Movie Pride and Prejudice with English subtitles. Pride and Prejudice

Nouns denote objects (animate and inanimate) and phenomena and answer the question What is this? or Who is this?- table, house, man, woman, cat, dog, love, beauty.

Semantically, all nouns can be divided into two groups - proper names ( John, London, the Thames) and common nouns ( chair, snow, peace). Common nouns, in turn, are divided into countable and uncountable. Countable nouns refer to things that can be counted. Such nouns are concrete ( book, student, box) or abstract ( idea, word, effort). Uncountable nouns are things that cannot be counted. They can also be specific ( water, grass, wood) or abstract ( information, amusement, time).

Noun number

Nouns have two numbers: singular and plural. The plural is formed by adding the ending -s -s pronounced [z] after voiced consonants and after vowels:
day - days job - jobs

boy - boys bag - bags

After voiceless consonants ending -s pronounce [s]:
student - students map - maps

clock - clocks plant - plants

Noun ending in x, ss, sh, ch, form the plural by adding the ending -es to form singular. End -es pronounce :
box - boxes bush - bushes

class - classes branch - branches

Nouns ending in singular y with a preceding consonant, form the plural by adding the ending -es, and y changes to i:

city ​​- cities family - families

factory - factories party - parties

Nouns ending in f or fe, form the plural by changing the letter f on v and adding the ending -es or -s:
leaf - leaves life - lives

knife - knives wife - wives

Some nouns form their plural by changing the root vowel or adding an ending:
man - men child - children

tooth - teeth ox - oxen

Important! Nouns advice- advice, tips, information- information, messages, progress- success, success, knowledge- knowledge, knowledge, money- money, hair- hair is used only in the singular. Noun news- news, news is used with a singular meaning, although it has a plural form.

Noun case

The noun in English has two cases:

1. General case (the Common Case), without endings: a table, a boy

2. Possessive case (the Possessive Case), which is formed by adding the ending 's in the singular: boy's books, and adding one apostrophe in the plural: students' books.

The possessive case is used:

– With animate nouns: children's names, cat's tail, Paul's songs.

– With names of countries, cities: America's universities, London's newspapers.

- With the words: sun, moon, earth, world, life, nature, country, ship, boat.

– With expressions and adverbs of time: a month’s holiday, five minutes’ break, yesterday’s newspapers, today’s news.

– With distance and cost expressions: a mile’s distance, sixty meters’ run, a dollar’s ​​worth, twenty cents’ newspaper.

Forming nouns using affixation

Affixation is a way of forming new nouns by adding suffixes or prefixes.

1. Suffixes:

-er, -or, -ist, -ian indicate activities: writer, actor, typist, librarian

-ism, -age denote the predominance of one property or characteristic in a noun: patriotism, dosage

-ship, -hood means the state: friendship, childhood

-ment, -ation, -ition, -ion indicate a result or action: development, hesitation, competition, confession

-ness stands for abstract nouns formed from adjectives: happiness, silliness, blindness

-ure denotes processes or specific functions: departure, closure, parliament

-ance, -ence denote an action or state: assistance, confidence

2. Prefixes:

un-, in-, im-, dis- carry a semantic load opposite to the meaning of the main root: unhappiness, inefficiency, imbalance, disagreement.

A noun is a separate and independent part of speech, one of the fundamentally important ones in the English language. Has a spatial morphology. Used to name things, living beings, locations, materials, processes, states and qualities - in a word, anything. Nouns in English have their own classification

Noun in English.

The rules for forming nouns in English state that nouns can be simple, derived and compound. Let's figure out what the difference is between them.

If a noun has one root, we classify it as a simple noun.
Wall, dream, cat

Derived nouns are formed when prefixes or suffixes are added to the root
hatred, driver, wilderness

Compound nouns contain at least two roots
Batman, mother-in-law

Classification of nouns in English

As in any other language, in English nouns express proper names (assigned to a specific character, nationality, day of the week, etc.) and common nouns - that is, general ones.

Thus, proper names are assigned to an object that is either one of a kind or stands out from the general class.

• Place names, nationalities and languages ​​(Finnish, Deutch, American)
• personal names and nicknames of animals (Anna, George, Fluttershy)
• names of months and days of the week (Tuesday, October)
• names of celestial bodies (Venus, Uranus)
• names of ships, hotels, clubs (“Titanic”)
• names of holidays (Christmas, Halloween)
• names of buildings, streets, parks, bridges (Tower Bridge)
• institutions, organizations, printed publications (North Atlantic Treaty Organization, the Times)

Proper names in English are written with a capital letter.

Now let's move on to common nouns. They are general names for all items of the same category, of which there can be many.

Boy, chair, planet. Yes, boy – a common noun and Jack – own. Planet is a common noun, Mars is a proper noun. A common noun helps to define the subject in general terms, while a proper noun helps to give some specificity and certainty.

Common nouns can be countable or uncountable. Countable Nouns (countable names) can be counted and put into plural form– three guns, eight cats, one hundred cookies. That is, they have numbers of nouns in English. Uncountable names have one the only form– single or multiple. Let's take trousers for example. We don’t say “One pants” - that would be absurd. In the same way there are “two Communisms” (Two Communisms), since there is always one Communism. We also include the name of materials (Iron, Wood) as uncountable.

Collective common nouns always have the singular form, but at the same time imply a group of persons or things.

Flock, crowd, team

However, not everything is so simple. In some cases, the same words can be both countable and uncountable.

This chair is msde of wood - this chair is made of wood.
I’m lost somewhere in the woods - I’m lost somewhere in the woods.

Noun(Noun) is a part of speech that denotes, names an object, person or phenomenon and answers questions “ Who? or " What?».

Nouns combined with articles ( a, an or the) depending on the rules of their use. They help distinguish verbs or other parts of speech from nouns in words that have more than one meaning. Articles may also be absent; in this case, you can understand which part of speech the word belongs to from the word order in the sentence.

• I see a dog.- I see a dog.
• The dog is big.- This dog is big.
• Dogs are cute.- Dogs are cute.

• Let's count once again.(verb) - Let's count again.
• I have lost count.(noun) – I lost count.

Types of nouns by education

According to their structure and formation, nouns of the English language are divided into simple, derivatives And compound nouns. Also, all nouns are divided into common nouns And proper names.

Simple nouns(Simple Nouns) consist of a single root and have no suffixes or prefixes. These are often monosyllabic words (consisting of one syllable).

• man – man, person
• house - house
• star - star
• love - love

Derived nouns(Derivative Nouns) consist of a root with the addition of suffixes or prefixes.

• brother hood– brotherhood
• engin eer- engineer
• actr ess– actress
• immortality– immortality

Compound nouns(Compound Nouns) are formed from two or more words or word roots. They can be formed using a combination of not only some nouns, but also other parts of speech (adjectives, verbs, prepositions).

Common nouns

Common nouns(Common Names) indicate common names objects, matters, persons and concepts, their categories and groups.

• human - person
• feeling – feeling, feeling
• animal - animal
• love - love
• father - father
• bus - bus

Proper names

Proper names(Proper Names) are nouns that indicate unique, individual objects, persons, concepts. Proper names are always written with capital letters. Can be used with the definite article the or without it.

These include: personal names, geographical names, nationalities and languages, names of streets, squares, organizations and enterprises, magazines, names of celestial bodies, names of days of the week and months, names of holidays.

Personal names, pseudonyms, nicknames of people, names of animals.

• Peter Johnson - Peter Johnson (name)
• Dwayne The Rock - Dwayne the Rock (name and pseudonym)
• Iron Arny – Iron Arnie (pseudonym)
• Butch – Butch (dog name)
• Scarlett the cat – cat Scarlett (cat's nickname)
• Boo the rat - rat Boo (nickname of the rat)

Geographical names(mountains, deserts, rivers, oceans, countries, cities and others).

Nationalities and languages.

• English – English language
• Spanish - Spaniard
• the French - the French

Street names, squares, parks, bridges, buildings, hotels, museums, ships.

Names of organizations, institutions, firms, companies, newspapers, magazines.

• World Wildlife Fund – World Fund wildlife
• United Nations - United Nations Organization
• McDonald's - McDonald's
• The New York Times Magazine - New York Times magazine
• The Washington Post - Washington Post newspaper

Names of celestial bodies.

• the Sun – Sun (star)
• the Earth – Earth (planet)
• Mars - Mars
• Alpha Centauri – Alpha Centauri

Names of days of the week, months.

• Monday - Monday
• Sunday - Sunday
• August - August
• January – January

Names of holidays and significant events.

• Christmas - Christmas
• New Year- New Year
• Birthday - Birthday
• Mother's Day - Mother's Day
• Independence Day - Independence Day

Number of nouns

Countable nouns

Countable nouns(Countable Nouns) indicate animate And inanimate objects, as well as concepts that can be counted. These nouns have the form plural, which in most cases is formed by adding the ending -s, if this noun does not have an irregular plural form (Irregular plural nouns).

Countable nouns are divided into specific(concrete) - real objects, living beings, and abstract(abstract) - abstractions, concepts, feelings.

Uncountable nouns

Uncountable nouns(Uncountable Nouns) cannot be counted and do not have a plural form. They are divided into abstract(abstract nouns) uncountable concepts and real(material nouns): names of materials, liquids, substances.

Sometimes uncountable nouns depending on their meaning can take the form plural. In the plural they indicate various types items, or the number of containers for them.

• Coffee makes me alive every morning.– Coffee revives me every morning (coffee as a liquid)
• Two coffees, please!- Two coffees, please! (2 cups of coffee)

• Iron is a type of metal.– Iron is a type of metal.
• All my irons are broken. I have to buy a new one.- All my irons are broken. I need to buy a new one.

Collective nouns

Collective nouns(Collective Nouns) indicate groups, collections of animate and inanimate objects. Often collective nouns refer specifically to groups of people and animals.

• family - family
• class - class
• crowd - crowd
• set - set

Depending on the context, collective nouns can be used in sentences as either singular or plural nouns.

Singular indicates that a group of objects or persons act as one. Plural indicates that members, participants of a certain group, meeting act separately from each other.

• Every week this class has a math test.– Every week this class writes a math test (all students in the class together)
• After every test the class start to chat with each other or do their hometasks.– After each test, the class starts talking to each other or doing homework. (class students act separately)

• The committee adopts this decision with a solid vote.– The committee unanimously makes this decision.
• It is hard to adopt any decision because the committee constantly argues about something.– It is difficult to make any decision, since the committee members are constantly arguing about something.

Gender of nouns

Gender of nouns indicates that the noun is masculine or female. In English, it is not always possible to determine gender by the ending of a word, as in Russian. Moreover, only nouns that refer to animate objects people may differ by gender (male and female). All other nouns belong to the neutral gender ( it).

He, She

Among animate objects there are masculine(masculine gender), feminine(feminine gender) and common gender(common gender).

TO masculine also included inanimate nouns, which in culture are associated with masculinity, strength, power, influence, etc. Despite the fact that these nouns inanimate and are generally denoted by the pronoun it, in literature and in speech they are often personified and animated, so in a certain context they can express the masculine gender.

• sun – sun
• time - time
• death - death
• summer - summer

• The the sun was so scorching that it seemed he wanted to burn everything.– The sun was so scorching that it seemed like it wanted to burn everything.
• Time is cruel. He never waits.- Time is cruel. It never waits.

On feminine nouns are sometimes indicated by special suffixes (- ine, -ess), which are added to the root of the word. Part of a word can also be replaced with the corresponding feminine gender.

• actor → actor ess
• hero → hero ine
• land lord → landlady
• man servant → maid servant

TO feminine do not include animate objects and concepts (denoted by the pronoun it), which are animated by the speaker and are culturally associated with feminine, beauty, grace, kindness.

• moon - moon
• earth – earth
• spring - spring
• charity - charity

• When spring comes, she brings new life.– When spring comes, it brings new life.
• The Earth is our mother so we must take care of her.– The earth is our mother, so we must take care of it.

Sometimes feminine acquire nouns denoting a car, ship, boat or country. The feminine gender is used to emphasize that the speaker is familiar with the subject.

• This is mine car. She is the best for me.- This is my car. She is the best for me.
• Germany is cool. She cares for her residents.- Germany is great. It (the country) takes care of its inhabitants.

TO common family These are nouns of animate objects that are gender neutral, that is, they can be either masculine or feminine depending on the context. Often these are names of professions, type of activity.

• a baby – baby, baby, child
• a doctor - doctor
• a teacher – teacher, teacher
• friend - friend, girlfriend

• We have a new teacher Her name is Mariam Johnson.- With us new teacher. Her name is Mariam Johnson. (female teacher)
• Our teacher is strict. He always scolds us.– Our teacher is strict. He always scolds us. (male teacher)

It

All inanimate objects, concepts, phenomena, as well as animals and collective nouns refer to neutral neuter(neutral gender). The pronoun corresponds to them it.

Nouns, pointing to animals, may differ by gender (male and female), if it is necessary to emphasize the gender of the animal. In this case pronouns can be used he or she instead of it, or special names for these animals.

• I bought a rat yesterday. I called her Boo.– I bought a rat yesterday. I named her Boo
• My dog is pretty old. He is 15 years old.– My dog ​​is quite old. He is 15 years old.

Number of nouns

Nouns have two numbers - the only and.

Noun cases

Nouns have two cases - general and possessive.

In English there is general And possessive cases. Nouns in general case have no special endings. Nouns in the possessive case denote the belonging of an object or its relationship to another object and are formed by adding an ending to them -"s.

• Monica's letter — Monica's letter
• His friend's wife - My friend's wife
• The program's success — Program success

Gender of nouns

The gender of nouns in English is determined not by the form of the word, but by its meaning.

Method of word formation

According to the method of word formation, nouns in English are divided into simple And derivatives. Simple names nouns have neither prefixes nor suffixes. Derived nouns have either prefixes or suffixes, or both. Also found composite nouns that are formed from two words that make up one concept.

Using nouns in a sentence

In most cases, nouns in English are accompanied by determiners. The most common determiners include the indefinite and definite articles.

• The director has just come - The director has just come.

There are also other determiners in English:

• my - mine
• his - his
• her - her
• its - his, her
• our - ours
• your - yours
• their - theirs

Possessive pronouns are sometimes translated into Russian by pronouns yours, yours:

• I gave him my dictonary - I gave him my dictionary.

Nouns can be used in a sentence in the function:

subject:

• The train leaves at six o"clock. The train leaves at six o'clock.

the nominal part of a compound predicate:

additions:

definitions:

circumstances:

Classification of nouns

Nouns(Noun) is a part of speech that denotes an object and answers the questions: who is this? what is this? (who is this? what is this?).

• Subject
• Nominal part of a compound predicate
• Add-ons
• Definitions
• Circumstances

According to the method of word formation

Noun case

Gender of nouns

It is determined not by the form of the word, but by its meaning. Nouns denoting animate objects are either masculine or feminine, depending on the gender they denote. Nouns denoting inanimate objects are neuter.