What is the language in Argentina? Official language of Argentina

Geographically, Argentina can be divided into at least four main regions: the Northeast Plains, Pampa, Patagonia and the Andes (mountainous region). Since Argentina has a large extent from North to South, it crosses several climatic zones at once - from the tropics to Antarctica itself.

Historical background
Before Spanish colonization, the territory of northwestern Argentina was inhabited by numerous Indian tribes who were engaged in agriculture, crafts, and knew the smelting of non-ferrous metals. At the beginning of the 16th century. The territory of Argentina was conquered by the Spaniards, who named these lands La Plata (after the name of the river). This territory was included in the Viceroyalty of Peru. The Indians were pushed into the harsh southern regions and into the foothills of the Andes. Large land ownership was strengthened in the country using the labor of Indians and slaves imported from Africa. Of great importance was the breeding of cattle, sheep, horses, the cultivation of wheat and other grain crops, and sugar cane. Mined silver was exported. In the 18th century Spanish authorities allowed the construction of manufactories and lifted some restrictions on trade. In 1776, a separate viceroyalty of La Plata was created (the territory of modern Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay and Uruguay). Buenos Aires received the right to free trade with the ports of the metropolis. In May 1810, an anti-Spanish uprising broke out in Buenos Aires. In 1816, the independence of the United Provinces of La Plata was proclaimed. In 1826 the country was declared a confederation. Only in 1862 did Argentina become a unified state.

Until recently, Argentina was one of the most developed countries in Latin America. Since the beginning of the 90s, economic reforms have been actively carried out in the country. Privatization policies and the widespread attraction of foreign capital play a significant role in these reforms. This 'widespread involvement' was so widespread that, according to some observers, almost all production was either owned or rented by foreigners.

Finance
The currency of Argentina is the peso, divided into 100 centavos. From the very beginning of economic reform until January 2002. it was strictly tied to the dollar exchange rate as 1:1. In January 2002. The Argentine government devalued the peso and the official exchange rate became 1:1.4. However, almost immediately there was a further depreciation of the peso.

Industry
Argentina is characterized by a predominant manufacturing industry and is dominated by heavy industry; however, traditional sectors of the light and especially food industries still occupy an important place and are of export importance. The location of industry is characterized by high territorial concentration: a significant part of heavy industrial enterprises is concentrated in the lower reaches of the Parana River, in the industrial belt between Buenos Aires and Rosario; More than half of industrial output is produced in Greater Buenos Aires.

The country ranks fourth in oil production in Latin America. Production fully meets the country's needs. Argentina is one of the top ten countries in terms of uranium reserves. The country is known for its scientific developments in the nuclear field.

The country's ferrous metallurgy is the oldest on the continent, but it is developing rather slowly, with a large capacity load due to a lack of raw materials.

Among the branches of non-ferrous metallurgy, the following are developed: production of lead, zinc, copper, aluminum based on our own and imported raw materials.

Mechanical engineering occupies a leading position in terms of product value in heavy industry. The most developed industries are transport engineering, agricultural engineering, production of equipment for the food industry, and electrical engineering. In transport engineering, the automotive industry is the leader; shipbuilding and aircraft manufacturing are developed.

Among the export industries, meat-packing occupies a special place - a traditional and country-specific industry. Argentina is one of the most significant producers and exporters of meat, mainly beef.

Among other branches of the food industry, the production of vegetable oils, in recent years - soybean oil, flour milling, oil pressing, and winemaking are of export importance. The fruit and vegetable, canning, sugar and beverage industries are oriented towards the domestic market. One of the typical branches of the Argentine industry is leather and footwear.

A distinctive feature of Argentina's agriculture compared to other Latin American countries is the fact that it is not only fully self-sufficient in food, but also exports it. In terms of food consumption per capita, the country surpasses other countries in the region, and in terms of meat consumption, it surpasses developed countries.

Argentina ranks sixth in the world in terms of cattle population, fifth in meat production per capita, and first in meat consumption. Meat is the national food of Argentines. In crop production, the main place is traditionally occupied by grain and oilseed crops of export importance. Argentina is one of the leading countries in the world in wheat harvesting.

Tourism
Compared to neighboring countries, tourism is not poorly developed in Argentina. This is perhaps the only area (if you do not take into account the poor demand for computer specialists in various areas of the economy) in which you can still find work at the present time.

Buenos Aires, which is called the Paris of South America, will be of particular interest to tourists. The city is famous for its numerous museums, including the National Gallery, in its 34 halls, hundreds of works by many Argentine artists are constantly exhibited, as well as famous paintings by Van Gogh, Picasso, Rodin, Renoir and others. Buenos Aires impresses with its modern and ancient architecture and its many cathedrals. Teatro Colon is one of the best opera houses in the world. The acoustics of this hall are considered ideal. It is believed that the historical birthplace of tango is Buenos Aires. Numerous restaurants are located literally on every corner of Buenos Aires. Argentina is a true paradise for meat lovers. Local wines, especially reds, are very good.

Just a few hundred kilometers from this metropolis, a world of pristine nature begins. The grandiose cascades of waterfalls, not inferior in size to Niagara, literally fascinate tourists. Argentina's numerous National Parks contain a tenth of the species of living creatures that live on our planet, including 2,500 species of fish, as well as over fifty thousand plants. In the west of Argentina, tourists will be interested in the picturesque foothills of the Andes. Huge blue, roaring glaciers, surrounded by picturesque nature, amaze with their grandeur. Argentina also has high-mountain resorts that are in no way inferior in service, nature and climate to the Swiss Alps.

Population.
Argentina is a typical country of immigrants.

The indigenous population was almost completely exterminated during Spanish colonization. Almost 90% of the population is not indigenous. The national composition of immigrants is very diverse. A lot of Spaniards and Italians live in Argentina, a lot of French, Germans, English, as well as representatives of Slavic peoples. Large numbers of Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians immigrated to Argentina before the revolution. Their descendants have long become, as it were, native Argentines. However, when the economic crisis broke out in Argentina in the winter of 2001-2002, many remembered their roots and literally tens of thousands of Argentines rushed to “their historical homelands” to start life over.

According to the law existing in the country, everyone born on its territory is considered an Argentinean. In the 70-80s of the twentieth century, Argentina turned into a country of immigration. The Argentine “economic miracle” attracted many good specialists from all over the world to the country in the early 90s.

At the same time, a significant number of immigrants arrive in the country from neighboring countries. These immigrants usually do not have a good education and are willing to do any job for very little money. To some extent, they are the cause of unemployment in the country. True, they do not constitute competition for qualified specialists. Since the early 90s, Argentina began to accept immigrants from Eastern European countries. Among the country's population, a normal attitude towards “new” immigrants prevails. You can, of course, meet those who believe that immigrants take jobs away from local residents. However, such cases are the exception rather than the rule.

There are many immigrants from the former USSR in Argentina. The largest, perhaps, are the Ukrainian and Jewish communities. There is no organized Russian diaspora as such in Argentina, despite a significant number of immigrants from the former USSR. In one serious article on this subject, the following was written literally: “And do not rely on the help of the Russian community: it is difficult to find a more dull creature than a Russian emigrant in Argentina. There is no community as such. There are only individuals who, at best, know each other a little.” This is true, but this is a separate conversation.

Today in Argentina, population dynamics are determined by natural growth, and its rate has been the lowest in Latin America since the mid-90s. As a result of this, the country is “aging”. The average life expectancy in the country is 71 years. Until recently, the standard of living in Argentina was significantly higher than in other Latin American countries. Unemployment (according to official data) is about 20%. Although the economic crisis has set the country back quite a bit, it is still more attractive than most of its neighbors.

Today, almost 90% of the total population lives in the country's cities, and more than a third of the urban population is in Buenos Aires. Today Buenos Aires, with ~12 million inhabitants, is one of the largest cities in the world. The rural population is small. This is largely explained by the specifics of agriculture and the concentration of production in the capital.

Medicine
As in all countries, there is paid and free medical care. Paid doctors are required to work for some time in free municipal hospitals. Everyone who works under contracts receives state insurance. This makes it possible to go to some paid clinics and buy medications at low prices or even through insurance. However, the service in free medical institutions is quite good.

Education
Education in Argentina is largely free. Argentine children are required to study in the preparatory (preescolar) group in kindergarten and after that they begin school. They start studying here, almost like us, at the age of 6-7. The system of further general education in the capital of the country and the provinces differs. However, as in the former USSR, general education lasts 9 or 11 years (at the student’s request). Children of immigrants from the former USSR note that it is easier to study in Argentinean schools, even though Spanish is not their native language.

Argentina today
At the end of 2001, Argentina was struck by a severe economic crisis. In just a few weeks, the country has had five presidents. Mass riots swept across the country. Almost all foreign currency deposits were frozen. Tens of thousands of people immigrated from Argentina in search of a better life. However, most crises end sooner or later. I want to believe that this one will end too.
Argentina is an unusual country. Some people like it, some don't. Maybe you have already been to Argentina and you have your own opinion about this country. If you are just about to visit there, then we hope that you will like Argentina.

Alexander Stukov, www.immigrantclub.net

To understand the history of any state, it is worth studying in detail how its official language was formed. In the case of Argentina, this allows you to touch the culture of the state and plunge into its history.

How the official language of Argentina was formed

Today's Argentines in 90% of cases are descendants of Europeans who crossed the ocean in search of a better life. Because of this More than 40 languages ​​and dialects can be found in the country, which are distributed across provinces depending on the location of communities of immigrants from European countries and places of settlement of Indians.

The official language is Spanish. However, it is almost impossible to find pure pronunciation, like that of the inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula. Argentina is divided into 22 provinces and each speaks Spanish differently. In total, more than 30 million people are fluent in it.

In terms of the number of people who have mastered this language, Argentina is in fourth place. Spanish is spoken in Mexico, Spain and Colombia. The residents themselves call their castellano dialect. In most cases it is a cross between Spanish and Italian with a Neapolitan accent. In oral speech, slang expressions borrowed from other languages ​​are often used.

Indigenous language

There were Indian settlements in South America, including Argentina. They have been the indigenous population since time immemorial and after the flooding of the country by settlers they were seriously displaced. In remote areas of the country there are people who are fluent in Toba, Chorote, Guarani, Pilaga, Mapuche and other dialects.

As of today, the ancient languages ​​of the Abilon and Chan Indians have completely disappeared, and in 2000 only 4 people spoke the Tehuelche dialect, and it is unknown whether they have survived to this day.

Mostly, indigenous languages ​​are spoken by elderly people living in remote areas that previously belonged to South American Indian tribes.

It cannot be said that such tribes have completely died out. In some provinces you can still find isolated settlements, within which you can hear ancient dialects. To communicate with officials and tourists, they usually have one or two people who are fluent in the official Spanish language. They act as translators and belong to the leadership of the tribe.

Formation of the modern state language

The first emigrants to arrive in Argentina were Italians and Spaniards. To communicate with each other, they used the Creole dialect or Kokoliche. Now it remains only in historical productions and slang expressions.

On the streets of Buenos Aires you can hear more than just Spanish. German, Italian and French are often used for communication here. If you know one of these languages, then you can safely go on a tour of Buenos Aires, since finding a guide will not be difficult. It is not uncommon to see immigrants from Russia there who can become guides to historical places and attractions of the city and the country.

Argentina also has a second official language - the above-mentioned Italian. It is spoken by 15 million people. Even Spanish here sounds with a strong Italian accent, so a tourist who has previously visited Rome will feel as if he is back on the streets of the Eternal City. Although most words will still remain incomprehensible and unfamiliar.

Almost 2 million people use the German-Spanish language, jokingly called Belgrandeutsch. It appeared at a time when a flow of emigrants from Germany poured into the country. The same number of people speak the Levantine dialect. These are mainly Arabs, immigrants from Lebanon, Israel and Palestine.

In the Argentinean version of Spanish - the language that we call Spanish, they call Castilian and do not understand very well - the words are generally the same, but the construction of phrases is different.

The official language is Spanish. German, English, French and Italian are also widely used. More than 17 local languages ​​and dialects are also used in daily life.

Spanish, Latin American dialect (there is a difference between Catalan Spanish, that is, Spanish proper and the Spanish spoken not only in Argentina, but throughout L.A.). This mainly concerns phonetics and vocabulary.

Argentina is an immigrant country. A collection of languages ​​of all countries and peoples. Everyone tried to insert, insert their own... word, phrase and even distort their pronunciation. True, the long-suffering Spanish managed to survive, only, of course, now he is no longer... español. Argentine Spanish is called castellano (Castilian). Although this name contains a grave mistake. In fact, Castilian is the dialect of Madrid and Barcelona, ​​i.e. real, classic, almost literary Spanish. Why this name migrated to Argentina is not clear, since the Argentine castejano has the same similarity with the Castilian as a cow with a horse - it seems like there are four legs and hooves, but something is not right... Most likely this happened due to the conceit of the Argentines, their character, the eternal conviction that they are the most correct

Araucanian language (Mapudungu, Mapuche) is the language of the Araucanians. Distributed in central-southern Chile and neighboring areas of Argentina. The total number of speakers is about 440 thousand people (1990s, estimate), of which about 400 thousand people are in Chile. Araucanian is one of the South American Indian languages ​​and is isolated. Includes three dialects - the now extinct northern (Pikunche), the vanishing southern (Uilliche or Tsesungun) and the largest central (Mapudungu or Mapuche proper) with a large number of dialects (Peuhuen, Lafken, Huente, Naga and others in Chile; Rankyl, Leufu, Teluche , Divice, Chubut, Manzanero and others in Argentina). Lunfardo (Spanish lunfardo) is a sociolect, sometimes considered as a special jargon of the Spanish language of Buenos Aires (Argentina), as well as in neighboring Montevideo (Uruguay) of the late 19th - first half of the 20th centuries, formed under the influence of the Italian language, common in the working-immigrant environment. In Argentina, and more precisely in Buenos Aires, the difference between the local Spanish language variant and the classical Castilian dialect of medieval Spain is especially noticeable. Argentina and Uruguay experienced massive European immigration between 1880 and 1930, when some 3.5 million immigrants arrived in these countries, with the Spaniards making up only about a third of the total flow, the bulk being peasants from the south of Italy (Mezzogiorno), speaking languages ​​closely related to Spanish dialects. The massive influx of Italians, most of whom never learned Spanish, but nevertheless understood it, led to the formation of a special proletarian sociolect called lunfardo, which began to take shape even under the Spanish convicts who were exiled to these parts in the XVII-XVIII centuries. The official language of Argentina is Spanish, although Italian, French, English, German and Portuguese are also widely spoken.

Argentina - brief information

Geographical location
Argentina is a state located in the south of South America, including part of the Tierra del Fuego island and the Falkland (Malvinas) Islands (territory disputed with Great Britain).

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Water resources

In the east and south, Argentina is washed by the Atlantic Ocean.

The northeast of the country is crossed by the Parana River, the second largest in South America.

Neighbor states

In the north and northeast it borders with Bolivia, Paraguay and Brazil, in the east with Uruguay, in the south and west with Chile.

Climate

The climate in Argentina varies from subtropical in the north to humid tropical in the center of the country and temperate in the south.

The Andean regions are characterized by rainy weather and floods in the summer season, intense heat, snow cover in mountainous areas and dry hot winds, which are called Sundas. In lowland areas, heavy rain often falls over impenetrable rainforests and savannas. The amount of precipitation decreases from east to west.

Territory

In area (2,780.4 thousand sq. km) it is second only to Brazil.

Capital

Buenos Aires

Population

In July 2003, Argentina's population was estimated at 38.74 million people. Life expectancy is 71.72 years for men and 79.44 years for women. This territory is dominated by one ethnic group - whites (mainly Spaniards and Italians), who make up 97% of the population.

Unlike some other countries in South America, the Caucasian element dominates - the descendants of Spanish colonists and emigrants from European countries. The remaining 3% are mestizos, American Indians and other non-white groups.

Language

Spanish, Italian, French, English, German and Portuguese are also common.

Administrative structure

Argentina is a federal republic and is divided into 23 provinces and one federal district, Buenos Aires.

Currency

Argentine Peso.

1$ = 3 AP. In large shopping centers, hotels, and restaurants, American Express, Visa, Master Card and Eurocard credit cards are accepted for payment.

Political structure

In accordance with the Argentine Constitution, the country has a republican form of government and a representative political system, with a moderate role for the federal government (about the same as in the United States, which in many ways served as a model for Argentina).

However, unlike the United States, in Argentina the provinces do not participate in the adoption of constitutional amendments. The president is the head of the executive branch of the country and the commander-in-chief of the armed forces, appoints the government (cabinet of ministers) and determines its functions; appoints heads of state-owned enterprises, as well as judges and ambassadors, with their subsequent confirmation by the Senate; determines foreign policy; has the right of veto in matters of legislation; in the event of a threat of military attack, may declare (with the approval of the Senate) martial law, temporarily restricting certain civil liberties.

Legislative power in Argentina belongs to the National Congress, which consists of the Chamber of Deputies (257 members) and the Senate (72 members).

Religion

90% of the population professes the Catholic religion, which has always played an important role in the social and political life of the country.

The constitution guarantees citizens freedom of religion, but the Roman Catholic Church has long enjoyed a privileged position in the country.

The constitutional reform of 1994 abolished many of the remaining forms of state trusteeship over the church, and also abolished the requirement that the president and vice president must belong to the Catholic Church; However, even after this, the constitution retained a provision obliging the federal government to “maintain the Roman Catholic Apostolic Faith.”

Internet domains.ar

Important phone numbers

Telephone code: +54

Time zone UTC −3

Spain – Argentina: star duel
Spain and Argentina are two countries connected to each other by a common history, long and glorious, although not always “peaceful and smooth”. However, in modern conditions, it is much more important that these peoples have related cultures, which are based on such a universal means of uniting peoples as a common language. The truly great, powerful and free Spanish language is melodious and sonorous, tough and expressive, which has served and continues to serve as a source of inspiration for poets and composers, contributing to the birth of the most beautiful melodies and heartfelt lyrics.
Argentina occupies the southeastern part of the South American continent.

the eastern part of the island of Tierra del Fuego and the nearby Estados islands, etc.
The shores are little indented, only the La Plata estuary cuts into the land for 320 kilometers. The territory of Argentina is elongated in the meridional direction. Its greatest length from north to south is 3.7 thousand kilometers. The large length of its maritime borders played an important role in the development of its external economic relations.
The nature of Argentina is diverse, due to the large extent of the country from north to south and differences in relief.

Based on the structure of the surface, the country can be divided approximately along 63° W. into two halves: flat - northern and eastern, elevated - western Spain, southern Argentina.
Argentina physical map
However, the first goal did not have to wait long. After three minutes, the Argentina team realized their advantage.

Carlos Benitez, having received the ball near the penalty mark and with his back to the goal, turned around and delivered a strong shot. The defenders clearly made a mistake and left a lot of space for the shot. Spanish goalkeeper De Gea reacted to this blow, but the ball only treacherously ricocheted off him and into the goal. 0:1.
Having conceded a goal, the Spaniards were at first not eager to win back, the Argentines decided to play to maintain the score.
In the 37th minute, in the fight against the Spaniards, Luis Oyeda found himself on the lawn, the ball fell out of his hands, but the main referee of the match recorded an attack on the goalkeeper.

After lying down for a while, the goalkeeper got up and fired a free kick. The Argentines no longer tried to rush forward and score more - the last minutes were characterized only by unsuccessful flank crosses and the confident play of the Spanish goalkeeper, who neutralized potentially dangerous moments at his own goal.
In the 44th minute, a dangerous cross into the penalty area was interrupted by Luis Ojeda.
Ravshan Irmatov added two minutes to the first half, during which the Spanish team could have equalized the score.

In the 47th minute, Argentinean Guirdo Pisapro received a yellow card for stopping an attack. The referee placed the ball near the edge of the penalty area. Iago tried to touch the ball again. However, the ball, having hit the post, flew not into the goal, but into the field. The first half was over.
Having scored a goal, the Argentina national team realized its advantage. However, the ease with which the initiative was given to the Spaniards was alarming.
During the break, the team coaches made one substitution: for the Spaniards, Izma Lopez came onto the field, replacing Sergio Tejera, for the Argentines, Fernando Godoy replaced Alex.
The Spaniards started the second half actively, but their attacks were toothless, their passes were long, and their crosses were inaccurate.

The Argentina national team, attacking less often, did not waste chances and acted more dangerous than their opponents. In the 52nd minute, there was an inaccurate long-range shot from the Spaniards, the Argentines responded by bringing Eduardo Salvio to a rendezvous with the goalkeeper (however, it was offside) and Salvio’s solo pass (but here one of the defenders played great).
Starting from the 60th minute, the pressure on Ojeda's goal increased significantly, but the Spaniards could not complete their attacks.

The Europeans looked much fresher than their rivals. In the 65th minute, Daniel Aquino had a good chance, but his shot in a tackle was blocked by an Argentine defender.
The goal happened in the 67th minute: after a well-calibrated pass from the left flank by Izma Lopez, Daniel Aquino, beating the defender, scored a goal with his head in a spectacular jump, directing the ball exactly to the near corner of the goal, which was not covered by the goalkeeper.
The Argentina national team responded: in the 70th minute the ball ended up in De Gea's goal, but before that Irmatov recorded an attack on the goalkeeper.

The South Americans began to fiddle with the ball, and the Spaniards were more active and put pressure on the opponent, not allowing the attack to develop. The last minutes of the match the teams played practically without a goal, in an active power struggle. Pauses became very frequent: the leg muscles of the young football players could not stand it and the referee had to constantly stop the match so that the players could receive appropriate assistance from masseurs.
The match dragged on to its conclusion, the chief referee added three minutes to the main time.

But in the 89th minute, the Argentines could have cleared up all questions about the winner if the goalpost had not saved the Spaniards from scoring. Santiago Fernandez made a beautiful long-range shot, the goalkeeper would not have reached the ball.
The result of this match is quite natural. I think that the audience enjoyed watching football played by young football players from Spain and Argentina.
Lopatko Pavel
Statistics
Spain - Argentina - 1:1 (Aquino, 67 - Benitez, 31)
Spain: David de Gea (goalkeeper), Alex, David Rochela (captain), Najo (Alberto Morgado, 84), Ximo, David Spain Argentina, Lucas (Azier Illapramendi, 77), Jago, Daniel Aquino, Francisco Atienza, Sergio Tejera ( Izma Lopez, 46).

Coach - Juan Santisteban
Argentina: Luis Oyeda (goalkeeper), Mateo Musaccio (Fernando Godoy, 46), Damian Martinez, Fernando Meza (captain), Eduardo Salvio, Mariano Bittolo, Pablo Rolon, Franco Zuculini, Alexis Machuca, Carlos Benitez (Nicolas Mazzola, 60), Guirdo Pisapro.

Trainer: Miguel Angel Tojo
Referee panel: Ravshan Irmatov (Uzbekistan), Abdukamidallo Rasulov (Uzbekistan), Bahadir Kochkorov (Kyrgyzstan), Kwon Yong Chul (Korea)
25.08.2007.

South Korea. Gwangyang, 32 degrees

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Argentina is one of the most economically developed countries in Latin America, but its dependence on foreign capital is a characteristic feature. For this dependence, “countries that are politically formally independent, but in fact are complex in networks of financial and diplomatic dependence,” Lenin emphasized, citing the example of Argentina.

Before World War II, England's capital played an important role in Argentina's economy; In the post-war period, England is replaced by the United States and partly by West Germany.

Geographical features and economic areas

Argentina is the second largest republic in South America; about 2 hours, 8 million. km2, coincides with five French ones. In the north of Argentina it borders with Bolivia, in the northeast with Paraguay, in the east with Brazil and Uruguay and the Atlantic Ocean, and the western side raises the magnificent Cordilleras, some peaks reaching 6-7 thousand in the north.

The Cordilleras form the border between Argentina and Chile; steep slopes facing west, and in Argentina, parallel ridges and gradually fall to form a large foothill and plateau, transformed into the low-lying plain that characterizes much of the surface of Argentina.

The considerable length of Argentina from north to south (22° to 56° south.

almost 4 thousand km), and in the high mountainous regions in the west, which retain moisture from the Pacific Ocean, were determined by the climate of the country. The subtropical climate in the north gives way to the temperate south.

In the west, precipitation drops sharply as moisture from the Atlantic coast does not reach the interior. There is almost no precipitation in the highlands. The southern part of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, which is exposed to the influence of both oceans, has a wet and cold climate.

Climatically and geographically, Argentina is divided into five main regions: the Argentine Chaco, Mesopotamia, Pampa in the central part of the country, the northwestern region, and southern Argentina.

The Argentine Chaco extends from its northern limit to 29°C.

w. and includes the provinces of Chaco and Formosa, north of the province of Santa Fe and northeast of the province of Sant Ego del Estero. The Chaco region is a monotonous plain with open savannahs, which are replaced by so-called park-type forests.

In the west, in arid regions, giant cacti, thorns, along river banks, palm tubers. The main wealth of the forests (especially in the eastern part) is quebraca, from which tannin is extracted into the bark.

Cotton grows in the south.

The center and north of the area are almost uninhabited. It's mainly in the southeast corner of Chuck.

The Paraná and Uruguay interfaces stretched a narrow strip in the northeast. Given the nature of the relief and vegetation, this region is not alone. In the north, in forests and plantations, a collection of wild plants called Parbaian tea (Erba mate) is currently being developed. The area covered by grasslands is an area of ​​extensive animal husbandry; To the south of the main importance in the economy are wheat and flax.

The Pampa is an undulating plain covered with rich grassy vegetation.

This region is the center of the country's economic life. Favorable climatic and soil conditions created the opportunity for the development of livestock farming and agriculture. The area of ​​the so-called wet pores extends westward to the area of ​​the dry or delicate pampas. Dry Pampas, a sandy, rocky, sometimes salt marsh plain covered with heavy grass and thorns, in the south it goes into Patagonia and in the west, there is a pass at the foot of the Andes.

The northwestern region extends from Bolivia in the north to the southern borders of the provinces of Mendoza and San Luis in the south.

It includes semi-arable plains in the foothills and highlands. The area is poorly humid and vegetation is sparse, with the exception of isolated oases in the mountain valleys. Of major economic importance are the valleys of the provinces of Mendoza and San Luis, where viticulture and wine production are developed, as well as the sugar cane of Tucumán, Salta and Jujuy.

These are areas of early Spanish colonization, originating from Peru and Chile. Climatic power and soil fertility are especially characteristic in the province of Tucuman. Livestock farming develops on the plains of the foothills. The country's small ore reserves are mainly concentrated in this area. Oil production began in the provinces of Sol and Mendoza.

Southern Argentina, which covers about a third of the country's territory, includes Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego.

The climate is quite severe due to strong cold winds. Patagonia is a plateau that gradually descends from the Andes to the east and suddenly breaks the Atlantic coast. The flora is the same as in the dry pampa - hard grass, shrubs and glazed trees on the banks of rivers, with almost no tributaries. The steps of Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego are excellent pastures for sheep; About a third of the individuals are concentrated here.

Agriculture is poorly developed and only in areas adjacent to the pampas, then with the use of artificial irrigation, in the oases of the Rio Negro and in the valleys of the upper river streams.

The Comodoro-Rivadavia region produces oil and coal.

Political system

Argentina is a bourgeois republic consisting of 22 provinces and one federal (main) region. The President of the Republic heads the executive branch. He must be a native Catholic and Argentinean. The legislative body belongs to the Congress, which consists of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, whose members, like the president, are elected for six years.

Landscapes are managed by governors.

In May 1958, he was elected president by Arturo Frondizi, leader of the "Civic Radical Union of Incompatibles", which was one of the factions of the country's largest bourgeois party. The Frondisian government has taken several steps to strengthen the national economy by banning the eviction of rural residents from the country.

The Communist Party, founded in 1918, was illegally detained for a long time. After a poor legal existence, it was banned again in April 1959.

Population population

The total population of Argentina is 20,255 thousand people.

people (1958) 1. The average density in the republic is about 7 people per 1 km2, but this number is completely incomplete. Like most South American countries, Argentina's population is very unevenly distributed.

By far the most populated area is the main ancient Spanish colonization - the eastern edge of the Pampa, adjacent to the mouth of the Rio de la Plata, in the heart of Buenos Aires and northwestern Argentina.

Pampa's area is only about 22% of the country's total area, but the country has about 70% of the population.

The population density in individual provinces of Pampa ranges from 9 to 14 people per 1 km2. The highest density is in the province of Tucuman - about 30 people per 1 km2.

The rest of Argentina is very poorly populated, particularly Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego and the arid landscapes at the foot of the Andes, where the density is less than one person per square kilometer.

These sparsely populated regions make up approximately half of the republic's territory, but up to 10% of the population live in them.

Although Argentina is primarily an agricultural country, it is characterized by a predominance of urban over rural populations.

Over the past hundred years, the ratio between rural and urban populations has changed significantly. According to the 1869 census, the rural population made up two-thirds. Already at the beginning of the 20th century. more than half, but already in 1930 the urban population accounted for two-thirds. Currently, 75% of the population lives in cities with a population of more than 10 thousand people. About 20% of the country's population is concentrated in the capital of the republic, Buenos Aires.

The largest part of the population consists of the industrial proletariat (approximately 28% of the working population, according to 1950 data), excluding farm workers, tenant farmers, agricultural workers and the agricultural proletariat.

Indigenous people of Argentina before the arrival of the Spaniards

Before the arrival of the Spaniards, the territory of modern Argentina was inhabited by numerous tribes that spoke different languages ​​and were at different stages of social development.

The autochthonous population of Argentina began in the 16th century. can be divided into several groups living in different geographical areas.

In the northwest, in the valleys and in the Andean forests and at the base, there were the Atasamenovs, the Diets, the Komiki and other smaller Indian tribes.

Chaco was mainly inhabited by the Guaycouri group. Chiriguano and Chain lived in the far northwest corner of the Argentine Chaco, most of which was in the Bolivian Chaco. In the middle reaches of the river. Bermejo Guaicuru borders the Villa and Vilayet tribes. The Indians of Querendia and Guarana, before Paraná, were separate small tribes that lived in the La Plata basin and in the lower reaches of Paraná and Uruguay.

The Indians of the Het and Puelche groups lived in a pamphlet. In Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego, Fuongo was decorated by the Chon (Tehulche and Ona) Indians.

From the beginning of the 18th century. A large group of Araucanas from Chile began to move onto the pampas. The persistent and uncontrollable Araucanians found refuge in the pampas to persecute the Spaniards.

Argentina(Spanish Argentina), full official form - Argentine Republic (Spanish República Argentina) - the second (after Brazil) in territory and third (after Brazil and Colombia) in population state of South America, consisting of 24 administrative units - 23 provinces and a federal metropolitan area of ​​Buenos Aires.

Argentina occupies the southeastern part of the South American mainland and the eastern part of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago.
It borders in the west with Chile, in the north with Bolivia and Paraguay, in the northeast with Brazil and Uruguay.

In the east it is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean.
The shores are little indented, only the La Plata estuary cuts into the land for 320 kilometers. The territory of Argentina is elongated in the meridional direction.

Its greatest length from north to south is 3.7 thousand kilometers. The large length of its maritime borders played an important role in the development of its external economic relations.
Area 2.8 million km² (excluding the Falkland, or Malvinas, Islands - a territory disputed between Argentina and Great Britain).
The nature of Argentina is diverse due to the large extent of the country from north to south and differences in relief.

Based on the structure of the surface, the country can be divided approximately along 63° W. into two halves: flat - northern and eastern, elevated - western and southern.

Along the entire western border of Argentina stretch the Andes, the largest mountain range in the Western Hemisphere, raised mainly during the Alpine orogeny.

They are distinguished by the complexity and diversity of their geological structure.
In the northwest, between the northern border of the country and 28° S. sh., at an altitude of 3000-4000 m lies a vast closed volcanic plateau - Pune. The mountains framing Pune from the east rise to 6500 m and end in snowy peaks - nevados.
To the south, the Andes narrow sharply.

They reach their greatest heights in the central part (between 32° and 37° S), where Alpine pointed landforms predominate. The highest peaks of South America, crowned with powerful snow caps, rise here: Aconcagua (6962 m), Tupungato, Mercedario. The combination of various relief forms with different colors of the slopes and snowy mountains creates the special beauty of the Andean mountain landscapes.
In the north, from the northern border to 29° S.

sh., and to the Parana River in the east the Gran Chaco plain (25-50m) spreads, filled with clastic material and alluvial sediments.
The area between the Parana and Uruguay rivers is a mostly flat area composed of red sandstones and marls, overlain by a thick layer of clayey alluvium and loess. The northern part of the area is a lava plateau, part of the lava plateau of the Brazilian Plateau.

The central part of Mesopotamia is a flat, swampy lowland. And the south is a hilly plain crossed by sandstone ridges - cuchillas. Argentina is located in three climatic zones: tropical, subtropical and temperate. Summer in the south of the country is cold: the average temperature of even the warmest month (January) is +15 °C. The “Pole of Heat” in Argentina is the tropical Gran Chaco region in the north.

In summer, the air there warms up to +30...+40 °C, and in winter average temperatures reach +17...+20 °C. The annual amount of precipitation decreases on the plains from east to west from 1400-1600 to 100-300 mm; in the mountains it increases again.

The eastern slopes of the Southern Andes receive the most precipitation (up to 2000, and in some places even up to 5000 mm per year), and from the lowland areas - Entre Rios in northeastern Argentina (up to 1600 mm per year).

Natural resources

Due to the diversity of the topography and the peculiarities of the geological structure, Argentina has a rich mineral resource base for industrial development.

But there are almost no deposits of global scale (as in other Latin American countries). There are ore minerals in the western regions. The country is distinguished by its reserves of uranium, manganese, copper ores, and beryllium; there are lead-zinc, tungsten and iron ores. Argentina is one of the top ten countries in the world in terms of uranium ore reserves.
Of the fuel and energy resources, natural gas and oil are the most important.

The main deposits are confined to sedimentary rocks in the troughs of the Patagonian Platform and the intermountain troughs of the Andes (in the provinces of Neuquen, Mendoza, Salta) and on Tierra del Fuego. Argentina's proven natural gas reserves are estimated at 600 billion cubic meters. Its production has increased (especially with the discovery of deposits in the province of Neuquén). Patagonia has small reserves of brown coal.
Argentina stands out for its reserves of non-metallic minerals, including sulfur.

There are quite numerous deposits of various construction raw materials (marble, granite, etc.).
At the same time, the geological knowledge of the territory is generally low. But one of the main problems in the development of industries in Argentina is not so much the lack of certain types of raw materials (although there is a shortage of coking coals, bauxites, potassium salts, etc.), but rather their extremely unfavorable location (mainly in outlying, sparsely populated areas).

For example, in Patagonia (30% of the country’s territory) there is a combination of sources of mineral raw materials and fuel, water and forest resources. This area already accounts for half of the mining industry's output. However, only 3% of the country's population lives in this area.
The natural basis for economic development was, first of all, the rich land resources of Argentina.

In the structure of the land fund, agricultural lands occupy about 70% (but pastures predominate). A significant part of the Pampa territory has been plowed. The favorable combination of agroclimatic resources determined the country's specialization in grain farming and livestock farming on natural pastures.
Among Argentina's water resources, rivers play the main role.

The river network is better developed in the northeast, where two large rivers merge at the common mouth of La Plata. The Parana is the second (after the Amazon) river in South America in terms of length and basin area. The largest rivers in Argentina are fed by rain.

The main economic hydropower potential belongs to the rivers of Patagonia, originating in the mountains, as well as the rivers of the Paraná and Uruguay basins. But only a small part of this potential is used.

Flora

The vegetation of Argentina is very diverse: from tropical forests to semi-deserts in Patagonia and Puna.

Subtropical forests with a diverse species composition grow in northern Mesopotamia. Here you can find araucaria, sedro, and lapacho, which have valuable wood. To the south, shrubby vegetation predominates; wetlands are covered with reeds, reeds, water lilies, and elevated and dry areas are covered with meadows with rich grass cover.

There are sparse forests of acacias, mimosa, ostrich trees, and palm groves along the river banks.
Towards the south there are more open grassy areas; the southern part of the province of Entre Rios is a grass prairie and represents a transitional area to the Pampa.

Pampa translated from the Quechua Indian language means “deprived of woody vegetation.” The endless steppe spaces of the Wet Pampa were once covered with perennial grasses - feather grass, pearl barley, wild millet and variegated colorful forbs. However, there is little natural vegetation left here, a significant part of the territory is plowed, and the herbaceous cover that once covered it, which served as a natural food supply for livestock, as a result of long-term grazing, was clogged with weeds and lost its original appearance.
Dry Pampa is characterized by xerophilic vegetation - low-growing trees, thorny bushes, and tough grasses.

Similar vegetation is common in the arid west, in the intermountain basins, where tufts of tough grasses and xerophilous shrubs alternate with cacti.
Forests in Argentina cover 12% of the land fund. The most valuable are the coniferous forests of Mesopotamia and the humid Andes, as well as the Quebracho forests in the Chaco. Their exploitation is complicated by the fact that they are located in remote areas, so attempts are being made to create artificial forests in the most populated area - Pampa.
The forest resources of Chaco are the most developed, but here, as a result of long-term exploitation, the issue of their serious protection and restoration is acute.
The national flower of Argentina is Erythrina cockscomb.

Fauna

The fauna of Argentina, although not as rich and diverse as in other Latin American countries, has many endemic species.

These include the Pampas deer, Pampas cat, and Magellanic dog. Almost all of these animals live in the Andes and their foothills, as well as in the sparsely populated region of Patagonia. The relict spectacled bear is found in Pune.
The puma is common in the open semi-desert spaces of Patagonia and the savannas of Chaco.

In the Andes, there are also vicuña, which has soft fur, and chinchilla (chinchilla) with delicate silvery fur. However, both of them were almost completely destroyed. Lots of rodents and armadillos. In Chaco, Mesopotamia, and Patagonia, nutria and otters are widespread.
The swamps and lakes are home to waterfowl, many of which are strikingly colorful. On the banks of reservoirs you can see flamingos and herons. Hummingbirds are found in the forests, including endemic species, for example, the so-called fluttering emerald in the Patagonian Andes.

The stove maker, which lives in Argentina, became one of the country's national symbols in 1928.

A tourist planning to visit the Argentine Republic is often interested in the official language of this multinational country.

And here a surprise may await him, because Argentina does not have an officially recognized state language.

In fact most of the population speaks Spanish.

However, even a Spanish-speaking tourist can get confused: Argentine Spanish is very different from classical Spanish.

The population of Buenos Aires and large cities uses a dialect close to Castilian.

In total more than 40 languages ​​are spoken throughout the country, mostly Indian dialects and languages ​​spoken by descendants of immigrants.

About 150 thousand people consider southern Quechua native and 12 million speak it, 40 thousand speak Araucanian.

The most common foreign languages ​​are German, Portuguese, French, and in large cities English.

This diversity is due to several waves of immigration to the Argentine Republic.

The Spaniards were the first to land on this fertile land in 1526, and 10 years later their first settlement appeared.

During that period, Spanish was enriched with borrowings from Indian languages.

For example, the word "poncho", now commonly used, was taken from the Quechua language.

The next wave of settlers consisted of the British, who attacked the country in the early 19th century.

Although the soldiers were expelled from Buenos Aires less than a year later, some of the conquerors remained and English words merged into Castilian Spanish.

In 1816, Argentina finally gained independence, and seekers of a better life began to move there en masse from Canada and the United States, and in the 20th century from southern Europe and Slavic countries.

Oddly enough, the Slavic group had almost no influence on the Argentinean one, but the language contains many French, Italian and Portuguese words.

Tierra del Fuego in Argentina - a corner of unusual pristine nature

Find out whether Russians need a visa when traveling to Argentina and which cities they prefer to visit HERE

Dialects

Argentine has two dialects: Lunfardo and Castellano.

The first is used only by the criminal circles of the capital to identify their own; it is an analogue of the Russian “hair dryer”.

It is decent to use castellano in everyday life, Along with Castilian, radio broadcasts are conducted and newspapers are published in it.

In the foothills of the Andes, local people use Quechua, the language of the indigenous population.

Therefore, if a tourist in Buenos Aires optimistically asks: “Do you speak English?” visitors to the mountains try to find at least Spanish speakers.

But even the language barrier does not prevent you from enjoying the beauty, because Argentines are usually friendly and always ready to help.


For someone who has learned classical Spanish, speaking Castilian is the same as speaking Surzhik.

Many Slavs note that it is easier for them to communicate in Argentine.

The main differences are small:

• townspeople pronounce the double el (“ll”) as the sound between “zh” and “sh”;
• just like “zh” sounds “j” (instead of “x” in the Spanish);
• The "s" at the end of a word is similar to the English "h";
• "c" and "z" are similar to "c";
• the stress is often on the last syllable, this is the heritage of the French;
• the Italians enriched the language with melodious intonation, and it is the first vowel in the word that needs to be “pulled”;
• Castilian grammar is simpler than Spanish.

Amazing and unforgettable photos of the Uyuni salt marsh

Sights of the capital of Bolivia, La Paz HERE

Extreme journey along the road of death in Bolivia: http://latintour.ru/boliviya/bo-info/doroga-smerti.html

Sign language

Along with Spanish, sign language is used to complement it.

Like any southerners, Argentines always gesture which is a little annoying at first.

You can praise delicious food or express admiration by “twirling your mustache” with your index and first fingers.

If the local index finger pulls down the lower eyelid, look around.

This gesture warns of danger or the need to be careful.

The first three fingers folded together and brought to the mouth express the desire to eat.

And the fingertips touching the second open palm - please wait a little.

This is how the Argentines express their categorical refusal.

The expression “language will bring you to Kyiv” is more relevant than ever in Argentina, even when it comes to sign language.

Complete it with a few relevant phrases in Spanish.

Forgot to take your phrasebook? No problem.

In cities, almost every cafe has Wi-fi, because the Argentine Republic is the second country in South America in terms of industrialization.

And most locals are proud of their country and willingly help visitors.

Official language in Argentina and history of its dominance in South America

Before the appearance of the first European ships, several dozen tribes lived on the territory of today's Argentina. Each of them had its own culture, customs and spoken dialect. The arrival of the conquistadors brought at least 2 more languages ​​to the mainland. They became Spanish and Italian, since people of these particular nationalities were part of the ship's crews.

The dialogue between the indigenous inhabitants of South America and the newcomers from the Old World, to put it mildly, did not work out. Therefore, starting from the 16th century, the number of tribes began to decline sharply, and the number of Europeans who arrived on the continent in search of a better life increased. Along with the extermination of the Indians, entire dialects disappeared, which were lost forever and are considered dead today. The most striking and significant of them are abipon, kakan and chane, which are not the goal of linguists to restore, because it is impossible.

The gradual advance of newcomers deeper into the continent and interaction with the indigenous inhabitants led to the spread of European culture and speech. By the beginning of the 18th century, more than half of the population spoke a Spanish dialect, and the remaining 40–45% used local dialects. Beginning in 1880, residents of other European countries and a large number of slaves from Africa began to arrive in the country en masse. As a result, the ethnic composition of Argentina's population has become even more diverse. At the same time, the number of local residents continued to decline.

Despite the arrival of people of various faiths and nationalities, the number of Spaniards on the mainland remained predominant. They spread throughout the New World, and their language began to be heard much more often in its vastness. Eventually, Spanish dominance was enshrined in law, and Spanish became the official language of Argentina.

The total population of the republic is about 43 million people, 30 of whom speak Spanish, and the remaining 13 speak it to one degree or another.

Such figures allowed Argentina to take 4th place in the list of the largest Spanish-speaking countries.

It is second only to its ethnic homeland - Spain, as well as to other recipients of European culture - Mexico and Colombia. The state consists of 22 provinces, and its capital is the city of Buenos Aires. Moreover, in each district, Spanish speech sounds differently, which is especially noticeable in the most remote and border regions of the country.

What language is spoken in Argentina: Spanish dialects and their characteristics

Despite its official status, the sound of the Spanish language in Argentina is significantly different from the traditional dialect that is heard in its homeland. In some areas of the country it is modified so much that a native Spanish resident will not recognize it as his own and will consider that he is communicating in some kind of foreign dialect.

The official language of Argentina has about a dozen forms, the formation of which is due to centuries-old stratification and its interaction with other dialects. This is how the most famous dialect appeared - the Rioplatan dialect, which is a cross between Spanish and Italian, as well as its unofficial form, the Lunfardo dialect.

The development of such an adverb is due to the close interaction of representatives of the two cultures, who over the long years of coexistence have adopted not only values ​​from each other, but also borrowed many expressions. The prerequisite for its formation was the mass exile of Spanish and Italian convicts who were recruited to build the New World.

Today, the Lunfardo dialect is considered the unofficial language of the working class and is replete with mostly slang expressions. Its simplified version, using more traditional words and principles of expressing thoughts, is the adverb kokoliche. The total number of people who use Lunfardo, Kokoliche and Rioplatan patois is about 15 million people.

Another dialect that has become widespread throughout Argentina is Belgranodeutsch. This adverb appeared in the mid-twentieth century and is a mixture of Spanish and German. The first shoots of a new dialect began to emerge shortly before the outbreak of World War II, when huge streams of refugees poured into the country trying to escape the dictatorship of the Reich.

It was finally formed after the victory of the Allied forces, when the Germans began to arrive on the mainland in order to avoid punishment for their crimes against humanity. From mixing them with the population of the country, a new dialect arose, which very soon began to be used for communication. In modern Argentina, more than 2 million people speak Belgranodeutsch.

Indigenous dialects of ethnic groups in Argentina and their classification

It is very difficult to say exactly what language is spoken in Argentina, since in addition to the many dialects formed from European languages, there are also dialects of local residents. A form of Spanish predominates in the everyday life of most of the country's population, and native speakers are too few in number.

Despite this picture, local dialects have not only been preserved, but are even used in communication between people. In the east of the country and other areas remote from the capital, you can find settlements whose residents communicate with each other in dialects:

• Toba;
• chorote;
• Guarani;
• pilaga;
• Mapuche;
• Quechua;
• Tehuelche.

Such languages ​​are used only by a limited circle of people who have not been affected by modern pro-European trends. However, every year there are fewer and fewer representatives of such ethnic groups, and it is not surprising that in a few years some of them will also be counted as dead. With the greatest degree of probability, the first to join this category will be Tehuelche, whose carriers as of 2005 are only 4 people. At the same time, Quechua is considered the most vibrant, spoken by more than 100,000 residents of the country.

Improved transport links between countries not only contributed to the blurring of borders, but also led to a mixing of cultures. The most developed, numerous and strong received an impetus for dynamic development, while the isolated and weak are gradually dying out. A similar process is part of natural selection, in which only the strongest survive and the weak become history. Sooner or later, all indigenous dialects will join this category, and another dialect will take their place.

Conclusion

Spanish is one of the official languages ​​in Argentina.

However, due to the large number of nations and ethnic groups, its sound is significantly distorted. Today, there are about a dozen adverbs based on Spanish speech. The most common of them are Lunfardo and Rioplatan dialect, formed under the influence of the Italian language.

Despite the dominance of European language groups, you can still find people in the country speaking indigenous dialects. However, every year there are fewer and fewer representatives of local ethnic groups, and their speech is dying out along with them.

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What happened in the beginning

When the first waves of immigrants arrived in the country, they spoke to each other in Cocolic, which is an Italian-Spanish pidgin. This was due to the fact that a large mass of illiterate, poor Italians who did not know Spanish, but actively communicated with the local Creole population, arrived in the country. This rapid interaction between peoples gave rise to a mixture of Italian with Spanish and its dialects, which was called Cocoliche.

Nowadays, no one speaks Kokolic anymore, but it continues to be used from time to time in theatrical productions of the Argentine Opera House on the theme of historical events and past times. True, they do not take this language seriously and always use it in a humorous form, as, for example, the actor Dario Vittori does.

And in modern speech there are only a small number of words and expressions left from the formerly main dialect that everyone used. The bulk of expressive words from Cocoliche passed into the Lunfardo dialect.

Official language

Most people in this country speak Spanish, although locals prefer to call it Castilian Spanish, due to the fact that this dialect was spoken by the first settlers in the country who arrived from Castile. The official language of Argentina is Spanish.

If we consider the country as a whole, then there are more than 40 languages ​​and dialects, not counting European languages, which also continue to exist and be used along with Spanish.

Italian can be considered the second most important and popular language in Argentina. More than 1.5 million people use it daily, although it is only slightly inferior in popularity to German.

The former Germans created a unique dialect in their new homeland, combining elements of Spanish and German, which they called Belgranodeutsch. It got its name from the place where the main colony of German immigrants lived - Belgrano, one of the districts of the Argentine capital Buenos Aires. This language variant can be, figuratively speaking, compared to a cake of German morphology, stuffed with a large number of roots of Spanish origin instead of raisins.

More than 60,000 Chinese migrants in Argentina continue to speak Chinese, most of them living in Buenos Aires.

It is worth mentioning the speech variant, also called Syrian Arabic, which is spoken by approximately 1 million people from Syria, Palestine and Lebanon.

It would seem that English could be the official language in this country, but it is curious that it is not popular in Argentina, so people who are accustomed to being understood in any country in the world, if they know English, will find themselves in an unusual situation here . But they will be able to communicate in their native languages, including Welsh, which is spoken by more than 200,000 people in the country.

Previously, even before the seizure of Argentine lands by the Spaniards, the official languages ​​in the country could have been Guarani and Quechua, which are currently used by no more than 1 million former descendants of the Indians, although the Quechua language was once used as a state language by the Incas in their empire, who themselves called themselves kapak-kuna, or great ones.

But today, indigenous Indian languages ​​have almost completely disappeared from the modern lexicon of Argentines, for example, the adverbs Abilon and Chane no longer exist in colloquial speech. No more than 500 people use the Kaywa dialect, and there are only a few people left who know and speak the Vilela vocabulary.

Dialects of the language

Argentine Spanish contains such a huge number of Italian words that not everyone who speaks the official Spanish language is able to understand a local resident. The proximity to the Brazilian population also left its mark on the phonetics of the local dialect, where instead of the sound [th], residents of Argentina pronounce [zh]. This same proximity slightly distorted the grammar of the language.

Separately, it is necessary to mention the dialect Lunfardo (or Lunfardo), in which only thieves and prostitutes previously expressed their thoughts. It is an analogue of the Russian thieves' slang, called botat after hairdryer. Nowadays, this slang or jargon is rapidly capturing all social circles of society, thanks to the music and words to which tango is danced. Lunfardo includes selected words from Italian and Portuguese, interspersed with French words and some expressions from indigenous languages, such as Quechua, which local indigenous people still use in remote parts of the country.

However, in everyday life it is considered indecent to use this dialect and it is recommended to use a variety of Spanish called Castellano, in which radio broadcasts and periodicals are published along with the Castilian dialect.

Castelgiano is an intricate pattern that interweaves Italian and Spanish, which is somewhat subtly reminiscent of the Neapolitan dialect.

One of the funny things about the Argentine language is the use of the interjection “Che!” when addressing a person. Something like our “Hey!” or “Listen!” Everyone remembers Ernesto Che Guevara, who was from these places, but not everyone knows that Ernesto Guevara received the prefix “Che” to his name precisely because he constantly used this word in any conversation.

Russian in Argentina

Several hundred thousand Russians living in the country continue to use the Russian language along with the Spanish dialects that they have already mastered or are currently learning. Some immigrants from Russia, sharing their impressions of how they began to learn previously unfamiliar Spanish from scratch on the spot, memorizing entire fairy tales or poems by heart after their first job as a loader or salesperson, note that today their children do not want to speak Russian , and parents have to force them to memorize fairy tales in Russian. But with the Spanish language, children do not experience any difficulties in communicating.

The main recommendation for all beginners: do not be afraid to speak Spanish in Argentina, let them correct you, let them laugh at you, this way you will learn faster. It takes a lot of work and a lot of communication. The Spanish dialect will be different for every Argentinean you meet: for those from the province of Misiones, for example, it will be somewhat similar to Paraguayan, for those from the west it will be similar to Chilean, those from the northeast will be similar to Brazilian, who come from provinces bordering Bolivia have their own accent in their speech. The main thing is to be prepared for this and not be afraid of difficulties.

It should be noted that in addition to Russian-speaking immigrants who retain the Russian language in everyday communication, there is also a part of the population that continues to communicate in Ukrainian, as well as Polish, Armenian and Bulgarian.

Spanish is the official language in Argentina. Communicate in it - everyone will understand you.

The vegetation of Argentina is very diverse: from tropical forests to semi-deserts in Patagonia and Puna. Subtropical forests with a diverse species composition grow in northern Mesopotamia. Here you can find araucaria, sedro, and lapacho, which have valuable wood. To the south, shrubby vegetation predominates; wetlands are covered with reeds, reeds, water lilies, and elevated and dry areas are covered with meadows with rich grass cover. There are sparse forests of acacias, mimosa, ostrich trees, and palm groves along the river banks.

Towards the south there are more open grassy areas; the southern part of the province of Entre Rios is a grass prairie and represents a transitional area to the Pampa. Pampa translated from the Quechua Indian language means “deprived of woody vegetation.” The endless steppe spaces of the Wet Pampa were once covered with perennial grasses - feather grass, pearl barley, wild millet and variegated colorful forbs. However, there is little natural vegetation left here, a significant part of the territory is plowed, and the herbaceous cover that once covered it, which served as an excellent natural food supply for livestock, as a result of long-term grazing, was clogged with weeds and lost its original appearance. Dry Pampa is characterized by xerophilic vegetation - low-growing trees, thorny bushes, and tough grasses. Similar vegetation is common in the arid west, in the intermountain basins, where tufts of tough grasses and xerophilous shrubs alternate with cacti.

Forests in Argentina cover 12% of the land fund. The most valuable are the coniferous forests of Mesopotamia and the humid Andes, as well as the Quebracho forests in the Chaco. Their exploitation is complicated by the fact that they are located in remote areas, so attempts are being made to artificially plant forests in the most populated area - Pampa.

The forest resources of Chaco are the most developed, but here, as a result of long-term predatory exploitation, the issue of their serious protection and restoration is acute. The fauna of Argentina, although not as rich and diverse as in other Latin American countries, has many endemic species. These include the Pampas deer, Pampas cat, and Magellanic dog. Almost all of these animals live in the Andes and their foothills, as well as in the sparsely populated region of Patagonia. The relict spectacled bear is found in Pune.

The puma is common in the open semi-desert spaces of Patagonia and the savannas of Chaco. In the Andes, there are also vicuña, which has soft fur, and chinchilla (chinchilla) with delicate silvery fur. However, both of them were almost completely destroyed. Lots of rodents and armadillos. In Chaco, Mesopotamia, and Patagonia, nutria and otters are widespread.

The swamps and lakes are home to waterfowl, many of which are strikingly colorful. On the banks of reservoirs you can see flamingos and herons. Hummingbirds are found in the forests, including endemic species, for example, the so-called fluttering emerald in the Patagonian Andes.

Attractions

The capital of Argentina can show tourists both historical architectural buildings - ancient houses, churches, cobbled streets; as well as modern ones - glass skyscrapers, sculptures, built on the scale of streets and roads.

It will boast a huge number of museums, invite you to the elegant and luxurious La Recoleta quarter, surprise you with the colorful La Boca district, and demonstrate the widest street in the world - Avenida.

Each city keeps its secrets and unique places.

• The Recoleto quarter is known for its beautiful cemetery.
• Salta - statues of the Virgin Mary and Christ the Wonderworker.
• Bariloche - the building of El Centro Civico.
• - the ancient Cordoba mosque.
• Rosario - Palace of the Lions.
• Ushuaia - an old prison and the “Road of the End of the World”.

The amazing natural masterpieces of Argentina are, of course, the Iguazu Falls, one of the top most beautiful places on the planet, the “Cave of Hands” near the city of Santa Cruz, the “Valley of the Moon” (Ischigualasto) in the province of San Juan, the fantastic Lake Nahuel Huapi in northern Patagonia , Lake Traful in the province of Neuquén and much more.

Speaking about Argentina, one cannot help but recall its incomparable first lady - Evita Peron. It is worth noting that this is also the birthplace of the tireless revolutionary Ernesto Che Guevara, as well as the world famous football player Diego Maradona.

All attractions of Argentina

History of Argentina

Pre-Columbian Argentina was inhabited by settled Indian tribes of Diaguita, and nomadic Indian tribes also hunted on its territory. Indian uprisings prevented the Spaniards from capturing and settling these lands. was founded only in 1580, but was of little importance for the next 200 years. The decline in the number of Indians and their uneven settlement, as well as their refusal to work, led to the creation of huge ranches raising cows - haciendas - which in turn led to the emergence of the legendary Argentine cowboys (gauchos), and also became a source of enrichment for several " lucky ones."

In 1776 it became the capital of the new Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata, indicating that the region no longer needed Spanish political and economic dominion. Thus, continued dissatisfaction with Spanish intervention led to the revolution of May 25, 1810, and finally to the acceptance of independence in 1816. Independence revealed acute regional inequalities that had been hidden during Spanish rule. Federalists in the interior (conservative landowners, supported by cowboys and the working class) advocated provincial autonomy, while Unitarians in the interior (citizens who welcomed European capital, ideas, immigrants) supported central rule in the capital. and Unitarianism prevailed after a period of destructive and tyrannical rule by Juan Manuel Rosas, leading to a new era of economic growth, benefits and a unitary constitution in 1853.

Sheep were brought into the country, and grain crops began to be grown in the pampas. European immigration, foreign finance and trade opened the door to a new liberalism. Argentina has become vulnerable to global economic problems. As a result, all the benefits were in the hands of a select few, unemployment increased because farmers were forced to leave the village and go to the city.

During the first decades of the twentieth century, the role of society in governing the country weakened; economic crises and landowners' hatred and distrust of British interests led to a military coup in 1943, paving the way for the dictatorship of Juan Perón. A little-known colonel with a minor post in the Ministry of Labor, Perón received the presidency twice: in 1946 and in 1952. Side by side with his popular and strong-willed wife Eva, he introduced a strict economic program. The program placed greater emphasis on Argentine industrialization and self-determination, and was favored by conservative nationalist factions and the working class. His party was overthrown by a military coup in 1955, leading to Perron's exile in Spain and the introduction of military rule of the country for 30 years, with public administration in between. Peron briefly returned to power in 1973 and died in 1974, handing over power to his third wife, Isabel. Increasing economic problems and political instability led to strikes, political kidnappings, and guerrilla warfare. By 1976, Isabel's government was no longer able to cope with its tasks, and the new military government introduced a rule of intimidation.

The period between 1976 and 1983 is known as the "Dirty War" years. Opposition and criticism were eradicated with the assistance of paramilitary murderous groups, which, under the control of the government, led to the “disappearance” of between 10,000 and 30,000 citizens. The most famous victims of this period were the (Mothers of May Square), women who bravely searched for "disappeared" relatives and often "disappeared" themselves.

This internal conflict, oddly enough, led to the outbreak of a “real” war in the South Atlantic Ocean - the war for the Malvinas (Falkland) Islands. General Leopold Galtieri seized the Malvinas Islands from Britain to divert attention from Argentine political corruption and economic failures. Streams of hysteria from both countries ended with the British fleet circling half the earth to save a small dot on the world map. Britain emerged the final “victor,” although the war was expensive and shameful. Ownership of the Malvi Islands is, however, still disputed. In June 1995, the Argentine Foreign Minister offered each of the 2,000 islanders to sell their nationality for US$800,000. To complicate matters further, the UK believes there are oil fields there, so such outbreaks will continue.

A disgraceful failure both at home and abroad finally sealed the fate of Argentine military governance, and the country returned to its 1853 constitution. President Carlos Menem, a former Peronist, introduced significant economic reforms, selling off national industries, opening the economy to foreign investment and raising the peso to the level of the US dollar in 1991, which reduced inflation from 5,000% in 1989 to an astonishing 1% in 1989. 1997 While these changes slowed inflation, they also led to rising unemployment and a prolonged recession.

President Fernando de la Rúa was elected to a four-year term in 1999; he promised to root out corruption and tighten economic measures to balance Argentina's budget. But after 4 years, Argentines have become fed up with economic downturns and unemployment of 20%. De la Rua's strict plans set the stage for national strikes and rallies, especially dangerous after the government imposed strict restrictions on receiving money from bank accounts. In December 2001, when Argentina defaulted on US$132 billion, the largest default in history, its economy and politics collapsed. As riots, looting and social chaos erupted on the country's streets, killing 27 people, De la Rua and his ministers resigned.

On January 1, 2002, Eduardo Duhalde became the fifth president within two weeks. An unwavering “Peronist”, Duhalde has populist and protectionist views, and a skeptical society has not yet forgotten the scandals of his governorship in . One of his first orders was to set the real exchange rate of the peso to the dollar, which immediately led to a devaluation of the currency by 50%. This move was not popular among the people, but it was necessary to refuse further assistance from the International Monetary Fund.

In a good sign, the devalued peso proved more stable in the global currency market than expected, although perhaps due to banking restrictions. Duhalde plans to make significant changes in the Argentine government system, for example, replacing the current presidential system with parliamentary democracy. However, people are hesitant about such reforms as economic hardship and government corruption have become commonplace. Almost every day there are rallies and strikes, and people who cannot get to their own money destroy banks. If things don't settle down soon, Duhalde will be in trouble.

Despite ongoing rallies and long lines at exchange offices, the violence seemed to have subsided. Argentines are waiting for the next step from the IMF (although many blame this organization for the crisis) and the possible return of hyperinflation. It will be a long and painful process for Argentina to get out of its deep economic hole.

Kitchen

Meat is the main and integral component of Argentinean dishes. Beef can easily be called the hallmark of Argentine cuisine. It is prepared in the most varied and unpredictable variations. But the most favorite way to process beef is charcoal-grilled meat. This is how asado, churrasco and pintxos are prepared.

The Argentine coast is rich in seafood and fish, which skilled chefs also know how to prepare to suit any most sophisticated taste. For example, trout is excellently prepared in the lakes region of Patagonia.

The national soft drink is mate. This is a kind of hot tea made from the dry leaves of the tree-like evergreen tropical shrub Yerba Mate, which can reach a height of 10-15 meters.

Wine is a popular alcoholic drink in Argentina. Mostly red. But the favorite drink of Argentines is black coffee.

Speaking about the peculiarities of local food, it should also be noted that there are practically no traditional dairy products here - kefir, cottage cheese, curd cheese, sour cream, etc.

Accommodation

Argentina has a huge selection of hotels to suit every taste. There are regular hotels, family hotels, designer hotels, tango hotels, esterias and others. If you wish, you can stay either in a very modest and cozy hotel or in a luxurious, expensive palace hotel. In more than 500 hotels, in Puerto Iguazu - about 60, in El Calafate - more than 80.

The cost of Argentine hotel rooms is quite high in comparison with other Latin American countries, but an order of magnitude lower than European prices.

• Accommodation at the hotel *** varies from $45 to $120 per night per person.
• Accommodation at the ***** hotel varies from $200 to $400 per night per person.
• In addition to hotels, Argentina offers a number of other places to stay - these are boarding houses and hostels ($10-30 per day per person). Camping is very popular.

A one-room apartment in a decent area will cost around $400 per month. A luxurious multi-room apartment (3-5 rooms) can be rented for $1300-1500 per month.

Entertainment and relaxation

Every year in January, the most beautiful carnivals take place in Argentina, and this exciting spectacle lasts until March, delighting the eyes and eyes of tourists every Saturday. The Argentine costume carnival is full of vibrant acting and sensual, fiery dancing.

And in the Argentine winter, at the beginning of July, there is always a “sweet week”. During this week, it is customary to give sweets to loved ones, so on the eve, sales of sweets at a discount are traditionally held throughout the country. Favorite candies during “sweet week” are “bon a bon”. But, of course, it is not the sweet gift itself that is important, but the attention. Moreover, in return it is customary to thank with a kiss. Argentines generally love to kiss when they come somewhere; they will first say hello to everyone, kiss each other (even strangers, colleagues, companions press their cheeks to each other) and only then get down to business. And in the same way, they then kiss each other as they leave.

The most popular sport here is football. The most famous Argentine football teams are Boca Juniors, River Plate, Racing Club, Indpendente, and San Lorenzo.

No less popular are sports such as rugby, basketball, polo, and tennis. Field hockey is popular among women.

Argentina, a country of active sports, offers guests many walking excursions, including free ones.

Purchases

Prices in Argentina are higher than in Paraguay, but lower than in Brazil or Chile. If you live in medium-sized cities of the country in mid-level establishments, allow yourself entertainment and excursions, your daily expenses will be $50-60 per person. This figure is much higher - from $100.

What good things can you buy here? Argentina has excellent locally made leather goods. Here you can buy high-quality leather shoes, bags, jackets, and handmade souvenirs relatively inexpensively. You can inexpensively buy jewelry made from semi-precious stones and silver.

As a gift from Argentina, you can bring exotic mate tea in a set with a container for preparing it (calabash) and a straw for drinking it. Calabashes are made from a variety of materials: porcelain, earthenware, wood, aluminum, silver, gold, as well as pumpkin, coconut, and cow horn. The tube through which this tea is usually drunk is called a bombilla; it can be straight or slightly curved, although it can also be found in the form of a spiral, but much less often. The tube is made of silver, wood, reed or bone. For those who like to drink tea not very hot, silver straws are more suitable. And for those who are hotter - wooden or reed ones and shorter ones.

You can also bring a poncho - the traditional clothing of the Indians of South America.

Transport

The most convenient way to get to Argentina is, of course, by plane. And the most optimal air route lies through Paris. You won’t be able to cross the Pacific Ocean by train, but by ship it is terribly long, tiring and, however, no one needs it, especially since you still need to somehow get to the ship by land. For those suffering from aerophobia, there is a help center at the airport, where qualified specialists conduct therapy sessions (paid service).

Within Argentina itself, the most convenient way to travel long distances is by plane. There are airports in every province.

It is convenient to choose road transport for moving around Argentina. The road network will allow you to get to your desired destination by passenger buses and comfortable minibuses. Traffic in the country is on the right. The road surface is hard, mostly asphalt. There are several toll expressways. However, there is an acute shortage of modern roads connecting the provinces.

Railway transport provides transportation of passengers along six lines. There are mountain railways and tourist steam trains. Water transport is used primarily for cargo flights. A ferry runs between and Colonia del Sacramento. Tourists are offered excursions on boats, boats, and ships.

Connection

Argentina's telecommunications infrastructure is well developed. IP telephony is widespread, and many Internet cafes have booths for negotiations. Network technologies are developing very intensively. Most hotels always have internet. The main provider in Argentina is Ciudad Internet Prima. The ability to send an email to e-mail is available at post offices in large cities.

The main mobile operators are Telecom Personal and Unifon. Mobile communication standards are CDMA 800 and GSM 1900. Communication is not well developed: in mountainous areas, as well as along main highways, communication is unstable.

Telephone numbers working around the clock: information service - 110, fire - 100, ambulance - 107, child help - 102, police - 101 or 911, civil defense - 103, environmental emergency - 105, fight against drug addiction - 132, official time is 133.

Safety

In Argentina it is prohibited to smoke in public places. In Cordoba, Argentina, smoking while driving has been prohibited since August 2012. The penalty for smoking while driving is the same as the penalty for drunk driving.

Argentina has the highest driver-related death rate of any country in South America. Drivers violate traffic rules quite often.

The country is characterized by frequent rallies, which can escalate into clashes with the police, but these clashes are not violent.

Business

Argentina is a country of small businesses. The climate for its prosperity is favorable: taxes are low, the registration procedure is quite simple. Setting up a business costs $3,000, the required starting capital is about $20,000. The tax system in Argentina is based on the taxation of annual income from property and consumption.

Business in Argentina is mainly done in agriculture, there is little industry here, but there is plenty of promising agricultural land. One can talk a lot about vineyards and winemaking alone. You can engage in livestock farming. The country has well-developed poultry farming, sheep breeding, and in mountainous areas - breeding horses and mules.

Most of the manufacturing activity is concentrated in. The centers of the timber industry (logging, furniture industry) are the provinces of Mesopotamia. The river industry is developed in the port cities of Argentina.

Real estate

Real estate in Argentina can be purchased by both a legal entity and an individual, both a local resident and a foreigner. All real estate is subject to mandatory registration in the Property Register. No sales transaction is completed without an Information Sheet from this database. The rights of Argentine and foreign owners are protected equally in the country.

The Argentine Embassy does not refuse a visa to the owner of Argentine real estate. But having property does not give you the right to obtain a residence permit.

The cheapest 3-room apartment here can be bought for $50,000 or more. Cottage with a small plot - $70,000-150,000. A plot of land near the city costs from $700 to $2,000 per sq.m.

Customs rules establish a number of restrictions on import and export. You cannot import vegetables, fruits, plants, food products with a short shelf life (bread, meat, sausage, cheese, etc.). You cannot take with you more than 2 liters of alcohol, more than 20 packs of cigarettes, more than 100 ml of perfume, or more than $300 worth of souvenirs. The import of currency is not limited. You can export no more than $10,000.

Argentines are a very hospitable and friendly nation. They are smiling and always ready to help, but sometimes they make promises that they will not keep, because they give them purely out of a desire to support and encourage the person.

If there is a need for treatment, public medicine is free. Some of the best hospitals in Argentina are Hospital de Urgencias (in Cordoba) and Hospital Zonal General de Agudos San Roque Manuel B. Gonnet (in La Plata).