Throughout history, the civilian population has faced various dangers, including those associated with military operations. Over the past five and a half millennia, about 15 thousand wars have raged on earth, in which more than 3.5 billion people died. Weapons are constantly being improved. Scientific and technological progress led to the emergence of weapons of mass destruction: on April 22, 1915, for the first time in the history of wars, the German army used chemical weapons in the form of a chlorine gas attack, killing 5 thousand French and Belgian soldiers. And the development of aviation made it possible to destroy people and objects, as well as deliver toxic substances deep behind enemy lines. There was a need to carry out measures and create units that provide direct protection to the population.

In Russia, air defense arose in February 1918, when Petrograd was under the threat of an enemy attack. In addition to the deployment of anti-aircraft batteries, aviation and searchlight units, special points were opened in the city where the population could receive protective masks, anti-gas liquid and leaflets with instructions on how to avoid poisoning by poisonous gases.

On October 4, 1932, a resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR approved the “Regulations on the air defense of the territory of the USSR.” This act marked the beginning of the creation of local air defense of the USSR (MPVO). In this regard, October 4, 1932 is considered to be the birthday of local air defense - the basis of the future civil defense system of the USSR. The years of the Great Patriotic War showed humanity an unprecedented case of unity of all our people in the pursuit of Victory. This was also manifested in the activities of the MPVO, whose forces included primarily women, adolescents and the elderly.

After the end of the Great Patriotic War, the Soviet people were faced with the task of eliminating the consequences of fascist aggression. A new battle has unfolded in the country - for creation. The organs and forces of the MPVO made their contribution to it. Special pyrotechnic detachments of anti-aircraft defense took part in complete mine clearing of the territory of the USSR.

In the 50s, with the advent of nuclear missile weapons, a qualitatively new stage in improving anti-aircraft defense began. At that time, the management bodies, anti-aircraft defense forces and the population were not ready for action in hotbeds of nuclear destruction. However, the danger of an armed attack from a potential enemy has increased sharply. The existing MPVO at that time did not meet the new requirements, since the local nature of its activities and the limited number of special forces and means did not allow reliably protecting the population and ensuring the stability of the entire national economy in the event of an enemy attack. The question arose about other, more advanced ways and means of protecting the population and national economy of the country. It became obvious that without major measures to protect the country's rear it is impossible to ensure its readiness for defense in the conditions of a nuclear missile war. We have already discussed the creation of a set of means that would not only protect people, but also ensure the functioning of the state’s vital system in conditions of the use of weapons of mass destruction.

In 1961, on the basis of the MPVO, a new national national defense system was created in the country - the Civil Defense of the USSR. In terms of their importance, civil defense issues have reached the strategic level and have acquired primary importance.

According to the adopted Regulations “On Civil Defense of the USSR,” civil defense was a system of national defense measures carried out in advance, in peacetime, in order to protect the population and national economy of the country from nuclear missile, chemical, and bacteriological weapons, and to carry out rescue and urgent emergency restoration work in lesions and was built on the territorial production principle.

By the end of the 1980s, the focus on solving civil defense problems only in wartime led to the fact that many people developed a frivolous attitude and, to some extent, distrust of civil defense measures. There was a basis for this. Civil defense did not and could not guarantee absolute protection of the population from modern weapons and at the same time stood to some extent aloof from the needs of peacetime life. The changes occurring in the structure of sectors of the national economy, which required an expansion of the tasks solved by civil defense in peacetime, were not taken into account in a timely manner. For the first time, they manifested themselves with particular severity during the liquidation of the consequences of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant (1986). The experience of this accident showed that the readiness of the civil defense system cannot ensure the implementation of unexpected tasks. Moreover, the conversation turned not only to the participation of civil defense forces in the elimination of emergency situations, but also to the transfer of tasks to prevent and eliminate emergencies from the rank of secondary to the rank of priority. On July 30, 1987, Resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 866213 “On measures for a radical restructuring of the civil defense system” was adopted.

The turn of civil defense to solving peacetime problems meant a new qualitative stage in its existence, which turned out to be not easy. It should be borne in mind that civil defense at the same time practically prepares itself for action in war conditions. In addition, the new task required the implementation of a number of specific activities. First of all, those that should be focused on increasing its readiness in peacetime conditions. Thus, one of the most important decisions of that time was to have two operational civil defense plans at the civil defense headquarters: a civil defense plan for wartime and a separate peacetime civil defense plan for possible emergencies associated with natural disasters, major accidents and catastrophes.

After the earthquake in Spitak (Armenia, 1988), voluntary and full-time rescue units began to be created locally. All these rescue units, created on an initiative basis, were united into a single Union Association of Rescuers. Of particular importance in the development of rescue units of the USSR was Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated November 30, 1990 No. 1201 “Issues of the Association of Rescue Units of the USSR.” By decree, units of the USSR emergency rescue forces were included in the forces involved in eliminating the consequences of natural disasters, accidents, catastrophes and other emergencies.
It is quite clear that protection from peacetime emergencies prevails in people’s minds. Therefore, in accordance with the Decree of the President of the RSFSR of November 19, 1991, on the basis of the State Commission for Emergency Situations under the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR and the Civil Defense Headquarters of the RSFSR, the State Committee for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief under the President of the RSFSR (GKChS RSFSR) was created ). This marked the beginning of the creation in Russia of a modern state system for protecting the population and territories from emergencies of a natural, man-made and military nature.
On May 8, 1993, the President of the Russian Federation signed the Decree “On Civil Defense”, in which the general management of civil defense in the Russian Federation was entrusted to the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Government of the Russian Federation, who became the head of the country’s Civil Defense. The Chairman of the State Committee for Emergency Situations of Russia was appointed his first deputy. The management of civil defense in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, regions and cities, in federal executive authorities, institutions, organizations and enterprises, regardless of the form of ownership, was entrusted to the relevant heads of executive authorities, heads of institutions, organizations and enterprises. They were also given personal responsibility for organizing and implementing civil defense measures, creating and ensuring the safety of accumulated protective equipment and civil defense property in their subordinate territories and facilities.
At the beginning of 1998, the Federal Law “On Civil Defense” came into force. For the first time in Russian history, civil defense problems were regulated by legislation. This made it possible to begin further reorganization of the country’s civil defense in order to increase its readiness to protect the population and territories from the dangers that arise during the conduct of modern wars, as well as in emergency situations of various types in peacetime. Civil defense forces and means have been repeatedly used in the event of large-scale emergencies.

In November 2007, a decree of the Government of the Russian Federation approved the “Regulations on Civil Defense of the Russian Federation,” which determined the procedure for preparing for and conducting civil defense in the Russian Federation, as well as the main civil defense activities aimed at fulfilling civil defense tasks.

The control and warning system is currently being improved. Much attention is paid to increasing the protection of facilities critical to national security from threats of a natural, man-made nature, and terrorist manifestations. New means of individual and collective protection are being developed and introduced. In modern conditions, the state and civil defense are inseparable. On the one hand, it actively participates in ensuring the life and safety of society, on the other hand, it is organized and developed in accordance with the general laws and processes inherent in the state in a given period of time. Today, the main distinguishing feature of civil defense is that it acts as a form of participation of the entire population of the country, state authorities and local self-government in ensuring the defense capability and functioning of the state, performing defense, social and economic functions.

Inspector of the Emergency Service No. 3 O.V. Lifantiev

State educational institution

"Balakovo Automotive and Electromechanical College"

Abstract

History of the development of Civil Defense in Russia

Completed:

student of group 21GS

Kapitov Alexander

Supervisor:

Balakovo 2010

Introduction

1. Initial stage (first)

3. Third stage (June)

8. Eighth stage (from December 1991 to present) ------8

9. History of EMERCOM-9

10. Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia: Twenty years is an anniversary! -10

11. Spaces require special control --11

12. Higher, higher, and higher...----12
13. There are fewer disasters, more lives saved!

14. Stages of the long journey4
15. Word from the Minister

16. Civil War of the third millennium

Conclusion

Bibliographic list7

Introduction

In Russia (USSR), close attention to the issues of protecting the population at the state level, first of all, during the conduct of military operations, began to be paid already during the civil war and especially after its end, when aviation received rapid development and became capable of striking at the enemy’s rear.

March 1918 is considered the beginning of the path of Civil Defense in our country. The appeal “To the population of Petrograd and its environs” issued by the Committee of Revolutionary Defense established the rules of behavior of the population in conditions of an air attack and was the first document defining civil defense measures.

1. Initial stage (first)

Historians have identified March 1918 initial stage(the first) of the emergence of a system responsible for the protection of the population in our country, the content of which was revolutionary changes not only in the socio-political system of the country, but also in the consistent industrialization and related technical re-equipment of the emerging system. The appearance of the first signs of military danger from Germany entailed the implementation of a set of measures to organize the protection of the civilian population.

At this stage, all air defense and anti-aircraft defense activities were combined into a nationwide system under the general leadership of the People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs.

Content second stage(November 1932 - July 1941) is a complex of military-political and organizational measures to protect the population and national economy of the country. In this regard, on October 4, 1932, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted the “Regulations on the Air Defense of the USSR,” which for the first time defined measures and means of directly protecting the population and territories of the country from air danger in the zone of possible action of enemy aviation. This act marked the beginning of the creation of air defense, designed to protect the population from enemy air attack. In this regard, October 4, 1932 is considered to be the birthday of the MPVO - the initial stage in the development of the state system of protection of the population and territories.

The development of anti-aircraft defense went in two directions - military and civilian. On the one hand, territorial air defense units were created in the largest cities. Individual personnel battalions began to be formed, and then air defense regiments. On the other hand, precinct teams (within the boundaries of police stations), facility teams (at enterprises), and self-defense groups in households will be organized in air defense cities. Unfortunately, in the time remaining before the start of the war, it was not possible to fully carry out all the necessary measures and resolve all pressing issues.

However, the MPVO generally turned out to be well prepared to carry out difficult wartime tasks.

3. Third stage (June)

Third stage(June) covers the years of the Great Patriotic War. The timely creation of the MPVO ensured during the Great Patriotic War. successfully solving the problems of protecting the population and national economic facilities from air attack.

The experience of the war showed that not only the uninterrupted operation of industry and transport, but also the high morale and political state of the troops largely depended on the successful solution of problems in organizing the MPVO-GO.

During the war, it accumulated extensive experience in organizing the protection of the population from enemy air strikes and eliminating their consequences. The MPVO successfully completed its tasks - to make it difficult for fascist aviation to hit targets in cities and national economic facilities, to ensure the protection of citizens and to provide assistance to the victims, to carry out emergency restoration work in affected areas, to increase the stability of the functioning of enterprises and utility and energy networks. Thus, she made a worthy contribution to achieving the overall victory of our country over Nazi Germany. The country's MPVO is growing from a local one into a strategic task for the country.

Fourth stage(June 1945 - July 1961) stage of improving anti-aircraft defense, associated with the search for the most effective ways to protect the population and the national economy from the use of weapons of mass destruction.

Our country was forced to take a fundamental step in the development of a system for protecting the population and territories of the country from military dangers in 1961 and create a qualitatively new system - Civil Defense, which became one of the strategic factors in ensuring the functioning of the state in modern war.

In the late 50s and early 60s, it became obvious that the MPVO, with its local actions and capabilities limited in scale and nature, was not ready to implement major measures to protect the population and territory of the country, to significantly reduce losses and consequences. The decision made by the country's leadership in 1961 to transform the MPVO into a civil defense system, or rather, its transformation, practically completed the process of revising established views on the protection of the population and territories, which began in 1955, in the face of the possible use of weapons of mass destruction by the enemy. The new system is based on experience, traditions, in a word, all the best that has been created over the years of the existence of the MPVO. Basically, the organizational structure, approaches to ensuring the protection of the population, and the system of training were preserved. At this stage, the leadership of the MPVO-GO was entrusted to the executive bodies of the Councils of Deputies of Working People of Territories, Regions, Cities and Districts.

Fifth stage(July 1961 - September 1971) is characterized by profound structural changes in the GO.

Since September 1971, direct management of the civil defense system was again, as in the 1930s, transferred to the military department. This raised its development to a higher level and ensured more effective leadership at all levels.

Sixth stage(October 1971 - July 1987) is associated with new structural changes associated with the intensification of the arms race and the USSR achieving strategic parity. The efficiency of management of civil defense activities by Soviet and military management bodies of ministries and departments was increased. A characteristic feature of the first six stages of development of MPVO-GO is the planning of the implementation of all measures to protect the population and territories in wartime conditions. The prevention and elimination of natural and man-made emergencies in peacetime is not a task for the named systems.

Development of the civil defense and RSChS system in the second half of the twentieth century.

Seventh stage(August 1987 - December 1991) development of the civil defense system is a stage of positive changes in the military-political situation, the end of the Cold War and the switching of a significant part of the civil defense forces to solving environmental and economic problems.

At this stage, the civil defense was entrusted with the tasks of protecting the population and territories from natural disasters, accidents, and catastrophes in peacetime.

The reason for this was that in the 80s of the twentieth century, problems of preventing and eliminating emergencies of a natural and man-made nature began to accumulate quite quickly. This was due to a significant increase in the number and scale of such emergency situations in recent decades, whose consequences in some cases are comparable to the consequences of military-political conflicts. Their elimination required the concentrated efforts of the entire state, and in some situations, assistance from the international community.

The main reasons for the increase in the number and scale of emerging emergencies of a natural and man-made nature were:

rapid scientific and technological progress, which not only contributed to increased productivity and improved working conditions, increased material well-being and intellectual potential of society, but also led to an increased risk of accidents of large technical systems, due to the increase in the number and complexity of the latter, the growth of unit capacities of units by industrial and energy facilities, their concentration; progressive urbanization of territories, increasing population density and, as a result, the growing consequences of anthropogenic impact on the natural environment and global climate change on our planet.

It was the Chernobyl disaster of 1986 that confirmed the urgent need to solve the problems of protecting the population and territories in emergencies of a natural and man-made nature at the state level, and the Spitak tragedy (Armenia, 1988) accelerated the decision-making on this issue.

In mid-1989, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR decided to create a permanent State Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for Emergency Situations, and by a resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on December 15, 1990, the State All-Union System for Prevention and Action in Emergency Situations was formed, which included union, republican and sectoral (ministries and departments) subsystems. The named commission and system existed before the collapse of the USSR. This process developed in a similar way in the Russian Federation.

Minister of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief.
Hero of the Russian Federation, Army General.
Born on May 21, 1955 in the city of Chadan, Tuva Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
In 1977 he graduated from the Krasnoyarsk Polytechnic Institute.
Since 1978 he has worked in management positions.
In 1991, he was appointed chairman of the Russian Rescue Corps, later chairman of the RSFSR State Committee for Emergency Situations.
gg. – Chairman of the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief.
Since 1994 - Minister of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief.
Awarded the Orders “For Personal Courage”, “For Merit”, “For Services to the Fatherland” III degree, “Danacker”, Honorary Civil Order “Silver Cross” I degree, Honorary Gold Medal named after Leo Tolstoy, Medal “Defender of Free Russia”.

12. Higher, higher, and higher...

The aviation of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations deserves special mention. It was formed in 1995 in accordance with the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation “On the creation of the State Unitary Aviation Enterprise of the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia.” Therefore, for EMERCOM aviators, 2010 is a special year. Over the 15 years of its existence, EMERCOM aviation has taken part in several hundred rescue and humanitarian operations at the international, federal and regional levels. At the same time, much of what has been done by the aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations has been done for the first time in the history of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, Russia and the world. It is not without reason that hundreds of pilots, engineers and technicians were awarded high state awards.
Thus, the basis of the airmobile rescue complexes of the Ministry of Emergency Situations aviation is the Il-76TD transport aircraft. It delivers light helicopters Bo-105 and BK-117 to the emergency area, which can search for those in distress and evacuate victims from the disaster area. The Il-76TD aircraft itself turns into a “fire attack bomber”, capable of extinguishing forest fires from a height of 50-100 m. For this task, it is equipped with VAP-2 aviation pouring devices that have no analogues in the world, which can hold 42 tons of water.
The technologies for extinguishing focal fires from Mi-8, Ka-32 and Mi-26 helicopters using the VSU-5 and VSU-15 spillway devices are also unique. And to eliminate the consequences of large oil spills in the marine waters of the Russian Medical Emergency Service, a unique system VOP-3 (helicopter overhead sprayer) and methods for cleaning contaminated areas of the coast using special dispersants and biological products, as well as degassing and decontaminating contaminated areas, were developed. So both the aviation of the Ministry of Emergency Situations and the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia have something to be proud of.

13. There are fewer disasters, more lives saved!

2009 was a particularly difficult year for the Russian Emergency Situations Ministry: it went down in history as the year of the largest man-made disasters. Nevertheless, even in these extreme conditions, the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations demonstrated effective work. The price of this work is thousands of lives saved and an 18.8% reduction in the number of emergencies. And more importantly, in 2009, the number of people killed in emergency situations was reduced by more than 10 percent compared to 2008. In general, during the year, during emergency rescue operations, extinguishing fires and eliminating the consequences of road accidents in Russia, more than 153 thousand people were rescued and more than 28.8 thousand explosive objects were neutralized, including 462 aerial bombs.

At the same time, the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations is steadily increasing its potential.
For the second year now, the National Crisis Management Center has been operating, uniting management bodies at the federal, interregional and regional levels and ensuring coordination and operational management of the forces and means of the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations.

14. Stages of the long journey

December 27, 1990– the Russian Rescue Corps (RRC) was formed. This date is considered the founding day of the Russian Emergency Service and the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations in particular. Subsequently, the RKS was renamed the State Committee for Emergency Situations (GKES)
November 19, 1991– on the basis of the State Committee of the RSFSR for Emergency Situations and the Headquarters of Civil Defense of the RSFSR, the State Committee for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief under the President of the RSFSR was formed.
September 30, 1992 - The State Committee for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief under the President of the RSFSR was reorganized into the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief.
January 10, 1994– The State Committee of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief was transformed into the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief (EMERCOM of Russia).
January 2002– 278 thousand employees of the State
The fire service became part of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, which previously had 70 thousand employees.
15. Word from the Minister

Sergei Shoigu: The main thing is, moving forward, to preserve our corporate and sense of rescue brotherhood - 2010 is a special year for us - this year the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations celebrates its 20th anniversary!
For two decades now, you and I, shoulder to shoulder, have been creating our system. We strive to make it efficient and mobile. Step by step, overcoming serious difficulties, we are gaining invaluable experience in saving people, honing our skills, strengthening human resources, introducing the latest technologies based on advanced scientific developments, and improving technical equipment. Then, in the now distant nineties, the rescue corps numbered several dozen people, real devotees, ready to oppose the harsh elements with their fearlessness,
courage, professionalism.
Today, the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia consists of more than 300 thousand personnel, this is ultra-modern technology and equipment that makes our structure effective, powerful, capable of withstanding any threats of a natural and man-made nature, and really helping people.
The pride of the Ministry is its employees. A person who is indifferent to the grief of others will not be able to work in the Ministry of Emergency Situations. Rescuer and firefighter -
not just professions. This is a way of life, a constant readiness for self-sacrifice, for a feat, which we consider simply - work. The result of this work is hundreds of thousands of lives saved.
There are many challenges ahead. The main thing is to move forward, increase our strength and improve the operational response system, to preserve our corporate spirit, that feeling of rescue brotherhood, which allows each of us to proudly say: “I serve the Russian Federation and the Russian Ministry of Emergency Situations.”

16. Civil War of the third millennium

In recent years, in a number of foreign countries (Germany, USA, France, etc.), due to the changed military-political situation, there has been a transformation of views on the role of civil defense and the procedure for its conduct. Thus, the new US policy determines that civil defense forces and means should be prepared not so much for actions in a nuclear war, but to be able to effectively solve problems that arise in peacetime, while paying special attention to mobilization planning. There is a need to make changes to the theory and practice of civil defense in our country. This is dictated by the fact that to this day the theoretical principles developed back in the period 1962 - 1976 continue to be used. Fundamental changes in the nature of military conflicts, weapons, and the socio-economic situation require a new, more thorough and comprehensive approach to protective measures.

Civil defense of the 21st century will be significantly different from modern one.

Firstly, its status must change: losing its former strategic significance and purely military-defense essence, civil defense is acquiring a greater social orientation; The main goal is not so much participation in achieving military strategic success, but rather the preservation of human life and the environment. Because of this, Civil Defense will apparently gradually move away from the military organization and become independent.

Secondly, the time is coming to gradually abandon the military elements in its organization, including the services of military personnel. This, in particular, is consistent with one of the directions of Russian military reform. But this must be done with great caution, since the units and formations of the Civil Defense are its most organized and combat-ready core.

Thirdly, Civil defense in the 21st century will become an increasingly important structure for society not only in wartime, but also in peacetime. The active participation of its forces and resources in eliminating any emergency situations will become necessary, like, say, oxygen for humans. The slogan will become relevant and modern: “Everything that is done to strengthen civil defense is useful to the national economy and necessary for people.”

Fourth, it should become less costly for the state than before. In the 21st century, it is necessary to change the principles of protecting the population. For example, protective structures should not be created through their special construction in peacetime, as was previously the case, but accumulated through the development of the underground space of cities, adapting basements and other buried structures for these purposes.

Conclusion

In the foreseeable future, defense, like the entire defense of the country, will be built on the principle of strategic mobility. Everything: industry, agriculture, government agencies - must be prepared for a quick transition to work according to wartime plans.

In the future, civil defense will apparently take on a more territorial character than a departmental (industrial) one. Each region will become more independent and will solve problems, as a rule, on its own.

The main trends in the development of civil defense, its doctrine at the beginning of the 21st century could be formulated as follows: maximum preservation of existing potential, adaptation to new military-political and socio-economic conditions, creation of opportunities for the consistent operational deployment of forces and assets in a short time and to the required level, flexible strategic and operational response to changes in the situation.

Bibliography

1. “Civil defense in nuclear missile war.” Atomizdat, 1989 2. “Manual on the organization and conduct of civil defense...” Military Publishing House, 1990. 3. “Lectures on civil defense.” Dosaaf, 1989. 4. Emergency situations. Brief description. - M., 20Journal "Law and Security" No. 1 (30), April 2 “Civil Defense”. Edited by the General of the Army - M.: Voenizdat, 1982.

7. http://www. /

- list of references for topic 8, content and list of references for topics 9-12

Introduction

Civil defense (CD) training is universal for all Russian citizens. Recent events in Kosovo, and today's events taking place in Ukraine once again prove that no one in our time is safe from attack. Therefore, the issue of training the population in civil defense is still relevant today.

In my work I will cover the topic: “Civil defense is an integral part of the country’s defense capability,” and will also talk about its history of creation, purpose and tasks to ensure the protection of the population from dangers arising during the conduct of hostilities or as a result of them; I will also address questions about the organization of civil defense management, the structure and governing bodies.

Training the population to protect themselves from the effects of weapons of mass destruction and other means of enemy attack is one of the main tasks of the Civil Defense of the Russian Federation. It is organized and carried out on the basis of instructions from senior civil defense chiefs and their headquarters, as well as instructions and decisions of local party and Soviet bodies on civil defense issues.

History of the creation and development of civil defense in the USSR and the Russian Federation

The civil defense system in the USSR dates back to October 4, 1932, when local air defense (LAD) was formed as an integral part of the country's air defense system. MPVO was a system of measures carried out with local authorities in order to protect the population and economic facilities from enemy air attacks, eliminate the consequences of enemy attacks, create normal conditions for the operation of industrial enterprises, power plants, transport, etc.

In 1940, as the main department of the MPVO, it was included in the system of the NKVD-MVD of the USSR.

In 1961, the MPVO was reorganized into the Civil Defense (CD) of the USSR, and the position of head of the Civil Defense was introduced. In 1971, the leadership of the Civil Defense was entrusted to the USSR Ministry of Defense, and day-to-day management was entrusted to the head of the Civil Defense - the Deputy Minister of Defense of the USSR (Chief of Civil Defense Troops).

In the 1970s, new types of high-readiness civil defense formations were created - combined detachments and work mechanization teams. Then the civil defense troops included civil defense regiments (located in major cities of the USSR), the Moscow Military School of Civil Defense (the city of Balashikha).

Responsibility for local civil defense was assigned to the Councils of Ministers of the republics, executive committees of the Councils of People's Deputies, ministries, departments, organizations and enterprises, whose leaders were heads of civil defense. Civil defense headquarters and various services were created under them.

The civil defense troops are assigned the following main tasks:

· Conducting general and special reconnaissance in affected areas, zones of contamination (contamination) and catastrophic flooding, as well as on advance routes to them;
· Carrying out emergency rescue and other urgent work during the elimination of emergencies (threats of emergency situations) of a natural and man-made nature, ensuring the entry of other forces into zones of contamination and catastrophic flooding;
· Carrying out sanitary treatment of the population, special treatment of equipment and property, disinfection of buildings, structures and territory;
· Carrying out pyrotechnic works;
· Participation in the evacuation of the population and its priority life support;
· Participation in the restoration of life support facilities for the population, airfields, roads, crossings and other important infrastructure elements.

In 1991, the civil defense system was included in the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief.

Since 1991, civil defense troops in Russia have been subordinate to the State Committee for Emergency Situations (since 1994 - the Ministry of Emergency Situations) of Russia.

Heads of the MPVO NKVD (MVD) of the USSR

1940--1949 - V.V. Osokin - Lieutenant General,
1949--1959 - I. S. Sheredega - Lieutenant General.

Heads of the USSR Civil Defense

1961--1972 - V. I. Chuikov - Marshal of the Soviet Union,
1972--1986 - A. T. Altunin - Colonel General (until 1977), Army General,
1986--1991 - V. L. Govorov - Army General,
1991--1991 - B. E. Pyankov - Colonel General.

Chiefs (Managers) of the Civil Defense of Russia

The head of the Russian Civil Defense is the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation - D.A. Medvedev.

In accordance with the Federal Law “On Civil Defense” (1998), civil defense troops perform their tasks independently or jointly with non-military civil defense formations, and, if necessary, with the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and other military formations. By Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 30, 2011 No. 1265, rescue military formations of the Ministry of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief (abbreviated as rescue military formations) were formed on the basis of formations, military units and organizations of civil defense troops.

The number as of September 1, 2009 was set at 15,000 people. In 2012 - 18,000 people.

Civil defense (CD) (name since 1961) is a system of national defense measures carried out with the aim of protecting the population and the national economy in emergency situations in peacetime and war, increasing the sustainability of the functioning of national economic facilities, as well as carrying out rescue and other urgent work ( SiDNR) during liquidation of the consequences of natural disasters, accidents (catastrophes) and in hotbeds of destruction.

To organize work to eliminate the consequences of natural disasters, accidents (catastrophes), ensure the constant readiness of management bodies and forces to carry out these works, as well as to monitor the development and implementation of measures to prevent emergency situations in peacetime, a State Commission of the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR is created for emergency situations, the Commission for Emergency Situations (CoES) under the Councils of Ministers of the Union Republics, the executive committees of the regional, regional and city Councils of People's Deputies.

They work under the leadership of the relevant Soviet bodies, higher-level CoES, as well as government (state) commissions created to investigate the causes and eliminate the consequences of particularly large accidents (catastrophes) or natural disasters.

The work of the CoES is organized in cooperation with the civil defense authorities, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the KGB, the military command and organizations of state supervision and control. Under them, a permanent working body is created on the basis of the headquarters and civil defense services.

Decisions of the CoES during emergency situations are mandatory for implementation by all organizations and enterprises located in the relevant territory.

General principles of civil defense organization

The organizational structure of the USSR Civil Defense is determined by the national and political-administrative structure, the possible nature of emergency situations arising in peacetime and wartime, and the tasks assigned; at her.

All practical activities of civil defense in republics, territories, cities, districts and national economic facilities are carried out under the leadership of the executive committees of the Councils of People's Deputies, as well as military command and control bodies. The direct leadership of civil defense in the union and autonomous republics, territories, regions, cities, urban and rural areas is carried out by the chairmen of the Councils of People's Deputies, who are the heads of civil defense.

GO is organized according to the territorial production principle.

The territorial principle of organization means that, regardless of the departmental affiliation, the civil defense of national economic facilities is organizationally included in the structure of the civil defense of the corresponding republics, territories, regions, cities, districts on the territory of which they are located.

The production principle of the organization is that the civil defense of national economic facilities is also organizationally included in the civil defense structure of the relevant ministries and departments, the heads of which bear full responsibility for the state of maintenance in these institutions.

Civil defense relies on the material and human resources of the entire country.

The organization of civil defense provides for a combination of centralized and decentralized management of forces and means.

Civil defense in the USSR is not only part of the system of national defense measures, but also a national cause. Every Soviet citizen is obliged to actively participate in civil defense events.

Russian State University

innovative technologies and entrepreneurship

Penza branch

Department of Emergency Protection

ABSTRACT

by discipline

"Radiation chemical protection"

on the topic: “History of the creation of Civil Defense”

Completed by: st-t

group 08vZ4 Frik A.V.

Checked:

Stulnikov A.A.

Plan

INTRODUCTION

Local air defense (LAD) 1918-1932.

Local air defense (LAD) 1932-1941.

Local air defense (LAD) 1941-1945.

Local air defense (LAD) 1945-1961.

Ministry of Emergency Situations and Civil Defense (modern period)

Civil defense: a look into the future

Factors influencing the development of RSChS and Civil Defense.

Civil War of the third millennium

Conclusion

Introduction

Civil defense of Russia is an integral part of the overall system of state defense measures carried out in peacetime and wartime.

As an independent system for ensuring the security of the territory and population in peacetime and war, civil defense begins its history in January 1992. It was in this year that it was removed from the structure of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the Armed Forces of Russia and merged with the one created in December 1991. State Committee of the Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergency Situations and Disaster Relief. In 1994, the State Committee for Emergency Situations of Russia was transformed into the Ministry of Emergency Situations of Russia. Today, civil defense activities are aimed at protecting against modern means of enemy attack, as well as at carrying out rescue and urgent emergency restoration work at facilities and in hot spots during emergency situations in peacetime and war.

In this work, in accordance with regulatory legal acts, the concept, main tasks, content of forces and means aimed at solving assigned tasks and organizational building of civil defense, as well as the role and tasks of the internal affairs department in ensuring security during military operations or as a result of these actions will be disclosed and in the event of natural and man-made emergencies.

History of Russian civil defense

Local air defense (LAD) 1918-1932.

For the first time, the possibility of disorganizing the rear appeared during the World War of 1914 -1918, when during military operations combat aviation was used, capable of striking populated areas behind enemy lines. This circumstance made it necessary to organize the protection of large cities from air strikes. Along with active air defense measures carried out by the troops, the population began to be involved in participation in activities designed to protect the population and industrial enterprises from air attacks and quickly eliminate the consequences of air raids. This led to the creation of local air defense systems based on the civilian population of cities.

In the Soviet Union, the foundation of civil defense - until 1961 it was called local air defense (LAD) - began to be laid in the very first years of the establishment of Soviet power. The first MPVO activities were carried out in Petrograd in March 1918 after the first aerial bombardment of the city by German aircraft.

Residents of a number of other large cities were involved in participation in MPVO activities during the Civil War when there was a threat of air raids.

Based on the experience of the civil war and the growing military importance of aviation, the Soviet government, starting in 1925, issued a number of decrees aimed at creating and strengthening the country's air defense.

In 1925, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR issued a decree “On air defense measures during construction in the 500-kilometer border strip.” Within this zone, determined by the range of combat aviation of that time, during the New Construction it was prescribed to carry out appropriate engineering and technical measures to protect the population and national economic facilities.

The following year, the Labor and Defense Council of the USSR (STO USSR) issued a decree mandating the implementation of air defense measures on railways within the threatened zone. In particular, shelters were to be built at railway stations and special formations of anti-aircraft and anti-chemical defense were to be created.

In 1927, the Council of Labor and Defense of the USSR issued a decree “On organizations of air-chemical defense of the territory of the USSR.” According to this decree, the territory of the country was divided into the border (threatened) zone and the rear. All cities in the border zone began to be called air defense city cities. General management of air defense activities was entrusted to the People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs. In the same year, the USSR STO ordered the People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs to create special courses for the training of air-chemical defense management personnel for the needs of civilian people's commissariats. Such courses were created in Moscow, Leningrad, Baku, Kyiv and Minsk.

In the first Regulation on Air Defense of the USSR, approved in 1928 by the People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs, it was written that air defense is intended to protect the USSR from air attacks using for this purpose forces and means belonging to both military and civilian departments and relevant public defense organizations. In connection with this formulation of the issue, the need arose to organize training for the population in defense against air and chemical attacks. This task was carried out mainly by Osoaviakhim and the Union of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (SOKK and KP); they trained hundreds of thousands of local air defense activists.

Massive training of the population in air defense and chemical defense made it possible by 1932 to create over 3 thousand voluntary air defense formations. More than 3.5 million people were provided with gas masks; Several thousand bomb shelters and gas shelters were prepared to shelter the population in the threatened zone. Measures were taken to blackout cities in the threatened zone and to create a high-speed system for alerting the population about the threat of attack.

Thus, the necessary organizational and material prerequisites for the creation of a unified national system of local air defense in the country by 1932 were created. Meanwhile, the rapid growth in the capabilities of combat aviation to strike targets in the deep rear required further improvement in the organization of the protection of the population and the national economy.

Local air defense (LAD) 1932-1941.

On October 4, 1932, the Council of People's Commissars approved a new Regulation on the air defense of the USSR, according to which local air defense was allocated as an independent component of the entire air defense system of the Soviet state. From this date it is customary to count the beginning of the existence of the all-Union MPVO, the successor of which was the Civil Defense of the USSR.

The main tasks of the air defense were: warning the population about the threat of an attack from the air and warning that the threat had passed; camouflaging populated areas and national economic facilities from air attack (especially blackout); eliminating the consequences of an attack from the air, including the use of toxic substances; preparation of bomb shelters and gas shelters for the population; organizing first medical and medical aid for victims of an air attack; providing veterinary care to injured animals; maintaining public order and ensuring compliance with the regime established by the authorities and the Ministry of Defense in threatened areas. The implementation of all these tasks was provided for by the forces and means of local authorities and national economic facilities. This determined the name of this air defense system.

Headquarters, services and formations of anti-aircraft defense were created only in those cities and at those industrial facilities that could be within the range of enemy aircraft. In such cities and at such facilities, air defense and chemical protection measures were carried out in full.

The organizational structure of the MPVO was determined by its tasks. Since it was an integral part of the entire air defense system of the country, the general management of the air defense in the country was carried out by the People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs (since 1934 - the People's Commissariat of Defense of the USSR), and within the boundaries of military districts - by their command.

To solve the tasks of the MPVO, appropriate forces were organized - military units of the MPVO, which were subordinate to the command of military districts, and voluntary formations of the MPVO: in urban areas - precinct teams, at enterprises - object teams, at house management - self-defense groups. MPVO formations were created at the rate of: 15 people from 100-300 workers and employees - at enterprises and institutions and from 200-500 people - residents - at house managements. Precinct teams consisted of various special units, and self-defense groups, as a rule, consisted of six units: medical, emergency recovery, fire protection, law enforcement and surveillance, decontamination and shelter maintenance. Precinct teams and self-defense groups were subordinate to the head of the police department.

Personnel training for MPVO was carried out at special MPVO courses, and training of the population was carried out through the training network of public defense organizations.

Since 1935, the training of the population in air defense and chemical defense has acquired an even wider scope, in particular, standards for passing the “Ready for Air Defense and Anti-Chemical Defense” badge (anti-aircraft and chemical defense) were established. The training of the population was improved as part of the volunteer formations of the MPVO. By the resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of August 8, 1935, the preparation of the population to pass the standards for the “Ready for PVC” badge and the organization of MPVO formations were declared the tasks of Osoaviakhim.

In order to improve the forms of dissemination of sanitary defense knowledge and skills, the standards of the “Ready for sanitary defense” (GSO) complex were introduced for adults and “Be ready for sanitary defense” (BGSD) for schoolchildren. The implementation of these standards was entrusted to the committees of the Union of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.

An important milestone on the path to strengthening the air defense was the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated June 20, 1937 “On local (civil) air defense of Moscow, Leningrad, Baku and Kyiv,” which outlined a number of new measures to strengthen local air defense in these cities, including in particular, the direct leadership of the MPVO in these cities was entrusted to local authorities - the Councils of Workers' Deputies, and the positions of deputy chairmen of the executive committees of the Councils of Workers' Deputies for MPVO were introduced into the executive committees of the city councils of these cities.

Shortly before the start of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. The creation and preparation of various MPVO services were completed: warning and communications, medical and sanitary, law enforcement and security, shelters, transport, trade and public catering, water supply and sewerage, restoration of buildings, roads and bridges, blackout. Services were created on the basis of relevant enterprises and organizations of city authorities; a wide range of specialists who had significant material and technical resources participated in their work. By this time, all city enterprises in the threatened zone were objects of local air defense, and full-time positions of deputy directors of enterprises for air defense were introduced at particularly important facilities.

Thus, by the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, a lot of work had been done to prepare the population and cities of the threatened border zone for air defense and chemical defense. Suffice it to say that the entire population of the threatened zone had an idea of how to protect themselves from air attacks; a large number of gas masks were accumulated for city residents.

Due to the local nature of the activities of the MPVO bodies and forces and the need to concentrate the efforts of the People's Commissariat of Defense of the USSR on preparing the Armed Forces for a war that was approaching the borders of the USSR, by a resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated October 7, 1940, the leadership of the MPVO was transferred to the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the USSR, consisting of which the Main Directorate of the MPVO was created.

Local air defense (LAD) 1941-1945.

On June 22, 1941, all headquarters, services and forces of the Air Defense Forces were put on combat readiness. The very first days of the war convincingly showed the high readiness of the anti-aircraft defense system and at the same time revealed some shortcomings that were quickly eliminated.

An important role in mobilizing the air defense to successfully solve the problems that arose in connection with the attack of Nazi Germany on the Soviet Union was played by the resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of July 2, 1941 “On universal mandatory training of the population for air defense.” According to this decree, all Soviet citizens from 16 to 60 years old were required to acquire the necessary knowledge of MPVO. In addition, men from 16 to 60 years old and women from 18 to 50 years old were required to belong to self-defense groups. Fulfilling the demands of the party and government, the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs on July 3, 1941 approved the Regulations on self-defense groups of residential buildings, institutions and enterprises. An important role in the activation of the air defense was played by the speech of I.V. Stalin, dated July 3, 1941, which pointed out the need to immediately “... establish local air defense.”

The MPVO rapidly gained strength during the war years. The number of its formations exceeded 6 million people; district formations were reorganized into urban military units of the MPVO, and the number of engineering and anti-chemical military units increased significantly.

The MPVO forces successfully completed their task during the war. They eliminated the consequences of more than 30 thousand fascist air raids, prevented over 32 thousand serious accidents at national economic facilities in cities, neutralized over 430 thousand air bombs and almost 2.5 million shells and mines. Through the efforts of the MPVO formations and units, 90 thousand fires and fires were eliminated. In a word, in cooperation with units of the Armed Forces, the MPVO made a significant contribution during the war years to protecting the population and national economy from fascist air raids; in a number of cases, its forces took part in repelling attacks by enemy ground units on cities.

Local air defense (LAD) 1945-1961.

In the post-war period, drawing on the rich experience of the Great Patriotic War, the MPVO steadily continued to improve. A new regulation on local air defense was put into effect, which reflected all the positive experience of the previous activities of the air defense. The tasks and organizational structure of the MPVO were clarified.

The appearance of nuclear weapons in the arsenal of the US armed forces and the rapid increase in their stockpiles forced in 1956 to reconsider the organization of anti-aircraft defense. MPVO was first named as a system of nationwide measures carried out to protect the population from modern weapons, create conditions that ensure the reliability of the operation of national economic facilities in the conditions of an attack from the air, and carry out rescue and urgent emergency restoration work. Although nuclear weapons were not mentioned, the main efforts of the anti-aircraft defense system were aimed at organizing protection against them.

The MPVO was responsible for organizing training for the entire population of the country in anti-aircraft, anti-nuclear, anti-chemical and anti-bacteriological protection. The head of the MPVO remained the USSR Minister of Internal Affairs. The heads of the MPVO in the union and autonomous republics were the ministers of internal affairs, but general management of the activities of the MPVO was entrusted to the councils of ministers of the union and autonomous republics, and in regions, territories, cities and districts, in ministries and departments - to the executive committees of the Councils of Working People's Deputies, ministries and departments.

The most massive MPVO forces were the formations of republican, regional, regional and district MPVO services - detachments, brigades, teams, etc. In residential areas of cities and towns, the creation of self-defense groups was still envisaged.

Methods for protecting the population and national economic facilities were also revised.

The fifth stage (July 1961 - September 1971) is characterized by profound structural changes in the civil war.

The sixth stage (October 1971 - July 1987) is associated with new structural changes associated with the intensification of the arms race and the USSR achieving strategic parity. The efficiency of management of civil defense activities by Soviet and military management bodies of ministries and departments was increased. A characteristic feature of the first six stages of development of MPVO-GO is the planning of the implementation of all measures to protect the population and territories in wartime conditions. The prevention and elimination of natural and man-made emergencies in peacetime is not a task for the named systems.

The seventh stage (August 1987 - December 1991) of the development of the civil defense system is a stage of positive changes in the military-political situation, the end of the Cold War and the switching of a significant part of the civil defense forces to solving environmental and economic problems.
At this stage, the civil defense was entrusted with the tasks of protecting the population and territories from natural disasters, accidents, and catastrophes in peacetime. The reason for this was that in the 80s of the twentieth century, problems of preventing and eliminating emergencies of a natural and man-made nature began to accumulate quite quickly. This was due to a significant increase in the number and scale of such emergency situations in recent decades, whose consequences in some cases are comparable to the consequences of military-political conflicts. Their elimination required the concentrated efforts of the entire state, and in some situations, assistance from the international community.

The main reasons for the increase in the number and scale of emerging emergencies of a natural and man-made nature were:
rapid scientific and technological progress, which not only contributed to increased productivity and improved working conditions, increased material well-being and intellectual potential of society, but also led to an increased risk of accidents of large technical systems, due to the increase in the number and complexity of the latter, the growth of unit capacities of units by industrial and energy facilities, their concentration;
progressive urbanization of territories, increasing population density and, as a result, the growing consequences of anthropogenic impact on the natural environment and global climate change on our planet.

The scale of emergency situations resulting from natural and man-made disasters is evidenced by the following facts:
in the largest earthquakes of the twentieth century: Ashgabat (Turkmenistan), Tangshen (China) and Spitak (Armenia), 110, 243 and 25 thousand people died, respectively; as a result of the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant, the territories of 19 constituent entities of the Russian Federation, where more than 30 million people lived, as well as the territories of a number of European states, were exposed to radioactive contamination; As a result of a chemical accident at a plant in Bhopal (India), 2.5 thousand people died and more than 200 thousand were injured. It was the Chernobyl disaster of 1986 that confirmed the urgent need to solve the problems of protecting the population and territories in emergencies of a natural and man-made nature at the state level, and the Spitak tragedy (Armenia, 1988) accelerated the decision-making on this issue.
In mid-1989, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR decided to create a permanent State Commission of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for Emergency Situations, and by a resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR on December 15, 1990, the State All-Union System for Prevention and Action in Emergency Situations was formed, which included union, republican and sectoral (ministries and departments) subsystems. The named commission and system existed before the collapse of the USSR.
This process developed in a similar way in the Russian Federation.
On October 12, 1990, the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR formed the Republican Commission for Emergency Situations, headed by the Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR. However, life showed that she was not fully able to solve the complex problems that arose. This was especially true for organizing emergency response to large-scale emergencies. The commission did not have its own forces and resources; its decisions were often advisory in nature. It was advisable to form a special federal department with its own forces, means, and governing bodies.

ROLE AND TASKS OF THE USSR CIVIL DEFENSE

To organize work to eliminate the consequences of natural disasters, accidents (catastrophes), ensure the constant readiness of management bodies and forces to carry out these works, as well as to monitor the development and implementation of measures to prevent emergency situations in peacetime, a State Commission of the Cabinet of Ministers of the USSR is created for emergency situations, commissions for emergency situations (CoES) under the councils of ministers of the union republics, executive committees of regional, regional and city Councils of People's Deputies.

Decisions of the CoES during emergency situations are mandatory for implementation by all organizations and enterprises located in the relevant territory.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL DEFENSE ORGANIZATION

GO is organized according to the territorial production principle.
The territorial principle of organization means that, regardless of the departmental affiliation, the civil defense of national economic facilities is organizationally included in the structure of the civil defense of the corresponding republics, territories, regions, cities, districts on the territory of which they are located.

The production principle of the organization is: that the civil defense of national economic facilities is also organizationally included in the civil defense structure of the relevant ministries and departments, whose heads bear full responsibility for the state of maintenance in these institutions.

Civil defense relies on the material and human resources of the entire country.
The organization of civil defense provides for a combination of centralized and decentralized management of forces and means.

Civil defense in the USSR is not only part of the system of national defense measures, but also a national cause. Every Soviet citizen is obliged to actively participate in civil defense events.

On December 27, 1990, a resolution was adopted by the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR “On the formation of the Russian rescue corps as a state committee of the RSFSR, as well as the formation of a unified state-public system for forecasting, preventing and eliminating the consequences of emergency situations.”

Civil defense from December 1991 to present

In the spring and autumn of 1991, the first congresses of the Russian rescue corps were held, which was soon transformed into the Association of Russian Rescue Forces.

On April 17, 1991, Deputy Chairman of the State Construction Committee of the RSFSR Sergei Shoigu was appointed chairman of the Russian rescue corps. On April 28, Yuri Vorobyov was appointed deputy chairman.

Due to the need to expand the powers of the Russian rescue corps, by a resolution of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR dated July 30, 1991, it was transformed into the RSFSR State Committee for Emergency Situations, the chairman of which was reappointed S.K. Shoigu on August 5, 1991.

On November 19, 1991, by decree of the President of the RSFSR B.N. Yeltsin No. 221, the State Committee for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Disaster Relief under the President of the RSFSR (GKChS RSFSR) was created, the chairman of which was appointed S.K. Shoigu. The new state body united the forces and resources of the State Committee for Emergency Situations and the Civil Defense Headquarters of the RSFSR of the USSR Ministry of Defense.

The same decree created the headquarters of the civil defense forces of the RSFSR and 9 regional centers (RC) for civil emergency situations in the cities of Moscow (Central RC), St. Petersburg (Northwestern RC), Rostov-on-Don (North Caucasian RC), Samara (Privolzhsky RC), Yekaterinburg (Ural RC), Novosibirsk (West Siberian RC), Krasnoyarsk (East Siberian RC), Chita (Transbaikal RC) and Khabarovsk (Far Eastern RC).
etc.............

When was the civil defense of the USSR created? History of the creation of civil defense

Abstract

History of the development of Civil Defense in Russia

Introduction

History of the creation and development of civil defense in the USSR and the Russian Federation

General principles of civil defense organization