Participles are created only on the basis of verbs. Wed: sign - signed, signed; sign - signer, signer; subscribe - subscribed; subscribe - subscriber, subscriber.
All participles have common lexical meanings with the verb. If a verb is polysemantic, then, as a rule, the participles formed from it also have all its meanings. Thus, the verb to reveal (reveal) means: 1) to open wide, pushing something to the limit (open a window): 2) to discover, make known, explain (reveal a secret). Both meanings have all possible forms of participles: A window opened by the wind. The window is open by the wind. The wind opened the window. Wind revealing
window. The wind opened the window. A window opened by the wind.
Participles share morphological properties with the verb: aspect, tense, transitivity/intransitivity, voice.
Each aspectual form of the verb produces its own participles: reveal (owl aspect) - revealed, revealed; reveal (non-type) - revealing, revealing, revealing.
Participles have the forms of two tenses - present and past: revealing, revealing the present tense; revealed, revealed, revealed past tense. Participles do not have future forms.
Participles retain the meaning of transitivity and/intransitivity of the verb from which they are formed. Thus, the participle revealing is a transitive one, formed from the transitive verb to reveal: the wind opening a window (win. pad.). The intransitive participles include sitting, burning, formed from the intransitive verbs sit, burn.
Participles retain the collateral meanings of the producing verbs. Wed: Brothers made peace (mutual meaning). - Brothers made peace (mutual meaning). The boy is bathing (proper reflexive meaning). - A boy bathing (proper reflexive meaning). Participles have special morphological forms to express the correlativity of the active and passive voice: A worker carrying out a plan. - A plan carried out by a worker. The worker who carried out the plan. - The plan carried out by the worker. (In the verb system, only the passive and reflexive voice are morphologically expressed - using the postfix -sya. The active voice is always expressed in the verb syntactically - by compatibility with a noun (pronoun) in the form of the accusative case without a preposition. See § 128.)
The syntactic properties of participles that they have in common with the verb include: 1) the ability to combine with the same adverbs or adverbial combinations of words: write beautifully - one who writes beautifully; appear from time to time - appearing from time to time; 2) the ability to control the same forms: A table stands in the middle of the room. - A table standing in the middle of the room. Let's hang the lamp from the ceiling. - The lamp is suspended from the ceiling.
Features of participles common to adjectives
Like adjectives, participles denote characteristics of objects. They express an action or state as a temporary sign of an object: a sitting person is one who is sitting (currently); a sitting person is one who was sitting. Sitting, sitting - signs that characterize a person here while he is (was) in this state. The manifestation of such signs is limited by the time expressed in the participle. The time of their manifestation and duration can be clarified using contextual means, for example: The old man, who usually dozes on this bench for hours, did not come here today. (Unlike participles, adjectives express a constant attribute of an object, for example: tight trousers, white paper, a smart person, a woman's voice.)
Denoting a characteristic of an object, a participle, like an adjective, acts as a definition. At the same time, having the morphological properties of an adjective name - changing according to gender, number and cases, it agrees with the word being defined: Behind the gate of a silent garden, the bell will ring and freeze (Yesenin). Thank you, little bird, thank you to your strong and free song, which so unexpectedly rang above my window at that sad hour (Turgenev). The cherry orchards stand as if drenched in milk (Nekrasov).
Short participles, like short adjectives, are predicates: The shirt is unbuttoned, the pants are torn and burned (Kozin). The meaning of past and future tense is expressed using the connective to be: Marya Gavrilovna was brought up on French novels (Pushkin). Here the city will be founded in spite of its arrogant neighbor (Pushkin).
Finally, participles have the same ending system as adjectives. They are inflected in the same way as adjectives. Wed. declension of the words unfolded, dressed and hunchbacked, sloping; sitting and skinny, huge; armed and official. See tables of declension of adjectives with hard and soft stems in § 86.
Thus, participles are equally closely and multilaterally related to both the verb and the adjective. Not without reason, some scientists considered them as “verbal adjectives” (L. A. Bulakhovsky), included them in adjectives (representatives of the formal school, V. A. Bogoroditsky, etc.), often emphasizing their “intermediate position” between the verb and the adjective or considering “hybrid verb-adjective forms” (V.V. Vinogradov). The authors of school and academic grammars classify participles as verbs, characterizing them as attributive forms of words of a given part of speech. This point of view has become traditional. Despite the fact that both points of view are based on weighty arguments, neither of them can be considered reliably substantiated and indisputable: in the first case, verbal features are actually ignored, in the second - the features of the adjective. Considering the dual nature of participles, the equally bright and strong signs in them of both the verb and the adjective, it is advisable to distinguish them as an independent part of speech. A proponent of this approach to the characterization of participles was D.N. Ovsyaniko-Kulikovsky. April 9, 2016
When performing morphological analysis, you need to know the signs of the verb and adjective of the participle. This topic is studied according to the school curriculum in the sixth and seventh grades. We’ll tell you in more detail about how not to get confused when analyzing the participle.
Difficult part of speech
First you need to understand what a sacrament is. There is no consensus on this matter. Linguists' opinions are divided. Some believe that this is a verb form, since action is its main meaning. But one cannot deny its external similarity to an adjective. They answer the same question, have a common declension system, and similar personal endings. Therefore, we can safely say that participles have the characteristics of a verb and an adjective.
Other linguists say that the presence of a number of features gives it the right to be called an independent part of speech. Both are right in their own way. Indeed, the sacrament causes a lot of controversy. For example, the ability to engage in participle speech speaks of his independence. But at the same time, direct dependence on the verb does not allow it to be called fully independent.
Signs of verb and adjective in participle
The rule regulating what features this form has taken from other parts of speech is simple.
The first thing worth knowing is the origin of the sacrament. Historically, it goes back to the verb and has a number of common features with it. They are very closely interconnected. For example, from imperfective verbs we can only form participles of the same type (read (sov.v.) - read (sov.v.).
The verb form itself does not have a conjugation category. However, she is very dependent on him. For example, the spelling of participle suffixes directly depends on it. Verbs of the first conjugation give the suffixes -ush and -yush:) run (1 ref.- running, building (2 references) - building.
As for passive participles, it will be written here - om (em) from 1 sp. : attract - attracted, occupy - occupied. From verbs 2 sp. The suffix -im is formed: depend - dependent.
As we see, the connection between these two parts of speech is inextricable, and therefore the participle is considered as a special form of the verb.
The signs of an adjective also cannot be ignored. Firstly, there is external similarity. The most common mistake made by schoolchildren is the inability to distinguish one from another by appearance. The main thing is to remember that participles are always formed only from verbs, but take the outer shell from adj.
Secondly, they both answer the question “which?” and have almost identical endings. For example: beautiful - read, yellow - printed.
Thirdly, they have a common syntactic role - both are definitions in most cases.
Video on the topic
View
We managed to find out what are the signs of a verb and an adjective in a participle. It is worth dwelling on each of them in more detail.
Participles enter into aspectual relations in the same way as verbs.
In Russian there are two varieties of them: perfect and imperfect. It is not difficult to identify them. One has only to ask a question to the participle itself or to the verb from which they are formed.
For example: swim - what to do? (non.v.) - floating - what is he doing? (non.v.); talk - what to do? (sov.v.) - who talked - what did he do? (Soviet)
In fact, you need to remember one simple trick: if the question for a verb or participle begins with the letter “S”, then the aspect will be perfect.
Repayment
The next feature that the participle takes from the verb is reflexivity. It is not difficult to determine. If a word contains the suffix -sya or its variant -sya, then this form will be called reflexive. For example: laughing - return, floating - non-return.
Now that we remember that the participle has the characteristics of a verb and an adjective, it is worth saying that this category also changes according to the general rule. If the verb is reflexive, then its form will certainly retain this feature. If it does not have the suffix -sya, then it will not appear in the participle. If this rule is not followed, then the result will be an incorrectly formed form. Agree, words twirling And spinning have completely different meanings. In the first case, an addition is required to the participle, for example: twirling someone (something)). In the second, the action is returned to itself, so the face performs it independently.
Remember that -sya historically comes from the pronoun self. Therefore, all participles with this meaning are called reflexive.
Time
We were able to analyze in detail some of the features of the verb and adjective of the participle, but that’s not all. Next we will look at the category of time.
A participle, like a verb, has several forms. Present and past tense can be determined not only by meaning and question, but also by suffix.
If we have a participle with the suffixes -ush, -yush, -ashch, -yash, -om, -em, -im, then it conveys the action taking place at the moment. For example: singing, speaking, attracted, repeated, persecuted. You can substitute the auxiliary word “now” for each of them.
When we see participles with the suffixes -vsh, -sh, -enn, -t, nn, then in this case they have the category of past tense. For example: played, grown, brought, ground.
This is where the constant (that is, those that cannot be changed) signs of the verb and adjective of the participle end. Let's move on to the rest.
Variable signs
We have considered everything that the verb “gave” to its form - the participle. Now it’s worth talking about those that he got on behalf of the adjective. These categories are gender, number and case. These signs are not constant and may change.
The gender of a participle is easy to determine by its ending. If it is -th, then the word is masculine: falling, split.
When a word ends in -aya, it is feminine: coming.
Accordingly, with inflection the -th participle will be neuter: brought.
The case of a participle, like that of adj., must be determined by the word with which it is used.
For example: flying ball - im.p., burning flame - creative.p.
Sample parsing
Now that the morphological features of the adjective and verb of the participle have been studied, we will show how to parse it.
We approach a house under construction.
- Initial form - under construction (sign by action)
- Derived from the verb be built by adding the suffix -box.
- Constant signs:
- Nesov.view
- Present tense (suf.-box)
- Returnable (suf.-sya).
4. Variable signs:
- Male gender
- Units
- Date case
5. In a sentence it is a definition.
The topic is studied according to the school curriculum in the sixth and seventh grades. Let’s talk in more detail about how not to get confused when analyzing the participle.
Difficult part of speech
First you need to understand what a sacrament is. There is no consensus on this matter. Linguists' opinions are divided. Some believe that this is a verb form, since action is its main meaning. But one cannot deny its external similarity to an adjective. They answer the same question, have a common declension system, and are similar. Therefore, we can safely say that participles have the characteristics of a verb and an adjective.
Other linguists say that the presence of a number of features gives it the right to be called an independent part of speech. Both are right in their own way. causes a lot of controversy. For example, the ability to join speaks of his independence. But at the same time, direct dependence on the verb does not allow it to be called fully independent.
Signs of verb and adjective in participle
The rule regulating what features this form has taken from other parts of speech is simple.
The first thing worth knowing is the origin of the sacrament. Historically, it goes back to the verb and has a number of common features with it. They are very closely interconnected. For example, from imperfective verbs we can only form participles of the same type (read (sov.v.) - read (sov.v.).
The verb form itself does not have a conjugation category. However, she is very dependent on him. For example, the spelling of participle suffixes directly depends on it. Verbs of the first conjugation give the suffixes -ush and -yush:) run (1 ref.- running, building (2 references) - building.
As for passive participles, it will be written here - om (em) from 1 sp. : attract - attracted, occupy - occupied. From verbs 2 sp. The suffix -im is formed: depend - dependent.
As we see, the connection between these two parts of speech is inextricable, and therefore the participle is considered as a special form of the verb.
It’s also impossible not to notice. Firstly, there is external similarity. The most common mistake made by schoolchildren is the inability to distinguish one from another by appearance. The main thing is to remember that the participle is always formed only from verbs, but takes the outer shell from the adj.
Secondly, they both answer the question “which?” and have almost identical endings. For example: beautiful - read, yellow - printed.
Thirdly, they have a common syntactic role - both are definitions in most cases.
View
We managed to find out what are the signs of a verb and an adjective in a participle. It is worth dwelling on each of them in more detail.
Participles enter into aspectual relations in the same way as verbs.
In Russian there are two varieties of them: perfect and imperfect. It is not difficult to identify them. One has only to ask a question to the participle itself or to the verb from which they are formed.
For example: swim - what to do? (non.v.) - floating - what is he doing? (non.v.); talk - what to do? (sov.v.) - who talked - what did he do? (Soviet)
In fact, you need to remember one simple trick: if the question for a verb or participle begins with the letter “S”, then the aspect will be perfect.
Repayment
The next feature that the participle takes from the verb is reflexivity. It is not difficult to determine. If a word contains the suffix -sya or its variant -sya, then this form will be called reflexive. For example: laughing - return, floating - non-return.
Now that we remember that the participle has the characteristics of a verb and an adjective, it is worth saying that this category also changes according to the general rule. If the verb is reflexive, then its form will certainly retain this feature. If it does not have the suffix -sya, then it will not appear in the participle. If this rule is not followed, then the result will be an incorrectly formed form. Agree, words twirling And spinning have completely different meanings. In the first case, an addition is required to the participle, for example: twirling someone (something)). In the second, the action is returned to itself, so the face performs it independently.
Remember that -sya historically comes from the pronoun self. Therefore, all participles with this meaning are called reflexive.
Time
We were able to analyze in detail some of the features of the verb and adjective of the participle, but that’s not all. Next we will look at the category of time.
A participle, like a verb, has several forms. Present and past tense can be determined not only by meaning and question, but also by suffix.
If we have a participle with the suffixes -ush, -yush, -ashch, -yash, -om, -em, -im, then it conveys the action taking place at the moment. For example: singing, speaking, attracted, repeated, persecuted. You can substitute the auxiliary word “now” for each of them.
When we see participles with the suffixes -vsh, -sh, -enn, -t, nn, then in this case they have the category of past tense. For example: played, grown, brought, ground.
This is where the constant (that is, those that cannot be changed) signs of the verb and adjective of the participle end. Let's move on to the rest.
Variable signs
We have considered everything that the verb “gave” to its form - the participle. Now it’s worth talking about those that he got on behalf of the adjective. These categories are gender, number and case. These signs are not constant and may change.
The gender of a participle is easy to determine by its ending. If it is -th, then the word is masculine: falling, split.
When a word ends in -aya, it is feminine: coming.
Accordingly, with inflection the -th participle will be neuter: brought.
The case of a participle, like that of adj., must be determined by the word with which it is used.
For example: flying ball - im.p., burning flame - creative.p.
Sample parsing
Now that the morphological features of the adjective and verb of the participle have been studied, we will show how to parse it.
We approach a house under construction.
- Initial form - under construction (sign by action)
- Derived from the verb be built by adding the suffix -box.
- Constant signs:
- Nesov.view
- Present tense (suf.-box)
- Returnable (suf.-sya).
4. Variable signs:
- Male gender
- Units
- Date case
5. In a sentence it is a definition.
Isolating participles as a special form of a verb often causes difficulties. Sometimes this form is mistaken by schoolchildren for an adjective or a separate part of speech. Recognizing participles will help students avoid mistakes in their spelling and punctuation. You can find out about other issues related to the Russian language on the website, the purpose of which is to talk about complex things in simple words. The portal will help schoolchildren and students in solving complex issues in education.
A participle is a verb form that answers the questions: which? what is he doing? what did he do? The participle combines the characteristics of a verb and an adjective. The initial form of a participle is a verb. For example: played - to play, writing - to write, made - to do.
Morphological characteristics of participles
Verbal signs:
Perfect/imperfect view.
The type of participle coincides with the type of infinitive from which it is formed. What to do? - a question for an imperfect species, what to do? - for the perfect. For example: caused(to the blackboard) - call(what to do?), therefore, this is a perfect participle. Writer student - write(what to do?) – imperfect form.
Reflexive/non-reflexive participles.
Time.
The category of time can be determined both by the meaning of the word and by its suffixes. For example: broken the table (the one that was broken) is the past tense. To date, participles with the following suffixes are included: -ushch, -yushch, -ashch, -yashch, -em, -im, -om. For example: washing, shouting, whistling, played, translated, driven. The suffixes that indicate the past tense are: -ш (carrying), -vsh (twisted), -enn (built), -T (stitched), -nn (played).
Pledge.
Participles are active and passive. The voice is determined by the suffixes: -ushch, -yushch, -ashch, -yashch, -sh, -vsh - active, and -em, -im, -enn, -om - passive. The pledge can be determined by the meaning of the participle. For example: fallen(leaves) is a real participle, since the action is performed on its own, without an intermediary. A played(draw game) is a passive participle, because the game was played by someone, and not by itself.
Conjugation.
The participle itself has no conjugation, but the conjugation is determined by the verb from which it is derived and determines the vowel in the present participle suffix: writing(pen) - write(I conjugation), therefore the participle has the suffix -уш-; adhesive(envelope) - glue (II conjugation), the participle has the suffix -box-.
The remaining features do not correlate with the verb, but are directly related to the adjective.
