Phonetic law of deafening consonants. Stunning of voiced consonants What are sounds illustrating stunning

2.16. Combinations of consonants 1. A double consonant is pronounced at the junction of a prefix and a root or a root and a suffix, if between two vowels there are two identical consonants or two consonants that differ only in voicedness/voicelessness. Pronunciation of double consonant

4. Features of reading consonants

Country of voiceless consonants

Country of deaf consonants What is the CPSU? Voiceless consonants. Every joke has some humor in it. The same communists, dispersed in different parties, commit lawlessness, plunder the country, rob its people. I didn’t come up with this, these are quotes from election speeches by deputies

Publicity of voiceless consonants

Publicity of voiceless consonants Some facts. President Putin said before the elections that the main feature of the President is decency. A couple of months after the elections, he divorced his wife Lyudmila, leaving the old woman to live out her old age in loneliness and melancholy, saying when

Once upon a time, during Russian language lessons at school, back in the lower grades, we all diligently articulated under the watchful guidance of the teacher: we rounded or pursed our lips, put our tongues to the roof of our mouths or pushed our teeth with them... We learned various sounds. And then they explained to us other rules from the phonetics section. We have grown up and forgotten the rules. Who remembers now examples of voicing of consonants and how it generally happens?

What is phonetics

The word "phonetics" comes from the Greek "sound". This is the name of one of the sections of the language that studies sounds, their structure, as well as intonation, stress and syllables. It is important to distinguish sounds from letters - there are more than a hundred of the former, and, as is known, there are thirty-three of the latter in the Russian alphabet. The study of phonetics includes two sides: articulatory (how sounds are formed) and acoustic (the physical characteristics of each sound).

Phonetics sections

The discipline consists of five parts:

1. Phonetics - studies, as already said, the sounds themselves and their signs.
2. Phonology - studies phonemes. A phoneme is the minimum sound unit that allows one to distinguish one word from another (for example, in the words “meadow” and “onion” the phonemes “g” and “k” help to understand the difference between them).
3. Orthoepy - studies pronunciation, including the norms of correct literary pronunciation.
4. Graphics - explores the relationship between letters and sounds.
5. Spelling - studies spelling.

Basic concepts of phonetics of the Russian language

The most important thing in this discipline is sounds. They do not have any meaning (unlike whole words), but they help to distinguish different words and word forms from each other: sang - drank, house - house - home, and so on. On paper, sounds are used to indicate this is called transcription.

There are only ten sounds. They are easier to pronounce than consonants: air easily penetrates through the mouth. Vowels can be stretched, shouted, sung. When artists sing, they draw exactly these sounds. It is their number that determines how many syllables there are in a word. And there are words consisting exclusively of vowels (for example, conjunctions or prepositions).

There are 21 consonants; when pronouncing them, the air encounters an obstacle: either in the form of a gap or in the form of a closure. These are two ways of forming consonants. The gap is formed when the tongue approaches the teeth. This is how the sounds “s”, “z”, “zh”, “sh” are pronounced. These are noisy sounds, they make a hissing or whistling sound. The second way is when the lips are closed. You can’t stretch out such sounds; they are sharp and short. These are “p”, “b”, “g”, “k” and others. But they are very noticeable.

Just as in terms of hardness and softness, consonants can be paired in terms of voicedness and deafness. It is easy to distinguish them: voiced ones are pronounced loudly, unvoiced ones are pronounced dully. These are pairs such as “b” - voiced, and “p” - unvoiced; “d” is voiced, and “t” is unvoiced. There are six such combinations in total. There are, in addition, five consonants that are missing a pair. They always remain loud. These are “l”, “m”, “n”, “r” and “y”.

When formed into various words and phrases, sounds acquire many properties. Such, for example, as voicing and deafening of consonants. How does it happen?

Voicing consonants: examples

The five letters above (th, l, m, n, p) do not have this property. It is very important to remember this! Voicing of a consonant can only occur if the sound is paired.

A voiceless consonant can become voiced by pairing in some cases. The main condition is that it must be located immediately before the ringing sound (precisely before, not after!).

So, voicing of a voiceless consonant occurs at the junction of morphemes. A morpheme is a part of a word (there is a root, a prefix, a suffix, an ending; there are also postfixes and prefixes, but they are not so important). Thus, at the junction of a prefix and a root or a root and a suffix, the process of voicing is possible. This does not happen between a suffix and an ending, since the ending usually consists of vowel sounds. Examples of voicing of consonants in this case are the following: transaction (“s” is a prefix, a dull sound, the root of “delo” begins with a voiced “d”, so assimilation occurs, that is, assimilation. We pronounce this word out loud as “deal”), mowing (the root “kos” ends with a dull sound “s” - the soft sign is not taken into account, it is followed by a voiced suffix “b” - assimilation occurs again, and the word is pronounced as “goat”) and so on.

Words with voicing of consonants are also found at the junction of an independent word and a particle (particles are function words: same, would, not, nor, whether, and so on). At least (pronounced out loud “walk”), as if (pronounced “kagby”) and other combinations - these are all cases of voicing.

Finally, examples of voicing of consonants can be situations when the necessary sounds are at the junction of an independent word and a preposition (a preposition is an auxiliary part of speech, it helps to connect words into sentences: in, to, with, under, on, and others): to the bathhouse (we pronounce “gbane”), from home (we say “oddoma”) and so on.

Stunning consonants: examples

As with voicing, deafening occurs only in the presence of paired sounds. In such a situation, the voiced consonant should come before the voiceless one.

This usually happens at the end of a word if it ends in a consonant: bread (“bread”), honey (“meth”), bring a lot of chairs (“stulyef”), and so on. Deafening also occurs if in the middle of a word (as a rule, this is a combination of a root and a suffix) the combination “voiced plus unvoiced” occurs. For example: stew (“bread” is a root, ends in a voiced “b”, “k” is a voiceless suffix, at the end we pronounce the word “chowder”), a fairy tale (the root “kaz” ends in a voiced “z”, “k” - a voiceless suffix, the sum we get is “skask”).

The third option, when a sound occurs, is also at the junction of a word and a preposition: under the ceiling (potpotelok), above you (nattoboy) and others. This property of the Russian language is especially difficult for schoolchildren who use the “we hear so we write” method.

What about others?

The most widespread language in the world - English - has its own phonetics, like any other language. The following distinguishes British phonetics from Russian phonetics:

1. In Russia, vowels are not divided into long and short, but in England they are.
2. Consonants in English are always pronounced firmly, but in Russian they can be softened.
3. English consonants are never devoiced because it can change the meaning of the whole word.

It doesn’t matter whether you are a schoolchild or an adult, but if you live in Russia, you must be able to correctly express your thoughts and know the peculiarities of your native language. After all, our language is our wealth!

Consonants are voiced and voiceless. Stunning and voicing of consonants

According to their sound and method of formation, consonant sounds are divided in Russian into voiced and voiceless.

Voiced consonants are formed with the participation of the vocal cords and consist of voice and noise. Voiceless consonants are formed without the participation of the vocal cords and consist only of noise.

Most consonants form voiceless/voiced pairs. Table:

Some consonants do not form voiced/voiceless pairs (they are, so to speak, “only voiced” or “only voiceless”).

Unpaired voiceless consonants: [x], [x’], [ts], [ch’], [sch’].

Unpaired voiced consonants: [й’], [l], [l’], [m], [m’], [n], [n’], [р], [р’].

In the flow of speech, in certain positions, paired voiced consonants change to voiceless (voiced), and paired voiceless consonants change to voiced (voiced).

Voiced consonants are devoiced in two positions:

1. At the end of the word:

Bread - [hl'ep].

(Many) flowers - [tsv’itof].

2. Before a voiceless consonant:

Claws - [kokt’i].

Spoon - [loshka].

Under the floor - [patpolam].

Voiceless consonants are voiced in position before paired voiced ones:

Request - [pros’ba].

Lights out - [adboy"].

With a friend - [to friends].

Consonants are soft and hard. Softening hard consonants

According to their sound and method of formation, consonant sounds in the Russian language are divided into hard and soft.

Soft consonants are formed with the participation of the middle part of the tongue and have a special, “soft” sound. Hard consonants are formed without the participation of the middle part of the tongue and have a “hard” sound.

Most consonants form hard/soft pairs.

Some consonants do not form hard/soft pairs (they are, so to speak, “only hard” or “only soft”).

Unpaired hard consonants: [zh], [sh], [ts].

Unpaired soft consonants: [th’], [h’], [sch’].

Hard consonants cannot be combined with the vowel sound [i] that follows them; soft consonants cannot be combined with the vowel sound [s] that follows them.

Man - [man] (here after the hard [zh] it sounds [s]).

Taught - [uch’il] (here after the soft [ch’] it sounds [i]).

In some cases, paired hard consonants are softened in the flow of speech.

Hard [n] can change to soft [n’] in combinations [n’ch’], [n’sch’].

Pancake - pancake [bl'in'ch'ik].

Change - changer [sm'en'sh'ik].

Hard [d], [t], [z], [s], [n] can soften before soft [d’], [t’], [z’], [s’], [n’].

Whistle - whistle [s’t’]net.

Forest - le[s"n"]ik.

The treasury is in the treasury.

Bow - ba[n"t"]ik.

India - I[n"d"]iya.

Similarity of consonants in sound and pronunciation, loss of consonants in difficult-to-pronounce combinations

In addition to softening, voicing and deafening in the flow of speech, consonant sounds undergo other changes in certain positions. Let's note some of them.

The sounds [z], [s], [d], [t] before the consonants [zh], [sh], [h"], [sch"] are similar to them in sound and pronunciation.

Sew - [shshyt’].

Kindle - [razzhech’].

Account - [sh’sh’ot].

He became generous - he became generous.

Clean up - [pach’ch’is’t’it’].

With a beetle - [buzz].

Made from wool - [ishshers "t"i].

In the verbs na -tsya and -tsya, the sounds [t’] and [s’], mutually similar in pronunciation, coincide in the double sound [ts].

To tear - [vazza].

Suitable - [gad’izza].

In the combination of TSC, the sounds [t] and [s], mutually similar in pronunciation, coincide in the sound [ts].

Arbatsky - [arbatskiy"].

Pirate - [p’iratsk’].

When a combination of consonant sounds is difficult to pronounce, one of them may be dropped.

Imperious - imperious.

Heart - s[rts]e.

Late - late.

The sun is so[nt]e.

Envious - envious.

Feeling - feeling.

Six hundred - she[ss]ot.

Dutch - goll[ns]ky.

Vowels are stressed and unstressed. Reduction of unstressed vowels

According to the characteristics of pronunciation, duration and strength of sound, vowel sounds are divided into stressed and unstressed.

Stressed vowels in Russian have a significantly longer duration and sound strength than unstressed vowels. Stressed vowels are characterized by clearer pronunciation than unstressed vowels.

Stressed vowels form stressed syllables in speech, unstressed vowels - unstressed syllables.

In an unstressed position, vowels are pronounced less clearly and sound for less duration (i.e., they are reduced).

Vowels [и], [ы], [у] without stress generally retain their sound.

Saw - [p’ila].

Smoke - [smoke].

Hand - [hand].

Vowels [o], [e], [a] without stress change the quality of their sound.

After hard consonants, unstressed [o] and [a] coincide in a short vowel sound, close but not identical to [a] (in the school phonetics course there is no special symbol for this sound; the symbol [a] is used).

Chapter - [chapter].

Words - [glory].

After soft consonants, unstressed [e] and [a] coincide in a short vowel sound, close but not identical to [i] (in the school phonetics course there is no special icon for this sound; the symbol [i] is used).

Deeds - [d'ila].

Pyatak - [p’itak].

The dual role of the letters E, E, Yu, I in Russian graphics

Letters e, yo, yu, I play a double role in Russian graphics.

Letters e, yo, yu, I denote two sounds at once if they are at the beginning of a word, either after the separating b and b, or after a vowel sound: [y'e], [y'o], [y'u], [y'a].

There is - [y'es"t"] (letter e denotes two sounds at the beginning of a word).

Will shed - [pral "y"ot] (letter e denotes two sounds after b).

Comfort - [uy’ut] (letter Yu denotes two sounds after a vowel).

The letters e, e, yu, i, standing after soft consonants, denote only the vowel sounds [e], [o], [u], [a] and the softness of the previous consonant.

Forest - [l’es].

Honey - [m’ot].

Luke - [l’uk].

Row - [r’at].

What is sound? This is the minimum component of human speech. Depicted in letters. In written form, sounds are distinguished from letters by the presence of square brackets at the first, which are used in phonetic transcription. The letter is o, the sound is [o]. The transcription shows differences in spelling and pronunciation. Apostrophe [ ‘ ] indicates soft pronunciation.

In contact with

The sounds are divided into:

• Vowels. They can be pulled easily. During their creation, the tongue does not take an active part, being fixed in one position. The sound is created due to changes in the position of the tongue, lips, various vibrations of the vocal cords and the force of air supply. Length of vowels – basis of vocal art(chanting, “singing smooth”).
• Consonant sounds a are pronounced with the participation of the tongue, which, occupying a certain position and shape, creates an obstacle to the movement of air from the lungs. This leads to noise in the oral cavity. At the output they are converted into sound. Also, the free passage of air is hampered by the lips, which close and open during speech.

Consonants are divided into:

• voiceless and voiced. Deafness and sonority of sound depend on the functioning of the speech apparatus;
• hard and soft. The sound is determined by the position of the letter in the word.

Letters representing consonants

Deaf

Voiceless in Russian: [k], [p], [s], [t], [f], [x], [ts], [sh]. The easiest way to remember is a phrase, and not a set of letters, “Styopka, do you want a cheek? Fi!” containing them all.

An example in which all consonant sounds are unvoiced: rooster, honeycomb, pin.

Voiced

When they are formed, the shape of the tongue is close to the form that produces voiceless sounds, but vibrations are added. Voiced consonant sounds create active vibrations of the ligaments. Vibrations deform the sound wave, and not a pure stream of air enters the oral cavity, but sound. Subsequently, it is further transformed by the tongue and lips.

Voiced consonants include: b, c, g, d, g, z, j, l, m, n, r.

When they are pronounced, tension is clearly felt in the larynx area. In addition, it is almost impossible to speak them clearly in a whisper.

A word in which all consonants are voiced: Rome, pride, ash, estuary.

Summary table of consonants (voiceless and voiced).

It is due to the change in sound that Russian speech is enriched with various words that are similar in spelling and pronunciation, but completely different in meaning. For example: house - volume, court - itch, code - year.

Paired consonants

What does pairing mean? Two letters that are similar in sound and, when pronounced, take similar positions with the tongue, are called paired consonants. The pronunciation of consonants can be divided into one-stage (lips and tongues are involved in their creation) and two-stage - the ligaments are connected first, then the mouth. Those cases when, during pronunciation, mouth movements coincide and create pairs.

Summary table of paired consonants taking into account hardness and softness

In speech, it is common not to pronounce each letter, but to “eat” it. This is not an exception only for Russian speech. This is found in almost all languages ​​of the world and is especially noticeable in English. In Russian, this effect is subject to the rule: paired consonant sounds replace (auditory) each other during speech. For example: love – [l’ u b o f’].

But not everyone has their own pair. There are some that are not similar in pronunciation to any others - these are unpaired consonants. The reproduction technique differs from the pronunciation of other sounds and combines them into groups.

Paired consonants

Unpaired consonants

The first group can be pronounced softly. The second has no analogues in pronunciation.

Unpaired consonants are divided into:

• sonors – [y’], [l], [l’], [m], [m’], [n], [n’], [r], [r’]. When they are pronounced, a stream of air hits the upper sky, like a dome;
• hissing – [x], [x’], [ts], [h’], [sch’].

The Russian language contains letters that are difficult to understand in context. Are the sounds [ch], [th], [ts], [n] voiced or unvoiced? Learn these 4 letters!

Important![h] - deaf! [th] - sonorous! [ts] is deaf! [n] – sonorous!

Unpaired consonants

Hard and soft

They are the same in spelling, but different in sound. Voiceless and voiced consonants, with the exception of hissing ones, can be pronounced hard or soft. For example: [b] was – [b`] beat; [t] current – ​​[t`] flowed.

When pronouncing hard words, the tip of the tongue is pressed against the palate. Soft ones are formed by pressing to the upper palate of the middle part of the tongue.

In speech, the sound is determined by the letter following the consonant.

Vowels form pairs: a-ya, u-yu, e-e, y-i, o-yo.

Double vowels (I, ё, yu, e) are pronounced in one of two combinations: the sound [th] and a paired vowel from E, O, U, A, or a soft sign and a paired vowel. For example, the word cabin boy. It is pronounced [y] [y] [n] [g] [a]. Or the word mint. It is pronounced as: [m’] [a] [t] [a]. The vowels A, O, U, E, Y do not have a double sound, therefore do not affect the pronunciation of the preceding consonant.

Example difference:

A spoon is a hatch, honey is a sea, a house is a woodpecker.

Phonetic transcription:

[Spoon] – [L’ u k], [m’ o d] – [m o r’ e], [house] – [d’ a t e l].

Pronunciation rules:

• solid ones are pronounced before A, O, U, E, Y. Abscess, side, beech, Bentley, former;
• soft ones are pronounced before Ya, Yo, Yu, E, I. Revenge, honey, whale, mashed potatoes, mint;
• hard ones are pronounced if they are followed by another consonant: death. After the consonant [s] there is a consonant [m]. Regardless of whether the M is soft, voiced or hard, the S is pronounced firmly;
• hard ones are pronounced if the letter comes last in the word: class, house;
• Consonants before the vowel [e] in borrowed words are pronounced firmly, as before [e]. For example: muffler – [k] [a] [w] [n] [e];
• always soft before b: elk, pulp.
• exceptions to the rules:
  • always solid F, W, C: life, thorns, cyanide;
  • always soft Y, H, Sh: white, black, pike.

Attention! A voiceless letter does not always represent the same sound. It depends on the position in the word.

Hard and soft sounds

Stun

The Russian language has a concept of stunning - some voiced ones sound like deaf ones consonant sounds from a pair.

This is not a speech defect, but, on the contrary, is considered a criterion for its purity and correctness. But this rule only works with paired consonants. For example, [g] in speech is often replaced by [x]. This refers to a defect, since [g], which is close to [x], is considered a distinctive feature of the Ukrainian language. Its use in Russian speech is incorrect. The exception is the word God.

Rules and examples:

• the letter is the last in the word: tooth - [zup], ice hole - [p r o r u p’];
• after the letter there is a voiceless consonant: russula - [raw cheese].

There is a reverse process - voicing. Means that in speech voiceless ones are pronounced as their counterparts to voiced ones. Voicing is justified when they come before voiced consonants: transaction - [z d' e l k a].

Consonants, voiced and voiceless, hard and soft

Consonant sounds are voiced and unvoiced. Russian language lesson in 5th grade

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