Phraseological units of the Russian language. Sources of phraseological units

Based on their origin, phraseological units are divided into two layers - native Russian and borrowed. A significant part of the phraseological system consists of native Russian phrases, which, according to the time of appearance in the language, are divided into common Slavic, East Slavic and Russian proper. So, for example, the following phrases were inherited from the common Slavic language: naked as a falcon, burn to the ground, nod off, take alive, neither fish nor fowl, hang your nose, hang dogs, etc. East Slavic phrases are the type without a king in the head, deaf grouse, sharpen balusters, pound water in a mortar. However, most of the phrases originated in the Russian language and constitute the actual Russian phraseology: keeping your mouth shut, with your nose hanging out, your tongue hanging out, your mouth full of trouble, etc.

Borrowed phrases are those that came into the language already in a ready-made form and are used without translation. For example, volens-nolens - “willy-nilly”, alma mater - lit. “nursing mother” (about the university); tet-a-tet - “face to face, one on one”, idee fixe “obsession”, o tempora, o mores “about times, about people”, etc. Many borrowed stable combinations are used both in the original and translated: Finis coronat opus (lat.) - the end - the crown of the matter; Mens sana in corpore sano (lat.) - a healthy mind in a healthy body; Repetitio est mater studiorum (Latin) - repetition is the mother of learning. Among the borrowed phraseological units, a large group is represented by Old Church Slavonicisms, which in many ways have already become Russified - pitch darkness, the coming sleep, for God's sake, a mortal sin.

Some phrases have retained characteristic features, outdated words and grammatical norms, but, nevertheless, are quite common: you seek and you will find, the poor in spirit, the holy of holies, the voice of one crying in the wilderness, the fiend of hell, etc. The Russian language widely uses phraseological units borrowed from different languages. It is necessary to distinguish from borrowed phraseological units such phraseological units that arose on the basis of borrowing images from biblical stories, legends and myths, and not phrases: a wolf in sheep's clothing, Babylonian pandemonium, building chickens (castles) on the sand, etc.

Despite the apparent originality of individual units, their formation is based on certain patterns, models and samples. Features of the formation of phraseological units are associated with the type of material on the basis of which they are created. Thus, many phraseological unities arise in the language as a result of a metaphorical rethinking of free phrases (white flies, the pot is not boiling, go with the flow, rummage through dirty laundry, etc.) or on the basis of words with phraseologically related meaning (heart-rending cry, red maiden, bitter frost , sudden death). The source for phraseology can be the colloquial speech of artisans, representatives of certain professions: get on a hook (fishermen), on one last (shoemakers), a teaspoon per hour (medics), a second wind (athletes), without a hitch (carpenter), both in the tail and mane (drivers), etc.

Often the origin of phraseological units is associated with historical events, religious and superstitious ideas: Mamai has passed, the Kazan orphan, washing the bones, guessing on the coffee grounds, Kolomna milepost, shouting at the top of Ivanovo, putting in a long box. The sources of Russian phraseology are popular words and expressions - proverbs, sayings. The sources were also fairy tales of the Russian people, passed down from generation to generation. For example, a shot sparrow, without a king in its head, a lip is not a fool, hunger is not an aunt, arose on the basis of the proverbs You will spend a shot (old) sparrow on the chaff; Your mind is the king in your head, Your lip is not a fool - your tongue is not a shovel, Hunger is not an aunt who will slip you a pie.

A separate group consists of words and expressions, the source for which was the artistic works of Russian poets and writers: And the casket simply opened; For the powerful, the powerless is always to blame; And Vaska listens and eats; Trishkin caftan and others (from the fables of V.A. Krylov); I would be glad to serve, but being served is sickening; The legend is fresh, but hard to believe (from the comedy by A. Griboedov); All ages are submissive to love, a star of captivating happiness, a genius of pure beauty (From the works of A.S. Pushkin). The group of phraseological units of original Russian origin includes aphorisms of great people: Delay is like death (Peter the Great), They fight not with numbers, but with skill; It’s hard to learn, but it’s easy to fight (A.V. Suvorov).

The main part of phraseological units of the Russian language is of original Russian origin. Their source is professional speech (sharpen the lasses, hit the nails, without a hitch, remove the shavings, run aground, play the first violin), some got into the literary language from jargon: rub glasses, card bit. Go for broke - among gamblers and colloquial speech, some phraseological units come from dialects and are associated with the labor of the peasantry (turn the shafts, from a bag to a matting, written on the water with a pitchfork). Many phraseological units have their source in liturgical books (the Holy of Holies, the fiend of hell, in the image and likeness, the voice of one crying in the wilderness, the Promised Land), many phraseological units come from ancient mythological literature (Augean stables, Achilles' heel, the sword of Damocles, Promethean fire, the torments of Tantalum ).

All phraseological units can be roughly divided into three levels of cultural literacy.

Phraseologisms belonging to the first level are related in origin to the Bible, mythology, and events of world history. For example: Pandemonium of Babel, sink into oblivion, Achilles' heel, cross the Rubicon. They reflect historical events, truths that every person must know.

To the second level of national literacy we will include such phraseological units as kicking the bucket, putting it in a long box, here's your grandmother and St. George's Day... They reflect to a greater extent the people's way of life, customs, and relationships. These phraseological units often contain archaisms (to kick the bucket) and colloquial expressions (across the father into hell).

It is difficult to name idioms of the third level unambiguously; let’s just call them “catchphrases.” These are expressions such as “no one is forgotten and nothing is forgotten” (author - Olga Berggolts), “honest pioneer” (a humorous exclamation assuring the veracity of the message), “brain drain (leaving institutions, leaving the country of talented specialists) and similar . They entered speech from the statements of artists (cinema, literature), from the pages of newspapers and magazines, expressions borrowed from other languages are often found... Sometimes borrowed phraseological units are used without translation: alma mater (lat. mother-nurse); tabula rasa (Latin: blank slate; something untouched, absolutely clean).

The largest stylistic layer of phraseology is colloquial phraseology, which is used primarily in oral communication, and in written speech - in fiction. Without a year, a week, throughout Ivanovo, you can’t spill water, a white crow, like cheese in butter, like Christ in his bosom, like water off a duck’s back, neither shaky nor weak, seven spans in the forehead, it’s written in the family, carelessly, a hole from a bagel, etc. Their use in speech serves as a counteraction to cliches and bureaucracy.

Another stylistic layer is formed by book phraseology. It is used in bookish functional styles, mainly in written speech.

The book phraseology includes:

· scientific, which represents compound terms (center of gravity, thyroid gland, periodic system, matriculation certificate, fulcrum);
· journalistic (summit meeting, people of good will, on the brink of war, through a peaceful settlement, mission of friendship);
· official business (to testify, to put into operation, effective demand, presumption of innocence, takes place).

There are fewer book phraseological units in the Russian language than colloquial ones. Phraseological units that came into the language from socio-political, journalistic and fiction literature also have a bookish connotation: civic duty, to serve the fatherland, spirit of the times, cult of personality, on the other side of the barricades, administrative delight, bureaucratic apparatus, election campaign, synchronization of political clocks.

The stylistic characteristics of phraseological means from an emotional-expressive point of view deserve special attention. All phraseology is divided into two groups: neutral and expressively colored. There are few neutral phraseological units: compost a ticket, railway, open meeting, agenda, New Year, each other and the like. They are part of commonly used phraseology, which is not functionally fixed. In addition, special phraseological units (scientific, official and business), which have a clear function, also lack additional meanings. Punctuation marks, Adam's apple, viral flu, magnetic needle, work experience, length of service, confrontation.

Introduction. Phraseologisms exist throughout the history of the language; they contain the centuries-old experience of the people, which is passed on from generation to generation.

I assumed that the meaning of phraseological units is related to their origin. Having learned about the origin and meaning of various phraseological units, I will be able to open unknown pages of the history of the language.

I was interested in this topic. I decided to learn more about such stable combinations, their meaning, and origin in the Russian language. That’s why I chose the topic of my project work: “Sources of the origin of phraseological units.”

The relevance of the topic is due to the fact that in everyday life, when faced with phraseological units, many people do not even notice it. They do not know how to correctly use phraseological units both in written and oral speech, because they do not know their meanings and sources of origin. Phraseologisms are a special layer of the Russian language that enriches our speech and is part of the culture of the Russian people.

The purpose of my work: 1) to find out the sources of origin of phraseological units;

2) use phraseological units correctly in your speech.

Object of study: myths, spiritual literature, Russian folk tales and works of Russian classical writers.

Subject of research: phraseological units.

Project objectives:

search for the necessary linguistic information about phraseological units; find out the sources of origin of phraseological units;

Hypothesis: I assume that phraseological units can be combined into groups according to their source of origin.

Research methods:

study and analysis of literature; collection of information; survey - questioning; observation; study

Main part

1.1. What are phraseological units?

While researching various information sources, I became acquainted with the concept of “phraseologism” and learned that phraseological units are stable combinations of words that are close in lexical meaning to one word. Therefore, phraseological units can often be replaced with one less expressive word. Let's compare: at the edge of the world (earth) - far away; lather the neck - teach a lesson, punish;

1.2. Sources of origin of phraseological units

During my research, I noticed that all phraseological units can be grouped into groups according to their origin.

The phraseological units that came from myths seemed very interesting:

Augean stables are a heavily clogged, polluted or cluttered room. Ariadne's thread is what helps to find a way out of a difficult situation. The Achilles heel is a weak spot. The sword of Damocles is an impending, threatening danger. Two-faced Janus is a two-faced person. Golden Fleece - gold, wealth that people strive to acquire. To sink into oblivion is to disappear forever, to be forgotten. Olympic calm - calm, unperturbed by anything Tantalum torment - “suffering caused by the contemplation of the desired goal and the consciousness of the impossibility of achieving it”, Apple of discord - “the reason, the reason for a quarrel, disputes, serious disagreements”, Colossus with feet of clay - “anything in sight” majestic, but essentially weak, easily destroyed”, etc.

Cornucopia. After his birth, the father of the gods Zeus was hidden in a secret place, in a grotto, where the sacred goat Amalthea fed him with her milk. It was not in vain. Zeus's father, the titan Kronos, wanted to destroy his son and heir, to devour him, as he had already devoured his other children. Grateful Zeus, becoming the main god, took Amalthea to heaven; there and now everyone can see her between the constellations. And to his teachers, the nymphs, he gave one of the goat’s horns: from this horn everything that the nymphs needed flowed and fell. It was this horn, which became a symbol of an inexhaustible source of treasures, and was nicknamed the cornucopia. The expression “like from a cornucopia” means: with extraordinary generosity, in huge quantities.

Getting acquainted with Russian folk tales, I found the following phraseological units:

and I was there, drinking honey and beer, a hut on chicken legs, Koschey the Immortal Fox Patrikeevna, neither to say in a fairy tale, nor to describe with a pen under Tsar Pea, said and done, the fairy tale is a lie, but there is a hint in it: a fairy tale about a white bull, three days and three nights .

And phraseological units that came from the Bible:

Contribute - about a person who took part in some matter within his means. The word "leptos" in Greek meant: thin, small; “Mite” was the name given to the smallest ancient coin.

One of the Gospel parables tells about a poor widow who, while collecting donations in the temple, put all she had in the sacrificial bowl next to the rich gifts of noble people - two measly mites. But to God, the parable says, these mites of the widow were more pleasing than the rest of the treasures.

The “widow’s mite” is any modest donation made from the heart. The expression “make your contribution” means: to make your own, albeit small, feasible contribution to the common cause.

The voice of one crying in the wilderness - vain calls that remain unanswered.

Antediluvian times are prehistoric times.

Burying talent in the ground is about a person who does not develop his natural abilities.

Manna from heaven is unexpected luck, wonderful help.

What phraseological units did our classic writers use? This academic year we studied the work of the fabulist Ivan Andreevich Krylov. To obtain the result, his fables were examined. They contained 9 phraseological units:

- “The Donkey and the Nightingale”: in a thousand ways, far away

- “Trishkin caftan”: Trishkin caftan;

- “Two dogs”: walk on their hind legs;

- "Monkey": monkey's work;

- “The Cat and the Cook”: and Vaska listens and eats;

- "Demyanova's ear": Demyanova's ear;

- “Squirrel”: like a squirrel in a wheel;

- “Casket”: and the casket simply opened;

- “Wolf in the Kennel”: I’ve known your wolf nature for a long time;

Having found out the sources of origin of phraseological units, I began to pay attention to them when reading fiction.

I really like the works of children's writer Nikolai Nosov. And I especially highlighted his book “Vitya Maleev at school and at home” and found 20 phraseological units in his stories:

run at full speed, kick ass, run away in no time, get lost in three pines, take it in tow, bring it to clean water, look with all your eyes, roll up your sleeves and be done with it. how he looked into the water, how he was lowered into the water, how he fell from the moon, you can’t lure him with a roll, you can’t see your neck with soap, you can’t see how your ears are neither alive nor dead, you can go to the ends of the world and fall off your feet

As a result of working on this issue, I became interested in what phraseological units are most often used by teachers at our school? Of the 30 teachers surveyed at Municipal Budgetary Educational Institution Secondary School No. 8, the most “popular” phraseological units turned out to be “with grief in half”, “hover in the clouds”, “hack on the nose”, “like a chicken with its paw”, “don’t put a finger in your mouth”, “off your feet” fall down” and less so “pulling the tongue”, “eggs don’t teach a chicken”, “climb ahead of dad into the hell”, “swallowed the tongue”.

2.Having your head in the clouds (18)

3.Hack on the nose (19)

4.Took some water into my mouth (6)

5.Like a chicken paw (15)

6. Tongue swallowed (6)

7.Pull the tongue (4)

8.Don’t put your finger in your mouth (14)

9. Like a fish in water (14)

10. Eggs don’t teach a chicken (3)

11.Climb ahead of dad into the inferno (8)

12. How I fell from the moon (12)

13. Like a squirrel in a wheel (11)

14.Fall off your feet (13)

15.With grief in half (22)

Conclusion

In the course of my research, I gained a more complete understanding of phraseological units, their origin and meaning, and learned to find them in the text. I came to the conclusion that the main sources of phraseological units are myths, fairy tales, the Bible, fables, and that you need to know the meanings of phraseological units in order to use them correctly. They help make our speech lively, beautiful, and emotional. I also learned to work with dictionaries and use information from the Internet.

The tasks that were set for the work were completed, the hypothesis put forward was confirmed - phraseological units can indeed be combined by source of origin.

All phraseological units of the Russian language can be divided by origin into 2 groups: phraseological units of Russian origin and borrowed ones.

The overwhelming majority of Russian phraseological units arose in the Russian language itself or were inherited by the Russian language from the language of its ancestors. They are like that - you can’t spill them with water - “very friendly”, in what the mother gave birth - “without clothes” and much more.

Every craft in Rus' left its mark in Russian phraseology. “Hatchet work” originates from carpenters, and “cutting edge” from furriers. New professions gave new phraseological units. From the speech of railway workers, Russian phraseology took the expression “green street” and so on.

Phraseology reflects different aspects of people's lives. Our country’s successes in space contribute to the emergence of the phraseology “go into orbit.”

It is difficult to establish the time and place of origin of many phraseological units, so there is only a proposal about where they arose and on what basis.

For example, “leavened patriotism” - false, ostentatious - arose in the letter of the famous Russian poet and critic L.A. Vyazemsky. It is possible to establish even more precisely the origin of phraseological units that arose in a work of fiction with the same name. Phraseologism “Trishkin caftan” Originated from the fable of I.A. Krylova. Already as part of a fable, this expression has become a phraseological unit with the meaning: a matter where the elimination of some shortcomings entails new shortcomings.

Borrowed phraseological units are divided into those borrowed from the Old Church Slavonic language and those borrowed from Western European languages.

Old Slavonic phraseological units became entrenched in the Russian language after the introduction of Christianity; most of them originate from books and scriptures. Most often they are bookish in nature. For example, “a proverb”, “seek and promise”, “casting pearls before swine” and others.

Phraseologisms borrowed from Western European languages include ancient borrowings from Latin or Ancient Greek, for example, “terra incognito”. More recent are borrowings from phraseology (“to have a tooth”), German (“break on the head”) and English (“bluestocking”) languages.

Among borrowed phraseological units, a distinction is made between “pure” ones, i.e. without translation, and phraseological tracing papers.

Borrowed phraseological units, like those that arose in the Russian language, are also created either by individuals or by the people as a whole.

A significant number of phraseological units are borrowed from ancient Greek mythology, for example, “Pandora’s Box”, “Augean Stables” and much more.

Thus, it is clear that phraseological units have long been used in the speech of people, writers, and therefore to create imagery and emotionality in their speech.

Phraseological units of the Russian language. Sources of phraseological units. Catchphrases.

In the language of every nation there are stable figurative phrases that are reproduced in speech like a word, and are not constructed like phrases and sentences. Such phrases are called phraseological units. Another important property of phraseological units: the meaning of an entire phraseological unit does not consist of the meanings of the words included in it, for example, the expression “ate the dog,” meaning to be a master in some matter,” is completely unrelated to the meaning of the words included in it.

Phraseologisms differ in the degree of cohesion of their components. If it is maximum, then these are phraseological adjuncts, for example, to get into trouble, to hit the bullshit, without hesitation. If the connection between the components is smaller, these are phraseological unities (pull the strap, soap your neck). In phraseological combinations, one member of a phraseological unit has a so-called limited, bound use, and the second has a free one: a sensitive question, fraught with consequences, pitch darkness.

The sources of phraseological units in the Russian language are varied.

The main part of the phraseological units of the Russian language is of original Russian origin, their source is, for example, professional speech (sharpen the lasses, hit the nails, without a hitch, remove the shavings, run aground, play the first violin). Some got into the literary language from jargon (rubbing glasses, bit card, going all-in - among gamblers) and colloquial speech. Some phraseological units come from dialects and are associated with the labor of the peasantry (turning shafts, from a bag to a matting, written on water with a pitchfork). Many phraseological units have their source in liturgical books (the holy of holies, the fiend of hell, in the image and likeness, the voice of one crying in the wilderness, the promised land).

A lot of phraseological units came from ancient mythological literature (Augean stables, Achilles' heel, sword of Damocles, Promethean fire, tantalum torment).

Sometimes borrowed phraseological units are used without translation: alma mater (lat. mother-nurse); tabula rasa (Latin: blank slate; something untouched, absolutely clean).

The source of the original phraseology are phrases from the works of writers: happy hours do not observe (A. Griboyedov); affairs of bygone days (A. Pushkin); and the casket simply opened (I. Krylov); knight for an hour (N. Nekrasov); living corpse (L. Tolstoy); man in a case (A. Chekhov); Man - that sounds proud! (M. Gorky)

Such stable expressions from fiction and journalism are usually called catchphrases.

Phraseologisms are almost always bright, figurative expressions. Therefore, they are an important expressive means of language, used by writers as ready-made figurative definitions, comparisons, as emotional and graphic characteristics of characters, the surrounding reality, etc.

For example, K. Paustovsky in the novel “Smoke of the Fatherland,” characterizing the action of one of the heroes, instead of words, without thinking, thoughtlessly uses phraseological units headlong: She was attracted to him by his childishness, his tendency to get carried away headlong, his chivalry, his ironic attitude towards himself.

A. Sitkovsky’s poem “All the best that is in the world” is based on the use of phraseological phrases:

All the best that is in nature, And wherever we find it, As is the custom among the Russian people, We call it red from time immemorial

There is a red corner in every house,

Honorable, festive, for those who have the honor of being our friend, with whom we share grief and success!

And the kind of girl you will never meet, even if you go around the whole world, one of the best in the world, we call her a red maiden

And Red Square has been glorified and exalted since ancient times!.. There are even red trees, And in the world even death is red.

Or from N. Gogol in “Dead Souls”: I believe, for my part, in all honesty: eight hryvnias per head, this is the reddest price I. Ilf and E. Petrov in the novel “The Twelve Chairs” give a whole synonymous series phraseological units with the meaning “to die”:

Claudia Ivanovna died, the customer said.

Well, the kingdom of heaven,” Bezenchuk agreed. - That means the old lady has passed away... Old women, they always pass away... Or they give up their souls to God - it depends on what kind of old lady. Yours, for example, is small and in body, which means she has passed away. And for example, the one who is larger and thinner is considered to give her soul to God...

That is, how is it calculated? Who counts?

We count it. From the masters. Here you are, for example, a prominent man, tall, although thin. It is believed that if, God forbid, you die, you have played the game. And whoever is a merchant, a former merchant guild, has, therefore, been given a long life. And if someone of a lower rank, a janitor, for example, or one of the peasants, they say about him: he threw himself over or stretched out his legs. But when the most powerful die, railway conductors or someone from the authorities, it is considered that they give oak. So they say about them: “And ours, they heard, gave oak.”

Shocked by this strange classification of human deaths, Ippolit Matveevich asked:

Well, when you die, what will the masters say about you?

I am a small person. They will say: “Bezen-chuk has died.” And they won't say anything more.

Sometimes writers use phraseological units in a modified, redesigned form. In these cases, the phraseological unit receives new aesthetic qualities. For example, M. Saltykov-Shchedrin uses the phraseological unit to poke his nose somewhere, expanding it: Censorship is accustomed to poking its stinking nose into the very sanctuary of the writer’s thoughts.

An example of playing on the direct meaning of words and a phraseological unit consisting of these words is found in a poem by V. Orlov:

NO FLOW OR FEATHER

Early in the morning

Mama Kvochka

Sent to class

Son.

She said:

Don't fight

Don't be a tease

Don't freak out.

Hurry up -

It's time!