Spelling a soft sign at the end of words after sibilants
In Russian, sibilants at the end of words (Zh, Sh, Shch and Ch) are possible in six parts of speech:

In nouns (NIGHT, WATCHMAN, MANY TASKS),
in adjectives (HOT),
in verbs (WRITE),
in adverbs (WIDE),
pronouns (OUR),
particles (ONLY).

Each of these parts of speech for the use of a soft sign has its own special rule.

1. If we have a noun in front of us, then a soft sign is placed after the sibilants only when the word belongs to the III declension (NIGHT). Nouns of the 1st and 2nd declension with a sibilant at the end are written without a soft sign (MANY CLOUDS, BRICK). Don’t forget that patronymics and surnames ending in -ICH are nouns of the second declension and are written without a soft sign. For example: SERGEEVICH, RYURIKOVICH, VOYNOVICH.
2. If the word answers the question WHAT? and is a short adjective, then after the hissing one at the end a soft sign is not needed (HOT, MIGHTY).
3. Verbs with a sibilant at the end are always written with a soft sign. For example: LOOK or LOOK (in the form of the second person singular of the present or future tense), CUT (in the imperative mood), BURN (in the indefinite form). Please note that in verbs the soft sign may appear after the sibilant and not at the very end of the word, but before the postfixes -СЯ or -TE, for example: BATHING, HIDE.
4. At the end of adverbs after hissing ones, a soft sign is always written (WIDE, JUMP, AWAY), except for exceptions: UZH, MARRIED, UNBEARABLE.
5. Pronouns with sibilants at the end are written without a soft sign, for example: OUR, YOURS.
6. The particles ISH, ONLY, Bish are always written with a soft sign.
Exercise

We already knew this and did not stop him from managing things in his own way; but between us was an officer who had recently been transferred to us. (“Shot”, A. S. Pushkin)

Petrovich had a skein of silk and thread hanging around his neck, and on his knees was some kind of rag. (“Overcoat”, N.V. Gogol)

This is exactly how they first took and suspected these, what's their... Kokh and Pestryakov. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

Finally, the poor guy became, in some way, unbearable, and decided to get through by storm at all costs, you know. (“Dead Souls”, N.V. Gogol)

This expression said that she decided to endure her misfortune without complaining, and that her husband was a cross sent to her from God. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

The sun was just beginning to rise from behind the clouds; the air was fresh and dewy. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

And just think about what and who - what insignificance can be the cause of people’s misfortune! (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

He knew that this story contributed to the glorification of our weapons, and therefore he had to pretend that he did not doubt it. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

As soon as he began to say something that did not satisfy the purpose of the accusation, they took a groove, and the water could flow wherever it wanted. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

They say that his mother was very pretty, and it seems strange to me why she married so unsuccessfully, to such an insignificant person... (“Poor People”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

I told him... Don't cry for me: I will try to be both courageous and honest all my life, even though I am a murderer. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

The whole battle consisted only in what the Cossacks of Orlov-Denisov did; the rest of the troops lost several hundred people in vain. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

It will fall on its own when it is ripe, and if you pick it green, you will spoil the apple and the tree, and you will set your teeth on edge. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

Nikolai, in two words, bought for six thousand_seventeen stallions for selection (as he said) for the horse-drawn end of his repairs. (“War and Peace”, L. N. Tolstoy)

On the other side of the fence, the old man was whittling a hoop and did not see Levin. (“Anna Karenina”, L.N. Tolstoy)

Nothing could come out now except falsehood and lies; and falsehood and lies were disgusting to his nature. (“Anna Karenina”, L.N. Tolstoy)

No one declared war, but people sympathize with the suffering of their neighbors and want to help them, said Sergei Ivanovich. (“Anna Karenina”, L.N. Tolstoy)

And in Moscow, where every meeting is a knife in her heart, she lives for six months, waiting for a decision every day. (“Anna Karenina”, L.N. Tolstoy)

Night fell - the mother blessed her daughter and wished her a gentle sleep, but this time her wish was not fulfilled; Lisa slept very poorly. (“Poor Liza”, N. M. Karamzin)

But sometimes - although very rarely - a golden ray of hope, a ray of consolation, illuminated the darkness of her sorrow. (“Poor Liza”, N. M. Karamzin)

And there is one key there, three times larger than all of them, with a jagged beard, of course, not from the chest of drawers. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

“Don’t worry, I won’t give it to you,” the mustache said decisively and went after them. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

But as I leave, I dare say that in the future I hope to be spared such meetings and, so to speak, compromises. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

The crying of poor, consumptive, orphaned Katerina Ivanovna seemed to have a strong effect on the audience. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

Her pale yellow, withered face was thrown back, her mouth opened, her legs stretched out convulsively. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

Ditch_! - Luzhin screamed, enraged to the point of rage, - you are all wild, sir. (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

Marfa Terentyevna did not let up, but pestered the mayor more and more: take out Bonaparte, and in the end he will become exhausted. (“The History of a City”, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

Whatever fires out of a gun will shoot right through your heart, whatever you wave with a saber will take your head off your shoulders. (“The History of a City”, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

He made numerous campaigns against debtors and was so eager for spectacle that he would flog anyone without himself.
didn't trust. (“The History of a City”, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

"Enough! - he said decisively and solemnly, “other mirages, other feigned fears, other ghosts!..” (“Crime and Punishment”, F. M. Dostoevsky)

I thought that the sky would collapse, the earth would open up under my feet, that a tornado would fly from somewhere and swallow everything, everything at once... (“The History of a City”, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

He bargained with them for a long time, asking for altyn and money for the search, but the bunglers gave a penny and their bellies in addition. (“The History of a City”, M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

The exercise was prepared by N. Solovyova and B. A. Panov (“League of Schools”).

A large set of materials for the lesson on L after sizzling (presentations, tests, cards, games, dictations and much more)

10 words for rule b after sibilants

25 words for rule b after sibilants

Lists of individual rule clauses

Nouns

Feminine, 3rd declension

Mouse, daughter, speech, falsehood, nonsense, youth, oven, rye, lie, louse, rags, thing, brooch, bald spot, gap, game, wilderness, trifle, alkali, dryness, help, medical assistance, self-help, mutual assistance, technical assistance, bitterness, night, midnight, gouache, power, wasteland, quiet, luxury, bile, bastard, ink, retouching, thickness, flow, buckshot, harness, harness, harness, lie, stupidity, whim, trembling.

Feminine, plural h.

A lot of skis, dachas, clouds, sales, sales, meetings, successes, failures, transfers, hernias, monsters, monsters, transfers, extraditions, galoshes, beaters, Ksyusha, Pash, Dash, Sash, puddles, prey, carcasses, conflagrations, candles , prize-winners, foremans, paws, paws, lifters, thousands, nags, tasks, missing, shoulders.

Masculine, 2nd declension

Hunchback, trumpeter, grabber, rich man, stag, planer, twitcher, scarecrow, tractor, auto tractor, bearded man, dodger, pusher, circus performer, weaver, trickster, kalach, executioner, strongman, crying, interpreter, basmach, cosmach, kumach, rhymer, zurnach, trepach, violinist, doctor, female doctor, chief physician, medical doctor, military doctor, veterinarian, nutritionist, rook, cedar, nosach, mustache, laugher, reckless driver, listener, sword, scourge, sandwich, prince, crown prince, prince, krivich, Muscovite, Dregovich, Ryadovich, Pskovich, Popovich, kinsman, kinsman, erofeich, princely, paralysis, cry, kulich, radimich, kostromich, brick, match, barich, gentry, lyutich, vyatich, cootchich, french, clinch, svetoch, grub, tornado, match, ketch, sketch, putsch, universal education, head teacher, sealing wax, ignorant, beam, radio beam, hoop, panych, snake Gorynych, hrych, owl, key, ball, coven, lavash, Chuvash, legash, huckster, pencil, czardash , face, drunk, broadsword, jumble, hut, ours, murash, cartridge belt, ladle, bell-bottom, kulesh, dervish, Yiddish, fig, crumb, sultana, finish, fetish, shish, hashish, baksheesh, revenge, rematch, kart -blanche, punch, brawl, penny, aprosh, mackintosh, march, demarche, minced meat, ruff, bursh, Ingush, shower, kush, carcass, kuntush, cartouche, scraped, ragged, liner, last, foundling, miscarriage, lily of the valley, gnawed , embryo, berdysh, stray, baby, round baby, naked, reed, adopted, fattened, fosterling, bastard, foundling, little snake, foolish, little animal, gosling, cub, kitten, duckling, blackling, ugly, mole rat, strong one, bratty, silly , profit, maggot, gain, loss, win, draw, win back, runny, pellet, pellet, lett, shorty, changeling, rolled up, pouty, whooping cough, plush, round, belyash, goulash, nephew, curly, raincoat, sling, bream , tick, fistula, comrade, companion, vegetable, horsetail, borscht, khrushch, whip, pimple, ivy, cartilage.

Adjectives

Hot, viscous, stinking, handsome, free-flowing, flammable, prickly, good, feisty, fresh, burning, molting, powerful, effervescent, lean, seething, odorous, creaky, creeping, omnipresent.

Adverbs

Backhand, backwards, completely, wide open, completely, away, galloping, awkwardly, exactly.

Exceptions: I can’t bear to get married.

Particles

Look, look, look, just...

Verbs

Infinitive

Burn, lie down, clothe, bring on, extract, bake, neglect, protect, guard, utter, mark, flow, burn, cut, shear, reach, drag, pound, soak, strain, strain.

2nd person verbs

You smile, feed, bite, kick, drink, pour, sleep, eat, love, kiss, move, nod, use, write, read, wash, use, weaken, move, hold, see, know, fly, grieve, heal, you are registered, you study, you use, you can, you repent, you guard, you extract, you burn, etc.

Imperative verbs

Smear, cut, eat, appoint, don't cry, hide, respect, provide, reveal, summarize, multiply, worry, focus.

b is stored before: smear, smear, hide, hide, etc.

) and performs several service functions:

• separation function,
• designation of softness of a consonant in writing,
• indicator of grammatical forms.

Separating soft sign.

• b as a separating sign is used after consonants before letters e, e, yu, i, i.:
  seven b I [s'em 'th' A], l b ot [l 'th' from], to b south [in 'th' uh-huh], Solov b and [salav’y’i], ant b I [ant 'th' a], rye [rOzh y'u].

  b is never written after prefixes

  b separates the preceding consonant and the consonant sound [th’](- always sonorous, always soft), suggesting the appearance of sound [th'].
  I salt[sal’U] cabbage soup salt[sal'y'U].
  Dust with dust.
  Kolya carries stakes.
  At first field, Then I'll water.

  Non-separating soft sign.

  A designation for the softness of a consonant (except for a hissing one).

  • b denotes the softness of consonants (except hissing ones) at the end of a word:
    they say b, roll b, toe b, lantern b.
    At the same time, the softness or hardness of the consonant at the end of a word determines words that have different meanings:
    tol - roofing felt, corner - coal, weight - whole, clear - ash, ate - spruce, dan - tribute.
  • in the middle of the word b means:
    • softness of a consonant before a hard consonant:
      Kuz b ma, kos b bah, piss b mo, fell b ma;
    • b is written between two soft consonants only if, when the word is changed, the second consonant becomes hard and the first remains soft:

      Kuz b me (they changed the word - Kuzma, so that m became hard), braid b be (mowing), in pis b me (letter), na pal b me (palm);

      For example, gwo building and [gvoz’d’i] the soft sign is not written - gvo building oder, where z is a hard sound.

    • softness of consonant L before any other consonants (not L):
      ma l chick, bo l shoy, bo l Nice, mo l Bert.

  The soft sign is written (orth. No. 9):

  • at the end of words to indicate the softness of consonants: horse, five;
  • Soft sign in numerals (№41)
    • In the Nominative and Accusative cases of numerals, denoting round tens from 50 to 80 and round hundreds from 500 to 900, a soft sign b is written after the first root: seventy, seven hundred.
    • in numeral cases eight :eight (gen., dat., pr. cases), eight or eight (tv. case);
  • in the instrumental case of the plural of some nouns and numerals: children, people, four;
  • in a combination of consonants after l , before m, b, d, k : prayer, letter, carving, I'll take it;
  • in the middle of a word between two soft consonants: slide;
  • for reflexive verbs in the imperative mood and most verbs in the indefinite form: dress - dress, run, wash - wash; prepare, get ready, get ready (imperative); appoint;
  • in adjectives formed from the names of months (except January ): June, September.

  Soft sign not written

  • within combinations chk, chn, nch, nsch, rshch, rch, shchn, st, nt, nn :
    But chk ah, but chn ik, ko LF ik, baraba nsch ik, spo rshch ik, ispo RF assisted schn ik, mo st ik, ban you to, ose nn yy.
  • between two soft L:And ll Yuzia, co ll lecture.
  • for numerals from 50 to 80 and from 500 to 900 at the end of the word: fifty, five hundred.

  b is an indicator of grammatical forms.

  • b is written after hissing words (spellings 8,20,22,48, 64)

    • in feminine singular nouns (3rd declension):
      daughter b, mouse b, night b, hush b.
      Compare singular numbers with masculine nouns: ball, hut, hedgehog.
    • in verb forms (in all forms after sibilants):
      • in the 2nd person singular verbs of present and future tense: are you coming b, eat b, you decide b, sleeping b, teach b hey, quit b, quit b Xia;
      • in the infinitive (indefinite form of the verb): berech b, berech b Xia, sterech b, treat b, burn b, burn b Xia;
      • in imperative verbs: hide b, cut b, cut b those you eat b, eat b those.
    • in adverbs with a sibilant stem: gallop b, backhand b, supine b.
      Exception : I can't bear to get married.
    • V : whish b, only b, ish b, bish b .

  • b is not written after hissing words:

    • for nouns not of the 3rd declension:
      • in nouns there are 2 declensions (masculine singular, zero ):rook, beam, hut.
      • in nouns in the genitive plural form: (no) tasks, clouds, puddles, groves.
    • in short adjectives: hot, viscous.
    • in adverbs on - and(except wide open ):I can't bear to get married .

  • -TSYA and -TSYA in verbs (No. 23)

    • If the verb na -tsya, -tsya answers questions of the present or future tense (there is no b in the question), then a soft sign is not written before -sya: Bathing (what is he doing? present day). If the verb answers questions of an indefinite form (there is a b in the question), then the soft sign is written: swim (what to do? - undefined form).

Note.Letter b before O written in some foreign words, for example: battalion, bouillon, guillotine, Carmagnole, companion, minion, pavilion, postman, champignon.

§ 72.Letter b written to indicate the softness of a consonant, except h, sch(see §75), at the end of a word, for example: drink, darkness, horse, and in the middle of a word before a hard consonant, for example: threshing, request, nurse, less.

To indicate the softness of a consonant that comes before another soft consonant, b is written in the following cases:

1. If, when a word is changed, the second soft consonant becomes hard, and the first consonant retains its softness, for example: nannies(nurse), wedding(wedding), eight(eighth).
2. To indicate softness l, For example: herring, flatter, smaller, finger.

In all other cases, before soft consonants, including before h, sch, letter b is not written, for example: bones, early, babysit, tip, mason.

Note.Between two soft ones l letter b not written, For example: illusion, boisterous.

§ 73. Letter b also written in the following cases:

1. In those formed from numerals five, six, seven, eight, nine complex numerals in which both parts are declined, for example: fifty(fifty, fifty) sixty, seventy, eighty, nine hundred, But: fifteen(fifteen, fifteen) sixteen and so on.
2. In instrumental plural forms, for example: children, people, Also four.
3. In an indefinite form before -xia and in the imperative mood before -xia And -those, for example: drink - get drunk; fix it - mend your ways, fix it; suspension - weigh yourself, weigh.

§ 74. Letter b not written:

1. In adjectives with suffix -sk - formed from nouns in b, For example: Kazan(Kazan), Kemsky(Kem), Siberian(Siberia), brutal(beast), January(January).

Note.Adjectives September, October, November, December, June, day (day-day) are written with b; Adjectives derived from Chinese names are also written in the same way. -ny , For example: Yunnanese(from Yunnan).

2. In the genitive plural of nouns on -nya with a preceding consonant or th and in those formed from them using the suffix -To - diminutives, for example: cherry - cherries, cherry; slaughter - slaughterhouse; reading room - reading room; but: bathhouse - baths, bathhouse; Apple tree - apple trees, apple tree; also village - villages, village; young lady - young ladies; kitchen - kitchens, kitchenette.

§ 75.After the sizzling (and, h, w, sch) letter b written only in the following cases:

1. At the end of feminine nouns in the nominative and accusative singular, for example: rye, night, mouse.
2. At the end of the 2nd person singular of the present and future tense of the verb after the final w, For example: you carry - you carry, wear - wear, you will accept - you will accept.
3. At the end of the verb in the singular imperative mood, and letter b is preserved before -xia , For example: smear - smear; hide - hide; eat.
4. In the plural imperative before -those, - be careful, For example: smear - smear ; hide - hide ; eat.
5. At the end of a verb in an indefinite form, and letter b written before -xia, For example: cut, get a haircut.
6. In all dialects after the final w And h , For example: completely, gallop, away, and also in the adverb wide open.
7. At the end of the particles: you see, I mean, only, look.

In this article we will look in detail at when it is written after sibilants in verbs, nouns and adverbs. We will also show typical spelling errors using clear examples. soft sign after hissing ones.

There are only 4 hissing letters in the Russian language. These are the letters Ш, Ж, Ш and Ш. The main cases concerning the writing of b after sibilants are the writing of a soft sign after sibilants in a verb, at the end of nouns and adverbs. Let's look at each case separately.

When is b written after sibilants in a verb?

The answer is clear:

“We ALWAYS write a soft sign after hissing verbs!”

Textbooks most often list that “b” is written if the verb is in the infinitive (answers the question, what to do? or what to do?), in the second person singular (combined with the pronoun you) or in the imperative mood (indicates for action).
It is not necessary to remember all this, since in all other forms there are no hissing words at the end.
Let's look at examples.
Infinitives: attract, burn, lie down.
Second person, singular: write, love, breathe.
Imperative form: cut, spread, eat!

By the way, a soft sign can appear not only at the end of verbs. When adding –sya and –te after the hissing letter “b” it is preserved. For example: cut, spread, fall in love.

The most popular mistake with a soft sign in verbs is writing it between -t and -sya in different persons. If we write " to shave"(what to do? with a soft sign), then " shaves"(what does it do?) we will write without b. The rule is simple: “ If the question has a “b” at the end, then we also write a soft sign between –t and –xia.“We remember that the letter T is not a hissing letter, so this rule is not entirely on the topic of the article.
We looked at verbs. Let's move on to nouns!

Soft sign after sibilants at the end of nouns

The rule is quite simple:

“b is written after hissing nouns at the end ONLY if the noun is feminine singular!”

In all other cases, b is NOT written after hissing nouns at the end.

Let's look at examples.
With a soft sign after hissing ones:
Rye, night, lie, thing, daughter.
“The queen gave birth that night to either a son or a daughter.” A.S. Pushkin.
The feminine singular can be determined by substituting the pronoun “my”.
My daughter, my lie, my whim.

Without soft sign:
Doctor, knife, many clouds, many pears, brick, roll, scarecrow, Alexander Sergeevich.
“Above him is a golden ray of sun…” M.Yu. Lermontov.

As we see, the soft sign is not written after masculine singular nouns, in plural nouns, or at the end of masculine patronymics.
It's easier to remember when a soft sign is written in nouns than when it is not written :) .

Soft sign after hissing adverbs at the end

Everything here is also quite simple:

“b is ALWAYS written after hissing adverbs at the end, with the exception of the adverbs: already, married, unbearable.”

Examples: away, completely, backhand, just, gallop, wide open, backwards, exactly.

It is very important to understand what an adverb is, since a common mistake is writing a soft sign after sibilants in short adjectives.
Good, handsome, hot, powerful, smelly, etc. are written without a soft sign.

How to distinguish a short adjective from an adverb?
The adverb answers the questions: Where? When? Where? Where? Why? For what? ...and most often: How?
An adverb denotes a sign of action, that is, refers to a verb. He walked away. He refused outright. He repeated it exactly.

A short adjective answers the question: What? And denotes the attribute of an object. That is, to refer to a noun. The house is good. The shower is hot. Wind, wind, you are powerful...

In addition to verbs, nouns, adverbs and short adjectives, b after sibilants is found in particles and pronouns. In them, most people write the soft sign intuitively correctly and remembering these cases, in our opinion, is not so important.
However, for reference:
In particles with hissing endings, the soft sign is always written. These are particles: look, just, look, see.
Examples of using particles in sentences:
I mean, that's how it is. Look what I found. It's just thunder.

There are only two pronouns: OUR and YOURS. In them SOFT SIGN IS NOT WRITTEN.

Here, in fact, are all the main cases of using b after sibilants.
To reinforce this, we also present to your attention a diagram that combines everything that has been said above regarding writing a soft sign after hissing ones.


If you have any questions about when it is written after sibilants in nouns, verbs, adverbs or other parts of speech, be sure to write them in the comments.