, rep. ed. G.V. Gornova. - Omsk, 2016. - 198 p.