Who is Sklifosovsky? Nikolai Vasilievich Sklifosovsky - an outstanding surgeon of Russia

“In short, Sklifosovsky!” - a catchphrase calling on the interlocutor to be concise and clearly state the essence of the matter, familiar to almost everyone. It was first uttered by the people's favorite actor Yuri Vladimirovich Nikulin in the film “Prisoner of the Caucasus” and immediately became mega-popular.

However, in fact, this phrase has nothing to do with the true activities of the famous surgeon - Nikolai Vasilyevich Sklifosovsky.

A little history...

Initially, fate was not kind to little Kolya: he was born into the family of a poor nobleman on March 25, 1836 and was the ninth child out of 12 children. And the place of his birth was a farm near the city of Dubossary (now the territory of the unrecognized Transnistrian Moldavian Republic).

Due to the difficult financial situation in the family, the parents early sent several children to an orphanage, including Nikolai. Therefore, the future great scientist from an early age experienced a bitter feeling of loneliness, from which he sought relief in smart books.

He soon realized that teaching is not only salvation from difficult everyday circumstances, but also an opportunity to overcome an unkind fate. It was then that he decided to devote his life to medicine.
A difficult path to victory...

The future famous surgeon acquired his secondary education at the Odessa gymnasium, from which he graduated with a silver medal. Thanks to her, he received benefits and entered Moscow University, studying there on “government pay.”

At the university, Nikolai became the favorite student of the great surgeon F.I. Inozemtsev, who, as a mentor, helped him decide on the choice of specialization - surgery. It was this moment that is considered a turning point in Sklifosovsky’s fate, although his financial situation still remained unenviable.

The future famous surgeon graduated from the university in 1859, after which he got a job as a resident in the surgical department of the Odessa City Hospital, where he worked for 10 years.

During this time, Nikolai Vasilyevich not only solved his financial problems, but gained enormous experience, thanks to which in 1863 he defended his doctoral dissertation “On the blood circulatory tumor” at Kharkov University.

From that moment on, Sklifosovsky’s life changed dramatically: it was filled with trips and practical activities abroad, participation in military campaigns, new discoveries in the field of medicine, teaching and much more.
Chronology of events

Nikolai Vasilyevich spent two years abroad from 1866-1868. During this time, he became familiar with the directions of leading surgical schools in Europe (England, Germany and France). Then, with the permission of the Prussian government, he took part in the Austro-Prussian War. He actively worked there in hospitals and dressing stations, for which he was awarded the Iron Cross.

After a business trip abroad, Sklifosovsky, thanks to the patronage of Pirogov, received an offer to head the surgical department of Kyiv University, which he headed in 1870-1971.

At the end of 1871, he was called to head the department of surgical pathology at the St. Petersburg Medical-Surgical Academy.

In 1876-1877, he again took part in hostilities, but this time in Montenegro, as a Red Cross consultant on surgery.

In 1878, Nikolai Vasilyevich became the head of the surgical clinic of Baronet Vile (life physician of three Russian emperors).

In 1880, Sklifosovsky was elected dean of the medical faculty of Moscow University, in which position he successfully worked until 1893. In those years, on his initiative, a town was built on Devichye Pole, in which he gathered the leading surgeons of that time.

From 1893 to 1902, the scientist headed the Clinical Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors, opened on his initiative, because he was deeply convinced that doctors needed post-university education.

At the end of 1902, due to illness, Nikolai Vasilyevich retired and went to his estate “Yakovtsy” near Poltava.

Discoveries and contributions to the development of medicine

It is not for nothing that Sklifosovsky’s life was full of rich events; he was a truly outstanding personality and with his “light hand” colossal changes took place in almost all branches of Russian medicine.

1. General and abdominal surgery

Nikolai Vasilyevich developed new techniques for performing abdominal surgeries.

He proved that during such interventions the room temperature should be at least +17C. Otherwise, the functioning of the vasomotor nerves is disrupted, which leads to the development of all kinds of complications or even death of the patient.

He gave the world a new method of surgery on improperly fused bones with the formation of “false joints”, called the “Sklifosovsky lock”.

He proved the need to create peace and favorable transportation conditions for wounded soldiers to speed up their recovery.

2. Introduction of antiseptics

Perhaps the greatest merit of Nikolai Vasilyevich: before him, N. I. Pirogov, E. Bergman, K. K. Reyer tried to do this, but to no avail.

He proposed to the world a method of hot processing of surgical instruments and linen, achieving an almost complete absence of postoperative complications.

Now it is difficult to imagine that at that time doctors considered it harmful to sterilize surgical instruments and treat the surgical field.

Nikolai Vasilievich Sklifosovsky (1836-1904)

Nikolai Vasilyevich Sklifosovsky, an outstanding Russian surgeon, professor and scientist, was born on April 6, 1836 near the mountains. Duboksary, Kherson province. After graduating from the Odessa gymnasium, he entered Moscow University at the Faculty of Medicine, which he graduated in 1859. After completing the course, Nikolai Vasilyevich was a resident, then the head of the surgical department of the Odessa City Hospital. In 1863, he defended his dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Medicine on the topic “On a blood circulatory tumor.” In 1866, N.V. Sklifosovsky was sent abroad for two years. During this time he visited Germany, France and England. This business trip allowed N.V. Sklifosovsky to get acquainted with surgical schools and areas in advanced European countries.

In his later life, N.V. Sklifosovsky always followed European science and always kept in touch with Western European clinics, often visiting them and participating in international congresses. During these same years (1866), N.V. Sklifosovsky worked (with the consent of the Russian government) as a military doctor during the Austro-Prussian War. At the end of his business trip, N.V. Sklifosovsky returned to the surgical department of the Odessa City Hospital, and in 1870 he was invited to the department of Kyiv University. But he was not in Kyiv for long. As a true follower of Pirogov, N.V. Sklifosovsky correctly assessed the importance and significance for a surgeon of practical education, especially knowledge of military field surgery, and, temporarily leaving the department in Kyiv, went to the theater of military operations during the Franco-Prussian War, where he studied the staging work of military hospitals. In 1871, N.V. Sklifosovsky was invited to the department at the St. Petersburg Medical-Surgical Academy, where he taught surgical pathology, while simultaneously heading the clinical department of a military hospital. After 5 years, N.V. Sklifosovsky was a participant in the Balkan (1876), and then the Russian-Turkish (1877-78) wars.

In Montenegro, N.V. Sklifosovsky worked as a consultant to the Red Cross on business trips of the Russian government, and in the Russian-Turkish war he was not only the organizer of surgical care in hospitals, but also a practical surgeon, often providing assistance to the wounded under enemy bullets.

In 1880, N.V. Sklifosovsky was unanimously elected to the department of the faculty surgical clinic of the medical faculty of Moscow University. N.V. Sklifosovsky was in charge of this clinic for 14 years. In 1893, he was appointed director of the Institute for Advanced Medical Studies (formerly Eleninsky Institute in St. Petersburg), where he worked until 1900. For the last four years, N.V. Sklifosovsky was seriously ill, suffered several attacks of apoplexy and lived on his estate near Poltava, where he practiced his favorite gardening. On December 13, 1904, Nikolai Vasilyevich passed away; he was buried near Poltava.

The significance of N.V. Sklifosovsky in the history of Russian surgery is very great. He lived in one of the most interesting eras of surgery: the mid-19th century. was marked by important discoveries - the introduction of the Lister method, that is, the introduction of antiseptics, and the introduction of general anesthesia with ether and chloroform. These discoveries divided the history of surgery into two periods. A large number of purulent, putrefactive inflammations, anaerobic phlegmon (inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue) and gangrene (death), septic (putrefactive) and septicopyemic (pyogenic) wound complications with colossal mortality characterized the previous period in the history of surgery. The lack of anesthesia led to a significant limitation in the use of surgical interventions: only short-term operations could be endured without severe excruciating pain. Surgeons became virtuoso technicians. To shorten the operation time, they tried to develop a quick operating technique. One must be amazed at the brilliant surgical techniques acquired by surgeons of that time; The duration of the operation was calculated in minutes and sometimes seconds.

N.V. Sklifosovsky deserves great credit, first of all, for introducing into surgical practice the principles of antiseptics (disinfection using chemicals), and then asepsis (disinfection using physical means) in Russia. As often happens, new discoveries do not always come easily to life. The same thing happened with antiseptics. Even major specialists in Europe and Russia not only did not want to recognize the method that opened a new era in surgery, but even scoffed at this method of fighting microbes with the help of antiseptics.

As a surgeon, N.V. Sklifosovsky enjoyed well-deserved world fame. We can say that in the second half of the 19th century. among surgeons he was the largest figure. As a true student and follower of Pirogov, N.V. Sklifosovsky carefully studied anatomy, spending a lot of time dissecting corpses. Already at the beginning of his work in Odessa, after classes in the operating room and wards, he usually went to study topographic anatomy and operative surgery. He was not embarrassed by the poor equipment of the sectional room or the lack of ventilation. He spent too much time studying anatomy, sometimes to the point of complete exhaustion, so that one day he was found lying near a corpse in a state of deep fainting.

Thanks to constant practical study of the fundamentals of surgery, N.V. Sklifosovsky brilliantly mastered surgical techniques. Already in pre-antiseptic times, he successfully performed such major operations as removal of the ovary, when these operations were not yet performed in many large clinics in Europe. He was one of the first to introduce laparotomy (chnotomy) - opening of the abdominal cavity.

He not only kept pace with the times, but as a scientist and surgeon he was often ahead of them. He was one of the first to perform gastrostomy surgery (excision of the stomach), use the Murphy button, the first in Russia to introduce a blind suture of the bladder, goiter surgery, excision of tongue cancer with preliminary ligation (ligation) of the lingual artery, removal of the larynx, cerebral hernia surgery, etc. Finally , complex plastic surgery operations also found in N.V. Sklifosovsky not only a master of surgical technique, but also the author of new surgical methods. One of these operations for false joints called the “Sklifosovsky castle” or “Russian castle”, successfully performed by him, is described in Russian and foreign textbooks. N.V. Sklifosovsky operated in all areas of surgery; he was an equally brilliant surgeon in both peaceful and military field surgery. This was a consequence of the exceptional talent of N.V. Sklifosovsky and his tireless studies in the sectional, operating rooms, on the battlefield, in the library, in foreign and domestic clinics. This was a consequence of the widespread introduction into practice of all the achievements of science. It is not surprising that even the greatest surgeons called N.V. Sklifosovsky “golden hands.”

The name of N.V. Sklifosovsky as a major scientist was known throughout the world. Developing and expanding the scope of surgery, giving a number of new methods of surgical technique, he acted as an innovator in surgery, closely connecting theory with practice. Having essentially assessed all the advantages of the antiseptic method, N.V. Sklifosovsky did not limit himself to the use of carbolic acid, but replaced antiseptic agents according to their approval by science. A very strong authority was needed, such as N.V. Sklifosovsky had among European scientists, among professors, doctors and the general public, in order to introduce new antiseptic methods in Russia.

N. V. Sklifosovsky’s pen includes more than 110 scientific works devoted to the most diverse areas of surgery:

• a) gynecology (which at that time was a department of surgery and was just beginning to practically dissociate itself from it); N.V. Sklifosovsky devoted his dissertation and a number of works to this section;
• b) new methods of operations, first used in Russia (goiter operations, gastrostomy, cholecystostomy, bladder suture, resection of cerebral hernia, etc.);
• c) bone and osteoplastic surgery: resection of joints, jaws, operations for false joints, etc.;
• d) issues of military field surgery, which N.V. Sklifosovsky, as a participant in four wars, knew very well.

N.V. Sklifosovsky was not an armchair scientist. He sought to bring the light of science to the broad masses of medical practitioners and organize scientific work in clinics.

His clinic stood high both in practical, therapeutic, and scientific terms. He was the first to introduce clinical experiments with medical histories modeled on reports from foreign clinics. N.V. Sklifosovsky had the same reporting after the war (Plevna and others), where he processed observations on a large number of cases: 10,000 wounded passed through Sklifosovsky’s hands.

Having been engaged in scientific surgery all his life, N.V. Sklifosovsky did a lot for the organization of science in Russia. He was a model of service to his homeland: he is a founding member of the Society of Russian Doctors, a member of the Moscow Surgical Society, in which he took an active part; he was a founding member and chairman of the 1st and 6th Congresses of Surgeons. Before the Great October Socialist Revolution, the Pirogov Congresses were of great importance. N.V. Sklifosovsky was the organizer, honorary chairman and active participant of these congresses. The organizational activities of N.V. Sklifosovsky were especially clearly expressed in the brilliant holding of the 12th International Congress of Surgeons in Moscow in 1897, as well as in the organization of medical education both at Moscow University, where he was dean of the medical faculty for 8 years, and in St. Petersburg - as director of the Institute for Advanced Medical Studies.

N.V. Sklifosovsky took a large part in the creation of a clinical campus on Devichye Pole in Moscow, where the clinics of Moscow University (now the 1st Moscow Order of Lenin Medical Institute) later flourished.

As a true scientist, N.V. Sklifosovsky attached great importance to medical printing, the exchange of experiences and observations of surgeons. N.V. Sklifosovsky was the editor of the first special scientific surgical journals of that time in Moscow: “Surgical Chronicle” and “Chronicle of Russian Surgeons”. He spent significant amounts of his own money on the publication of these magazines. Congresses, meetings of scientific societies and journals contributed greatly to the development of surgical thought and the education of surgeons. Attaching great importance to the improvement of doctors, N.V. Sklifosovsky eagerly set about organizing the Institute for Advanced Training of Doctors in St. Petersburg. Just as Odessa did not want to let go of the still young surgeon Sklifosovsky and offered him a professorship “unlike others,” so N.V. Sklifosovsky and Moscow were reluctant to let go. The farewell was touching; The address given to N.V. Sklifosovsky, with hundreds of signatures of his students and admirers, breathes with sincerity. He was loved as a doctor-professor, as a person, scientist and public figure. But N.V. Sklifosovsky believed that he had to fulfill his duty in relation to the doctors who usually visited his clinic in large numbers, in relation to those of them who needed organized improvement and advanced training. During the 7 years of managing the Institute for Advanced Medical Studies, N.V. Sklifosovsky built new buildings, electrified them, achieved a significant increase in allocations for the Institute, rebuilt operating rooms, increased staff, salaries, etc. During this time, the Institute grew into an institution that Europe could be proud of . It is not surprising that on the day of the 25th anniversary of his professorial activity, among hundreds of telegrams received by N.V. Sklifosovsky, the dean of the Faculty of Medicine in Lausanne, Prof. Larguier de Vincel wrote: “You stand at the head of an institution that is envied by other peoples of Europe.”

Already 60 years old, N.V. Sklifosovsky took up this position and actively and actively worked to create this new hotbed of knowledge. What love for the cause, for simple zemstvo doctors, breathed the words of N.V. Sklifosovsky, who explained why he was leaving the department and changing it to an administrative position. The purpose of his work is one - to give thousands of doctors the knowledge that they were lagging behind while working on the periphery.

We see in N.V. Sklifosovsky not only a brilliant doctor, surgeon, professor, orator, but also a citizen of his country, proud of the successes of domestic surgery, who did everything to achieve these successes, and who boldly demanded from Europe and America at the International Congress recognition for Russian surgery of the rights of independence.

The International Congress of Surgeons in Moscow in 1897 attracted a large number of participants. It took a lot of organizational skills, work and attention to hold this congress and achieve a sense of admiration and gratitude among its participants, which we see from Virkhov’s thank-you speech, who addressed N.V. Sklifosovsky on behalf of the congress as the organizer of the congress:

“We met here a president whose authority is recognized by representatives of all branches of medical science, a man who, with full knowledge of all the requirements of medical practice, also combines the quality of a doctor, who has a spirit of brotherhood and a feeling of love for all humanity... Finally, we met Here are young people, strong, intelligent, fully prepared for the progress of the future... the hope of this great and valiant nation.” This is a very important recognition from the largest representatives of the foreign medical world of that time. Pirogov was the first to strengthen the position of Russian surgery as an independent discipline. But Pirogov was alone, and N.V. Sklifosovsky led Russian surgery onto the path of broad mass development. At the celebration of N.V. Sklifosovsky on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of his professorial activity, one of the telegrams said: “You raised the banner of the teacher of surgery from the cooled hand of the great Pirogov and carry it high in front of numerous students and associates, as a worthy successor to the famous mentor.”

On the eve of the opening of the International Congress, the grand opening of the monument to Pirogov took place. This monument was erected thanks to the initiative and energy of N.V. Sklifosovsky, who personally achieved the “highest permission” to install the monument, and was built using collected private donations, and not at public expense. This was the first monument to a scientist in Russia.

The brilliant speech of N.V. Sklifosovsky at the opening of the monument, delivered on the eve of the International Congress of Surgeons in the presence of the world's leading scientists, emphasizes that Russian science has embarked on an independent path. “The collection of Russian land,” he says, “is over... and the period of childhood, imitation and cultural borrowing has passed. We have paid the fatal tribute of historical apprenticeship and entered the rut of independent life. We have our own literature, we have science and art, and we have become active and independent in all fields of culture, and now, with the exception of some monuments from the historical period of our history, we have almost no evidence of what we experienced... The people who had their own Pirogov have the right to be proud, since a whole period of medical science is associated with this name ..."

N.V. Sklifosovsky was loved for his honesty and objectivity in scientific work; “personal relationships” in scientific matters did not exist for him. N.V. Sklifosovsky steadfastly defended the rights of the modest Russian doctor, whose work was often forgotten. Thus, at the 12th International Congress, he defended the priority of the authorship of the Vladimirov-Mikulich operation, which was carried out only under the name of the second author.

In his personal life, N.V. Sklifosovsky was modest. When they wanted to celebrate his 25th anniversary, he refused a solemn celebration. But this did not prevent the entire surgical world, a wide variety of institutions and individuals, from the luminaries of science to the patients he saved, from responding to his anniversary. Up to 400 congratulatory letters and telegrams were received, expressing all the best feelings - love, devotion, gratitude to the great scientist, doctor and citizen. “We send our gratitude for the fact,” writes a female doctor, “that you insisted on an equal educational qualification for us with male doctors and supported us with your high authority in the most difficult moment of our first appearance in the practical field, giving us independent medical activity."

“We honor a man,” writes a group of Russian doctors, “who throughout his life proved that by a medical worker he meant not a simple craftsman of healing and not an athlete of biology, but a true servant of the commandments of the “mother of all sciences,” which orders the doctor to be an assistant and comforter suffering, a protector of neighbors from suffering, a friend of the people, a friend of humanity, fulfilling his unique duty."

Our country highly honored N.V. Sklifosovsky, assigning his name to one of the best hospitals and the best institute of emergency care in Moscow, which is an example of medical practice that is not found abroad.

After the Great October Socialist Revolution, N.V. Sklifosovsky’s dream of providing qualifications to doctors was fully realized: before the Patriotic War, we had 12 institutes for advanced training of doctors, admitting up to 16,000 doctors per year.

This is the best monument to the one who gave his life to this idea.

Referring to Pirogov’s merits, N.V. Sklifosovsky said: “The principles introduced into science by Pirogov will remain an eternal contribution and cannot be erased from its tablets as long as European science exists, until the last sound of rich Russian speech freezes in this place... ". These words are fully applicable to Nikolai Vasilyevich Sklifosovsky himself.

The main works of N.V. Sklifosovsky: About bloody circulatory tumor. Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Medicine, Odessa, 1863; scientific articles: On the issue of Pirogov's osteoplastic ablation of the tibia, "Military Medical Journal", 1877, May; About a wound to the peritoneum, in the same place, July; From observations during the Slavic War of 1867-1877, in the same place, November; Thyreotomia for neoplasms in the laryngeal cavity, ibid., 1879, March; Excision of a tumor of the uterus, both ovaries, "Medical Bulletin", 1869; Transport machine in a carriage for transporting the wounded. Transporting the wounded from the battlefield. Our hospital work during the war, in the same place, 1877; Gastrostomy for narrowing of the esophagus, in the same place, 1878; Cutting out the tongue after preliminary ligation of the lingual arteries, "Doctor", 1880; Is it possible to excise the abdominal press (pressum abdominale) in a person? The use of iodoform in surgery, ibid., 1882; Suture of the bladder with a suprapubic section, in the same place, 1887; Excision of a liver tumor, in the same place, 1890; Hernia of the meninges. Removal of a sac of cerebral hernia by cutting out, "Chronicles of the Surgical Society in Moscow", 1881, and many other articles are scattered across various medical journals; a list of them is given in Spizharny’s article.

About N.V. Sklifosovsky: Spizharny I., N.V. Sklifosovsky, “Report of Moscow University”, M., 1906 (a list of works is given); Razumovsky V., N.V. Sklifosovsky, “Medical business”, 1927, No. 2.

An elegant, well-groomed general in a spotlessly clean uniform, who seems somewhat stern and proud at first meeting, but in fact is a surprisingly soft, affectionate, friendly, even somewhat sentimental person.

A doctor who, out of a sense of professional duty, is capable of continuously being at the operating table for several days at a time. This was Nikolai Vasilyevich Sklifosovsky in 1880, when the Council of Moscow University unanimously elected him to the department of the faculty surgical clinic and soon appointed him dean.

Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov loved Sklifosovsky. He recognized his talent early and recommended him to the Department of Theoretical Surgery. And I was not mistaken. He turned out to be a great Russian surgeon. He was in his early forties, and his name was put next to Pirogov’s.

Nikolai Sklifosovsky was born on March 25, 1836 on a farm near the city of Dubossary, Tiraspol district, Kherson province. He was the ninth child in a large (12 children in total) Ukrainian family of a poor nobleman Vasily Pavlovich Sklifosovsky, who served as a clerk at the Dubossary quarantine office. There were many children, and it was extremely difficult for the father to feed such a crowd. Nicholas was sent early to the Odessa Orphanage. From an early age he experienced the bitter feeling of homelessness and loneliness, from which he very soon began to seek salvation in study. He was especially interested in the natural sciences, ancient and foreign languages, literature and history. The teaching became not only salvation, but also a goal - to overcome an unenviable destiny, difficult everyday circumstances, and defeat an unkind fate.

He received his secondary education at the Odessa gymnasium. He graduated from it as one of the best students with a silver medal and an excellent certificate, which gave him benefits when entering Moscow University. The University Council adopted a resolution “On the placement of Nikolai Sklifosovsky, a student of the Odessa public charity order, on government support.” Nikolai left for Moscow, full of hopes and aspirations. He passed almost all exams in theoretical disciplines with excellent marks, except for physics and zoology, which he passed with good marks.

Sklifosovsky became a student of the outstanding surgeon F.I. Inozemtsev, Pirogov’s eternal competitor, who took away the great surgeon’s hope for the Department of Surgery at Moscow University. In a material sense, Nikolai was still in a difficult position and dependent on the Odessa order. Throughout his student years, he lived on a meager stipend, which the Odessa order often sent him late. Even in 1859, when Sklifosovsky, having brilliantly graduated from the medical faculty of the university (he was one of the few first-year students who received the right to take the exam for the degree of Doctor of Medicine), was about to go to Odessa to his place of work, the Odessa order, as usual, delayed his last scholarship. He had to ask the university administration for money for travel.

In 1859, at the age of 23, having settled as a resident in the surgical department of the Odessa City Hospital, Sklifosovsky gained professional independence and financial independence. The Odessa period is very important in Sklifosovsky’s biography; it was during this 10th anniversary that he gained experience for his future activities. For this reason, he will refuse the position of chief physician of the hospital that will soon be offered to him: he needs constant surgical practice, credentials are less important. During the Odessa period, he began his famous series of ovariotomies (dissection of the ovary).

In 1863, at Kharkov University, Nikolai Vasilyevich defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic “On the blood circulatory tumor” and in 1866 he went on a two-year business trip for improvement. During these two years, he managed to work at the Pathoanatomical Institute under Virchow and at the clinic of the surgeon B.R.K. Langenbeck in Germany, with the surgeon A. Nelaton (1807-1873) and at the Clamart Anatomical Institute in France, traveled to England to get acquainted with London medical schools there, and then work in Scotland with D.Yu. Simpson, who was professor of obstetrics at the University of Edinburgh from 1839. He will have time to become familiar with military field surgery - with the permission of the Russian government, Sklifosovsky participated in the Austro-Prussian War, actively working at dressing stations and in hospitals and even fighting near Sadovaya, for which he was awarded the Iron Cross.

His name became famous in the medical world. In 1870, on the recommendation of Pirogov, Sklifosovsky received an invitation to take the chair of surgery at Kiev University. But here he did not stay long: he soon went back to the theater of the Franco-Prussian War, and upon his return in 1871 he was called to the department of surgical pathology at the Medical-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg, where he first taught surgical pathology and headed the surgical department in the clinical military hospital, and since 1878 he has taken charge of the surgical clinic of Baronet Villiers. Having published a number of works (“Removal of goiter”, “Resection of 2 jaws”, “A short guide to surgery”, one of the first in Russia), he quickly became a popular professor-surgeon.

Composer P.I. also visited the Sklifosovskys’ house, where his wife Sofya Alexandrovna skillfully and intelligently supported the hospitable traditions of the best intelligentsia Russian families. Tchaikovsky, and artist V.V. Vereshchagin, and the famous lawyer A.F. Horses. Sklifosovsky's interests were quite broad: he loved painting, literature, and music. His wife, by the way, was a laureate of the international music competition of the Vienna Conservatory, and his daughter Olga Nikolaevna studied music with Nikolai Rubinstein. The great doctor was also friends with S.P. Botkin, stayed late into the night with chemistry professor and composer A.P. Borodin, met with A.K. Tolstoy.

In 1876, Sklifosofsky again went to war, this time to Montenegro, as a surgical consultant for the Red Cross. The Russian-Turkish War, which then flared up in 1877, called him into the active army. He bandages the first wounded when crossing the Danube, works as a surgeon in the Russian army near Plevna and Shipka. One of his trips to Fort St. Nicholas almost cost him his life. For the sake of work, he could forget everything, and if circumstances required it, he could operate for several days in a row, without being distracted by either sleep or food. During the counterattacks of the army of Suleiman Pasha, Nikolai Vasilyevich operated for four days in a row without rest or sleep under enemy fire! Reports indicate that during that period about 10 thousand wounded passed through its hospitals. The doctor and nurses, among whom was his wife Sofya Alexandrovna, supported his strength by occasionally pouring several sips of wine into his mouth between individual operations.

In 1878, Sklifosovsky moved to the department of the academic surgical clinic, and in 1880 he was elected to the department of faculty surgery at the Moscow University clinic. Professor Sklifosovsky was elected dean of the medical faculty of Moscow University, where he successfully worked in 1880-1893. He stayed in Moscow for 14 years, this was the most productive period of his scientific and pedagogical activity.

Never, under any circumstances, did Nikolai Vasilyevich betray his noble gentlemanly rules of communication; no one saw him hot-tempered or lost his temper. At the same time, he was an emotional and passionate person. For example, the first operation, as usually performed in those years without chloroform anesthesia, made such a strong impression on the young student Nikolai Sklifosovsky that he fainted.

In 1893-1900, he returned to St. Petersburg and was appointed director of the Elepinsky Clinical Institute for Advanced Medical Studies and head of one of the surgical departments of this institute. Here he remained until 1902, teaching practical surgery to doctors who flocked here for courses from all over Russia. In 1902, due to illness, he retired and after some time left for his estate, in the Poltava province.

Sklifosovsky's first wife died at the age of 24 from typhus. Three of his children also died. The estate “Otrada”, where he settled after his first marriage, was renamed “Yakovtsy”... It stood on the high bank of Vorksla, about two miles away. Every day, in any weather, Sklifosovsky went for a swim in his droshky. He then swam in Moscow and St. Petersburg all year round. In winter, in St. Petersburg, an ice-hole was made for him on the Neva, and every morning he went to plunge into the icy water.

Several strokes of apoplexy interrupted the life of the outstanding surgeon. For the last four years he lived in his Poltava estate “Yakovtsy”. On November 30, 1904, at one in the morning, Nikolai Vasilyevich Sklifosovsky passed away. He was buried in a place memorable for Russia, where the Battle of Poltava once took place.

It was precisely in those days that the V Congress of Russian Surgeons began its now routine work in Moscow, thanks to Sklifosovsky. Its opening was overshadowed by the news of the death of Nikolai Vasilyevich Sklifosovsky. “Undoubtedly, one of the most outstanding surgeons of our fatherland, whose name we are accustomed to place immediately after the name of the great Pirogov, has gone to his grave,” these were the words the congress responded to the tragic event. The name of the remarkable Russian surgeon Sklifosovsky was given to the Institute of Emergency Medical Care in Moscow.

Continuing the anatomical and physiological direction of N.I. Pirogov in surgery, Sklifosovsky developed many issues of surgical treatment of various diseases. He was one of the first to operate to remove ovarian cysts, which contributed to the development of abdominal surgery in Russia. Sklifosovsky proposed surgical treatment of cerebral hernias, abdominal wall hernias, cancer of the tongue and jaws, stomach, surgical removal of bladder stones; developed indications for surgical treatment of gallbladder disease and surgical techniques. He developed operations for goiter removal, laryngeal extirpation, etc. He paid special attention to abdominal surgery: in the Moscow period he was one of the first to use gastrostomy, and in St. Petersburg - the “Murphy button”. His other outstanding innovations in Russian surgery include the use of a bubble suture.

Nikolai Vasilievich together with I.I. Nasilov proposed a new method of connecting long tubular bones in false joints, which was called the “Sklifosovsky castle”, or “Russian castle”. Following European science, he always stood at its level, applied and himself developed new methods of plastic surgery. He widely promoted the methods of antisepsis and asepsis and was one of the first in Russia to introduce both methods into surgical practice. As the honorary chairman of the 1st Pirogov Congress in 1885, he gave a speech on antiseptics - “On the successes of surgery under the influence of the antiputrefactive method.” In Russia, this was the moment of turning from old surgery to new.

Professor Sklifosovsky was a prominent public figure: he took an active part in convening the Pirogov congresses of Russian doctors. He was also the organizer (chairman of the organizing committee) of the 12th International Congress of Doctors and its surgical section in Moscow (1897). He took the initiative to hold the “Congress of Russian Surgeons”. He was one of the organizers and chairmen of the 1st Congress of Russian Surgeons in 1900. At this congress he was honored on the occasion of the fortieth anniversary of scientific and surgical activity.

Nikolai Vasilyevich was co-editor of the journal “Surgical Chronicle” and co-editor and founder of the “Chronicle of Russian Surgery”, and then the “Russian Surgical Archive”. It is worth noting that the Chronicle was the first special organ of surgeons in Moscow. He contributed to the construction of new clinics on Devichye Pole (now the clinic of the 1st Moscow Medical Institute). Sklifosovsky raised a large army of students and followers, among whom were Trauber, Kuzmin, Spizharny, Sarychev, Yakovlev, Zematsky, Aue, Yanovsky, Chuprov and others. Sklifosovsky's courses at the Yelepinsky Institute helped spread practical surgery among provincial, especially zemstvo doctors.

St. Petersburg State University

Faculty of Medicine

Abstract for the course on the history of medicine on the topic:

"Nikolai Vasilievich Sklifosovsky"

The work was carried out by 1st year student Natalia Shcheglova

Introduction

Main part

1. Brief biography

• Childhood
• Education
• The main stages of N.V.’s life Sklifosovsky

1. Discoveries N.V. Sklifosovsky
2. Main works of N.V. Sklifosovsky

• Teaching locations
• Teaching methodology N.V. Sklifosovsky
• Attitude towards patients
• Attitude towards students
• Students of N.V. Sklifosovsky

1. Participation in hostilities as a military field surgeon
2. Personality N.V. Sklifosovsky
3. Social activities N.V. Sklifosovsky
4. Participation in perpetuating the merits of N.I. Pirogov

Conclusion

Literature

Sheet of illustrations

Introduction

Nikolai Vasilyevich Sklifosovsky is one of the most famous, skillful and active doctors and scientists in Russia. His whole life was devoted to medicine, the discoveries made by Nikolai Vasilyevich moved it forward, and the operations performed by Sklifosovsky with amazing skill saved a large number of lives. I consider him an example of a true doctor - a man dedicated to his work, fearless, courageous in the search for new ways of treatment, sensitive in his relationships with patients and students. It is no coincidence that the Emergency Medical Research Institute in Moscow bears his name - saving lives and health, discovering new methods of operations carried out by this research institute were the goals for Nikolai Vasilyevich, whose life serves as proof of the existence of the best human qualities - dedication, devotion and compassion , so I chose this man's life and work as a topic for my research.

Brief biography

Childhood

N.V. Sklifosovsky was born on March 25, 1836 on a farm near the town of Duborossy, Kherson province, into a poor noble family. According to the surviving statistics of that time, it is known that out of 178 children born, 100 died before the age of one year. It was during such a difficult time that N.V. was born. Sklifosovsky. There were 12 children in the family, Nikolai was the ninth child. My father could barely make ends meet. We literally lived from hand to mouth. But honesty, conscientiousness, and fulfilling one’s duty were inherent in everyone in the family. In 1830, during an outbreak of cholera and typhoid, my father carried out important assignments related to measures to eliminate them. But at the same time, he paid attention to his family and children. They were drawn to knowledge. The father himself taught them to read and write, introduced them to reading, but he never dreamed of giving his children an education, especially a higher education. At the outpost, among the military servants during the epidemic, there were also Russian doctors who drew attention to the inquisitive Nikolai. Need forced the parents to send some of their children to an orphanage in the city of Odessa, where Nikolai was raised. His mother's stories about his father's work during the cholera epidemic instilled in him a love of medicine. The young man’s dream was to enter the medical faculty.

Education

He received his secondary education at the 2nd Odessa Gymnasium, graduating with a silver medal.

In 1854 N.V. Sklifosovsky entered Moscow University “on government support.”

Discoveries N.V. Sklifosovsky, operations first performed by Sklifosovsky

Nikolai Vasilyevich was one of the first to produce laparotomy, ovariotomy– these operations marked the beginning of the development of “cavity” surgery.

Of particular interest is Sklifosovsky’s statement about the harmful effects of cooling the exposed surface of the peritoneum and rough manipulations during surgery. According to him, cooling causes a reflex on the vasomotor nerves of the abdominal cavity, which leads to cooling of the limbs and the entire surface of the body, as well as blue mucous membranes and a weak thread-like pulse, which can cause death of the patient. Sklifosovsky indicated that operations involving opening the abdominal cavity should be carried out in rooms with an air temperature of at least 16-17 degrees, and the surgeon should handle the patient’s tissues with care and prevent injury.

Sklifosovsky was one of the first surgeons to perform gastrostomy on March 8, 1879. In articles published on this issue, Sklifosovsky examines in detail the indications and contraindications for this operation, and also dwells on the details of the operation: difficulties in finding the stomach, applying a double suture, performing the operation in 1 step.

During Sklifosovsky’s activities, the birth of liver and biliary tract surgery. He was among the first to operate on the gallbladder.

In the article “Ideal cholecystomy”, published in the newspaper “Vrach” for 1890, N.V. Sklifosovsky describes in detail the indications and contraindications for surgical interventions for diseases of the gallbladder and ducts.

Sklifosovsky imposed anastomosis between the gallbladder and small intestine, proving the possibility of bile entering the intestine bypassing the excretory bile duct.

In 1885 I.K. Spizharny, at a meeting of the Pirogov Surgical Society, reported a case in which an echinococcal vesicle of the liver opened into the bronchi of the right lung. In this case, Sklifosovsky first carried out transpleural approach to the tumor with rib resection and ensured wide drainage of the bladder after opening.

Sklifosovsky takes great credit for the development bladder surgery techniques. Suprapubic excision of the bladder, first performed by Franco in 1560, was considered too dangerous a method of surgery. Sklifosovsky proved the advantage of this method over others, described in detail the course of the operation and the suture technique. Suprapubic opening of the bladder followed by suturing according to the method of N.V. Sklifosovsky for a long time remained the main type of surgery for stones and tumors of the bladder.

One of Sklifosovsky’s works describes 4 cases of tongue removal for total cancer. At that time, surgeons did not perform such an operation, fearing severe bleeding and difficulties in approaching the root of the tongue. Nikolai Vasilyevich developed a new surgical approach to the root of the tongue with preliminary ligation of the arteries in the Pirogov triangle on both sides, which makes the operation bloodless. He also pays attention to the tongue removal technique - dissection of the integument of the neck, subperiosteal separation of the muscles of the floor of the mouth, etc.

Among the first operations (1874), Sklifosovsky performed goiter excision, which marked the beginning of the development of surgery thyroid gland.

Sklifosovsky developed and proposed special design apparatus allowing maintain anesthesia throughout the entire operation - resection of the upper jaws for cancer.

Operating on the upper jaw for congenital cleft palate, Sklifosovsky was the first to use local anesthesia with cocaine solution.

An outstanding innovation by N.V. Sklifosovsky is proposed by him method of bone surgery for false joints(this method entered the literature under the name “Russian castle” or “Sklifosovsky castle”). To keep the ends of the femur in direct contact at the fracture site, a median cut is made at both ends of the bone, then at the end of the first cut a second cut is made in the transverse direction; the sawn halves are removed and the surfaces at the ends come into contact with each other. They are secured with 1-2 metal seams.

Works by N.V. Sklifosovsky

N. V. Sklifosovsky’s pen includes more than 110 scientific works devoted to the most diverse areas of surgery:

a) gynecology (which at that time was a department of surgery and was just beginning to practically dissociate itself from it); N.V. Sklifosovsky devoted his dissertation and a number of works to this section;

b) new methods of operations, first used in Russia(goiter operations, gastrostomy, cholecystostomy, bladder suture, resection of cerebral hernia);

V) bone and osteoplastic surgery: resection of joints, jaws, operations for false joints;

G) issues of military field surgery.

A short list of works by N.V. Sklifosovsky:

1. « ABOUT hematopoietic tumor" Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Medicine, Odessa, 1863; Scientific articles:
2. « On the issue of Pirogov osteoplastic ablation of the tibia", "Military Medical Journal", 1877, May;
3. « About the wound of the peritoneum", same place, July;
4. « From observations during the Slavic War of 1867-1877.”, ibid., November;
5. « Thyreotomia for neoplasms in the laryngeal cavity", ibid., 1879, March;
6. « Excision of a tumor of the uterus, both ovaries", "Medical Bulletin", 1869;
7. « Transport machine in a carriage for transporting the wounded. Transporting the wounded from the battlefield. Our hospital work during the war", ibid., 1877;
8. « Gastrostomy for narrowing of the esophagus", ibid., 1878;
9. “Cutting out the tongue after preliminary ligation of the lingual arteries”, "Doctor", 1880;
10. « Is it possible to excise the abdominal press (pressum abdominale) in a person? Use of iodoform in surgery", ibid., 1882;
11. « Bladder suture with suprapubic section", ibid., 1887;
12. « Liver tumor excision", ibid., 1890;
13. « Hernia of the meninges. Removal of a cerebral hernia sac by cutting out", "Chronicles of the Surgical Society in Moscow"

Participation of N.V. Sklifosovsky in introducing advanced treatment methods and techniques into practice

Sklifosovsky was among the first to use antiseptics, and then asepsis, and ardently promoted antiseptics in scientific societies and at congresses.

Nikolai Vasilievich contributed to the dissemination and popularization of gastric resection.

Teaching activities

Teaching locations: Kiev University, Medical-Surgical Academy in St. Petersburg

Teaching Methodology: Nikolai Vasilyevich, more than anyone else, saw the existing gaps in the teaching of practical disciplines and sought to fill them with personaldemonstrating the technique of not only complex operations, but also performing simple surgical procedures. Students admired his skillful techniques when examining patients or performing very complex operations in hard-to-reach areas.

Attitude towards patients: he knew how to win over patients, instilling in them a feeling of boundless trust and faith in medicine. He, modest and demanding of himself, always sensitive and responsive, knew how to cultivate these qualities in his students. He did not like rudeness or liberty towards the patient. There was a strictly business atmosphere in the clinic. He did not humiliate or bully anyone; he always treated them with exquisite politeness, emphasizing his respect for the person, regardless of his position.

Relations with students: Nikolai Vasilyevich devoted his free time to practical work with students. For example, on days free from lectures, or on Sundays, he made rounds for the sick with students. At the same time, the curators present at the rounds were required to report on their patients. Sklifosovsky emphasized the advantage of Russian students, who during their studies mastered the skills of communicating with patients, over foreign students, who met patients only at lectures.

Sklifosovsky's clinic was a favorite place for students: they could independently bandage their patient, assist in operations, and perform night shifts.

Sklifosovsky's students: Many scientific and practical figures in the field of surgery graduated from the residency at Nikolai Vasilyevich’s clinic: Spizharny, Sarychev, Yakovlev, Dobrotvorsky, Chuprov, Sakharov, Vilga, Rezvyakov, Kormilov, Yanovsky, Krasintsev and others.

Participation of Nikolai Vasilyevich in hostilities as a military field surgeon

N.V. Sklifosovsky participated in 4 major wars in Europe as an ordinary surgeon and hospital consultant.

Sklifosovsky participated in hostilities since 1866 (Austro-Prussian War). As a young doctor, he joined the active army to study field surgery. The result of his stay in this war was an article published in the Medical Bulletin for 1867 - “Note on observations during the last German war of 1866.”

In 1876, Nikolai Vasilyevich was appointed a surgical consultant to one of the Red Cross hospitals in Montenegro, where he stayed for 4 months. He outlined his memories in a work published in the Military Medical Journal in 1876 under the title “From observations during the Slavic War of 1876.” Of great interest are Sklifosovsky’s observations of the course of gunshot wounds of the abdominal and thoracic organs. An important fact noted by Sklifosovsky is that not all gunshot injuries to the chest are life-threatening. He notes that such wounds are dangerous in cases of bone fragmentation and penetration of fragments into the bullet channel, since fragments of the ribs forcefully penetrate into the lung tissue, destroy it and cause the development of suppuration - empyema. The presence of spilled blood in the pleural cavity complicates the course of the wound process and accelerates the formation of inflammatory phenomena. Sklifosovsky describes pyothorax as follows: “Immediately after the wound to the chest, hemoptysis is detected, and a picture of blood pouring into the chest cavity occurs. A few days later, a feverish state appears and a picture of purulent accumulation in the chest develops.” He points out that the appearance of pus in the chest is associated with the nature of the gunshot wound and the complications that cause the development of infection.

Sklifosovsky attached great importance to the creation of peace for the wounded for the favorable outcome of chest wounds.

Nikolai Vasilyevich’s rich knowledge and the experience he acquired found wide application in the Russian-Turkish War of 1877. Sklifosovsky tried to transfer the strict hygienic regime developed in the clinic to the organization of hospital care during the war; as a result, the number of patients with infection in Nikolai Vasilyevich’s departments was significantly less than in other departments. After the end of the campaign, Sklifosovsky appeared in print with a number of interesting works: “ In hospitals and dressing stations during the Turkish War», « Our hospital work during the war», « Transportation of the wounded and sick by rail», « Tarantas machine in a carriage for transporting the wounded».

N.V. Sklifosovsky and S.P. Botkin were ardent supporters of bringing medical care closer to the wounded, which was reflected in the activities of the forward and main dressing stations.

Personality N.V. Sklifosovsky

N.V. Sklifosovsky left a glorious memory of himself as a major teacher with high culture and erudition, an educator of youth, and an ardent patriot of his homeland. The clinic he led was a wonderful school for students, scientists and many thousands of doctors who flocked here for improvement from all over Russia.

N.V. Sklifosovsky was a true patriot. He zealously defended the interests of the Russian people in the struggle for the prosperity of domestic science. For example, thanks to the intervention of Sklifosovsky, it was possible to establish the priority of the Russian doctor Vladimirov over the German Mikulic in the invention of a new method of osteoplastic surgery on the foot.

Well educated, fluent in several languages, with great endurance and self-control, he was a sensitive and responsive doctor.

During military operations, he infected everyone around him with unparalleled hard work, instilled in them cheerfulness and fortitude, and forced them to meekly endure all the hardships and hardships of front-line life. Eyewitnesses tell how this apparently elegant and well-groomed civilian general in a spotlessly clean uniform was able to remain for several days without food and without sleep, constantly being at the operating table, in the dressing room or in the triage departments of the main hospital.

Nikolai Vasilyevich enjoyed great respect and love not only among doctors, but also among wide circles of the Russian intelligentsia. This popularity was a consequence of his high merits as a clinician-surgeon, scientist, lecturer and public figure.

Some considered Sklifosovsky a proud and inaccessible person. In fact, under the external severity there was a very soft and warm-hearted person.

N.V. Sklifosovsky was a leading Russian scientist who put scientific and public interests above personal ones.

Social activities

N.V. Sklifosovsky was the editor of the first special scientific surgical journals of that time in Moscow: “Surgical Chronicle” and “Chronicle of Russian Surgeons”. He spent significant amounts of his own money on the publication of these magazines. Congresses, meetings of scientific societies and journals contributed greatly to the development of surgical thought and the education of surgeons. N.V. Sklifosovsky showed his enormous talent as an organizer and public figure during the preparation and holding of the XII International Congress of Doctors (August 7, 1897, Moscow); N.V. Sklifosovsky was elected its president. He was aware of the enormous scientific and political significance of the International Congress of Doctors, which met for the first time in Russia. This congress demonstrated to the entire scientific world the power and importance of Russian science. Foreign doctors were able to see firsthand the achievements of Russian medicine. The myth about their imaginary superiority over the Russians was dispelled.

Nikolai Vasilyevich put a lot of work into the organization and construction of a new clinical campus on Devichye Pole in Moscow.

N.V. Sklifosovsky was an ardent supporter of women's education in Russia. Thanks to the participation of Nikolai Vasilyevich, “Special women’s courses for the education of learned midwives” were opened at the Medical-Surgical Academy, where women could receive higher medical education.

Participation of Nikolai Vasilyevich in perpetuating the glory of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov

On the eve of the opening of the International Congress, the grand opening of the monument to Pirogov took place. This monument was erected thanks to the initiative and energy of N.V. Sklifosovsky, who personally achieved the “highest permission” to install the monument, and was built using collected private donations, and not at public expense. Referring to Pirogov’s merits, N.V. Sklifosovsky said: “The principles introduced into science by Pirogov will remain an eternal contribution and cannot be erased from its tablets as long as European science exists, until the last sound of rich Russian speech freezes in this place... ". This was the first monument to a scientist in Russia.

Sklifosovsky spoke in print in defense of Pirogov’s osteoplastic surgery, which was met unfriendly by foreign surgeons.

Research Institute named after N.V. Sklifosovsky

Institute of Emergency Medicine named after. N.V. Sklifosovsky was founded in 1923 on the basis of one of the oldest Moscow hospitals, opened in 1810 by Count N.P. Sheremetev as a Hospice House. Research Institute of Emergency Medicine named after. N.V. Sklifosovsky is a large multidisciplinary scientific and practical center on the problems of emergency medical care, emergency surgery, resuscitation, combined and burn trauma, emergency cardiology and acute poisoning. In total, the institute has currently formed more than 40 scientific units, more than half of them are clinical, which correspond to the profile of the most common emergency pathologies. The great scientific and practical potential of the staff, modern equipment make it possible to successfully develop new and improve existing methods for diagnosing and treating emergency conditions, which makes it possible to treat patients with the most severe and complicated acute surgical diseases and injuries, to advise and transfer patients from other medical institutions to the institute for treatment. Every year, on average, 52,000 patients from various regions of the Russian Federation receive qualified care at the Institute, 22,000 patients are hospitalized. In addition, visiting teams of specialists in neurosurgery, endoscopy and endotoxicosis provide advisory and specialized assistance to Moscow hospitals.

The institute employs 820 researchers and doctors, including 2 academicians and 2 corresponding members of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, 37 professors, 78 doctors and 167 candidates of medical sciences. The institute has 922 inpatient beds, of which 114 are intensive care beds. More than 20,000 different operations are performed on the basis of its branches throughout the year. 25,000 patients receive emergency care on an outpatient basis. There are single, double and five-bed rooms with all amenities.

At the Research Institute of Emergency Medicine named after. Over the past 10 years, N.V. Sklifosovsky’s educational and clinical department has been successfully functioning, in which up to 200 clinical residents are trained annually in the following specialties: emergency care; anesthesiology and resuscitation; cardiology; clinical and laboratory diagnostics; neurosurgery; pathological anatomy; psychiatry; obstetrics and gynecology; radiology; endoscopy; toxicology; thoracic surgery; traumatology and orthopedics; ultrasound diagnostics; physiotherapy; functional diagnostics; surgery; radiology; cardiovascular surgery. Postgraduate and doctoral studies are open in the following specialties: cardiology; traumatology and orthopedics; surgery; neurosurgery; anesthesiology and resuscitation; cardiovascular surgery.

The editorial and publishing department prepares for printing and publishes the works of the institute.

The Institute also has a rich scientific and medical library.

The Department of External Scientific Relations coordinates scientific research outside the institute, within the framework of the activities of the Interdepartmental Scientific Council for Emergency Care of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences and the Problem Commission on Emergency Surgery of the Interdepartmental Scientific Council for Surgery of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, and also searches and processes scientific information and conducts work in the field of the history of medicine.

Over the past 10 years, approximately 235 case studies have been carried out to improve the quality of diagnosis and treatment. 62 monographs, about 4,100 scientific articles and other publications, including 86 collections of works, have been published. Institute staff have also written a large number of chapters and sections in books published by other institutions. 43 patents and certificates of invention were received, 32 improvement proposals were accepted for use. 140 dissertations were defended, including 25 doctoral dissertations. The implementation of scientific research results into practice has a positive effect on improving medical work.

The growth in the level of scientific research led in 2001 to the creation at the Institute of a Dissertation Council for the defense of doctoral dissertations in the field of surgery, anesthesiology and resuscitation, traumatology and neurosurgery.

To improve the professional level of doctors, more than 100 scientific and practical conferences and seminars were held, more than 130 information and methodological documents were published.

A major role in solving scientific and practical problems and in coordinating scientific research on the territory of the Russian Federation is played by the Problem Commissions of the Scientific Council for Emergency Medical Care in the field of combined trauma, cardiology and clinical toxicology and the Problem Commission on Emergency Surgery. The research results are analyzed in the department of external scientific relations. This significantly accelerates the implementation of advanced achievements of medical science.

Conclusion

Nikolai Vasilyevich lived a wonderful life. Like a real doctor, he was a moral example for those around him - without paying attention to his own desires and needs, he was ready to fulfill his duty at any time of the day. Like a real scientist, he was not afraid of anything, or rather, he was looking for ways to eliminate undesirable consequences. His brilliant mind was busy all his life solving problems of scientific and practical medicine, educating students and creating better conditions for society. Nikolai Vasilyevich was a real, true patriot who glorified his Motherland and people. A fearless, strict scientist, an attentive, understanding doctor - Nikolai Vasilyevich was a man of whom we are proud and whose memory we honor today. http://nplit.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000054/st006.shtml http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CC%EE%F1%EA%EE%E2%F1%EA% E8%E9_%E3%EE%F0%EE%E4%F1%EA%EE%E9_%ED%E0%F3%F7%ED%EE-%E8%F1%F1%EB%E5%E4%EE%E2 %E0%F2%E5%EB%FC%F1%EA%E8%E9_%E8%ED%F1%F2%E8%F2%F3%F2_%F1%EA%EE%F0%EE%E9_%EF%EE %EC%EE%F9%E8_%E8%EC%E5%ED%E8_%CD._%C2._%D1%EA%EB%E8%F4%EE%F1%EE%E2%F1%EA%EE %E3%EE

An outstanding surgeon.

Born on March 25, 1836 (Pushkin was still alive) on a farm near the town of Duborossy, Kherson province (now the territory of Moldova).

After graduating from the Faculty of Medicine of Moscow University, he worked as a resident and then as head of the surgical department of the Odessa City Hospital. In 1863 he defended his dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Medicine on the topic “On the bloody circumuterine tumor.”

In 1866, Sklifosovsky was sent abroad for two years.

In Germany, France and England, he saw everything that world medical science could show a young surgeon. It was in those years that wound infection bacteria were discovered, Lister’s “anti-putrefactive” method (antiseptic), general anesthesia with ether and chloroform came into practice, and the approach to surgery itself fundamentally changed. Before the use of anesthesia, all, even the most complex operations, lasted no longer than two to three minutes in order to avoid the fatal consequences of painful shock. Among the surgeons, real virtuosos have developed, capable of performing any operation literally in a matter of seconds. Unfortunately, the lack of sterility during operations often led to disastrous results. Sklifosovsky is credited with introducing antiseptics into Russian surgical practice, that is, active disinfection using chemicals.

However, the antiseptic method did not last long.

Fifteen years later it gave way to a more progressive one - aseptic, “putrefactive”. It became clear that the antiseptic solutions previously used to clean wounds - carbolic acid and sublimate - affected not only bacteria, but also directly on living tissues of the body. Studies have shown that acid solutions have little effect on pathogenic forms of microbes and have virtually no effect on their spores. But the same acids had a detrimental effect on living tissues.

It was much more effective to solve these problems by installing some artificial barriers to prevent bacteria from entering the wound.

For example, boiling or exposure to steam under high pressure practically destroyed not only microbes, but also all types of their spores.

When this fact was finally established, everything that was used during operations began to be exposed to high temperatures: bandages, gowns, gloves, instruments, even a special antiseptic method was developed for treating hands.

In 1866, Sklifosovsky (with the consent of the Russian government) took part as a military doctor in the Austro-Prussian War. He worked at dressing stations and in a military hospital until the end of the campaign. Sklifosovsky shared his experience gained in the war with his colleagues in a detailed article “Note on observations during the last German war of 1866,” published in the Medical Bulletin.

While developing new approaches to performing surgical operations, Sklifosovsky did not forget about anatomy. He regularly visited the anatomical theater, “...to study anatomically some area or determine a more correct and expedient path into the depths of the body.” Sklifosovsky’s surgical technique was based on two famous principles: to dissect only what you can see or touch clearly, and to make any section only on the basis of a solid knowledge of anatomy.

Sklifosovsky was very strict about operations performed at home.

Prominent dignitaries of the 19th century, wealthy merchants and industrialists, and generally wealthy people with acute diseases requiring surgical intervention, as a rule, invited surgeons to their homes, categorically refusing treatment in poorly equipped city hospitals. The processing of the rooms in which the operation was to be performed was carried out extremely carefully and using a special technique.

“...It is known,” wrote Professor V.V. Kovanov in a book dedicated to Sklifosovsky, “that for a long time Nikolai Vasilyevich worked as a resident, then head of the surgical department of the Odessa City Hospital. Over the years, he became a major surgeon with extensive scientific and practical training, deeply aware of the importance of a broad natural science education. Well-educated, fluent in several languages, possessing great endurance and self-control, being a sensitive and responsive doctor, he fully prepared himself for teaching.

Thanks to the increased scientific authority and the successes achieved in surgery, at the beginning of 1870 N.V. Sklifosovsky, on the recommendation of N.I. Pirogov, was invited to take the chair of surgery at Kiev University. When this became known in Odessa, the City Duma at an emergency meeting passed a resolution: “For the merits of N.V. Sklifosovsky and the benefit he brings to the city and the hospital, offer him a professor’s salary in order to keep him in Odessa.”

This episode serves as proof of recognition of the merits of the young scientist, who managed to gain great authority among the urban population. N.V. Sklifosovsky, however, did not stay in Odessa, since he was not satisfied with practical medicine alone: ​​Nikolai Vasilyevich was attracted to teaching, and he was especially interested in issues of military field surgery.”

The Franco-Prussian War began and Sklifosovsky again asked to go to the front.

In 1871, Sklifosovsky was invited to the department of the St. Petersburg Medical-Surgical Academy. At the academy, he began teaching surgical pathology, while simultaneously heading the clinical department of a military hospital.

“...At the Academy,” wrote Professor V.V. Kovanov, “N.V. Sklifosovsky’s teaching talent unfolded in full splendor, and he soon became one of the most popular professors. But he did not achieve this immediately. It was not so easy to gain recognition among the professors of the academy and win over the students. It was especially difficult at first for a young professor who did not have sufficient teaching experience, who joined the academy’s teaching staff against the wishes of many of its members. He was received poorly by surgeon-clinicians Professors E.I. Bogdanovsky and I.O. Korzhenevsky, who saw their competitor in the young, growing surgeon. Supporters of old traditions, contrary to common sense, going against the new, progressive trend in surgery, openly opposed the introduction of an antiputrefactive method of treating wounds, which, as we know, N.V. Sklifosovsky was one of the first to successfully use. Speaking against N.V. Sklifosovsky, who was the initiator of the new method in Russia, they sometimes reached the point of indecent attacks. Thus, A. S. Tauber, who was a student at that time and later a professor, in his notes published under the pseudonym A. Stal, cites a case when Professor Korzhenevsky, a surgeon of the French school, who was in charge of an academic surgical clinic, ironically spoke at a lecture to fourth-year students. regarding the Lister method: “Isn’t it funny that such a big man like Sklifosovsky is afraid of such small creatures as bacteria, which he does not see!.”

Sklifosovsky's military experience was again in demand during the Balkan (1876) and Russian-Turkish (1877–1878) campaigns.

In Montenegro, Sklifosovsky advised the work of the Red Cross.

He outlined his impressions in a large work published in the Military Medical Journal entitled “From observations during the Slavic War of 1876.”

In this work, Sklifosovsky thoroughly analyzed the extremely pressing problems of organizing the transportation of the wounded, treating gunshot injuries and private assistance in war. Even during the Franco-Prussian War, he came to the conclusion that treatment of penetrating chest wounds should be carried out on the spot, without sending the wounded to the rear. “In strictly expectant management, the most essential requirement should be that these casualties should not be transported.”

In the Russian-Turkish War, Sklifosovsky was in the forefront of the Danube Army. He not only opened hospitals. He himself more than once provided practical assistance to soldiers under enemy bullets. It was a school that could not be overestimated.

"N. V. Sklifosovsky, wrote Professor V.V. Kovanov, infected everyone around him with unparalleled hard work, instilled in them vigor and fortitude, forced them to meekly endure all the hardships and hardships of front-line life. Eyewitnesses tell how this apparently elegant and well-groomed civilian general in a spotlessly clean uniform was able to remain for several days without food and without sleep, constantly being at the operating table in the dressing room or in the triage departments of the main hospital. The care of doctors and nurses for him was touching; during work they brought him a sip of wine or a piece of bread to maintain his strength. His wife, Sofya Alexandrovna, provided him with great assistance in his work, caring for the wounded. She was with him throughout the entire company, enduring all the hardships of camp life...”

Developing the views of the great Russian surgeon N.I. Pirogov, Sklifosovsky developed the principle of bringing medical care closer to the battlefield, the principle of “saving treatment” of gunshot wounds, and introduced the widespread use of plaster casts as a means of immobilization for wounds of the extremities.

In 1880, Sklifosovsky was elected head of the faculty surgical clinic of the medical faculty of Moscow University.

He managed this clinic for fourteen years.

Ahead of his time, Sklifosovsky was the first in Russia to begin performing gastric excision surgery, blind suture of the bladder, goiter surgery, excision of tongue cancer with preliminary ligation of the lingual artery, removal of the larynx, and urinary hernia surgery. He was not afraid to carry out the most complex plastic surgeries and was constantly looking for new methods. For example, surgery for false joints entered world literature under the name “Sklifosovsky castle.” To keep the ends of the femur in direct contact at the fracture site, a cut was made in the middle of both ends of the bone, then at the end of the first cut a second cut was made in a direction transverse to it. Both halves sawn at the ends were removed so that the resulting surfaces came into contact with each other, then they were secured with metal seams. Sklifosovsky was the first to introduce medical histories into hospital life, which allowed doctors to process the necessary data based on a huge amount of factual material.

From 1893 to 1900, Sklifosovsky headed the St. Petersburg Clinical Institute for Advanced Medical Studies. During these seven years, he built new buildings, electrified them, and achieved significant additional funding for the institute. It is no coincidence that on the day of the 25th anniversary of Sklifosovsky’s professorial activity, among the hundreds of telegrams he received, there was this one: “You are at the head of an institution that is envied by other peoples of Europe.” The telegram was signed by the dean of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Lausanne, Professor Larguier de Vincels.

At the International Congress of Surgeons in 1897, the famous Rudolf Virchow, on behalf of the scientists gathered in Moscow, addressed Sklifosovsky, elected President of the Congress, with the following words:

“...We met here a President whose authority is recognized by representatives of all branches of medical science, a man who, with full knowledge of all the requirements of medical practice, also combines the quality of a doctor of the soul, has a spirit of brotherhood and a feeling of love for all humanity.”

Sklifosovsky edited the first special scientific surgical journals in Moscow, “Surgical Chronicle” and “Chronicle of Russian Surgeons.” He was one of the founding members of the Society of Russian Doctors, the Moscow Surgical Society, and was elected President of the I and VI International Congresses of Surgeons. He was the organizer, honorary chairman and active participant in special Pirogov medical congresses. These congresses were held by members of the Society of Russian Doctors - the most representative scientific society of pre-revolutionary Russia, uniting representatives of all medical specialties. Two, or even two and a half thousand people gathered at these congresses, that is, almost every ninth doctor in Russia came.

By the way, a young doctor, the future famous writer A.P. Chekhov received a diploma of graduation from Moscow University from the hands of the dean of the medical faculty N.V. Sklifosovsky.

Unfortunately, Sklifosovsky was seriously ill for the last four years of his life. Only gardening, which he loved to do at his Yakovtsy estate, located in the Poltava province, somewhat distracted him from physical hardships.