What does the dative case answer? How to distinguish dative and prepositional cases if they have the same endings and semantic questions

There are different languages ​​in different countries of the world. There are various methods to help people understand a particular language. For example, in Russian there are cases. In other languages ​​that do not have this concept, there are different arrangements of words, prepositions and other methods of connecting words into sentences and giving them meaning. In our native language there are cases such as instrumental, nominative, dative, prepositional, genitive and accusative. The change in case of any part of speech is called its declension, which is expressed in the ending of the word.

Dative case questions.

Let's take a closer look at the dative case. The dative case answers the questions “To whom?”, “To what?”, in addition to these questions, a word such as “give” appears.

For example, give “Who?”, “What” - a person, a ladder.

"TO blackboard student Ivanov was called to answer.” The noun “board” in this sentence is in the dative case and in the singular.

"To school boards special chalk included." In this example, the same noun is in the dative case, but in the plural.

Dative endings and prepositions.

Next, let's talk about endings. As mentioned above, when the case of any word changes, its ending changes. In the dative case, nouns of the first declension will have the ending “E” (wall, board), the second declension will have the ending “U” (log, air conditioner) and the third declension will have the ending “I” (dirt).

Prepositions are used to create a beautiful combination of words in a sentence. The prepositions “K” and “Po” are used with nouns in the dative case.

« Over the bridge a man was walking, enjoying the magical beauty of the river," TO another date We started preparing events.”

Everything in Russian six independent cases, and nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns are declined (changed by case). But schoolchildren often have difficulty determining case. Students cannot always correctly put a question to a word, and this leads to mistakes. Particular difficulties arise when a word has the same form in different cases.

There are several techniques that will help you accurately determine the case of a word.

1. Statement of the question.

Please note that the question must be case, and not semantic. For questions where? Where? When? Why? case cannot be determined.

Both candidates(from whom? – R. p.).

What happened in 1812?(in what? – P. p.).

After the concert five(I. p.) spectators(whom? – R. p.) stayed in the hall(in what? – P. p.).

In ten minutes(through what? – V. p.) he (I. p.) returned.

She is happy with the new car(how? – etc.).

2. There are auxiliary words, which can help in determining case:

To distinguish homonymous case forms, the following techniques are used.

3. Replacing the singular with the plural.

Walk along the road(ending -e in both D. p. and P. p.).

Walk on the roads(Why? – D. p., in P. p. – about roads).

4. Replacing the masculine gender with the feminine gender.

Met a friend(the ending -a in both R. p. and V. p.).

Met a friend(whom? – V. p., in R. p. – girlfriends).

5. The magic word is mom.

Particular difficulties arise when distinguishing the forms of accusative and genitive, accusative and nominative cases. As always, he will come to the rescue "Mother". This is the word that can be substituted into a sentence. Framed, look at the ending: mom A – nominative, mom Y – genitive; mom U – accusative case.

Perish yourself, and comrade(ending -a in both R. p. and V. p.) help out.

Die yourself, and mom(V.p.) help out.

6. Knowledge of characteristic prepositions also helps to determine case.

As you can see, there are prepositions characteristic of only one case: without– for genitive case (no hitch); by, to – for dative case (through the forest, towards the house), oh, oh, at – for prepositional case (about three heads, in front of you).

Let us remember that the case of the adjective is determined by the case of the word being defined. In order to determine the case of an adjective, it is necessary to find in the sentence the noun to which it refers, because the adjective is always in the same case as the word being defined.

I'm happy with the new coat. Adjective new refers to a noun coat in T. p., therefore, new – etc.

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Schools today explain cases to children starting in the second and third grades. Although previously the concept of cases was introduced only in the fifth grade. And it is no coincidence that it is much easier for a 10-year-old child to explain cases than for an 8-9-year-old child. Therefore, in the class, most children do not understand the meaning of cases, and cannot inflect words according to cases. And they often ask to explain the concept of cases to their parents. We need to approach the issue creatively and explain the cases using examples that the child can understand.

It would seem such simple concepts - and there are only 6 cases, but children remember the cases with difficulty. We offer several simple ways to explain cases.

What happens if there are no cases?

Try using all nouns in the nominative case in a sentence. For example: “Mom is eating porridge” or “Dad is reading the newspaper.” The child will clarify - why does mom eat porridge? Or “why does dad read the newspaper?” It can't be like that. Then you will explain to your child why it is so important what the ending of the word is.

And the ending of the word indicates a certain case. That is, in fact, cases are needed to control the endings of words and help us subordinate one word to another in speech. Hence the name - case! Fall down before the main word.

The most important is the nominative case.

And the most important word in a sentence is the word in the nominative case. The main thing is the nominative word. It answers the question “who?” or “what?” Usually this word has an action. For example, “Mom is eating.” Mom is a word (noun) in the nominative case.

All six cases in detail

Genitive,

Dative,

Accusative,

Instrumental,

Prepositional.

How to explain these cases to a child? We draw the child’s attention to the name of each case.

Genitive- gave birth, parent. And the question can be posed like this: no one? what?"Not yet - but" we'll give birth and it will be". Genitive.

For example, “Today we will have an orchestra rehearsal.” The word "orchestra" here is in the genitive case. Because from the main word “Rehearsal” we can ask this word the question “what?”

Next case " Dative". From the word "Give". From the main word to which the word in the dative case is subject, we can ask a question to this word “give to whom?” “give to what?"(for example, a move, a start in life, etc.)

Example: “The child needs to explain the cases.” Here the word “child” is in the dative case “to whom?”. It is worth explaining to your child that sometimes there is no main word in a sentence. And sometimes there is only one main word. For example, in the sentence “Fog”.

Case " Accusative" is the most problematic case to explain to children. Children very often confuse the accusative case with the nominative case or with the genitive case. After all, the word in the accusative case answers the question “ whom?" or “what?". However, there is an important detail - the endings of words and their hierarchy in sentences. Let's look at it with examples.

« The chicken laid an egg" - “egg” is not the main word in the sentence, although it answers the question “what?” This means that the word “egg” is in accusative case.

"Mom eats porridge" - "What?" porridge - accusative case. This word ends " at", different from the ending of this word in the nominative case " A«.

« Mom put a spoonful of porridge" - and here we are dealing with the genitive case. Because we can ask the question “what”. “A spoon of what?” - “porridge.”

« Mom saw the girl" - the word "girl" is in the accusative case. Blame “who?” girl. But if you could ask the question “there is no one?” - characteristic for genitive case, then the ending of the word “girl” A" would change to "girls" And«.

So, let's explain to the child meaning of the accusative case — blame. Therefore the auxiliary question " blame who?» « blame what?". In the genitive case the auxiliary question " No one?» « no what?«.

Accordingly, here is the word “mouse” in the accusative And in the genitive case:

"mice" - genitive (no one? mice)

"mouse" - accusative case (blame who? mouse).

The word "apple" in the accusative and in genitive cases:

"apple" - genitive (no what?- apple)

"apple" - accusative case (blame what?- apple).

Instrumental case. The most beautiful case. Helps you create. And the corresponding question is “ made by whom?» « done by what?". You can come up with something closer to the name of the instrumental case “ created by whom?» « created by what?»

The word “mother” is in the instrumental case “mama”. Answers the question " made by whom?"Mom.

The word “dog” is in the instrumental case “dog”. You can ask the question " made by whom?"dog.

The word "pear" is in the instrumental case "pear". You can ask the question " done by what?» pear.

And the very last case " Prepositional". If you explain this case to a child from the point of view of a “sentence,” it will become clear. That is, “prepositional” - to offer and “ negotiate about whom? about what?»

We chatted happily, sitting on logs (“ negotiate what?"about logs)

Masha told the class about dad. — the word “papa” in the prepositional case: “ about whom?"about dad.

As a rule, prepositional easy to recognize on the pretext in front of him. This is also why it has the name “prepositional.” For example, if we say “Masha told dad a fairy tale,” then the word dad will be in dative case, but if we say “Masha told a story about dad,” then there is a preposition and the word dad is in the prepositional case. It is very important to draw the child’s attention to this circumstance, since in both the dative and prepositional cases the endings of the words are the same.

It all depends on the context. That’s why we draw children’s attention to the fact that cases subordinate words in a sentence; they do not exist on their own. That's the point. However, we may well decline any noun by case, but here we immediately ask the appropriate questions.

If we simply write a word in different cases, we will not understand which case it is in.

For example:

mouse, mice, mice, mouse, mouse, oh mouse.

Have you determined the case?

And like this when we ask a question:

Who? - mouse - nominative case

whom? mice - genitive case

to whom? mice - dative case

whom? mouse - accusative case

by whom? mouse - instrumental case

about whom? about the mouse - prepositional case

Now everything becomes clear. And in a sentence, the child will ask a question for each word and will easily determine in which case the word is.

Order of cases in declension

How to explain to your child the order of cases in declension.

R-Birth

B - Vinyl

T - Created

P - Prepositions were given.

This way the order of cases will fit into the child’s head and their meaning will be immediately remembered.

Let’s repeat the questions for the cases so that the child can easily remember

Let us once again list the characteristic questions for the case.

Nominative - who? What?

Genitive - no one? no what?

Dative - “give to whom?” “give to what?”

Accusative - “blame who?” “blame what?”

Creative - “made by whom?” "made by what?"

Prepositional - “about whom?” "about what?" - there is a preposition before the noun.

The dative case (comes from the Latin “casus dativus”) belongs to a number of oblique cases. This case, which has its own semantics, is opposed to such cases as nominative, genitive and accusative. This opposition is explained quite simply: these very cases (in their original form) represent a certain dependence of the name on the word that controls it.

The dative case is characterized by the meaning of “Recipient” (that is, “Recipient”). In the Russian language there is such a thing as the experiential dative (experiential is the bearer of perceptions and feelings), which behaves in a special way in syntax - in this form you can see some properties that are characteristic only of the subject.

The dative case is combined with prepositions such as “by” and “to”. This case can convey different meanings depending on what position it is in. For example, in the conditional position with the preposition “to” the dative case performs the following functions:

Conveys the objective meaning: “indifferent to the grief of others”; “contempt for the lazy”; “to force reconciliation”; “I lost interest in my friend”; “prepare for negotiations”; “write to an official”; “study habit”; "aversion to food"; “drug sensitivity”;

It has a defining meaning: by time (“cool by spring”; “cooling by autumn”), by purpose and purpose (“prepare for inspection”; “fit for loading”; “prepare for lunch”; “products for breakfast”; “ details for the car”; “reference book for the text”), by location (“go to the window”; “turn to the park”; “road to the house”; “flight to Mars”);

Appears in an informatively filling role: “reduces to trifles”; “was among the worst”; "leaned towards the opinion."

Speaking in a non-verbal position, the dative case will have the following meanings:

Definitive (in place and time);

Object;

Predicative feature.

In a conditional position with the preposition “by”, the dative case can have such meanings as attributive (specifying, in time, space, place, purpose, method, reason, correspondence, measure) and objective.

In the Russian language, it is also possible to combine distributive meanings with different meanings of the dative case in the conditional position with the preposition “by”. Here we are talking about a meaning that shows reference to both several or many subjects and several or many objects.

In a non-verbal position, the dative case with the preposition “by” can have:

Subjective meaning (in this case acts as the main member in the sentence);

Determinative (by place, time, limitation and basis);

The meaning of the predicate.

From all of the above we can conclude that the dative case with the preposition “by” has a lot of meanings. It is also worth noting that a design of this kind is particularly productive. The preposition “by” can very often act as an indicator of certain relationships.

In addition to the prepositions “po” and “to”, the dative case in phrases and sentences is also combined with other prepositions, which in Russian are called non-primitive. These include: “in relation to (someone, something)”, “unlike (someone, something)”, “according to (something)”, “like (someone, something)”, “in contrast to (someone, something)”, “in contrast to (someone, something)”, “thanks to (someone, something)”, “towards ( someone, something)”, “in accordance with (something)”, “contrary to (someone, something)”, “according to (something)”, “in the direction of (someone, something)".

Most of these prepositional-case forms are distinguished by their unambiguity. The meanings of attributive and predicative features are derived precisely from these same meanings. Some of these forms, when used figuratively, acquired an object meaning.

The Russian language has six cases that express certain roles of nouns in sentences: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, instrumental, prepositional. One of them is the dative case in Russian. It occupies a special place in comparison with other indirect cases, since it is opposed to them in that it has its own semantics.

The dative case indicates the object to which the action is directed, the addressee (for example, writing to a sister, helping parents), the subject (for example, rejoicing at birth, belonging to a child), the object of state and property (for example, loyalty to what was said, devotion to the owner). It expresses an attitude that determines the purpose of an object (a hymn to labor), and is used in impersonal sentences to convey the state of the subject (the child was not feeling well and wanted to sleep). The dative case answers the question (you can sometimes mentally substitute the word “give”) “to whom?”, “what?”, “where?”, “where?”

The dative case, compared to other indirect cases, can be used with fewer primitive prepositions (“to” and “by”). In the conditional position, the dative case in Russian with the preposition “k” can serve as an informative-filling form (belong to the most famous sayings), have an objective meaning (respect for parents), have a definitive meaning (in place: go to the door; in time : warming by noon; by purpose and purpose: food for lunch).

In the non-verbal position, the dative case with the preposition “to” has the meaning of a predicative attribute (the ability to sing), an objective meaning in determination (this dress lacks something bright), attributive and adverbial meanings of place and time (it got warmer in the evening). When using the preposition “by” in a verb position, the dative case has the following meanings: objective (knock on wood, miss one’s brother), attributive with the meanings of place (to walk along the road), time (to sleep at night), reasons (to say by mistake), goals (check call). In the non-verbal position, these are the meanings of the predicative feature (longing for the parental home), the subjective meaning (everyone has a book left) and the attributive meaning (the store is closed on Sundays).

The dative case is combined with the following non-primitive prepositions: in contrast to (what was said), thanks to (mother), in spite of (himself), following (the company), contrary to (fate), in relation to (the professor), according to (contract), in accordance with (goals ), judging by (quantity). It is especially worth paying attention to the dative in which the names of the first declension (masculine and feminine, which end in “-a”, “-ya”) depend on the name itself) in the dative case the endings have “-e”, “-i” in singular (for example, mother, wall, history, aunt) and “-am”, “-yam” - in the plural (for example, mothers, uncles).

Nouns of the second declension (masculine and neuter gender with and ending in “-o”) have singular endings “-у”, “-у” (for example, okno, stola) and plural endings - “-am”, “-yam” (for example, windows, tables) in the dative case. Nouns of the third declension (ending in in the dative case have endings “-i” in the singular (for example, by night, by fabric) and “-am”, “-yam” - in the plural (for example, by night, by tissue ).