What did Mamai die from? Who is Mamai and what did he do? Mamai in the Battle of Kulikovo

Name: Mamai

Years of life: OK. 1335 - 1380

State: Golden Horde

Field of activity: Army, politics

Greatest Achievement: Not being a descendant of Genghis Khan, he became the ruler of part of the Golden Horde. Led the Mongol army in the Battle of Kulikovo

The name Mamaia is widely known in Rus'. How did it happen that Temnik managed to become not only the de facto ruler of the Golden Horde within twenty years, but also entered world history thanks to his activities? Mamai was born in Cafe, presumably in 1335, and belonged to the Mongolian family of Kiyatov. By origin, he could not be a khan - only the Genghisids occupied the throne. But he managed to become the son-in-law of the last of the Batuids.

Viceroy Mamai

In the sixties of the fourteenth century, two very important events happened in the fate of Mamai - the khan appointed him governor of the Northern Black Sea region. At that time, he was already married to the khan’s daughter, which undoubtedly made his appointments expected and logical.

In 1359, the eighth khan of the Golden Horde, Muhammad Berdibek Khan, was killed as a result of the seizure of power by Kulpa, a self-proclaimed khan, his distant relative. After the death of Temnik's father-in-law, a twenty-year anniversary began, which went down in world history as "". Mamai did not stand aside from these events - he started a war against the new ruler. Mamai controlled the western part of the state. He himself could not sit on the throne due to his insufficiently noble origin. He needed a complaisant and weak-willed khan who would allow him to become the de facto ruler. In 1361, his choice falls on Abdullah from the Batuid clan, a relative of the late ruler, whom he appoints as ruler of the White Horde. But other khans began to challenge this decision, presenting their claims to the khan’s Golden Horde throne. Over two decades, a total of 9 khans laid claim to it.

Mamai understood that in the fight for the Khanate he needed allies in international politics. And therefore he began to establish connections with Western countries.

Mamai and the Golden Horde

In 1370 Abdullah Khan dies. There are different versions of his death, including violent death. The next khan was, according to some versions, the Temnik’s wife herself. Archaeologists have even found minted gold coins with her image. But no matter how Mamai was satisfied with the candidacy of his wife, Tulunbek Khanum, he understood that the horde should be headed by a male Genghisid Khan. The fate of this woman, Mamai’s wife, subsequently turned tragic. After the death of Mamai, she was married to strengthen the authority of his power, but a few years later she was executed by him on suspicion of conspiracy.

In 1372, the eight-year-old Mohammed Sultan was proclaimed khan. Ten years later he died in, but at that time he was quite convenient for Mamai as a well-controlled ruler.

But everything was not easy with the legality of Mohammed’s rights - according to Yassa, the law, the khans proclaimed by Mamai were illegal.

Mamai in the Battle of Kulikovo

After the murder of his father, Tokhtamysh fled under the protection of. And he used the fugitive Genghisid to gain control over the Horde. Several times the army of Timur and Tokhtamysh tried to seize the throne, but each time they failed. Circumstances helped - in 1380, in the Battle of Kulikovo, Mamai was not only defeated, but also Bulak Khan, who was proclaimed a temnik, died in this battle. This did not break Mamai, but circumstances were still against him.

An attempt to hide in Crimea under the protection of the Genoese, in his native Cafa, failed - he was not allowed into the city. Mamai was soon killed by mercenaries sent by Tokhtamysh. The funeral of the extraordinary and famous temnik was held in the most honorable manner.

Regarding the most fatal event in the life of Mamai - the Battle of Kulikovo - historians have two versions. Some, led by L. Gumilev, N. Karamzin, G. Vernadsky, believe that there was no battle, and the Tatars were allies rather than oppressors. And it was this union that saved Rus' from disappearing as a state during a difficult period of civil strife.

Opponents of this group of scientists rely on descriptions of the atrocities of the Tatars in Russian chronicles - mass executions, destruction of cities, murders. But most of the chronicles could have been edited much later - during the reign of Ivan III, for political purposes, to suit the current international situation - in particular, due to the deterioration of relations with the Principality of Lithuania, longtime allies of the Mongols.

Both versions have a right to life, but perhaps the truth is somewhere in the middle.

“How Mamai passed” - this proverb is still often used in Russian speech. It is used when talking about devastation, defeat. This is one of the few expressions from the era of the Battle of Kulikovo, when Mamaev’s army was defeated.

Childhood and youth

Mamai’s biography has a large number of blank spots, because more than 6 centuries have passed since his birth. Presumably, he was born in 1335 in the capital of the Golden Horde, the city of Sarai-Batu. He was from the Mongolian Kiyat tribe and professed Islam. The name is an ancient Turkic version of the name Muhammad.

A successful marriage with the daughter of the khan of the Golden Horde allowed Mamai to take the post of beklyarbek in 1357: he led the supreme court, the army and conducted foreign policy affairs. Without marrying Tulunbek, Mamai would not have been allowed to reach such a high rank.

Golden Horde

In 1359, after the murder of Berdibek's father-in-law by Khan Kulpa, Mamai declared war on him. From this moment on, the so-called “Great Trouble” in the Horde begins. Since Mamai was not a Genghisid, he could not take the title of khan. Then, in 1361, he proclaimed his protege Abdullah, who came from the Batuid family, as the khan of the White Horde (part of the Golden Horde, the second part was called the Blue Horde).

This step caused protests from other contenders for power. Mamai had to fight nine khans from 1359 to 1370: by 1366 he was able to take control of the western part of the state, from the right bank of the Volga to the Crimea. Periodically, he owned the capital, the city of Saray. In foreign policy, Mamai focused on rapprochement with European states - Venice, Genoa, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and others.

In 1370, the protege Abdullah died, presumably at the hands of Mamai. His place was taken by Muhammad Bulak, an eight-year-old boy from the Batuid clan. De jure he ruled the self-proclaimed Mamaev Horde until 1380, until he died in the Battle of Kulikovo. In fact, Mamai ruled without accepting the khan title.

Temnik's relations with Moscow developed in different ways. In the early years of his reign, Mamai provided support to the capital; in 1363, an agreement was signed with Metropolitan Alexy to reduce tribute. Moscow Prince Dmitry recognized the power of Mamai and Khan Abdullah.

However, in 1370, Mamai took the Grand Duchy from him and handed it over to Mikhail Tverskoy. A year later, Dmitry paid a personal visit to the residence of the beklarbek and returned the label. The enmity between the two states escalated after the Tatar squad that accompanied the ambassadors of Mamai was beaten in Nizhny Novgorod in 1374. The “great peace” began, which ended only with the Battle of Kulikovo.

In 1377, the young khan of the Golden Horde began to conquer the lands: in the spring of 1378 he conquered the eastern part, the Blue Horde. Next he went to the western part, the White Horde, where Mamai actually ruled. By the beginning of 1380, Tokhtamysh managed to return almost the entire territory of the Golden Horde; only Crimea and the Northern Black Sea region remained under the control of Mamai.

In such difficult conditions, Mamai decides to organize a campaign against Rus' in order to collect more tribute. Taking into account the fact that the horde's troops were impoverished, the ruler's advisers hired mercenaries for money - Circassians, Genoese, etc. The culmination of the fight against the Russians was the Battle of Kulikovo Field, which took place on September 8, 1380. The head of the Russian army was the Moscow prince Dmitry Donskoy.

Modern scientists disagree on the assessment of the size of the Golden Horde army. Some say that Mamai had 60 thousand people, others believe that from 100 to 150 thousand. The troops of Dmitry Donskoy were first estimated at 200-400 thousand people, later dropped to 30 thousand. Archaeologists who carried out excavations on the Kulikovo field, We are sure that there were from 5 to 10 thousand participants on both sides, and the battle lasted not 3 hours, as described in the chronicles, but 20-30 minutes.

Information about the battle has been preserved in four written sources: “Zadonshchina”, “The Tale of the Battle of Mamayev”, “A Brief Chronicle Tale of the Battle of Kulikovo”, “A Long Chronicle Tale of the Battle of Kulikovo”. The term “Battle of Kulikovo” was introduced into science in “History of the Russian State.”

The troops converged in the area where the Nepryadva River flows into the Don, now the territory of the Tula region. For a long time, the reason for the lack of burials on the Kulikovo Field remained a mystery; excavations ended with the discovery of weapons. However, in 2006, thanks to new ground penetrating radars, supposed mass graves of the dead were discovered. The absence of bone remains was explained by the chemical activity of chernozem, which quickly destructs tissue.

On the morning of September 8, the troops waited until the fog cleared. The battle began with small skirmishes, after which the famous duel with Chelubey took place, in which both died. Dmitry Donskoy first watched the battle in the guard regiment, then joined the ranks, exchanging clothes with the Moscow boyar.

Mamai watched the battle from afar. As soon as he realized that the army was defeated and the Russian ambush regiment was finishing off the remnants of his warriors, the Tatars, led by the ruler, took flight. The proclaimed young khan, under whom Mamai was a beklarbek, died on the battlefield.

From September 9 to 16, the dead were buried on the field. A church was built on the mass grave, which has not survived to this day. Since 1848, a monument designed by A.P. Bryullov has stood on the Kulikovo Field. Historians believe that Dmitry Donskov’s victory on the Kulikovo Field brought Rus' closer to liberation from foreign domination. For the Horde, the defeat of Mamai contributed to its consolidation under the rule of a single khan, Tokhtamysh.

After the defeat on the Kulikovo Field, Mamai tried to reassemble the army to take revenge on Dmitry Donskoy. However, the next blow to Rus' failed to take place, since Khan Tokhtamysh was actively trying to recapture Mamai’s last possessions.

In September 1380, the armies of Mamai and Tokhtamysh met in the Battle of Kalki. According to surviving memories, there was no direct battle - the bulk of Mamaev’s army simply went over to Tokhtamysh’s side. Mamai did not dare to confront them and fled to Crimea. With the victory of Tokhtamysh, a long internecine war ended, and the Golden Horde became a single state.

Personal life

Mamai took Tulunbek, the daughter of the Khan of the Golden Horde Berdibek, as his senior wife. The marriage was beneficial for the temnik; he was given the title of the khan’s son-in-law, “gurgen.” Thanks to his closeness with Berdibek, Mamai received the position of beklarbek - first minister. This is the highest rank that a “nechingizid” could claim.

In 1380, after Mamai lost the Battle of Kalka, he fled to Crimea, where he was killed. Tulunbek, along with his harem - younger wives - went to Tokhtamysh. He decided to marry Mamai’s widow to increase his own legitimacy in the eyes of the capital’s nobility.

Six years later, a conspiracy was formed against Tokhtamysh, information about which has not been preserved. They probably tried to replace him on the throne with a descendant of Batu. It is believed that the participants in the conspiracy were adherents of Mamai, led by Tulunbek. Tokhtamysh executed his wife, suspecting her of treason.

It is not possible to say exactly how many children Mamai had. It is known that one of his sons, Mansur Kiyatovich, left Crimea after the death of his father and created an autonomous principality between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Golden Horde, which later became part of Lithuania.

His son Alexa converted to Orthodoxy in 1392, receiving the name Alexander. He married his own son to Princess Anastasia of Ostrog. Mansur's second descendant, Skider, became the head of the Cumans in the western part of the Northern Black Sea region.

In the 16th century, the princes began to be called Glinsky in official Lithuanian documents, after the name of the city of Glinsk, where the residence was located. Presumably, this is modern Zolotonosha. The Glinskys are an extinct Lithuanian family from which the mother came. Thus, one of the descendants of Mamai turned out to be the Grand Duke of Moscow and All Rus'.

The Dashkevich, Vishnevetsky, Ruzhinsky, Ostrozhsky families are also considered descendants of Mamai. These princely families played an important role in the formation of modern Zaporozhye.

Another descendant of the beklarbek is the Ukrainian Cossack Mamai. In 2003, a film directed by Oles Sanin was released about the latter. The film is based on the author’s version of the origin of the legend about the Ukrainian Mamai. Half of the film's budget came from the director's personal savings.

Death

At the time of his death, Mamai was 45 years old, the cause of death was murder. There are several legends about how Mamai died. It is known that after the defeat from the troops of Tokhtamysh, Mamai fled to the Kafu fortress (modern Feodosia). He had with him the wealth he had accumulated over his life. The Genoese living in the fortress first accepted him in exchange for part of the treasures, and then killed him on the orders of Tokhtamysh.

According to other sources, Mamai was handed over to Tokhtamysh, who with his own hands stopped the life of the beklarbek. Khan buried him with full honors; the grave is supposedly located in Sheikh-Mamai (the modern name is the village of Aivazovskoye, not far from Feodosia). The mound was accidentally discovered by an artist. According to other sources, Mamai was buried near the walls of Solkhat (the modern urban settlement of Old Crimea).

There is a legend that Temnik Mamai was buried in golden armor on a mound named in his honor, which is located on the territory of the modern city of Volgograd. Numerous excavations on the Mamayev Kurgan did not confirm this version; the tomb was not discovered. Currently, Mamayev Kurgan is known as the monument-ensemble “To the Heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad”.

Memory

• 1955 - Karyshkovsky P. O. “Battle of Kulikovo”
• 1981 - Shennikov A. A. “The Principality of the Descendants of Mamai”
• 2010 - Pochekaev R. Yu. “Mamai: The story of an “anti-hero” in history (dedicated to the 630th anniversary of the Battle of Kulikovo)”
• 2010 - Pochekaev R. Yu. “The chronicle Mamai and the historical Mamai (an attempt to debunk stereotypes)”
• 2012 - Pachkalov A. V. “On the issue of personalized coins of Mamai”

His name entered everyday culture at the level of sayings: “as Mamai passed by.” One of the most famous pages of history is connected with it - the Battle of Kulikovo. He played secret political games with the Lithuanians and Genoese. Beklyarbek of the Golden Horde Khan Mamai.

Origin

Khan Mamai became the prototype of the famous character of Ukrainian folk culture - the Cossack knight (knight) Mamai. Modern Ukrainian historians-reformers even write seriously about the Ukrainian origin of the khan, and esotericists call the Cossack-Mamai “the cosmogonic personification of the Ukrainian people as a whole.” For the first time in the everyday culture of the common people, it appeared quite late, in the middle of the 18th century, but it became such a popular image that it hung in every house next to icons.

Mamai was half Cuman - Kipchak, half Mongol. On his father’s side, he is a descendant of Khan Akopa from the Kiyan clan, and on his mother’s side, from the clan of the Golden Horde temnik Mamai. At that time it was a common name, meaning Muhammad in Turkic. He successfully married the daughter of the Sarai ruler - Khan Berdibek, who had previously killed his father and all his brothers, and the Great Zamyatnya in the Horde began - a long period of civil strife. Berdibek himself was also killed, and the direct line of the Batuid dynasty on the main throne of the Horde was interrupted. Then the eastern descendants of Jochi began to lay claim to Sarai. Under these conditions, Mamai captured the western part of the Horde and installed khans there - indirect heirs of the Batuid family. He himself could not rule without being Genghisid. And here big politics unfolded with the participation of Mamai.

“The talented and energetic Temnik Mamai came from the Kiyan clan, which was hostile to Temujin and lost the war in Mongolia back in the 12th century. Mamai revived the Black Sea power of the Polovtsians and Alans, and Tokhtamysh, having led the ancestors of the Kazakhs, continued the Dzhuchiev ulus. Mamai and Tokhtamysh were enemies.” Lev Gumilev.

Mamai vs Tokhtamysh

Tokhtamysh was an adherent of the old Horde orders, striving to unite the splintering horde. In addition, he was a Chingizid and had undisputed rights to Sarai, as opposed to Mamai. Tokhtamysh’s father was killed by the ruler of the White Horde, Urus Khan, but after the death of the latter, the nobility there refused to obey his descendants and called on Tokhtamysh. Tokhtamysh lost the internal war, but escaped after the decisive battle by swimming across the wounded Syr Darya into the domain of Tamerlane. He said: “You are apparently a courageous man; go, regain your khanate, and you will be my friend and ally.” Tokhtamysh took the White Horde, received the Blue Horde by right of inheritance, and moved towards Mamai. Now everything depended on the alliances formed in the West.

Big politics

As the Golden Horde weakened in strife, the Lithuanians began to strengthen themselves in territories previously controlled by the Mongols. Kyiv became practically Lithuanian, Chernigov and Severskaya were under the influence of Lithuania. Prince Olgerd was militantly anti-Orthodox, while the majority of the population in the expanded Lithuania was already Russian, and Moscow took advantage of this against the Lithuanians. However, other Russian princes, on the contrary, used Lithuania against Moscow - primarily the Suzdal and Novgorod residents. There was also division in Western politics in the Horde.

Mamai bet on Lithuania, and Tokhtamysh on Moscow. Mamai led a pro-Western line, because he needed money to fight Tokhtamysh. The Crimean Genoese promised to help with money in exchange for concessions for the extraction of furs in northern Rus'. Mamai tried for a long time to persuade Moscow to fulfill the conditions of the Genoese in exchange for a label and other privileges. The Muscovites accepted both. Metropolitan Alexy, who de facto ruled when Dmitry was a child, used Mamai to elevate, both legal and actual, the Moscow principality. But in the end, Moscow turned away from Mamai, and the so-called “great peace” occurred. Not without the influence of Sergius of Radonezh, who said that there could be no business with the Latins (Genoese and Latins).

From the “Sermon on the Life and Repose of Grand Duke Dmitry Ivanovich, Tsar of Russia”: “Mamai, incited by crafty advisers who adhered to the Christian faith, and themselves did the deeds of the wicked, said to his princes and nobles: “I will seize the Russian land, and I will destroy Christian churches.” ... Where the churches were, I’ll put ropats here.”

Before the Battle of Kulikovo

Interesting events took place before the Battle of Kulikovo. Since Mamai hoped to conclude an alliance either with Moscow, and then with other principalities against Moscow, he often sent embassies to Rus'. To Ryazan, Tver, Moscow itself, etc. These embassies were often treated disgustingly. This happened in Nizhny Novgorod (then under the reign of the Suzdal people), where the Suzdal bishop Dionysius sat. He raised up the townspeople's mob against the Tatar embassy. As Lev Gumilev writes, “all the Tatars were killed in the most cruel way: they were stripped naked, released onto the ice of the Volga and poisoned with dogs.” Mamai on the Pyana River overtook the drunken Suzdal troops and cut them off, repeating the same thing a little later in Nizhny. On adrenaline, Mamai decided to continue moving towards Moscow, but the troops of Mamai’s Murza Begich were defeated on the Vozha River. After this, the main open clash between Mamai and Moscow became inevitable.

) Golden Horde.

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Origin

Fight with Tokhtamysh

In 1377, the young khan, the legitimate heir to the Golden Horde throne, Chingizid Tokhtamysh, with the support of Tamerlane’s troops, began a campaign to establish legitimate power in the Golden Horde. In the spring of 1378, after the eastern part of the state (Blue Horde) with its capital at Sygnak fell, Tokhtamysh invaded the western part (White Horde), controlled by Mamai. By April 1380, Tokhtamysh managed to capture the entire Golden Horde up to the northern Azov region, including the city of Azak (Azov). Only his native Polovtsian steppes remained under the control of Mamai - the Northern Black Sea region and Crimea.

On September 8, 1380, Mamai’s army was defeated in the Battle of Kulikovo during a new campaign against the Moscow Principality, and his great misfortune was that on the Kulikovo field, the young Muhammad Bulak, who had been proclaimed khan by him, died, under whom Mamai was a beklarbek. The defeat on the Kulikovo field for Mamai was a heavy blow, but not fatal, but it helped the legitimate Khan Tokhtamysh to establish himself on the Golden Horde throne. Mamai wasted no time in gathering a new army in Crimea for the next campaign against Moscow. But as a result of the war with Khan Tokhtamysh, supported by Tamerlane, Mamai’s next attack on Rus' did not take place. A little later, in September 1380, a decisive battle took place between the troops of Mamai and Tokhtamysh. Historian V. G. Lyaskoronsky suggested that this battle “on Kalki” took place in the area of ​​small rivers, the left tributaries of the Dnieper near the rapids. Historians S. M. Solovyov and N. M. Karamzin suggested that the battle took place on the Kalka River, not far from the place where the Mongols inflicted their first defeat on the Russians in 1223. There was no actual battle, since on the battlefield most of Mamai’s troops went over to the side of the legitimate Khan Tokhtamysh and swore allegiance to him. Mamai and the remnants of his loyal companions did not start bloodshed and fled to the Crimea, while his harem and noble women from the Jochi clan, whom Mamai cared for, were captured by Tokhtamysh. The victory of Tokhtamysh led to the establishment of legitimate power in the state, the end of a long internecine war (“Great Zamyatnya”) and the temporary strengthening of the Golden Horde until the clash with Tamerlane.

Death

After his defeat from the troops of Tokhtamysh, Mamai fled to Kafa (now Feodosia), where he had long-standing connections and political support of the Genoese, but he was not allowed into the city. He tried to penetrate Solkhat (now Old Crimea), but was intercepted by Tokhtamysh's patrols and killed. It is assumed that he was killed by mercenaries on the orders of the khan. Tokhtamysh buried Mamai with honors.

Descendants of Mamai

According to the family legend of the Glinsky princes, the descendants of Mamai were serving princes in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Glinskys, whose family domains were located on the lands of the Poltava and Cherkasy regions of Ukraine, descended from the son of Mamai, Mansur Kiyatovich. Mikhail Glinsky staged a rebellion in Lithuania, after the failure of which he transferred to Moscow service. His niece Elena Glinskaya is the mother of Ivan IV the Terrible. Relatives of the Glinsky princes, the Russian princes Ruzhinsky, Ostrogsky, Dashkevich and Vishnevetsky played an important role in the development of the Cossack community of the Dnieper region, the formation of the Zaporozhye Army and the lands under its control, Zaporozhye.

) Golden Horde.

Origin

Fight with Tokhtamysh

In 1377, the young khan, the legitimate heir to the Golden Horde throne, Chingizid Tokhtamysh, with the support of Tamerlane’s troops, began a campaign to establish legitimate power in the Golden Horde. In the spring of 1378, after the eastern part of the state (Blue Horde) with its capital at Sygnak fell, Tokhtamysh invaded the western part (White Horde), controlled by Mamai. By April 1380, Tokhtamysh managed to capture the entire Golden Horde up to the northern Azov region, including the city of Azak (Azov). Only his native Polovtsian steppes remained under the control of Mamai - the Northern Black Sea region and Crimea.

On September 8, 1380, Mamai’s army was defeated in the Battle of Kulikovo during a new campaign against the Moscow Principality, and his great misfortune was that on the Kulikovo field, the young Muhammad Bulak, proclaimed khan by him, died, under whom Mamai was a beklarbek. The defeat on the Kulikovo field for Mamai was a heavy blow, but not fatal, but it helped the legitimate Khan Tokhtamysh to establish himself on the Golden Horde throne. Mamai wasted no time in gathering a new army in Crimea for the next campaign against Moscow. But as a result of the war with Khan Tokhtamysh, supported by Tamerlane, Mamai’s next attack on Rus' did not take place. A little later, in September 1380, a decisive battle took place between the troops of Mamai and Tokhtamysh. Historian V.G. Lyaskoronsky suggested that this battle “on Kalki” took place in the area of ​​small rivers, the left tributaries of the Dnieper near the rapids. Historians S. M. Solovyov and N. M. Karamzin suggested that the battle took place on the Kalka River, not far from the place where the Mongols inflicted the first defeat on the Russians in 1223. There was no actual battle, since on the battlefield most of Mamai’s troops went over to the side of the legitimate Khan Tokhtamysh and swore allegiance to him. Mamai and the remnants of his loyal companions did not start bloodshed and fled to the Crimea, while his harem and noble women from the Jochi clan, whom Mamai cared for, were captured by Tokhtamysh. The victory of Tokhtamysh led to the establishment of legitimate power in the state, the end of a long internecine war (“Great Zamyatnya”) and the temporary strengthening of the Golden Horde until the clash with Tamerlane.

Death

After his defeat from the troops of Tokhtamysh, Mamai fled to Kafa (now Feodosia), where he had long-standing connections and political support of the Genoese, but he was not allowed into the city. He tried to penetrate Solkhat (now Old Crimea), but was intercepted by Tokhtamysh's patrols and killed. It is assumed that he was killed by mercenaries on the orders of the khan. Tokhtamysh buried Mamai with honors.

Descendants of Mamai

According to the family legend of the Glinsky princes, the descendants of Mamai were serving princes in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Glinskys, whose family domains were located on the lands of the Poltava and Cherkasy regions of Ukraine, descended from the son of Mamai, Mansur Kiyatovich. Mikhail Glinsky staged a rebellion in Lithuania, after the failure of which he transferred to Moscow service. His niece Elena Glinskaya is the mother of Ivan IV the Terrible. Relatives of the Glinsky princes, the Russian princes Ruzhinsky, Ostrogsky, Dashkevich and Vishnevetsky played an important role in the development of the Cossack community of the Dnieper region, the formation of the Zaporozhye Army and the lands under its control, Zaporozhye.

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Notes

Literature

• Pochekaev R. Yu. Mamai: The story of an “anti-hero” in history (dedicated to the 630th anniversary of the Battle of Kulikovo). - St. Petersburg. : EURASIA, 2010. - 288 p. - (Clio). - 2000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-91852-020-8.(in translation)
• Gumilyov, Lev Nikolaevich. Ancient Rus' and the Great Steppe.. - St. Petersburg. : Crystal, 2002. - 767 p. - 5000 copies. - ISBN 5-306-00155-6.
• Pochekaev R. Yu.// Mamai: Experience of a historiographic anthology: Collection of scientific works / Ed. V. V. Trepavlova, I. M. Mirgaleeva; Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan. Institute of History named after. Sh. Marjani, Center for Golden Horde Studies. - Kazan: Publishing House “Fen” of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan, 2010. - P. 206-238. - 248 p. - (History and culture of the Golden Horde. Issue 13). - 600 copies. - ISBN 978-5-9690-0136-7.(region)

• Shennikov A. A.// Deposited in INION. - L., 1981. - No. 7380. - pp. 20-22.
• Grigoriev A. P.
• Petrov A. E..
• (link unavailable since 12/23/2015 (1528 days))
• Karyshkovsky P. O. Battle of Kulikovo. - M.: Gospolitizdat, 1955. - 64 p. - 100,000 copies.(region)
• Kirpichnikov A. N. Battle of Kulikovo. - L.: Science. Leningr. department, 1980. - 120 p. - 10,000 copies.(region)
• Zhuravel A.V.“AKA LIGHTNING ON A RAIN DAY.” In 2 books. - M.: “Russian Panorama”, “Russian Historical Society”, 2010. - 2000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-93165-177-4 (general);
  • Book 1: The Battle of Kulikovo and its trace in history. - 424 p., ill. - ISBN 978-5-93165-178-1 (book 1).
  • Book 2: The Legacy of Dmitry Donskoy. - 320 pp., ill. - ISBN 978-5-93165-179-8 (book 2).

Excerpt characterizing Mamai

Having taken command of the armies, Kutuzov remembered Prince Andrei and sent him an order to come to the main apartment.
Prince Andrei arrived in Tsarevo Zaimishche on the very day and at the very time of the day when Kutuzov made the first review of the troops. Prince Andrei stopped in the village at the priest’s house, where the commander-in-chief’s carriage stood, and sat on a bench at the gate, waiting for His Serene Highness, as everyone now called Kutuzov. On the field outside the village one could hear either the sounds of regimental music or the roar of a huge number of voices shouting “hurray!” to the new commander-in-chief. Right there at the gate, ten steps from Prince Andrei, taking advantage of the prince’s absence and the beautiful weather, stood two orderlies, a courier and a butler. Blackish, overgrown with mustaches and sideburns, the little hussar lieutenant colonel rode up to the gate and, looking at Prince Andrei, asked: is His Serene Highness standing here and will he be there soon?
Prince Andrei said that he did not belong to the headquarters of His Serene Highness and was also a visitor. The hussar lieutenant colonel turned to the smart orderly, and the orderly of the commander-in-chief said to him with that special contempt with which the orderlies of the commander-in-chief speak to officers:
- What, my lord? It must be now. You that?
The hussar lieutenant colonel grinned into his mustache in the tone of the orderly, got off his horse, gave it to the messenger and approached Bolkonsky, bowing slightly to him. Bolkonsky stood aside on the bench. The hussar lieutenant colonel sat down next to him.
– Are you also waiting for the commander-in-chief? - the hussar lieutenant colonel spoke. “Govog”yat, it’s accessible to everyone, thank God. Otherwise, there’s trouble with the sausage makers! It’s not until recently that Yeg “molov” settled in the Germans. Now, maybe it will be possible to speak in Russian. Otherwise, who knows what they were doing. Everyone retreated, everyone retreated. Have you done the hike? - he asked.
“I had the pleasure,” answered Prince Andrei, “not only to participate in the retreat, but also to lose in this retreat everything that was dear to me, not to mention the estates and home... of my father, who died of grief.” I am from Smolensk.
- Eh?.. Are you Prince Bolkonsky? It’s great to meet: Lieutenant Colonel Denisov, better known as Vaska,” said Denisov, shaking Prince Andrei’s hand and peering into Bolkonsky’s face with especially kind attention. “Yes, I heard,” he said with sympathy and, after a short silence, continued : - Here comes the Scythian war. It’s all good, but not for those who take the puff on their own sides. And you are Prince Andgey Bolkonsky? - He shook his head. “It’s very hell, prince, it’s very hell to meet you,” he added again with a sad smile, shaking his hand.
Prince Andrei knew Denisov from Natasha's stories about her first groom. This memory, both sweet and painful, now transported him to those painful sensations that he had not thought about for a long time, but which were still in his soul. Recently, so many other and such serious impressions as leaving Smolensk, his arrival in Bald Mountains, the recent death of his father - so many sensations were experienced by him that these memories had not come to him for a long time and, when they did, had no effect on him. him with the same strength. And for Denisov, the series of memories that Bolkonsky’s name evoked was a distant, poetic past, when, after dinner and Natasha’s singing, he, without knowing how, proposed to a fifteen-year-old girl. He smiled at the memories of that time and his love for Natasha and immediately moved on to what was now passionately and exclusively occupying him. This was the campaign plan he came up with while serving in the outposts during the retreat. He presented this plan to Barclay de Tolly and now intended to present it to Kutuzov. The plan was based on the fact that the French line of operations was too extended and that instead of, or at the same time, acting from the front, blocking the way for the French, it was necessary to act on their messages. He began to explain his plan to Prince Andrei.
“They can’t hold this entire line.” This is impossible, I answer that they are pg"og"vu; give me five hundred people, I will kill them, it’s veg! One system is pag “Tisan.”
Denisov stood up and, making gestures, outlined his plan to Bolkonsky. In the middle of his presentation, the cries of the army, more awkward, more widespread and merging with music and songs, were heard at the place of review. There was stomping and screaming in the village.
“He’s coming himself,” shouted a Cossack standing at the gate, “he’s coming!” Bolkonsky and Denisov moved towards the gate, at which stood a group of soldiers (an honor guard), and saw Kutuzov moving along the street, riding a low bay horse. A huge retinue of generals rode behind him. Barclay rode almost alongside; a crowd of officers ran behind them and around them and shouted “Hurray!”
The adjutants galloped ahead of him into the courtyard. Kutuzov, impatiently pushing his horse, which was ambling under his weight, and constantly nodding his head, put his hand to the cavalry guard’s bad-looking cap (with a red band and without a visor) that he was wearing. Having approached the honor guard of fine grenadiers, mostly cavaliers, who saluted him, he silently looked at them for a minute with a commanding stubborn gaze and turned to the crowd of generals and officers standing around him. His face suddenly took on a subtle expression; he raised his shoulders with a gesture of bewilderment.
- And with such fellows, keep retreating and retreating! - he said. “Well, goodbye, general,” he added and started his horse through the gate past Prince Andrei and Denisov.
- Hooray! hooray! hooray! - they shouted from behind him.
Since Prince Andrei had not seen him, Kutuzov had grown even fatter, flabby, and swollen with fat. But the familiar white eye, and the wound, and the expression of fatigue in his face and figure were the same. He was dressed in a uniform frock coat (a whip hung on a thin belt over his shoulder) and a white cavalry guard cap. He, heavily blurring and swaying, sat on his cheerful horse.
“Whew... whew... whew...” he whistled barely audibly as he drove into the yard. His face expressed the joy of calming a man intending to rest after the mission. He took his left leg out of the stirrup, falling with his whole body and wincing from the effort, he lifted it with difficulty onto the saddle, leaned his elbow on his knee, grunted and went down into the arms of the Cossacks and adjutants who were supporting him.
He recovered, looked around with his narrowed eyes and, looking at Prince Andrei, apparently not recognizing him, walked with his diving gait towards the porch.
“Whew... whew... whew,” he whistled and again looked back at Prince Andrei. The impression of Prince Andrei's face only after a few seconds (as often happens with old people) became associated with the memory of his personality.
“Ah, hello, prince, hello, darling, let’s go...” he said tiredly, looking around, and heavily entered the porch, creaking under his weight. He unbuttoned and sat down on a bench on the porch.
- Well, what about father?
“Yesterday I received news of his death,” Prince Andrei said briefly.
Kutuzov looked at Prince Andrei with frightened open eyes, then took off his cap and crossed himself: “The kingdom of heaven to him! May God's will be over us all! He sighed heavily, with all his chest, and was silent. “I loved and respected him and I sympathize with you with all my heart.” He hugged Prince Andrei, pressed him to his fat chest and did not let him go for a long time. When he released him, Prince Andrei saw that Kutuzov’s swollen lips were trembling and there were tears in his eyes. He sighed and grabbed the bench with both hands to stand up.
“Come on, let’s come to me and talk,” he said; but at this time Denisov, just as little timid in front of his superiors as he was in front of the enemy, despite the fact that the adjutants at the porch stopped him in angry whispers, boldly, knocking his spurs on the steps, entered the porch. Kutuzov, leaving his hands resting on the bench, looked displeased at Denisov. Denisov, having identified himself, announced that he had to inform his lordship of a matter of great importance for the good of the fatherland. Kutuzov began to look at Denisov with a tired look and with an annoyed gesture, taking his hands and folding them on his stomach, he repeated: “For the good of the fatherland? Well, what is it? Speak." Denisov blushed like a girl (it was so strange to see the color on that mustachioed, old and drunken face), and boldly began to outline his plan for cutting the enemy’s operational line between Smolensk and Vyazma. Denisov lived in these parts and knew the area well. His plan seemed undoubtedly good, especially from the power of conviction that was in his words. Kutuzov looked at his feet and occasionally glanced at the courtyard of the neighboring hut, as if he was expecting something unpleasant from there. From the hut he was looking at, indeed, during Denisov’s speech, a general appeared with a briefcase under his arm.
- What? – Kutuzov said in the middle of Denisov’s presentation. - Ready?
“Ready, your lordship,” said the general. Kutuzov shook his head, as if saying: “How can one person manage all this,” and continued to listen to Denisov.
“I give my honest, noble word to the Hussian officer,” said Denisov, “that I have confirmed Napoleon’s message.
- How are you doing, Kirill Andreevich Denisov, chief quartermaster? - Kutuzov interrupted him.
- Uncle of one, your lordship.
- ABOUT! “We were friends,” Kutuzov said cheerfully. “Okay, okay, darling, stay here at headquarters, we’ll talk tomorrow.” - Nodding his head to Denisov, he turned away and extended his hand to the papers that Konovnitsyn brought him.
“Would your lordship please welcome you to the rooms,” the general on duty said in a dissatisfied voice, “we need to consider the plans and sign some papers.” “The adjutant who came out of the door reported that everything was ready in the apartment. But Kutuzov, apparently, wanted to enter the rooms already free. He winced...