Morphological categories of pronouns

Personal pronounschange by person (relative to the interlocutor):

I -the speaker himself. We - speaker and another person.

You -speaker's interlocutor. You- speaker and interlocutors.

He, she- who does not participate in the dialogue. They- persons not participating in the dialogue.

I, we, you, youindicate only animate persons. Pronouns he, she, it can also apply to inanimate objects. These pronouns have formally expressed forms of gender and number.

When declension of personal pronouns, a suppletive stem is used: I - me, you - you, he - him. The paradigm is redundant, since the instrumental case has two options ( me and me, you and you). In indirect cases, third-person pronouns when used with prepositions appear n: he - to him, she - to her. The exception is prepositions thanks, in agreement, in spite of(require dative case): towards them, thanks to him.

Form theirs, theirs, theirs is dialectal, colloquial and is not used in the literary language.

When functioning, some personal pronouns can be used instead of others to achieve certain speech purposes.

M s instead of I widespread in scientific and journalistic speech. We intentionally draw your attention to these facts.

Weinstead of You used in colloquial speech to get closer to interlocutors. Well, how do we feel?

He instead of you- when expressing disdain for the interlocutor. He doesn't blush.

You instead of youused as etiquette, respectful. You, Nikolai Ivanovich, are mistaken.

They instead of he, she is obsolete, respectful. “How is mother feeling today?” - “They are not in a good mood. They are offended by brother Nikolenka.”

Personal pronouns in speech can be substantivized: I love it when, without fear and whining, without hiding in We, I risk myself (I. Smirnov).

Sometimes personal pronouns are used as particles: Oh, these are fairy tales for me! That's what happened to you.

Reflexive pronoun myself indicates the object of thought, identical to the subject. It has no nominative case form, no categories of person, gender or number. Can refer to any person. I bought myself a book. He bought himself a book. Included in many sustainable structures: go into yourself, come to your senses, on your own, good-looking, on your own.

If the pronoun to myself when the verb is not used as an object, it performs the function of a conversational particle: know that there is something for you, go past it.

Possessive pronouns (my, yours, ours, yours, yours) express the ownership of an object to different persons. To indicate belonging to a 3rd person, genitive case forms of personal pronouns are used his, her, their.

They change according to gender, number, and cases, like adjectives, and agree with nouns, acting as definitions for them: your room, their arrival, to our surprise.

In speech, possessive pronouns can express not belonging, but other characteristics, and then in meaning they approach adjectives: Yes, there were people in our time(L.). There, in the village, he is his own ( dear, close).

Appearing in speech without qualifying words, possessive pronouns are substantivized: If you see yours, say hi. Mine is leaving again.

Interrogative pronouns (who, what, which, which, which, whose, how many) used in interrogative sentences.

Pronouns who, what, how much have no gender or number, but change according to cases. Pronoun How many in indirect cases it has an accent based on: sk O lkikh, sk O bright. Predicate for subject pronouns who, what is put in the masculine gender, even if we are talking about a female person. Which students took part in the competition? Predicate of a pronoun What placed in the neuter gender: What happened here?

Pronouns which, which, whose have forms of gender, number and case, consistent with the words to which they refer. Type of pronoun declension which, which, like qualitative and relative adjectives, pronouns whose- like possessive adjectives ending in -y ( fox).

Pronoun what it is short in form and accordingly changes in gender and number, but is not declined.

Relative pronounshomonymous with interrogative: who, what, which, which, which, whose, how many and outdated which one. They do not form interrogative sentences, but serve for grammatical and semantic connections between parts of complex sentences, indicating a person, object, quality, quantity. He repeated everything he heard. Everyone who was present remembered it. The house, which stood right next to the forest, seemed abandoned.

Demonstrative pronouns(this, that, such, such, such, such, such, this, that) indicate spatio-temporal characteristics by which persons or objects are contrasted with each other. That- located far from the speaker, this- located close to him. They have gender, number and case forms. In a sentence they act as definitions or the nominal part of the predicate: This house was recently built. What is the question is the answer.

Many demonstrative pronouns can become particles: Eky you are stupid (emotional-evaluative particle). And where from This he arrived (excretory particle).

Determinative pronouns(himself, most, all, every (every, everyone), each, other, any Sometimes another) change by gender, number and case.

Pronouns myself And most perform various functions:

myselfindicates that the person is himself the producer or object of the action. I will answer for everything myself;

mostwith inanimate nouns it can indicate a limit of time or space ( at the very top); can be an intensifying and highlighting definition ( A kite circled just above the ledge); can form analytical superlatives ( the most joyful).

Pronouns himself and the most often become particles. If attributive pronouns appear without qualifying words, then they are substantivized: You made the porridge yourself, so you can sort it out yourself.

Negative pronouns(nobody, nothing, no one, nothing, none, nobody) are not filled with meaning in the context and are not specified.

Pronouns nobody, nothing, nobody, nothing indicate the complete absence of a person or object. They change according to cases.

Pronouns no one, nothing do not have nominative case forms.

Pronouns none, no one's indicate the complete absence of signs of quality or belonging in persons or objects. They vary by gender, number and case. No purpose justifies cruelty.

All negative pronouns are formed from relative pronouns using prefixes Not-(always percussive) and neither-(always unstressed). If there is a preposition with a negative pronoun, then it is placed between the prefix and the root, dividing the pronoun into two parts. I didn't ask anyone for advice.

Indefinite pronouns (someone, someone, anyone, anyone, someone, something, something, anything, anything, something, some, some, which, some, some- then, some, any, some, someone's, someone's, someone's, several) do not reveal their meaning in context, point to unknown, undefined persons ( someone, someone) or to unknown or unidentified objects ( anything, something) and signs ( someone's, some).

Indefinite pronouns are formed from interrogatives using prefixes no, some or postfixes -this, -either, -something. In terms of grammatical features and features, the declensions are similar to the interrogative pronouns from which they are formed, but there are also differences.

Pronoun some indicates an unknown or unspecified number of persons or things. Changes by case.

Pronoun someone is used only in the nominative case, and the pronoun something- in the nominative and similar accusative case.

Indefinite pronouns are accompanied by phrasesno one else (other), but nothing else (other), but.These phrases are specified in the context and this is why they differ from other indefinite pronouns.

The pronoun is one of the most important parts of speech in the Russian language. In its properties, it is very close to the noun, which is mainly used to replace it, but at the same time, limiting the tasks of a pronoun to only this function is really stupid. A pronoun indicates a person without naming him specifically; it serves to connect sentences in the text, and in some cases even to strengthen certain statements. Multifaceted, isn't it? This is why the case of pronouns in sentences is so important - you cannot treat such a multifunctional element carelessly.

Theoretical introduction

Of course, the case of pronouns, or rather their declension, is subject to almost the same rules as nouns (it was already said above that these two parts of speech have a lot in common). Pronouns are characterized by the same six genitive, accusative, dative, instrumental and prepositional) as a noun.

By the way, when pronouns appear in all cases except the nominative, we can say that the pronouns in Of course, the features of declension also depend on the category of the pronoun. Some of them do not change in principle; in certain categories, changes concern only some individual pronouns. This is exactly what we will deal with. “Pronoun cases” is the table with which we start.

Personal pronouns

Let's start with the basics: changing personal pronouns by case. Personal pronouns include those that are known to everyone I, you, he/she/it, we, you, they. They are all declined by case - we just substitute the desired question and get the form that we need.

“Pronoun cases” is a table that concerns only the category of personal pronouns.

As can be seen from the table, in the previously mentioned indirect cases, regardless of the number, an additional consonant “n” is obtained. Fortunately, no other peculiarities are observed: the cases of personal pronouns are not anything complicated, right?

Reflexive pronoun

Let's move on. There is only one pronoun in this category myself, which has neither number nor gender, and also retains the same form in all cases. Just try to tilt it - and you will see it.

Possessive pronouns

The next category is associated with pronouns that express the object’s belonging to someone. This includes mine, yours, his/hers, ours, yours, theirs. The forms of pronouns in this category are presented in the following table:

The table shows that in the third person possessive pronouns do not change at all, while in the first and second people you just need to replace a couple of letters at the beginning - the endings are the same.

By the way, one of the most common errors in modern Russian is associated with this category. Some people invent such a pronoun as “theirs”, and then also try to decline it. So, be sure to remember that such a pronoun has never existed in the third person plural! Theirs, theirs and only theirs!

Interrogative and relative pronouns

This category is used to ask a question. And this is where the first difficulties begin. Pronouns which?, whose?, which? have gender, number, and case. For pronouns who?, what?, how many? The presence of only case is characteristic; other categories are alien to it. And the only pronoun that completely breaks the system is what?: it has no case, but changes according to gender and number.

The same can be said about relative pronouns. By and large, relative pronouns are the same as interrogative pronouns, only without a question mark at the end of the sentence.

It should also be noted that in the pronoun How many in declension, the stress is kept on the first and not on the last syllable, as most people think.

Negative and indefinite pronouns

We continue to study the change of pronouns by case with a new category, which also has certain nuances. Gender, number and case have only none, no one's, whereas no one, nothing, no one, nothing, not at all change exclusively according to the last sign, without possessing the others.

The forms of negative pronouns completely coincide with interrogative-negative ones, with the only clarification - the addition of a prefix neither/not.

The same can be said about Take a relative pronoun, add postfixes to it - this, -either, -something and we get a new type of pronouns: some, anything. The forms for declension remain the same, which, undoubtedly, greatly simplifies working with this type of pronouns. In certain cases, you can add prefixes not/nor: some, something.

Determinative pronouns

We're getting closer to the end. Next up is a new category, all pronouns of which have gender, number and case. This includes himself, most, all, every, each, any, other, different, whole, every kind. It’s voluminous, of course, but not at all difficult. Let's move on!

As can be seen from the table, the conjugation of pronouns himself, the most And everyone, everyone practically coincide, but you shouldn’t rely heavily on memorizing the forms of pronouns in different cases; it’s much easier to just figure out the rule and then not experience any difficulties.

Demonstrative pronouns

The last of the categories again pleases us with nuances. Pronouns this, that-(that), such-(that) have number and case, so much (that)- only case, but that's how it is, by analogy with what, absolutely does not want to change according to cases, remaining in one single form.

And again the similarity of pronoun forms that one. Case, as you can see, is a completely elementary topic, where there’s even nothing really to remember.

Nuances, where would we be without them?

Of course, there are some features of pronoun declension. For example, those who are attentive have long noticed that the case of pronouns is a topic very, very close to the case of adjectives: the endings are absolutely the same. The only exceptions to this rule are all, himself: In this situation, you still have to think a little.

Continuing the theme of pronouns all, it should be noted that it is the only one where there is a fluent vowel: all-all-all and so on - the root “e” simply drops out, not appearing later in any of the cases.

Moreover, some of the pronouns have so-called archaic forms: any-every-everything. They are considered short. And also a pronoun myself in the feminine gender in the accusative case ( herself) is actually considered a colloquial form, whereas a literary language would like to use the variant most(by analogy they also talk about tu-tuyo- from pronoun that). Researchers are also determining the shape the most, with an emphasis on the penultimate letter, but it is considered to be little used and almost forgotten.

Pronouns belong to a special group of demonstrative words, i.e. not naming objects and phenomena, their quantity or characteristics, but only pointing to them. What person or object we are talking about can only be understood thanks to the surrounding sentences (context). Pronouns are quite closely related to other parts of speech, which makes it possible to determine their case. There are some nuances - we will look at them.

• generalized subject, correlated with nouns ( who, nothing, anything etc.);
  
• generalized-qualitative, correlated with adjectives ( which, no, no one's etc.);
  
• generalized quantitative, correlated with numerals ( how much, how much).
  

Like nouns, generalized subject pronouns can be declined, and the case forms will be completely independent. It is enough to ask the same questions that you would ask to nouns.

• Nominative. I I've heard a lot about you. (Who?– in a sentence it is the subject)
  
• Genitive. Whom did you invite?
  
• Dative. To her I like listening to music. (to whom?)
  
• Accusative. My brother saw his. (whom? What?)
  
• Instrumental. How did he do something wrong?
  
• Prepositional. You probably know about him. (about whom? about what?)
  

As for generalized quantitative pronouns, they, like numerals, do not have number forms and genders, but change according to cases. I so many learned something new! How many We haven't seen any places yet!

Features of changing pronouns
When changing the case (i.e., declension) of pronouns, not only their ending, but also the entire word may change. This is due to how pronouns have changed historically, in the distant past. For example, the pronoun I– me (who?), me (who?), me (who?), me (who?), about me (about whom?). Pronoun she– her (who?), her (who?), her (who? what?), her (her) (by whom?), about her (about whom?). It is noticeable that in the instrumental case there is a special form by her , - by using it, you can avoid confusion with the dative case form.

Some pronouns have a sound after the preposition n . Form her is used in colloquial speech, and the form by her- in the book, especially in the poetic. Regarding the genitive case (pronoun with prepositions from And at) – along with forms from her, it has recognized the existence of forms from her, from her, but only as a colloquial form.

Pronoun myself is not independent. This reflexive pronoun only indicates that each of the three persons refers to itself. Therefore, this pronoun does not have a nominative case form, although otherwise it is declined in the same way as the pronoun You : you - yourself, you - yourself, you - yourself, you (oh) - yourself, about you - about yourself. There is no nominative case form for pronouns either nothing , no one .

You need to remember pronouns that do not change by case at all. These are pronouns something , someone , as well as the pronoun that's how it is . As for negative pronouns - nothing , nobody - they bow, and in the same way as What , Who . In the prepositional case, a preposition breaks the negative pronoun: about nothing , about no one .

And finally, there are special prepositional case forms for pronouns You , We – these forms must be remembered in the following form: I miss for you (this is the dative case) or about you (this is the prepositional case) - but not “behind you”, don't be sad about Us . An outdated and colloquial option is I miss for you (prepositional).

Pronouns of different categories have their own peculiarities of changing according to cases. Now we will look at some of them in more detail.

1. Cases of personal pronouns

In indirect cases, not only the endings of these pronouns change, but also the stem:

I.p. I, you, we, you, he, it, she, they

R.p. me, you, us, you, his, his, her, their

D.p. me, you, us, you, his, his, her, their

V.p. me, you, us, you, his, his, her, their

etc. me (me), you (you), us, you, them, them, her (her), them

P.p. (about) me, (about) you, (about) us, (about) you, (about) him, (about) him, (about) her, (about) them.

The 1st and 2nd person singular pronouns do not have clearly defined gender categories; they are used in both masculine, feminine, and neuter.

Third person pronouns, when inflected, may lose their initial consonant she - but her, etc.

2. For the reflexive pronoun self, there are only forms of indirect cases. It is declined in the same way as the personal pronoun you:

etc. by myself (by myself)

P.p. (about) myself

• 3. Some pronouns that have the categories of gender and number change by case according to the same rules as adjectives. This applies to:
  • · possessive pronouns (my, yours, ours, yours);
  • · indicative (that, this, that);
  • · interrogative/relative (which, which, whose);
  • Definitive (most, himself, all, every, other).

I.p. our, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such

R.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such

D.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; so, so, so, so

V.p. ours, ours, ours, ours; such, such, such, such

etc. ours, ours, ours, ours; like this, like this, like this

P.p. (about) ours, (about) ours, (about) ours, (about) ours; (about) such, (about) such, (about) such, (about) such

The attributive pronouns he and most, although similar, are declined differently. The difference is indicated mainly by emphasis:

I.p. the most, the most

R.p. most, most

D.p. myself, myself

V.p. the most, the most

etc. by myself, by myself

P.p. (about) myself, (about) myself

Pay attention to the declension of the attributive pronouns all, all, all:

I.p. all, all, everything

R.p. everything, all, everyone

D.p. everything, everything, everyone

V.p. everything, all, everyone

etc. everyone, all (everyone), everyone

P.p. (about) everything, (about) everything, (about) everyone

When declension of feminine and neuter pronouns, only the endings change, but in the masculine gender the stem also changes.

4. For interrogative/relative (who, what) and negative pronouns formed from them (nobody, nothing) the stems change when changing by case:

I.p. who, what, nobody, nothing

R.p. who, what, no one, nothing

D.p. to whom, what, no one, nothing

V.p. who, what, no one, nothing

etc. who, what, nothing, nothing

P.p. (about) whom, (about) what, about no one, about nothing.

At the same time, in the prepositional case, the preposition breaks negative pronouns into three words.

5. Like the reflexive pronoun, some negative pronouns do not have a nominative case form:

R.p. no one

D.p. no one

V.p. no one

etc. no one

P.p. not about anyone.

6. Indefinite pronouns are declined in the same way as the interrogative/relative pronouns from which they are formed:

I.p. any, something

R.p. any, something

D.p. to any, something

V.p. any, something

etc. somehow, something

P.p. (about) any, about something

7. There are variable case forms for the indefinite pronoun “some”:

I.p. some

R.p. some

D.p. to a certain

V.p. no one

etc. some (some)

P.p. (about) someone

Variant case forms exist for this pronoun in other gender/number as well.

8. Some demonstrative (such), relative (what), indefinite (someone, something) pronouns do not change by case. Pronouns and adverbs do not decline where, where, when, so.

Pronouns of the 2nd and 1st persons (singular or plural) can indicate certain persons, a person walking past, an interlocutor (I, you, you, we).

3rd person pronouns (singular or plural) indicate those or who Not participates in dialogue, or on an object (he, she, it, they). Personal pronouns can be used with prepositions: at him, to him, behind him, with them, with him, thanks to him, her, them.

Forms of personal pronouns in Russian

3rd person pronouns have different forms in the presence and absence of a preposition: her - with her, them - with them (after the preposition “n-” is added).

Some pronouns in the instrumental case have additional “elongated” forms: by me - by me, by you - by you, by her - by her, by her - by her.

All personal pronouns have the same genitive and accusative forms.

Definitions and applications relating to personal pronouns are always separated by commas.

Designation of cases in the table: I - nominative, P - genitive, Rp - genitive with a preposition, D - dative, Dp - dative with a preposition, V - accusative, Vp - accusative with a preposition, T - instrumental, Tp - instrumental with a preposition, P - prepositional (always with a preposition).

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Books

• Niger-Congo proto-language. Personal pronouns, Babaev Kirill Vladimirovich. The book is devoted to a comparative analysis of personal marking systems in the languages ​​of the Niger-Congo macrofamily - the largest genetic association of languages ​​in the world. The macrofamily includes...