Classification of natural resources by origin. Forest as a natural-territorial complex

Lesson______________________________ date________________

Subject: Study of individual components of the natural complex. Natural complexes of forests, meadows, fields, ponds.

Target : continue to introduce forests, meadows, fields and ponds to the PTC

Progress of the lesson:

1.Org moment

2. Natural complexes of forests, meadows, fields, ponds.

3. Consolidation

2. Natural complexes of forests, meadows, fields, ponds

The geographical envelope can be divided into areas of different sizes - territories or natural-territorial complexes. The formation of each of them took billions of years. On land, it was carried out under the influence of the interaction of natural components: rocks, climate, air masses, water, plants, animals, soils. All components in the natural complex, as in the geographical shell, are intertwined with each other and form an integral natural complex; metabolism and energy also occur in it.Natural complex - called a section of the earth's surface that is distinguished by the characteristics of natural components that are in complex interaction. Each natural complex has more or less clearly defined boundaries and has a natural unity, manifested in its external appearance (for example, a lake, a swamp, a forest, a meadow). Natural complexes of the ocean, unlike land, consist of the following components: water with gases dissolved in it, plants and animals, rocks, and bottom topography. In the World Ocean there are large natural complexes - individual oceans, smaller ones - seas, bays, straits, etc. In addition, in the ocean there are natural complexes of surface layers of water, various layers of water and the ocean floor. Natural complexes come in different sizes. They also differ in education. Very large natural complexes are continents and oceans. Their formation is determined by the structure of the earth's crust. On continents and oceans, smaller complexes are distinguished - parts of continents and oceans. Depending on the amount of solar heat, i.e., on geographic latitude, there are natural complexes of equatorial forests, tropical deserts, taiga, etc. Examples of small ones include, for example, a ravine, a lake, a river valley, a sea bay. And the largest natural complex of the Earth is the geographical envelope. All natural complexes experience enormous human influence. Many of them are greatly modified by human activity. Man has created new natural complexes: fields, gardens, cities, parks, etc.

Let's take a closer look at some of them.

Forest: meetboreal coniferous forests and temperate deciduous forests

The former are located in the northern part of the temperate climate zone with severe winter temperatures. Taiga is represented by dark coniferous species - spruce, fir, pine and light coniferous species - larch. The largest animals are bear, wolf, elk. Birds, squirrels, chipmunks and other small rodents feed on the seeds. and the needles are insects. The forest is of great importance. Coniferous forests - lumber. The forest is rich in mushrooms and berries. There is also moss and grass in the forest.

The second broad-leaved forests are to the south of the taiga. The dominant trees are oak and beech. Birds build nests. There are wild boars, foxes, and hares. Fierceness is more difficult than in the taiga. There are bushes. In our region, forests are represented by Tukays - floodplain forests along the river. Ural. Where poplar predominates. Also from shrubs are thorns and rose hips. From small shrubs - blackberry.

Meadows – vast areas with grassy vegetation, which are located along the low-lying banks of rivers and lakes. Meadow and forest live nearby. Both communities have enough warmth and light. The soils are similar in composition. But a forest cannot grow right on the bank of a river. Since in the spring the area is flooded with water when the river floods. Trees cannot grow in such moisture. Grasses grow quickly after the water recedes, since melt water brings a lot of silt, which is a good fertilizer. Such meadows are called flooded meadows. People never settle in meadows. Because during high water, housing will be flooded.

Another type of meadow is found in nature – in the mountains. These are alpine meadows, which are located high on the slopes of the mountains. The higher we climb into the mountains, the colder it becomes. Forests give way to shrubs and then grasses. During the short summer, grasses in mountain meadows have time to grow, bloom and produce seeds.Meadow plants also have their own tiers - floors, but they are not as pronounced as in the forest. Light-loving herbs grow highest in the meadow, and shade-loving herbs grow lower.Mouse peas grow by clinging to other plants with tendrils. It ripens in pods and is violently scattered around when the pod bursts. Dandelion has light seeds and is carried by the wind. Bluegrass. Its seeds do not get wet well. They are light and float like boats on the water after rain. Burdock. Its seeds have hooks that attach to animal fur and “move” to new places. Among meadow insects you can find predators - dragonflies that eat mosquitoes and midges; omnivorous ants that feed on other insects, as well as plant sap and nectar. Beetles live in the meadow - meadow orderlies. This is a gravedigger beetle and a dung beetle. From birds -quail, corncrake, wagtail. There are a lot of small animals, especially rodents, mice and moles.

Fields. viewing the presentation .

A FIELD is also a natural community, but it was formed under the influence of man. The field was occupied by different plots of land. In the steppe it was simpler - plots closer to housing were plowed. It's more difficult in the forest. First, you need to cut off the bark at the base of the tree so that the tree dries out. The dried trees were then burned. Then the hardest work began - we had to uproot the stumps. After that it was possible to plow.

What crops are grown in the field? Potatoes, corn, sunflowers, oats, buckwheat, beets, melons: watermelons, melons, etc.

What pests are there in fields? -Mice, hamsters, moles, insects, slugs, Colorado potato beetles, sparrows peck sunflower seeds.

What else needs to be done in the fields? It is necessary to destroy weeds, weed, and treat with chemicals. But you must use chemicals carefully; along with weeds and pests, you can poison the earth. Water the fields, there are irrigation systems.

Let's test your knowledge and solve a crossword puzzle . 1. The best variety of this crop grows in the Saratov region; rolls, cookies, and wheat bread are made from it. (Wheat) 5 2. Rye bread is baked from these grains. (Rye) 3. A house grew up in a field, The house is full of grain. The arrows are gilded, the shutters are boarded up, the house is shaking, on a golden stalk. (Spike) 4. I am a cheerful fellow, I am green - (Cucumber)

Water: Look here. There is a toothless fish, a pond snail, the water is quietly splashing, and the water strider is running. Duckweed, lilies, cattails, life is in full swing everywhere. Both the egg capsule and the reed. This is a fresh .... (reservoir).

When you come to a body of water in the warm season, for examplesteps to a small lake, you see only some of its obitateley. It is impossible to see everyone. But there are a lot of them!A body of water is a place where a wide variety of living things live.creatures.

Here are the plants. Some of them(cattail, reed, reed, arrowhead) their roots are attached to the bottom, and the stemsand the leaves of these plants rise above the water. Rootsku yellow buds and white water lilies also at the bottom, and they are wideleaves float on the surface of the pond. But there are also plants that do not attach to the bottom at all. This is, for example,duckweed, which floats on the surface of the water. And tiny green algae float in the water column. See themonly possible under a microscope. But sometimes they happen like thisso much that the water appears green.

The role of plants in a reservoir is great. They serve as foodwater, release oxygen into the water, which is necessary for the respiration of organisms. Underwater thickets of plants serve as sheltersfood for animals.Animals are everywhere in the reservoir: on the surface and in the depthswater, at the bottom and on aquatic plants.Here they are running swiftly across the surface of the waterbedbugs- water striders Their long legs are covered with fat underneath, andThat's why water striders don't drown. They are predators, hunting comaditch and other small animals.Predatory creatures swim in the water columnswimming beetles, growcarnivoresfrog tadpoles, different types of fish. To the worldnym" fish include, for example,crucian carp He feeds on larvaeinsects, plants. Predatory fish includeperch, pike. They live at the bottomshellfish, which the guys usually callThey are served with “shells”.

Their soft body is protected by a shell, which consistsof two halves - doors. These mollusks feed very interestingly. They absorb and pass water through their body,in which algae and other small living substances are foundsociety. Crayfish also live at the bottom of clean reservoirs. They feedcontaining the remains of dead animals.Other mollusks live on aquatic plants - growcarnivorous snails pond snail and coil. They've got it twistednye, without shell valves.

Mammals also live in the reservoir - muskrat, beaver,ra. The life of many birds - ducks, herons, storks - is also connectedarea with ponds.

When the plants and animals of a body of water die, their remainsfall to the bottom. Here, under the influence of microbes, the deadthe remains rot and are destroyed. Salts are formed from them.These salts dissolve in water and can then be usednew plants for nutrition.

Fastening: I divide them into groups and give them the task of characterizing the community; location, animals, plants, etc. Give examples.

Several million years ago, forests covered approximately 80% of the Earth's land area. Over the past 10 thousand years, our planet has lost 2/3 of the forest vegetation that covered it.

Currently, forests occupy about a third of the land surface (not including the area of ​​Antarctica). The areas occupied by forests continue to decline every year.

Geographical feature (meaning of forests)

A forest is a natural complex that consists of woody plants of one or many species growing close to each other and forming a canopy of partially or completely closed crowns, many organisms of other kingdoms in combination with soils, surface waters and the adjacent layer of the atmosphere. All components of the forest ecosystem influence each other, and also interact with all other ecosystems of the planet, including the human ecosystem.

The forest is of global importance because it has a significant impact on the Earth's climate, surface and underground water flows and soil formation. Russian scientists G.F. and V.N. Sukachev were the first to highlight the global role of forests as an accumulator of living matter in the planet’s biosphere.

Thanks to photosynthesis, the forest accumulates and transforms solar energy, producing oxygen. It is actively involved in global carbon cycles. Climate change and the problem of greenhouse gases are largely associated with the destruction of forest ecosystems.

Characteristics of forests

There are two world forest belts: Northern and Southern. The North includes Russia, Finland, Sweden, Canada and the United States, and the South includes Southeast Asia, the Amazon and the Congo Basin.

Based on natural-territorial characteristics, it is customary to distinguish forests by continents and large regions:
- European,
- forests of Eastern Europe,
- Far Eastern,
- Siberian,
- forests of Southeast Asia,
- forests of North America
and others.

Natural areas and forest types

Within natural territorial zones, a description of the tree species composition and climatic characteristics are used. The world's forests are divided into tropical forests and temperate forests.

Tropical rain forests have lower and montane zones. They grow during the rainy season. These equatorial evergreen forests are distinguished by a huge diversity of flora and fauna. These include the forests of the Amazon, the Congo Basin and the jungles of India. The height of the trees here reaches tens of meters. Ficus and palm trees grow in the upper tier, and lianas and tree ferns grow below. More than half of this type of forest has already been cleared.

Dry tropical deciduous and montane forests shed during drought and vegetate during the rainy season. They are also known as "caatinga", which means "white forest" in the Tupi-Guarani language.

Temperate forests include broad-leaved, small-leaved, taiga and mixed forest types.

Temperate broadleaf forests are located in Central Europe, eastern North America, eastern China, the mountainous regions of the Crimea, the Caucasus and the Carpathians, the Russian Far East, New Zealand, and Japan. The tree species include oak, elm, linden, chestnut, sycamore, and hornbeam. All that remains of the ancient broad-leaved forests are small green islands in nature reserves and rugged areas.

Taiga forests with coniferous trees occupy the most extensive area. They include most of the forests of Siberia.

Broad-leaved and coniferous forests are usually replaced by small-leaved forests. This type of forest is characterized by various species of birch, alder, poplar, aspen, and willow. Their wood is much softer than that of broad-leaved trees, which is why these forests are also called soft-leaved. They make up a significant part of Russia's forests, with birch forests predominating.

Mixed forests include broad-leaved, coniferous and small-leaved and coniferous tree species and occupy a range in Central and Western Europe.

Forest climate

A humid and hot equatorial climate, where all year round the temperature does not drop below 24 - 28 ° C - conditions for the growth of tropical rainforests. Heavy rains occur here often, the amount of precipitation is up to 10,000 mm per year. The dry season alternates here with tropical downpours with air humidity of 80%.

Dry tropical forests have to overcome drought and heat for 4 to 6 months a year. They receive from 800 to 1300 mm of precipitation per year.

The climate of the taiga ranges from mild maritime in the west to sharply continental in the east, where in winter frosts can reach -60°C. The amount of precipitation ranges from 200 to 1000 mm. In permafrost conditions, moisture stagnates, which leads to the formation of swampy woodlands.

The temperate continental climate of mixed and deciduous forests is relatively mild and quite warm in summer, with long and cold winters. The average annual precipitation is approximately 700 mm. If humidity is excessive and evaporation is insufficient, waterlogging processes begin.

The largest forests in the world

Even in authoritative sources there is a statement that the largest forests are located in the Amazon basin. But actually it is not. The primacy belongs to the taiga. It occupied the boreal zone of Eurasia, Canada and Alaska, was located in North America, on large territories in Finland, Sweden and Norway, and stretched across the entire territory of Russia. Its area is 10.7 million square meters. km.

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The geographic envelope is not tripled equally everywhere; it has a “mosaic” structure and consists of individual natural complexes (landscapes). A natural complex is a part of the earth’s surface with relatively homogeneous natural conditions: climate, topography, soils, waters, flora and fauna.
Each natural complex consists of components between which there are close, historically established relationships, and a change in one of the components sooner or later leads to a change in the others.

The geographical envelope, being integral, is heterogeneous at different latitudes, on land and in the ocean. Due to the uneven supply of solar heat to the earth's surface, the geographical envelope is very diverse. Near the equator, for example, where there is a lot of heat and moisture, nature is distinguished by the richness of living organisms, faster-moving natural processes, in the polar regions, on the contrary, slow-flowing processes and poverty of life.

At the same latitudes, nature can also be different. It depends on the terrain and distance from the ocean. Therefore, the geographic envelope can be divided into areas, territories, or natural-territorial complexes of different sizes (abbreviated as natural complexes, or PC). The formation of any natural complex took a long time. On land, it was carried out under the influence of the interaction of natural components: rocks, climate, air masses, water, plants, animals, soils. All components in the natural complex, as in the geographical shell, are intertwined with each other and form an integral natural complex; metabolism and energy also occur in it. A natural complex is a section of the earth's surface that is distinguished by the characteristics of natural components that are in complex interaction. Each natural complex has more or less clearly defined boundaries and has a natural unity, manifested in its external appearance (for example, a forest, a swamp, a mountain range, a lake, etc.).

Natural complexes experience enormous human influence. Many of them have already been greatly changed by centuries of human activity. Man has created new natural complexes: fields, gardens, cities, parks, etc. Such natural complexes are called anthropogenic (from the Greek “anthropos” - man - approx..

Forest. Photo: Axel

The diversity of natural complexes within natural zones is primarily due to the influence of relief. In the mountains, there is a natural change in natural complexes with altitude - their altitudinal zonation. Its main reason is changes in temperature and precipitation depending on altitude and the altitudinal zonation of the climate. The higher the mountains and the closer they are to the equator, the larger and more diverse the set of altitudinal zones, the more complex the natural altitudinal zones. However, the daily and annual rhythm of changes occurring in natural complexes in connection with the change of day and night and the change of seasons is the same in all altitudinal zones: it is the same as in the latitudinal zone at the foot of the mountains.

Each natural complex, regardless of its size, is a single whole. Therefore, when one of its components changes, all the others must change, and, consequently, the entire complex. These changes may occur at different speeds and on different scales, but they are inevitable. Since the geographic envelope is unified, changes caused by one or another reason in one place over time affect the entire envelope as a whole.

“Natural zones of the cold belt” - Natural zones of the earth. Natural zones of the temperate zone. Natural zones of the cold zone. Taiga. Tundra zone. Tundra ecosystem. Deserts. Taiga mixed broadleaf forests. "Ecological systems". In the direction from the pole to the equator, natural zones replace each other in a certain order. cold moderate hot moderate cold.

“Natural zonality” - Make a description of the natural zone. Agroclimatic resources of a natural zone Problems of protection of a natural zone. What are indirect and direct impacts on natural areas? Learning new material. Human economic activity in natural areas. Name and geographical location. The doctrine of natural zones.

“Natural complexes and zones” - Equator. Water. Precipitation Relief. Man has created new natural complexes. Warmth. Sea. Equatorial forest. Variety of natural complexes. Components of the natural complex. Climate is the leading component of the natural complex. Give examples of natural complexes. Change of natural areas. Plants. Desert.

“Geography of natural complexes” - The entire hydrosphere. Interrelation of organisms Natural complex Geographical envelope and biosphere. Atmosphere. Lithosphere. The entire biosphere. “Component” translated from Latin means “an integral part of the whole.” Hydrosphere. Mountains. Large natural complexes - continents and oceans. “Complex” means “combination” in Latin.

“Savannas and woodlands” - Africa has the most diverse savannah wildlife. Dry. Soils. Australia. South America. Climatic features. Savannas and woodlands. Humus accumulates in the soil. Each continent has its own unique flora of savannas and woodlands. Animal world. Definition of a natural area. Climatic features, soils, flora and fauna.

"Natural areas of the world" - Tapir. Identify the natural area from the description. Steppes (pampa). Savannah-. The reason for the change in natural zones? Throughout the year. Lives near water, swims and dives, feeds on the stems of aquatic plants. Natural areas of South America. Vnazhnye villages (selva). You need to warn your geography teacher about your delay in the semi-deserts of Patagonia.