In the spring of 1607, False Dmitry II appeared in Russia. His identity has not been established. According to one version, he is the son of a priest, according to another, he is a home teacher, according to the third, he is the son of A. M. Kurbsky, according to the fourth, he is the son of a Starodub nobleman, according to the fifth, he is a Jew. On June 12, 1607, the residents of Starodub swore allegiance to him. The impostor's army was commanded by the Polish military leader Mechowiecki. She occupied Kozelsk, Karachev, Orel and besieged Bryansk. When government troops delivered food to Bryansk, False Dmitry II lifted the siege.
In April 1608, 4 thousand Poles came to the impostor’s camp under the command of Rozhinsky. They removed Mekhovetsky and elected Rozhinsky as hetman. In June 1608, the army of False Dmitry II approached Moscow and stopped in Tushino, so they began to call him the “Tushino thief.” On July 25, 1608, Russia and Poland concluded a truce for three years. On September 23, 1608, the army of the impostor under the command of J. Sapieha besieged the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. See Solovyov S. M. History of Russia since ancient times. T. 8. Skrynnikov R.G. Minin and Pozharsky. pp. 94 - 119.
In 1609, Vasily Shuisky turned to the Swedish king Charles IX with a request for help in the fight against False Dmitry II. The Swedes captured all Russian fortresses on the Baltic coast, except Oreshek. The Polish king Sigismund III used the involvement of Swedish mercenaries in the Russian army to fight False Dmitry II as a reason to declare war on Russia. The causes of the war were Poland's aggressive policy towards Russia and Russia's desire to unite all East Slavic lands. Poland's aggressiveness was explained by the fact that the support of the government was the small landed nobility. It sought to maintain its possessions in Ukraine and Belarus and hoped to gain new lands in Russia. On September 19, 1609, the Poles besieged Smolensk. The defense of the city was led by boyar M.B. Shein. In the spring and summer of 1609, M.V. Skopin-Shuisky liberated the north of Russia from the Tushins.
On January 12, 1610, J. Sapieha was forced to lift the siege of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. The outbreak of open war led to the collapse of the Tushino camp. Most Poles sided with their government. Only Rozhinsky remained with the impostor. He treated False Dmitry II as a prisoner, so in December 1609 the impostor fled to Kaluga and was killed on December 11, 1610. The nobles who were in the Tushino camp nominated the Polish prince Vladislav as a candidate for the throne. On February 4, 1610, they concluded an agreement with Sigismund III on the election of Vladislav as Russian Tsar.
According to the agreement, Vladislav was obliged to accept Orthodoxy and did not have the right to issue new laws without the consent of the Boyar Duma and the Zemsky Sobor. The agreement prohibited the transfer of peasants from one landowner to another. D.I. Shuisky tried to liberate Smolensk from the siege, but on June 24, 1610 he was defeated near Klushino. The defeat of the Russian army at Klushino opened the way for the Poles to Moscow. On July 17, 1610, conspirators led by P. P. Lyapunov overthrew Vasily Shuisky. Power passed to the boyar government, which went down in history under the name of the Seven Boyars.
- On August 17, Moscow residents took the oath to Vladislav. The nobles saw him as less evil than False Dmitry II. On September 20, the government allowed a Polish detachment under the command of S. Zholkiewski into Moscow. On his initiative, Moscow boyars and nobles sent an embassy to the Polish king, headed by V.V. Golitsyn and F.N. Romanov. Sigismund III refused to let his son go to Moscow, because he wanted to take the Russian throne himself and completely subjugate Russia to Poland. Thus, a threat to Russia's independence arose. In January 1611, P. P. Lyapunov organized a people's militia. Its basis was made up of nobles and Cossacks. The closest associates of P. P. Lyapunov were Prince D. T. Trubetskoy and Cossack ataman I. M. Zarutsky. Prince D. M. Pozharsky was elected commander-in-chief. In March 1611, the militia approached Moscow.
- On March 19, an uprising broke out in the city. The reason for it was the Poles' insult to Patriarch Hermogenes. The vanguard of the militia under the command of D. M. Pozharsky entered Moscow. The Poles set fire to the city; the rebels were poorly armed, so they were defeated. D. M. Pozharsky was seriously wounded. The militia retreated to the outskirts of Moscow. According to N.I. Kostomarov, the Poles killed about 8 thousand civilians. See Kostomarov N.I. The story of the liberation of Moscow from the Poles in 1612 and the election of Tsar Mikhail. // Kostomarov N. I. Historical monographs and research. M., 1989. P. 75. On July 22, 1611, the Cossacks accused P.P. Lyapunov of intending to destroy the Cossacks and return fugitive peasants and slaves to their former owners and killed him. According to N.M. Karamzin, P.P. Lyapunov was slandered by I.M. Zarutsky. According to R. G. Skrynnikov, a fake letter on behalf of P. P. Lyapunov calling for the destruction of the Cossacks was written by Polish Colonel A. Gonsevsky. See Skrynnikov R.G. Minin and Pozharsky. P. 197.
After the death of P.P. Lyapunov, the nobles left the militia and waged a partisan war against the Poles in the vicinity of Moscow. On June 3, 1611, the Poles took Smolensk by storm. The surviving defenders of the city, led by M.B. Shein, were captured. In the same year, the Swedes occupied Novgorod. Novgorod voivode I. N. Odoevsky concluded a peace treaty with the commander of the Swedish army, J. Delagardi, which confirmed the terms of the Tyavzin Peace. I. N. Odoevsky recognized the son of Charles IX as the Russian Tsar, and J. Delagardie as his governor and pledged to obey him in everything. See Kostomarov N.I. The story of the liberation of Moscow from the Poles in 1612 and the election of Tsar Mikhail. P. 75. Karamzin N. M. History of the Russian State. T. 12 // Moscow. 1989. No. 12. P. 142 - 144.
Only the turmoil that reigned in our country at that time saved the Novgorod governor from responsibility for treason - a crime that at all times and among all peoples was considered one of the most serious. In September 1611, K. M. Minin appealed to the people of Nizhny Novgorod to create a new militia. K. M. Minin was born in Balakhna into the family of a small salt industrialist; in his youth he came to Nizhny Novgorod and started trading. In 1611 he was the zemstvo elder. Letters from K. M. Minin, Patriarch Hermogenes and the monks of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery were distributed throughout the country. The formation of the second people's militia began in Nizhny Novgorod. D. M. Pozharsky was again elected commander-in-chief. In March 1612, the militia left Nizhny Novgorod and arrived in Yaroslavl. There his formation and training continued. K. M. Minin and D. M. Pozharsky created the Council of the Whole Land - a provisional government.
At the same time, the second Council of the whole earth operated under the leadership of D. T. Trubetskoy and I. M. Zarutsky. A conflict arose between the leaders of the two militias, since I.M. Zarutsky and D.T. Trubetskoy recognized the Pskov impostor. In July 1612, K. M. Minin and D. M. Pozharsky learned that a strong and numerous Polish army under the command of Hetman J. Chodkevich was approaching Moscow. D. M. Pozharsky was ahead of J. Khodkevich and, thus, seized the strategic initiative. This largely ensured the victory of the Russian army.
- On August 22 - 24, 1612, a decisive battle took place between the Russian and Polish armies. The militia of K. M. Minin and D. M. Pozharsky numbered 10 thousand people, the army of J. Chodkiewicz - 12 thousand, the Polish garrison in the Kremlin - 3 thousand. Consequently, the Polish army outnumbered the Russian one by 1.5 times. D. M. Pozharsky positioned his army on the western outskirts of Moscow, and not on the eastern, as suggested by D. T. Trubetskoy. D. M. Pozharsky handed over five hundred cavalry to D. T. Trubetskoy.
- On August 22, J. Chodkevich launched an offensive. The Russian army repulsed it and launched a counterattack several times. J. Khodkevich brought infantry into battle. The noble cavalry could not withstand the onslaught and retreated. Then D. M. Pozharsky ordered the nobles to dismount and fight on foot. In the afternoon, Ya. Khodkevich threw all his forces into battle to break through the defenses of the Russian militia on the Arbat and in the Tver Gate area. The archers opened murderous fire on the enemy and forced him to stop attacks. At the same time, the Polish garrison made a sortie from the Kremlin. She was repulsed. Hand-to-hand combat ensued. The troops placed at the disposal of D.T. Trubetskoy and the Cossacks from the first militia counterattacked the enemy and forced him to retreat. On August 24, the Poles launched an offensive from Zamoskvorechye. D. M. Pozharsky sent cavalry against them. D. T. Trubetskoy led the attack from Kolomenskaya Sloboda. However, he acted indecisively, which allowed J. Khodkevich to throw his main forces against D. M. Pozharsky. D. M. Pozharsky brought all his regiments into battle and thus stopped the enemy. Then the Poles intensified their attack on the army of D. M. Trubetskoy and captured the Cossack fort.
The Cossacks resisted the enemy, but when the militia of K.M. Minin and D.M. Pozharsky did not immediately come to their aid, they withdrew from the battle. The Polish garrison in the Kremlin launched a second sortie. She was repulsed. The cellarer of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery A.S. Palitsyn convinced the Cossacks to return to duty. The outcome of the battle was again decided by the swift attack of the Cossacks. They were supported by cavalry under the command of K. M. Minin, then the infantry under the command of D. M. Pozharsky went on the offensive. The Poles fled. See Kostomarov N.I. The story of the liberation of Moscow from the Poles in 1612 and the election of Tsar Michael. P. 81 - 82. Skrynnikov R. G. Minin and Pozharsky. pp. 256 - 263.
The assault on the Kremlin was unsuccessful, so the Russian army laid siege to it. On October 22, Kitay-Gorod was liberated. On October 26, the Polish garrison in the Kremlin capitulated. The liberation of Moscow was a radical turning point in the course of the war. On February 21, 1613, the Zemsky Sobor elected 16-year-old Mikhail Romanov as tsar. Patriarch Hermogenes nominated him for the throne back in 1610. The boyars were attracted by Mikhail's youth and inexperience, his unpreparedness for governing the state, and, therefore, the opportunity to govern on his behalf. Since the father of the new tsar, Fyodor Nikitich Romanov, was the patriarch in Tushino and, together with Prince V.V. Golitsyn, headed the embassy to the Polish king, the boyars who collaborated with the Poles, that is, who committed high treason, saw in Mikhail the guarantor of their impunity. He was the cousin of Fyodor Ivanovich, the last tsar of the Rurik dynasty, which created the appearance of continuity of power.
At first, Mikhail refused the throne and explained this by the disorder in government and the lack of money in the treasury, then he agreed to come to Moscow and accept the throne. The Poles tried to kill the young tsar, but the Kostroma peasant Ivan Susanin led them into an impenetrable forest. On July 11, 1613, Mikhail was crowned king. See Solovyov S. M. History of Russia since ancient times. T. 9. M., 1990. P. 7 - 28.
He was elected on the same terms as Vasily Shuisky. Real power belonged to the king's relatives. They removed D. M. Pozharsky from command, since, in their opinion, he was not noble enough, and replaced him with Prince D. M. Cherkassky.
In 1613, the Russian army fought battles with the Poles near Kaluga and Vyazma. The attempt to liberate Smolensk was unsuccessful due to the indiscipline of the nobles. The new government increased taxes and decided to return the fugitive peasants to their former owners. This caused an uprising led by Mikhail Balovny. The driving forces of the uprising were the Cossacks and peasants. In 1615 it was suppressed. In the same year, the Polish army under the command of A. Lisovsky invaded Russia. The Tsar again appointed D.M. Pozharsky as commander-in-chief.
On June 29, 1615, the Russian army left Moscow. On August 30th the battle of Orel took place. I. Pushkin’s detachment attacked the Polish camp, followed by three attacks by the main forces. S. Islenyev's regiment and the Tatars left the battlefield. 600 people remained with D. M. Pozharsky. The confrontation lasted three days. The mercenaries who were in the Polish army transferred to the Russian army. This decided the outcome of the battle. A. Lisovsky fled. In July 1616, the Russian government sent an army to Smolensk under the command of M.K. Tinbaev and N. Likharev. At the same time, the Lithuanians attacked Starodub, ravaged the outskirts of Karachev and Krom, burned Oskol and approached Belgorod. On October 22, 1616, the governors stationed near Smolensk reported on the impending campaign against Moscow of the Polish army under the command of A. Gonsevsky. The Russian command sent an army to Dorogobuzh under the command of N. Boryatinsky.
In March 1617, the Russian army defeated the Poles near Dorogobuzh, but the Dorogobuzh governor surrendered the city to the Poles. In the same year, Vladislav launched a campaign against Moscow to take the Russian throne. On October 18, the Russian army under the command of D. M. Pozharsky approached Kaluga. The Poles besieged the city and on December 23rd tried to take it by storm, but were met with fire and fled. In October 1618, the Poles approached Moscow and tried to take it, but their attack on the White City was repulsed.
On December 1, 1618, Russia and Poland concluded the Deulin Truce, according to which Smolensk went to Poland. The agreement also provided for the exchange of prisoners. According to the Stolbovo Peace Treaty, concluded on February 27, 1617, Sweden returned Novgorod to Russia, but Russia completely lost access to the Baltic Sea. See Tarle E.V. The Northern War and the Swedish invasion of Russia. // Tarle E.V. Selected works. T. 3. Rostov-on-Don, 1994. Since that time, the main foreign policy objectives of Russia have been the return of its ancestral possessions in the Baltic, the return of Smolensk and the reunification of Ukraine and Belarus with Russia.
The Polish and Swedish interventions of the early 17th century were actions of the expansionist ruling circles of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden, aimed at dismembering Russia and eliminating its state independence. The formalization of plans for aggression dates back to the end of the Livonian War of 1558-1583. After 1583, Stefan Batory put forward a plan to subordinate the Russian state to Poland. The plans of conquest of the Swedish feudal lords were developed by 1580 by King Johan III and included the seizure of the Izhora land, the city of Korela with the district, as well as North Karelia, the Karelian Seaside, the Kola Peninsula, the coast of the White Sea to the mouth of the Northern Dvina. But domestic political and international reasons prevented it at the end of the 16th century. begin implementing these plans. The rise of the anti-feudal struggle (see Peasant War of the early 17th century) and the aggravation of contradictions within the ruling class in Russia at the beginning of the 17th century. significantly weakened its foreign policy position. The ruling elite of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Sigismund III, Catholic circles, a significant part of the Polish-Lithuanian magnates) took advantage of this, which, due to the complexity of the internal and external situation, resorted to a disguised intervention, supporting False Dmitry I. In exchange, False Dmitry I promised to transfer the western regions of the Russian state to the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (and partly to his father-in-law J. Mniszek), support it in the fight against Sweden, introduce Catholicism in Russia and take part in the anti-Turkish coalition. However, after his accession, False Dmitry I, for various reasons, refused to make territorial concessions to Poland and conclude a military alliance against Sweden. The murder of the impostor in May 1606 during the anti-Polish uprising in Moscow meant the collapse of the first attempt at aggression by the Polish feudal lords against Russia.
The second stage of the disguised intervention is associated with the name of False Dmitry II. The aggravation of the class struggle and contradictions in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth by the rokosh of M. Zebrzydowski (1606-07) did not allow the government of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth to move on to open military action. The basis of the military forces of False Dmitry II was made up of detachments of Polish-Lithuanian magnates. As a result of the spring campaign of 1608 and the victory at Volkhov (May 1608), the troops of False Dmitry II approached Moscow and, settling in the Tushino camp, began its siege. In July 1608, the government of V.I. Shuisky concluded a truce with the government of Poland, under the terms of which the Russian side agreed to release all the Poles captured in Moscow in May 1606, and the government of Sigismund III was to withdraw Polish troops from Russian territory. The Polish side did not fulfill the terms of the truce, and in August 1608 a detachment of J. P. Sapieha (about 7.5 thousand people) also arrived in Tushino. A new upsurge of class struggle in the western, central and Volga regions of Russia, directed against the serfdom government of Shuisky, allowed the Tushino detachments to capture significant territory of the European part of the Russian state in the fall of 1608. Then the Shuisky government concluded the Treaty of Vyborg with the Swedish king Charles IX (February 1609), according to which Sweden provided Russia with mercenary detachments of troops (mainly from Germans and Swedes), paid by Russia, and the Shuisky government agreed to cede the city of Korelu to the Swedes with the district (however, the local Karelian the population prevented this). Huge monetary and natural requisitions, as well as violence and robberies that accompanied their collection by Polish troops, caused a spontaneous and rapid growth of the national liberation struggle of the population of the White Sea coast and the Volga region. This led to the crisis of the Tushino camp, in which power from December 1608 passed to Polish leaders (hetman Prince Ruzhinsky, who actually led the Tushino troops from the winter of 1608) and 10 elected representatives from various detachments. Relying on the national liberation movement, M. V. Skopin-Shuisky began a campaign from Novgorod in May 1609 and by the end of the summer liberated the territory of the Trans-Volga and Upper Volga regions, including Yaroslavl. Earlier, as a result of the actions of the local population and the troops of F.I. Sheremetev (see Sheremetev), the Lower and Middle Volga regions were cleared.
The failure of False Dmitry II, the internal political weakness of the government of V.I. Shuisky and some stabilization of the internal situation in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth led to the beginning of open aggression of the Polish government against Russia; this action was approved by Pope Paul V. Using the Vyborg Treaty between Russia and Sweden as a pretext, Polish troops began the siege of Smolensk (September 1609), which accelerated the collapse of the Tushino camp. On December 27, False Dmitry II fled from Tushino to Kaluga, and in March 1610 a significant part of the Tushino Polish troops went over to Sigismund III. On February 4 (14), 1610, the embassy of Russian feudal lords, who were previously supporters of False Dmitry II, headed by M. G. Saltykov, concluded an agreement with Sigismund III, according to which his son Vladislav was recognized as the Russian Tsar. The agreement contained a number of restrictive articles (Vladislav’s conversion to Orthodoxy, the preservation of official, court and land privileges and the rights of Russian feudal lords, etc.), which the Poles formally accepted, but nevertheless continued their aggression. The campaign against the Polish army ended with the defeat of Russian government troops near Klushin on June 24 (July 4), 1610, one of the reasons for which was the betrayal of the Swedish mercenaries. This led to the fall of Shuisky's government. A new government was created in Moscow ("Seven Boyars"), which concluded a new agreement on August 17 (27), 1610 with the commander of the Polish army, Hetman Zolkiewski. Vladislav was recognized as the Russian Tsar. Sigismund III pledged to end the siege of Smolensk. But the Polish government did not intend to fulfill the agreement, because Sigismund III himself intended to become the Russian Tsar. On the basis of the agreement, Polish troops entered Moscow (on the night of September 20-21) and real power was concentrated in the hands of the Polish command (Hetman Gonsevsky) and his direct accomplices (M. G. Saltykov, F. Andronov, etc.). The rule of the Polish feudal lords in Moscow caused a new upsurge in the national liberation struggle. However, the First Militia of 1611 actually disintegrated due to the aggravation of class contradictions within it. On June 3, 1611, Smolensk fell, the heroic defense of which fettered the main forces of the Polish troops for almost 2 years. But already in September 1611, the formation of the Second Militia began in Nizhny Novgorod (see People's Militia under the leadership of Minin and Pozharsky). As a result of his actions, Moscow was liberated on October 26, 1612. In the fall of 1612, Sigismund III again unsuccessfully tried to capture Moscow. The unsuccessful outcome of the "Moscow War" strengthened the opposition to the king. Having obtained new appropriations from the Sejm in 1616, the Polish government in 1617 made the last attempt to conquer the Russian state. Polish troops besieged Moscow. Having been defeated during its assault, they were forced to retreat in October 1618. Military failure and a change in Poland's foreign policy situation as a result of the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War of 1618-48 forced the Polish government to sign the Truce of Deulin of 1618. Russia lost Smolensk, Chernigov, Dorogobuzh and other cities in the southwestern and western outskirts, but received a long respite.
Open Swedish aggression against Russia began in the summer of 1610, but since 1604 the government of Charles IX had been monitoring the progress of Polish aggression, offering far from disinterested military assistance to successive Russian governments. The conclusion of the Vyborg Treaty of 1609 gave Charles IX a reason to intervene in the affairs of the Russian state. After the fall of Shuisky's government, Swedish troops led by J. Delagardie switched to open aggression. In August 1610, the Swedes besieged Ivangorod, and in September - Korela (fell on March 2, 1611). At the end of 1610 - beginning of 1611, Swedish troops undertook unsuccessful campaigns against Kola, the Sumsky fort and the Solovetsky Monastery. In the summer of 1611, the Swedes began military operations against Novgorod. Trying to take advantage of the Polish-Swedish contradictions, the leadership of the First Militia struck up a relationship with Delagardie, inviting one of the Swedish princes to the Russian throne in exchange for providing military assistance. However, the governors of Novgorod surrendered the city to the Swedes (July 16). An agreement was concluded between Delagardie and the Novgorod secular and spiritual feudal lords, who tried to represent the Russian state as a whole, under the terms of which the patronage of Charles IX was recognized, an alliance against Poland was proclaimed, and the election of one of his sons (Gustav Adolf or Karl Philip) to the Russian throne was guaranteed. Until the ratification of the treaty, Delagardie remained in Novgorod as the chief governor. Using the agreement, Swedish troops captured Koporye, Yam, Ivangorod, Oreshek, Gdov, Porkhov, Staraya Russa, Ladoga and Tikhvin by the spring of 1612; The Swedes' attempt to capture Pskov was unsuccessful. After the arrival of the Second Militia in Yaroslavl (April 1612), its leadership established relations with the Novgorodians; a wait-and-see policy was pursued towards the Swedes. After the restoration of central state power in Moscow, Swedish troops tried to capture new areas, but their actions encountered resistance from the masses. In the summer of 1613, as a result of joint actions of the city population and Russian troops, Tikhvin and Porkhov were liberated, and a 3,000-strong Polish-Lithuanian detachment operating on the side of Sweden was defeated. During fruitless negotiations with the delegates of Novgorod (August 1613 - January 1614), the Swedish government sought either the inclusion of the Novgorod land into Sweden, or the annexation of the Izhora land, the Kola Peninsula, North Karelia, and the western and southwestern coast of the White Sea. In 1614 and 1615, the Swedish command, with the goal of including the northwestern regions of Russia into Sweden, tried to force the Novgorodians to swear allegiance to the new Swedish king Gustav II. In response to this, a guerrilla war broke out among the population of the Novgorod land against the Swedish troops. After a new unsuccessful siege of Pskov in the summer of 1615, the Swedish government agreed to begin peace negotiations with the government of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, which ended with the signing of the Peace of Stolbov of 1617. Under the terms of the agreement, Karl Philip renounced his claims to the Russian throne, most of the Novgorod land was returned to Russia, but the city of Korela with the district and the Izhora land with Ivangorod, Yam, Koporye and Oreshok were ceded to Sweden. The conclusion of the Stolbovo Treaty and the Deulin Truce marked the collapse of the aggressive plans and intervention of the Polish-Lithuanian and Swedish feudal lords.
POLISH AND SWEDISH INTERVENTION AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 17TH CENTURY.
actions of the expansionist ruling circles of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Sweden, aimed at dismembering Russia and eliminating its state. independence. The formalization of plans for aggression dates back to the end of the Livonian War of 1558-83. After 1583, Stefan Batory put forward a plan to create a coalition of Europeans. state against the Ottoman Empire. The inclusion of Russian forces in this coalition was interpreted by him as the subordination of Russia. states of Poland. Conquer. Swedish plans feudal lords were developed by 1580 by King Johan III and included the seizure of the Izhora land, Korela with the district, as well as the North. Karelia, Karelian Pomerania, Kola Peninsula, the coast of the White Sea to the mouth of the North. Dvina. But the death of Stefan Batory, the new lack of kingship in Poland, the aggravation of the Polish-Swedish. relations, which resulted in a war over the Baltic states, and other reasons prevented the implementation of these plans in the 80-90s. 16th century Rising antifeud. struggle and aggravation of contradictions within dominations. class in Russia at the beginning. 17th century significantly weakened its foreign policy. position. The Polish took advantage of this. and Swedish feudal lords. Unable to embark on open aggression, the ruling elite of Poland (Sigismund III, Catholic circles, and therefore part of the Polish-Lithuanian magnates), due to the complexity of internal affairs. and ext. position, resorted to its disguised form, supporting False Dmitry I. In return, False Dmitry I promised to transfer to Poland (and partially to his father-in-law, J. Mniszek) the zap. Rus districts state, support it in the fight against Sweden, introduce Catholicism in Russia and take part in the anti-tour. coalition. But the accession of False Dmitry I did not bring the expected results. For various reasons, he refused to do terr. concessions to Poland and conclude a military alliance against Sweden. Towards the end of the reign of False Dmitry I, his relations with Sigismund III worsened. The murder of an impostor in May 1606 during the anti-Polish campaign. The uprising in Moscow meant the collapse of the first attempt at Polish aggression. feudal lords against Russia.
The second stage of the intervention is associated with the name of False Dmitry II. Exacerbation of class. struggle in Poland and contradictions within the dominations. class during the period of the so-called “The luxury of Zebrzydowski” (1606-07) and after him did not allow the government of Poland to switch to open warfare this time either. actions. The basis of the military The forces of False Dmitry II consisted of Polish detachments. magnates Mekhovetsky, book. A. Vishnevetsky, book. Ruzhinsky, Lisovsky, etc. As a result of the spring campaign of 1608 and the victory at Volkhov (May 1608), the troops of False Dmitry II approached Moscow and, settling in Tushino, began its siege. In July 1608, the government of V.I. Shuisky concluded a truce with the government of Poland, under the terms of which it released all the Poles (led by Yu. Mnishek and Marina) captured in Moscow in May 1606, and the government Sigismund III was obliged to withdraw the Polish. detachments from the territory Russia. Polish the party did not fulfill the terms of the truce: most of the interned Poles, instead of leaving Russia, ended up in Tushino (including Mniszeki), and in August. In 1608, a detachment of J. P. Sapega (about 7.5 people), a relative of the Lithuanians, also arrived in Tushino. Chancellor Lev Sapieha. New lift class. struggle in Russia directed against serfdom. pr-va V.I. Shuisky, allowed the Tushino detachments to capture large territories in the fall of 1608. to E., N. and N.-W. from Moscow. Then the government of V.I. Shuisky concluded the Vyborg Treaty with the Swedes. King Charles IX (February 1609), according to which Sweden provided Russia with mercenary detachments of troops (paid from Russian funds), and the government of V. Shuisky ceded the city of Korelu and its district to the Swedes. Huge money. and nature requisitions, as well as violence and robbery, which accompanied the collection of their Polish. detachments, caused a spontaneous and rapid growth of national liberation. Russian struggle population of Pomeranian, Trans-Volga and Volga cities. This caused the crisis of the Tushino camp, in which power from December 1608 formally passed to the Polish leaders (Hetman Prince Ruzhinsky and 10 elected representatives from various detachments). Relying on the national liberation. movement, M.V. Skopin-Shuisky began a campaign from Novgorod in May 1609 and by the end of summer liberated the territory. Trans-Volga and Upper Volga regions, including Yaroslavl. Previously, as a result of the actions of the local population and the troops of F.I. Sheremetev, Nizh was cleared. and Wed. Volga region.
The failure of False Dmitry II, preserved in domestic politics. weakness of the director V.I. Shuisky and some internal stabilization. the situation in Poland led to the beginning of open Polish aggression. pr-va against Russia, which was approved by Pope Paul V. Using the Vyborg Treaty of Russia with Sweden as a pretext, Polish. troops began the siege of Smolensk (September 1609). This accelerated the collapse of the Tushino camp: December 27. False Dmitry II fled from Tushino to Kaluga, and in March 1610 it means. part of Polish troops who were previously in the Tushin camp went to Sigismund III. Before that 4(14) Feb. 1610 between the Russian embassy. circles of Tushin, led by M. G. Saltykov and Sigismund III, an agreement was concluded, according to which his son Vladislav was recognized as a Russian. king Despite the number of restrictions. articles aimed at preserving state independence of Russia, the agreement provided the basis for the continuation of the Polish. aggression. Russian hike troops led by Prince. D.I. Shuisky (he replaced the deceased Prince M.V. Skopin-Shuisky) ended with their defeat at Klushino (June 24 (July 4), 1610). One of the reasons for the defeat was the betrayal of the Swedes. mercenary troops. This accelerated the fall of the government of V. Shuisky. A new production company ("Seven Boyars") was created in Moscow, which concluded on August 17 (27). 1610 new agreement with the Polish commander. army by Hetman Zolkiewski. Rus. Vladislav was recognized as king, who was supposed to arrive in Moscow, having converted to Orthodoxy while still in Smolensk, Sigismund III pledged to end the siege of Smolensk. But Polish The government was not going to fulfill the agreement, because Sigismund III himself intended to become a Russian. king Based on the Polish agreement. troops entered Moscow (on the night of September 20-21) and real power was concentrated in the hands of the Polish. command (Gonsevsky) and his direct accomplices (M. G. Saltykova, F. Andronova, etc.). Shameless management of the Polish. feudal lords in Moscow caused a new rise in national liberation. struggle. In March 1611, the First Militia besieged Moscow. However, the exacerbation of class. contradictions within the militia led to its collapse in July 1611. This event, as well as the fall of Smolensk on June 3, 1611 (its heroic defense for almost 2 years fettered the main forces of the Polish troops) seemed to foreshadow the quick implementation of the plans of Sigismund III. But already in September. 1611 in II. Novgorod began the formation of the Second Militia (see People's Militia under the leadership of Minin and Pozharsky). As a result of his actions, on Oct. 27. 1612 Moscow was liberated. In the fall of 1612, Sigismund III again tried to capture Moscow, Poland. troops besieged the Joseph-Volokolamsk monastery. These actions were not successful. Discontent grew among the gentry; the unsuccessful outcome of the “Moscow War” strengthened opposition to the king. Only in 1617, having achieved 1616 new allocations from the Sejm, the Polish. The government made the last attempt to conquer Russia. state Vladislav's claims to Russian were used as a pretext for the invasion. throne. Polish troops besieged Moscow. Having been defeated during its assault, they in October. 1618 were forced to retreat. Military failure and change in foreign policy. the situation in Poland as a result of the outbreak of the Thirty Years' War of 1618-48 forced the Polish. decision to go to the signing of the Deulin truce of 1618. Having lost Smolensk, Chernigov, Dorogobuzh and other cities in the southwestern outskirts, Russian. the government received a long respite. Open Swedish aggression against Russia began in the summer of 1610, but already from 1604 the government of Charles IX monitored the progress of the Polish. aggression, offering far from disinterested military. assistance to those replaced by Russians. to you. The conclusion of the Vyborg Treaty of 1609 gave him a reason to interfere in the affairs of Russia. state After the fall of the government of V.I. Shuisky, the Swede. The troops, led by J. Delagardie, switched to open aggression. In Aug. 1610 the Swedes besieged Ivangorod, and in September. - Korelu (fell on March 2, 1611). In con. 1610 - beginning 1611 Swedish The troops undertook campaigns against Kola, the Sumsk fort and the Solovetsky Monastery, which ended in vain due to the resistance of the Karelian population and the defeat inflicted on the Swedes by the Russians. garrison of Kola. In the summer of 1611 the Swedes launched an offensive against Novgorod. Trying to use Polish-Swedish. contradictions, the leadership of the First Militia struck up a relationship with Delagardie, inviting him to Russian. the throne of one of the Swedes. the princes. The governors of Novgorod entered into an agreement with Delagardi, who surrendered the city to him. An agreement was concluded between Delagardi and representatives of the Novgorod secular and spiritual feudal lords, who declared themselves representatives not only of Novgorod, but of all of Russia. The Novgorod feudal lords recognized the patronage of Charles IX, entered into an alliance with him against Poland and guaranteed the election to Russia. the throne of one of his sons (Gustav Adolf or Carl Philip). Until the ratification of the treaty by both parties (i.e., Sweden and Russia), Delagardie remained in Novgorod as the chief voivode. The conclusion of an agreement that legally formalized the Swedish stay. troops in the Novgorod region, it was extremely beneficial for Sweden, since the unsuccessful war with Denmark did not allow strengthening the contingent of its troops in Russia. Using the agreement, Delagardie's troops captured Koporye, Yam, Ivangorod, Oreshek, Gdov, Porkhov, Staraya Rusa, Ladoga and Tikhvin by the spring of 1612. The attempt to capture Pskov was unsuccessful. After the arrival of the Second Militia in Yaroslavl (April 1612), its leadership established relations with the Novgorodians. But the Novgorodians lack an agreement with the Swede himself. king and pulling off the Swede. The arrival of Karl Philip in Novgorod raised doubts among the militia leaders about the behavior of the Swedes. pr-va. At conciliar meetings in July 1612, it was decided that negotiations with Karl Philip would begin only after his conversion to Orthodoxy and arrival in Novgorod. After recovery, the center. state authorities in Moscow are Swedish. The troops tried to capture new districts, but their actions encountered resistance from the people. wt. In the summer of 1613, as a result of the joint actions of the mountains. population and Russian Tikhvin and Porkhov were liberated, and a 3,000-strong Polish-Lithuanian detachment operating on the side of Sweden was defeated. Having begun negotiations with representatives of Novgorod in the summer of 1613, the Swede. The government sought to secede the Novgorod land from Russia. If this option was unsuccessful, its representatives had to seek the transfer to Sweden of Ivangorod, Yam, Gdov, Koporye, Oreshok, Ladoga, Kola and the entire Kola Peninsula, Sumy fort and North. Karelia, Solovki and Tikhvin. Delagardie was ordered to strengthen security measures in Novgorod and evict all Russians from its Kremlin. The negotiations (lasted from August 1613 to January 1614) ended unsuccessfully. During 1614 and 1615 the Swede. the command tried to force the Novgorodians to swear allegiance to the new Swede. King Gustav Adolf. In response to this, a partisan movement developed. war of the population of Novgorod land against the Swedes. troops, and many Novgorod landowners began to leave for Moscow. After the unsuccessful siege of Pskov in the summer of 1615, the Swede. The government agreed to begin peace negotiations with the government of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, which ended with the signing of the Stolbovsky Peace of 1617. Under the terms of the agreement, Karl Philip renounced his claims to the throne, most of the Novgorod land was returned to Russia, but the city of Korela and the district were ceded to Sweden and Izhora land with Ivangorod, Yam, Koporye and Oreshok. The conclusion of the Stolbovsky and Deulinsky treaties was a recognition of the collapse of the aggressive plans of the Polish-Litovs. and Swedish feudal lords
Lit.: Forsten G.V., The Baltic question in the XVI and XVII centuries, vol. 2, St. Petersburg, 1894; Platonov S.F., Essays on the history of the Time of Troubles in Moscow. state of the XVI-XVII centuries, M., 1937; Lyubomirov P. G., Essay on the history of the Nizhny Novgorod militia 1611-1613, M., 1939; Zamyatin G. A., On the issue of the election of Karl Philip in Russian. throne (1611-1616), Yuryev, 1913; his, “The Pskov Seat” (Heroic defense of Pskov from the Swedes in 1615), IZ, vol. 40, M., 1952; Figarovsky V. A., Otpor Swedish. to the interventionists in Novgorod, "Novgorod. historical collection", v. 3-4, Novgorod, 1938; him. Partisan movement during the Swedish intervention in Moscow. state in the beginning XVII century, ibid., c. 6, Novgorod, 1939; Gadzyatsky S.S., Russian wrestling. people of Izhora land in the 17th century. against foreign dominion, IZ, vol. 16, M., 1945; Shepelev I.S., Liberate. and class. wrestling in Rus. state in 1608-1610, Pyatigorsk, 1957; Shaskolsky I.P., Shved. intervention in Karelia in the beginning. XVII century, Petrozavodsk, 1950; Pirling P., From the Time of Troubles. Art. and notes, St. Petersburg, 1902; him, East. articles and notes, St. Petersburg, 1913; Almquist H., Sverge och Ryssland, 1595-1611, Uppsala, 1907; Sobieski W., Zolkiewski na Kremlu, Warsz.-(e.a.), 1920; Tyszkowski K., Gustaw Adolf wobec Polski i Moskwy 1611-1616, Lw., 1930; his, Kozaczyzna w wejnach moskiewskich Zygmunta III, "Przeglad Historycznowojkiego", 1935, No. 8; his name, Aleks. Lisowski i jego zagony na Moskwe, ibid., 1932, No. 5; Fleischhacker H., Russland zwischen zwei Dynastien 1598-1613, Baden-W., 1933; Sveriges krig, bd 1, Stockh., 1936; Den Svenska utrikespolitikens historia, bd 1, del 2, Stockh., 1960; Attman A., Freden i Stolbova, 1617, "Scandia", Oslo, 1948-1949, bd 19, h. 1.
V. D. Nazarov. Moscow.
The struggle of the Russian people against Polish and Swedish intervention at the beginning of the 17th century.
Soviet historical encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ed. E. M. Zhukova. 1973-1982 .
The Polish-Swedish intervention of the 17th century was the actions of invaders from the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Poland) and Sweden, aimed at dismembering Rus' into separate parts and eliminating Rus' as an independent state.
For several centuries, Poland and Sweden wanted to seize territories belonging to Rus' and liquidate the state, since it was a fairly strong rival for them. By the beginning of the 17th century, Rus' was in a weakened state - many were dissatisfied with the rule of Tsar Boris Godunov and conflicts constantly arose within the country. This was the ideal moment for Sweden and Poland to intervene.
Intervention is the intervention of one or more states in the affairs of another state. Intervention can be either military or peaceful, using exclusively political and economic means.
The Polish intervention is divided into two periods according to the reign of False Dmitry 1 and 2):
- Period of False Dmitry 1 (1605 – 1606)
- Period of False Dmitry 2 (1607 – 1610)
Background
In 1591, under unclear circumstances, the heir to the Russian throne, Tsarevich Dmitry, died from a knife wound to the throat. Two people subordinate to Boris Godunov were accused of murder, but Prince Vasily Shuisky, who soon arrived in Uglich, stated that the death of the prince was accidental, allegedly he fell with his throat on a knife. Despite the fact that the mother of the deceased prince was against Godunov, he soon ascended the throne, taking the place of Dmitry’s legal heir. The people reconciled themselves, but there were many dissatisfied people in the country who believed the words of the queen and did not want to see Godunov at the head of the state.
False Dmitry 1
In 1601, a man appears who pretends to be the surviving Tsarevich Dmitry and declares his claims to the Russian throne. The impostor turns to Poland and King Sigismund 3 for help, promising in return to accept Catholicism and preach Catholicism in Rus'. The appearance of an impostor becomes an excellent chance for Poland to begin an intervention.
1604 - the army of False Dmitry 1 invades the territory of Rus'. With the support of Polish soldiers, as well as the peasants who quickly joined him (who were dissatisfied with the existing political situation), he quickly moved deeper into the country and soon reached the walls of Moscow.
1605 - Boris Godunov dies and his son Fedor ascends the throne. However, Godunov's former supporters go over to the side of False Dmitry 1 and soon the young tsar will be found murdered.
1605 - False Dmitry 1 becomes king with enormous support from Moscow.
During the year of his reign, False Dmitry 1 showed himself to be a fairly good manager, but he made a mistake - he did not give the Poles the lands that he promised and did not convert Rus' to the Catholic faith. In addition, he refused to observe the original Russian traditions and displeased many. There were rumors that he was a Catholic.
1606 - an uprising breaks out in Moscow, during which False Dmitry 1 is killed. Vasily Shuisky took his place.
Later it became known that the fugitive monk Grigory Otrepyev was hiding under the guise of False Dmitry.
False Dmitry 2
In 1607, another impostor, False Dmitry 2, appears. He gathers a small army from the lower and oppressed classes and goes with him to Moscow.
1609 - the army of False Dmitry 2 was defeated by a detachment led by the nephew of the sovereign Vasily Shuisky, who concluded an agreement with the Swedes. In exchange for help in the fight against the impostor, Sweden receives part of the Russian lands that it has long claimed. As a result, the lands captured by False Dmitry were returned, and he himself was forced to flee to Kaluga, where some time later he would be killed.
The failure of False Dmitry 2, as well as the weakness of the government of Vasily Shuisky, lead to the fact that Poland decides to begin the second stage of intervention, since the first one failed. At the same time, Shuisky concludes an agreement with Sweden, which allows Poland (which is at war with Sweden) to officially declare war on Russia.
1610 - Polish troops approach the borders and begin to actively invade the country. The Poles defeat Shuisky's army, which causes discontent among the people. Another uprising breaks out and Shuisky is overthrown from the throne.
1610 - Moscow boyars recognize the victory of Poland, surrender Moscow and invite the son of the Polish king Sigismund, Vladislav, to the throne.
The country plunged into another period of division.
Getting rid of the Poles
The arbitrariness of the Poles on Russian soil could not but lead to discontent. As a result, in 1611 patriotic movements began to actively manifest themselves. The first uprising failed, since there was no agreement in the army, but already in 1612 a new army was assembled under the leadership of Minin and Pozharsky.
In August 1612, the army approached Moscow and began a siege.
In October 1612 the Poles finally surrendered and were expelled. Mikhail Romanov became Tsar of Russia.
1617 - peace is concluded with Sweden.
1618 – peace is concluded with Poland.
Despite the dire consequences of the Polish-Swedish intervention, Russia retained its state independence.
Vasily Shuisky. After the death of False Dmitry, he ascended the throne Boyar Tsar Vasily Shuisky (1606-1610 ). He gave an obligation, formalized in the form of a kissing cross (kissed the cross), to preserve the privileges of the boyars, not to take away their estates and not to judge the boyars without the participation of the Boyar Duma.
Some historians see in this act the king's first treaty with subjects, which essentially means a step towards the rule of law, i.e. an alternative to autocracy. But due to the prevailing circumstances, as well as the insignificance of the personality of the new king, his hypocrisy, she remained only historical opportunity. There were no conditions for its implementation.
In order to suppress rumors about the salvation of Tsarevich Dmitry, his remains were transferred by order of Shuisky three days after the coronation from Uglich to Moscow. The prince was canonized. This turned the impostor's supporters into heretics.
By summer 1606 Mr. Shuisky managed to gain a foothold in Moscow, but the outskirts of the country continued to seethe. The political conflict generated by the struggle for power and the crown grew into a social one. The people, having finally lost faith in improving their situation, again opposed the authorities. IN 1606-1607 gg. an uprising broke out under the leadership of I. Bolotnikov, which many historians consider peak of the Peasant War beginning of the 17th century This uprising continued the Russian Civil War.
The uprising of I. I. Bolotnikov. Komaritskaya volost became the support of I. Bolotnikov. Here, in the area of the city of Kromy, many Cossacks gathered who supported False Dmitry 1, who freed this region from taxes for 10 years. Having become the head of the Cossack detachments, Bolotnikov from Krom moved to Moscow summer 1606 Soon, Bolotnikov’s small detachment turned into a powerful army, which included peasants, city residents, and even detachments of nobles and Cossacks dissatisfied with the boyar government. The governors of Putivl (Prince G. Shakhovskoy) and Chernigov (Prince A. Telyatevsky), associated with False Dmitry 1, submitted to the “royal governor.” Speaking as governor of the king Dmitry Ivanovich, rumors of whose salvation revived again during the reign of V. Shuisky, I. Bolotnikov defeated government troops under Yelets, captured Kaluga, Tula, Serpukhov.
IN October 1606 I. Bolotnikov’s army besieged Moscow. At this time, more than 70 cities were on the side of the rebels. The siege of Moscow lasted two months. At the decisive moment treason of noble units, who went over to Shuisky’s side, led to the defeat of I. Bolotnikov’s army. Seeking the support of the boyars and nobles, Shuisky in March 1607 Mr. published " Code on Peasants", introducing 15 year term tracking down fugitives.
I. Bolotnikov was thrown back to Kaluga and besieged by tsarist troops. Then he retreated to Tula. The three-month siege of Tula was led by V. Shuisky himself. The Upa River was blocked by a dam and the fortress was flooded. After V.I. Shuisky promised to save the lives of the rebels, they opened the gates of Tula. The king brutally dealt with the rebels. I. Bolotnikov was blinded and then drowned in an ice hole in the city of Kargopol.
Participants of the uprising. Representatives of different social strata took part in the uprising of I. Bolotnikov - peasants, serfs, townspeople, Cossacks, nobles and other service people. The Cossacks played an important role at all stages of the uprising. Possessing weapons, military experience, and a strong organization, it formed the core of the rebel army.
In addition to the oppressed sections of the population, nobles and service people also took part in the campaign against Moscow. Their participation in the peasant uprising can be explained by the fact that they used it for their own purposes. At the decisive moment, the nobles, having betrayed the rebels, went over to the side of the government. Were in the ranks of the rebels and boyar adventurers.
Together with the Russians, the Mordovians, Mari, Chuvash and other peoples of the Volga region, who became part of Russia, took part in the uprising of I. Bolotnikov.
Rebel demands. We learn about the demands of the rebels from documents released from the government camp. They quote the so-called " lovely letters"("sheets"), coming from the army of I. Bolotnikov, - proclamation, calling on the population of cities and villages to go over to the side of the rebels. Thus, Moscow Patriarch Hermogenes wrote: “... and those people stand near Moscow, in Kolomenskoye, and write their damned sheets to Moscow, and order the boyar slaves to beat their boyars and their wives; and votchinas and estates are judged for them... and they call their thieves to themselves and want to give them boyarship, and voivodeship, and okolnichestvo, and priesthood...»
Ideological views the rebels, despite the categorical nature of their demands, had tsarist character. Naive monarchism, faith in "good" king lay at the heart of the views of the Cossacks and the peasantry on the state structure. The peasantry and Cossacks saw the goal of the uprising as a return to the old, communal order.
Historians have different assessments of the powerful popular protests of the early 17th century. Some of them believe that they detained legal registration of serfdom for 50 years, others believe that, on the contrary, accelerated the process of legal registration of serfdom, which ended in 1649 (this point of view seems more correct).
False Dmitry II(1607-1610 ). Although Bolotnikov's uprising was suppressed, the Troubles did not end there, since the main contradictions were not resolved.
In summer 1607 when V. Shuisky was besieging Bolotnikov in Tula, a new impostor appeared in the Bryansk region (Starodub). He was supported by detachments of the Polish gentry fleeing from Sigismund III after the suppression of the anti-royal uprising and the remnants of Bolotnikov’s troops who joined. In appearance, False Dmitry II resembled False Dmitry 1, which was noticed by the participants in the adventure of the first impostor. Until now, the identity of False Dmitry II causes a lot of controversy. Apparently, he came from a church environment.
In summer 1608 Mr. False Dmitry approached Moscow, but attempts to take the capital ended in vain. He stopped 17 km from the Kremlin, in the town Tushino, received the nickname " Tushino thief" Soon Marina Mnishek also moved to Tushino. The impostor promised her 3 thousand gold rubles and income from 14 Russian cities after his accession to Moscow, and she recognized him as her husband. It was done secret wedding according to the Catholic rite. The impostor promised to help spread Catholicism in Russia.
False Dmitry II was obedient puppet in the hands of the Polish gentry, who managed to take control of the north-west and north of Russian lands. The fortress of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery fought valiantly for 16 months, in the defense of which the surrounding population played a significant role. Protests against the Polish invaders took place in a number of large cities of the North: Novgorod, Vologda, Veliky Ustyug.
If False Dmitry I spent 11 months in the Kremlin, then False Dmitry II unsuccessfully besieged Moscow for 21 months. In Tushino, under False Dmitry II, from among the boyars dissatisfied with V. Shuisky (the people aptly called them “ Tushino flights") its own Boyar Duma and orders were formed. Metropolitan Filaret, captured in Rostov, was named patriarch in Tushino.
Open intervention. The Shuisky government, realizing that it was not able to cope with False Dmitry II, in Vyborg ( 1609 ) entered into an agreement with Sweden. Russia renounced its claims to the Baltic coast, and the Swedes provided troops to fight False Dmitry II. Under the command of a commander M. V. Skopin-Shuisky, the Tsar's nephew, began successful operations against the Polish invaders.
In response, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which was at war with Sweden, declared war Russia. Troops King Sigismund III in autumn 1609 The city of Smolensk was besieged, which defended itself for more than 20 months. The king ordered the nobles to leave Tushino and go to Smolensk. Tushino camp crumbled, the impostor was no longer needed by the Polish gentry, who switched to open intervention. False Dmitry II fled to Kaluga, where he was soon killed. The embassy of the Tushino boyars went to Smolensk at the beginning 1610 and invited him to the Moscow throne son of the king - Vladislav.
Summer 1610, leaving struggling Smolensk in the rear, the Polish army moved towards Moscow. IN June 1610 Russian troops were defeated from Polish troops. This completely undermined Shuisky's prestige. The path to Moscow was open. The Swedes thought more about the capture of Novgorod and other Russian lands than about their defense: they left Shuisky's army and began to plunder the northwestern Russian cities.
Seven Boyars. In summer 1610 happened in Moscow coup. Nobles led by P. Lyapunov They overthrew V. Shuisky from the throne and forcibly tonsured him as a monk. (Shuisky died in 1612 in Polish captivity). Power was seized by a group of boyars led by F.I. Mstislavsky. This government consisted of seven boyars, was called the “Seven Boyars”.
IN August 1610 The seven-boyars, despite the protests of Patriarch Hermogenes, concluded an agreement on recognition to the Russian throne of Vladislav, the son of King Sigismund, and allowed intervention troops into the Kremlin. 27 August 1610 Moscow swore allegiance to Vladislav. It was direct betrayal national interests. The country faced the threat of losing its independence.
The first militia. Only by relying on the people could it be possible to win and preserve the independence of the Russian state. IN 1610 Patriarch Hermogenes called for a fight against the invaders, for which he was arrested. At the beginning 1611 was created in Ryazan land First militia which was headed by a nobleman P. Lyapunov. The militia moved to Moscow, where spring 1611 An uprising broke out.
However, the Russian troops were unable to develop their success. The leaders of the militia spoke out in favor of returning the fugitive peasants to their owners. Cossacks did not have the right to hold public office. Opponents of P. Lyapunov, who sought to establish a military organization of the militia, began to sow rumors that he allegedly wanted to exterminate the Cossacks. They invited him into the Cossack “circle” in July 1611 g. and killed. In response, the noble detachments left the camp. The first militia disintegrated.
By this time, the Swedes had captured Novgorod, and the Poles, after a months-long siege, had captured Smolensk. The Polish king Sigismund III announced that he himself would become the Russian Tsar, and Russia would join the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Arose serious threat sovereignty of Russia
Second militia. Minin and Pozharsky. The critical situation that has developed by autumn 1611 g., accelerated the creation Second militia. It was initiated by the Nizhny Novgorod zemstvo elder Kuzma Minin, A military leader - Prince D.M. Pozharsky, who distinguished himself in the fight for Moscow during the First Militia.
In the spring of 1612 The militia moved towards Yaroslavl. Created here provisional government Russia " Council of the whole earth». Summer of 1612 from the Arbat Gate, the troops of K. Minin and D. M. Pozharsky approached Moscow and united with the remnants of the first militia.
22 October 1612 On the day of the discovery of the icon of the Kazan Mother of God, who accompanied the militia, Kitay-Gorod was taken. Four days later, the Polish garrison in the Kremlin surrendered. In memory of the liberation of Moscow from the interventionists, a temple in honor of the icon of Our Lady of Kazan was erected on Red Square at the expense of D. M. Pozharsky.
The victory was won as a result heroic efforts Russian people. The feat of the Kostroma peasant will forever serve as a symbol of loyalty to the Motherland. I. Susanina, who sacrificed his own life in the fight against the Polish invaders. Grateful Russia first sculptural monument in Moscow erected to Minin and Pozharsky (I. P. Martos, 1818).
