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Nicholas I Pavlovich Palkin Nicholas I. Artist E.I. Botman. 1856 Eleventh Emperor of All Russia (1796-1825-1855) 30 years on the throne On the slide: Monogram of Nicholas I
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Domestic policy of Nicholas I (1825-1855). PLAN OF STUDYING THE THEME: The childhood of Nicholas I. The formation of the personality of the emperor. Conservative-protective policy of Nicholas I: Centralization and bureaucratization of the state apparatus; III branch of the Office of the EIV and the Separate corps of gendarmes; "cast-iron" censorship charter; theory of official nationality; the suppression of the Polish uprising and the abolition of the Constitution. Liberal reforms of Nicholas I: reform of state peasants; codification of legislation; financial reform; the beginning of the industrial revolution; Charity and Office of Institutions of the Empress Maria. "Gloomy Seven Years" - 1848-1855 General results of the domestic policy of Nicholas I. Nicholas I on the monument "1000th Anniversary of Russia" in Veliky Novgorod.
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Assignment for the lesson What was the nature of the internal policy of Nicholas I: liberal or conservative?
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Childhood of Nicholas I Portrait of Paul I with his family. Artist Gerard von Kugelgen. 1800 "His mind is not processed, his upbringing was careless." Queen Victoria about Nicholas I, 1844. The last of the grandchildren of Catherine II, born during her lifetime: “His voice is bass, and he screams amazingly; it is a yard short of two inches long, and its arms are a little smaller than mine. For the first time in my life I see such a knight. If he continues as he began, then the brothers will be dwarfs before this colossus. Catherine II about the newborn grandson. Catherine II "Russia was founded by victories and unity of command, perished from discord, and was saved by the wise autocracy." Karamzin N.M. A note about ancient and new Russia in its political and civil relations. N.M. Karamzin. Lithograph, 1822. The Imperial family is depicted against the backdrop of Pavlovsk Park. On the right in the background is the facade of the Pavlovsk Palace, facing the Slavyanka River. The picture shows from left to right: led. book. Alexander Pavlovich in the uniform of the Life Guards Semenovsky Regiment, leaning on a pedestal with a bust of Peter I, next to him is a bicycle. book. Konstantin Pavlovich in the uniform of the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment; further leaned against the knees of the mother-Empress Maria Feodorovna, a small led. book. Nikolai Pavlovich. Behind the figure of the seated empress stands a velo. book. Ekaterina Pavlovna, and in the center of the composition, behind the harp, a led is depicted. book. Maria Pavlovna. Behind it, in the shade of trees, there is a column with a bust of a vel, who died in infancy. book. Olga Pavlovna. Further, leaning on the knees of Emperor Paul I (in the uniform of the Preobrazhensky Regiment), stands the youngest daughter - led. book. Anna Pavlovna. At the foot of the chair on the ground sits a child - led. book. Mikhail Pavlovich. At the right edge of the picture are bicycles. book. Alexandra and Elena Pavlovna.
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The third son of Paul I He received a good education at home, but did not show much zeal for studies He drew well He sincerely believed in God Howled an excellent psychologist. He did not recognize the humanities, but he was well versed in military art, was fond of fortification, was familiar with engineering. He was well versed in theater and painting. He returned Pushkin from exile, became his personal censor. He personally interrogated the arrested Decembrists, "split" almost all of them Nicholas I 1896-1825-1855.
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The reign of Nicholas I (1825-1855) "APOGEE OF AUTODERATION" is the most complete manifestation of absolutism, the unlimited power of the monarch in all spheres of public and political life. * strict centralization of the state system; * complete unity of command at all levels of government, * unconditional subordination of the lower to the higher.
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Despite the defeat of the Decembrists, Nicholas I was strongly impressed by this event. Fearing a repetition of such speeches, he, on the one hand, increased countermeasures against possible conspiracies, and on the other hand, he took steps to carefully continue reforms that would help relieve tension in society. Controversy in politics Constant struggle against the revolutionary movement, persecution of everything advanced and progressive Attempt to carry out measures that would eradicate the shortcomings of the existing system and solve the most acute problems
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HIS IMPERIAL MAJESTY'S OWN OFFICE (E.I.V.'s Own Office) From 1826 until 1881, the Own Office was subdivided into several independent departments, the value of each was equal to that of a minister. 1820s the number of officials in the Russian Empire is 20,000 people. 1860s the number of officials in the Russian Empire is 60,000 people. FOR COMPARISON: In the 1860s, the population of the Russian Empire (excluding Poland and Finland) was 61,175.9 thousand people; the number of officials in the Russian Empire is 60,000 people. 1 officer per 1000 people. FOR COMPARISON: On January 1, 2014, the population of the Russian Federation was 146,100 thousand people; the number of officials in Russia is 1,455,000 people. 10 officials per 1000 people. Nicholas I considers generals to be the best administrators. Under Nicholas I, they were both ministers and governors. Errors in the scheme: Section V was created in 1835 to reform the state peasants. In 1842, the VI Department was created to resolve issues of managing the Transcaucasus.
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The pinnacle of bureaucratic absurdity is the case of a certain Moscow farmer. He was listened to for many years, it has grown to many volumes. Only a summary of the essence of the issue occupied 15,000 pages. The case was requested from Moscow to St. Petersburg. Several carts were specially hired to transport all the papers. And on the way, everything was gone: papers, and carts, and cabbies. NIKOLAEV BUREAUCRACY
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HIS IMPERIAL MAJESTY'S OWN OFFICE (E.I.V.'s Own Office) From 1826 until 1881, the Own Office was subdivided into several independent departments, the value of each was equal to that of a minister. 1820s the number of officials in the Russian Empire is 20,000 people. 1860s the number of officials in the Russian Empire is 60,000 people. Errors in the scheme: Section V was created in 1835 to reform the state peasants. In 1842, the VI Department was created to resolve issues of managing the Transcaucasus.
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III DIVISION Own H.I.V. office "Now everyone has either a blue uniform, or a blue lining, or at least a blue patch." General A.P. Ermolov (after the establishment of the gendarme department in 1826). detective and political investigation; censorship; the fight against the Old Believers and sectarianism, surveillance of foreigners living in Russia; expulsion of unreliable and suspicious people; investigation of cases of ill-treatment of landowners with peasants. A.H. Benkendorf. Artist D.Dow. Military gallery of the Winter Palace. The corps of gendarmes is "an armed inquisition, police Freemasonry, which had in all corners of the empire, from Riga to Nerchinsk, their brothers listening and eavesdropping." A. I. GERTSEN. Literature and public opinion after December 14, 1825. Gendarmes of Nicholas I. Drawing of the middle of the 19th century. The number of gendarme corps: 1836 - 5164 people; 1857 - 4629 people; 1866 - 7076 people; 1880 - 6708 people; 1895 - 9243 people; 1914 - 13,645 people; 1917 - 15,718 people. The population of the Russian Empire in 1897 was 129,142.1 thousand people. Personnel of the III Section: 1826 - 16 people; 1829 - 20 people; 1841 - 28 people. The number of the royal gendarmerie: in 1836 in its states there were 5164 people, in 1857 - 4629, 1866 - 7076, 1880 - 6708, 1895 - 9243, 1914 - 13 645 and in 1917 g. - 15,718. Compare the number of secret services of the reactionary Nikolai Palkin with the number of special services of modern "democratic" states.
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"IRON" CENSORSHIP REGULATION Adopted on June 10 (22), 1826. The censor has the right to demand from the author: a radical reworking of the plot; rejection of fundamentally important conclusions; any changes in the text. Censors must ensure that the text of the work "does not creep into anything that could weaken the feelings of devotion, fidelity and voluntary obedience to the decrees of the authorities and domestic laws." Published with censorship passes and distortions: "Boris Godunov" by A.S. Pushkin; "Woe from Wit" by A.S. Griboyedov. They didn’t print at all: “The Demon” by M.Yu. Lermontov. Permission of the Moscow Censorship Committee dated June 10, 1838 to publish A. Pravdin's book "On Railways and End Roads in Russia". Contemporaries noted with amazement that the "cast-iron" charter banned not only all ancient Greek and Roman history, but also the official "History State of the Russian "Karamzin. "Even the Our Father could be interpreted in the Jacobin dialect, referring to this charter. " S. Glinka (Russian historian, writer). The charter forbade "any historical work in which encroachers on legitimate authority, who received a fair punishment for deeds , are presented as victims of the public good, deserving a better fate". In addition, historical works were banned if they revealed "an unfavorable disposition towards monarchical rule", any comparison of forms of government and, in general, reasoning about the historical process. Contemporaries noted with amazement that Shishkov (Minister of Education, author of the "cast-iron charter") at once banned not only the entire ancient Greek and Roman history, but also the official "History of the Russian State" by Karamzin. Of philosophical books, only textbooks were allowed: "other works of this kind, filled with pernicious sophistication of modern times, should not be printed at all."
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The fight against revolutionary moods A.Kh. Chancellery Corps of gendarmes - body of political investigation
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THE THEORY OF OFFICIAL NATIONALITY Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité SS Uvarov - Minister of Public Education. Artist V.A. Golike. 1833 Caricatures of Gustave Dore on Nikolaev Russia. 1854 On the slide: ALLEGORY OF FREEDOM. Engraving, 1790s. "Liberty, equality and fraternity" - the slogan of the Great French Revolution, in opposition to which the theory of official nationality was formulated: "Orthodoxy, autocracy, people" It should be noted that Gustave Dore drew his cartoons at the height of the Crimean War, when Russia became the main enemy of England and France in Europe. That's why cartoons are so evil. "God save the Tsar!" - the state anthem of the Russian Empire from 1833 to 1917, replacing the previous anthem "Russian Prayer".
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SUPPRESSION OF THE POLISH UPRISING Hej, kto Polak, na bagnety! Żyj, swobodo, Polsko, żyj! (Hey! Who is a Pole, with hostility! Live, freedom, Poland, live!) "Varshavyanka" is a Polish patriotic song, a symbol of the November Uprising of 1830. Under what conditions did Poland become part of Russia after the Napoleonic Wars? POLISH CONSTITUTION of 1815: the crown of Poland remains with Russia; the viceroy of the king is limited by the Constitution; bicameral Sejm - the highest legislative body (1818) official language - Polish; freedom of speech, inviolability of the person, equality of religions; Polish corps in the Russian army.
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Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich - Viceroy of the Kingdom of Poland in 1826-1830. POLISH Uprising - November 1830 - October 1831. In the summer of 1830, the revolution overthrew the Bourbon dynasty in France, in addition, the Belgians took up arms, seeking to secede from Holland and create their own state. Russia came out in defense of the Vienna order. In October, Tsar Nicholas I ordered the Polish army to prepare for a campaign in Belgium.
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SUPPRESSION OF THE POLISH UPRISING II Dibich-Zabalkansky. Field Marshal General, fourth and last full knight of the Order of St. George. I.F. Paskevich-Erivansky. Field Marshal General, one of the four full cavaliers of the Order of St. George. by the end of 1830, Russian troops were driven out of Poland; On January 13, 1831, the Sejm proclaimed the independence of Poland; Adam Czartoryski became the head of the Polish government; the Russian-Polish war began; the Poles hoped for help from England and France, but they preferred not to complicate their relations with Nicholas I; against the 50,000th Polish army, a 120,000th army was sent under the command of Field Marshal I.I. Dibich; On August 28 (September 8), 1831, the Russian army under the command of I.F. Paskevich (I.I. Dibich and Konstantin Pavlovich died of cholera) stormed Warsaw; I.F. Paskevich writes to Nicholas I: "WARSAW AT THE FEET OF YOUR MAJESTY". After the suppression of the Polish uprising, Field Marshal Paskevich will be appointed Viceroy of Poland and receive the amazing title of a multi-vector imperial policy - Count Paskevich-Erivansky, Prince of Warsaw. The Polish uprising will coincide with the cholera epidemic in the Russian Empire. Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich I.I. Dibich died during the Polish uprising from cholera. He will finally crush the uprising, take Warsaw by storm and become the Viceroy of Poland I.F. Paskevich. On the morning of September 8, 1831, the troops of the Russian army entered Warsaw through the open gates, and Paskevich would write to the tsar: "Warsaw is at the feet of Your Majesty."
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SUPPRESSION OF THE POLISH UPRISING "Never give freedom to the Poles!" Nicholas I to Alexander II. The bears are in a bind. English cartoon dedicated to the Polish uprising. 1831. the Polish constitution of 1815 is repealed; the Polish army was abolished, its soldiers and officers were exiled to Siberia and the Caucasus; the University of Warsaw was closed; the Poles are obliged to maintain a 100,000-strong Russian army; the old administrative division into voivodeships was replaced by division into provinces. Polonophilism and Russophobia. Cartoon by William Heath "Bears in a stalemate (conceived as one of the illustrations of the series "Non-intervention system")", published on March 27, 1831, is dedicated to the Polish uprising of 1830: A heroic Polish zolnezh under a Phrygian cap bravely protects women and children from a crowd of Cossack bears, while reciting Shakespeare's "Richard III": "Slaves, I put my life on the line - and I will stay until the end of the game." On the left in the background, the French behind Louis Philippe shout: "Down with the Russians", and on the right, John Bull, standing behind a plow with the inscription "Reform", encourages the Pole with the words: "Damn it, if I were not so busy, I would come to you for help". In international relations, Polonophilia and Russophobia became important components of European public opinion: In 1831, thousands of Polish rebels and members of their families, fleeing the persecution of the authorities of the Russian Empire, fled outside the Kingdom of Poland. They settled in various countries of Europe, causing sympathy in society, which exerted appropriate pressure on governments and parliaments. It was the Polish emigrants who tried to create for Russia an extremely unattractive image of a strangler of freedoms and a hotbed of despotism that threatens "civilized Europe." Polonophilia and Russophobia since the early 1830s have become important components of European public opinion.
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REFORM OF THE STATE PEASANTS P.D. Kiselev - Minister of State Property in 1837-1856. Reform of state peasants (1837-1841): partial resettlement of peasants from densely populated areas to less populated ones; increase in land allotments; reduction of taxes; Creation of "public plowing" in case of crop failures. Creation of a network of medical institutions, roads and schools in rural areas. 1842 - Decree on obligated peasants. “Serfdom is a powder magazine under the state” From a report on the state of affairs in Russia by A.Kh. Benckendorff. Under the decree on obligated peasants (1842), the landowner could grant the peasants personal freedom without land. He had to transfer the land to the peasants for use on the condition that they served their duties - corvée or dues (such peasants were called obligated, because they kept certain obligations to the landowner). The decree was advisory in nature. Under the decrees of 1803 and 1842, less than 1% of the peasants were freed.
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How was the issue of serfdom resolved? Decree on "obliged peasants" 1842 The right of landowners to voluntarily end the personal dependence of peasants Granting land plots to peasants in hereditary possession in exchange for the preservation of duties Serfs received the right to redeem freedom if the landlord's estate was put up for sale 1847 .
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How did Nicholas I feel about serfdom? Why didn't he free the peasants? “Serfdom in its current state with us is an evil for everyone, tangible and obvious; but to touch it now would be evil, of course even more destructive "Nicholas I
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CODIFICATION OF LEGISLATION The Cathedral Code of 1649 remained the last ordered set of laws in Russia. M.M. Speransky. Artist A.G. Varnek. Who tried to streamline the laws of the Russian Empire in the 18th century? Codification of legislation (1830-1833): 45 volumes of the Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire from 1649 to 1825; 15 volumes of the "Code of Laws" intended for direct use. THE TEXTS OF THE LAWS HAVE BEEN AVAILABLE FOR GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS AND ORDINARY RESIDENTS OF THE COUNTRY. Emperor Nicholas I awards Speransky for compiling a code of laws. Artist A.Kivshenko. 1767-1768 Laid commission of Catherine II.
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Monetary reform (1839-1843): creation of a system of silver monometallism (silver standard). E.F. Kankrin - Minister of Finance of Russia in 1823-1844. FINANCIAL REFORM
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THE BEGINNING OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION The Tsarskoye Selo Railway. Colorized lithograph. 1837. What is an industrial revolution? What consequences does it lead to? intensive construction of paved highways (Moscow-Petersburg, Moscow-Irkutsk, Moscow-Warsaw); the construction of railways began: Petersburg-Tsarskoe Selo (1837), Petersburg-Moscow (1851); from 1819 to 1859 the volume of cotton production in Russia increased by almost 30 times; the volume of engineering products from 1830 to 1860 increased 33 times. share of the urban population: 1825 - 4.5%, 1858 - 9.2%.
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Thanks to the personal patronage of members of the royal family, the Department of Institutions of Empress Maria has taken a prominent place in the history of helping the poor in Russia. After the death of Maria Feodorovna, it was successively headed by three empresses: Alexandra Feodorovna (wife of Nicholas I); Maria Alexandrovna (wife of Alexander II); Maria Feodorovna (wife of Alexander III). The royal persons, by personal example, introduced the top of the Russian aristocracy to philanthropy. Representatives of the bureaucratic elite, high military officials became guardians of the establishments. Empress Maria Feodorovna (1759–1828) EMPRESS MARIA FYODOROVNA'S OFFICE OF INSTITUTIONS Emblem of orphanages of the Department. A pelican tearing its chest open to feed its chicks with blood. The pelican tearing its chest to feed the chicks with blood symbolized the self-sacrifice of philanthropists and educators. The image was the emblem of orphanages of the Department of Institutions of Empress Maria. The name "Department of institutions of the Empress Maria" officially began to be used only from 1828. On the second day after the death of his mother, October 25, Nicholas I issued a decree on the management of institutions under her care. The decree proclaimed the will of the tsar: “... So that all educational and charitable institutions that were under the control of the late Most Beloved Parent of Our Empress Maria Feodorovna in Bose ... continued even after Her death ... to act as hitherto for the benefit of the state and mankind.” The department existed for 120 years (1797–1917). Under his auspices, orphanages, almshouses, hospitals, gymnasiums, institutes for noble maidens, institutions for the blind and deaf-mutes operated.
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The main directions of the foreign policy of Nicholas I
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K.V. Nesselrode - Minister of Foreign Affairs in Russia (1822-1856).
The main goal is to counter the European revolutionary movement.
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1830-1831 - uprising in Poland
- November 1830 - the rebels seized power in Warsaw, led by A.A. Czartoryski.
- The Russian-Polish war began (1830-1831).
- September 1831 - assault and capture of Warsaw by Russian troops led by I.F. Paskevich.
Results of the Polish Uprising:
- Repeal of the Polish Constitution.
- Restriction of Polish autonomy.
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1848-1849 - revolutions in Europe
- February 1848 - rupture of diplomatic relations with revolutionary France.
- March 1848 - speech of Nicholas I with a manifesto on the need for a decisive struggle "against distemper" ("international gendarme").
- The introduction of Russian troops into Moldavia and Wallachia.
- 1849 - the defeat of the revolution in Hungary.
- The desire to prevent the creation of a strong German state in Central Europe.
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Eastern question
- The emergence of the concept of "Eastern question" dates back to the end of the 18th century; the term was introduced into diplomatic practice in the 30s. 19th century
- Factors that led to the emergence and further aggravation of the issue:
- Decline of the Ottoman Empire.
- The growth of the national liberation movement of the Balkan peoples against the Turks.
- Aggravation of contradictions between European countries in the Middle East, caused by the struggle for the division of the world.
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The main stages in the development of the Eastern question
- Revolt in Greece.
- War with Iran (1826-1828).
- War with Turkey (1828-1829).
- The problem of the straits (Bosporus and Dardanelles).
- Crimean War (1853-1856).
- Annexation of the Caucasus.
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- 1827 - the defeat of the Turkish fleet at Navarino, which contributed to the victory of Greece in the struggle for independence.
- 1821 Greek uprising.
- The uprising was brutally suppressed by the Ottoman Empire.
- In 1824, Russia tried to stand up for Greece, but the European states did not support it.
- On August 6, 1826, Nicholas announced that Russia would follow its own interests in Turkish affairs.
- March 23, 1826 - signing of a protocol between England and Russia on the obligation to mediate between the Sultan and the Greeks (France joined the protocol):
- Agreement on the "collective protection" of the interests of Greece.
- Sultan - an ultimatum to grant autonomy to Greece.
- The Ottoman Empire rejected the ultimatum, and the tripowers began military operations against it.
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1826-1828 - Russian-Iranian war
Causes:
- Iran, instigated by Great Britain, systematically violated the terms of the Peace of Gulistan in 1813,
- demanded the return of territories that had ceded to Russia (Eastern Transcaucasia and the western coast of the Caspian Sea).
- In the spring of 1826, the militant group of Abbas-Mirza came to power in Iran.
- July 16, 1826 - Iranian troops invaded Russian territory without declaring war.
- 1827 - General I.F. Paskevich was appointed commander of the Russian army
- On September 13, 1827, near Elizavetpol, Russian troops (8 thousand people) defeated 35 thousand. army of Abbas-Mirza and threw back its remnants beyond the river. Arax. The road to Tehran was opened.
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February 10, 1828 - Treaty of Turkmenchay.
The Erivan and Nakhichevan khanates went to Russia.
- Northern Azerbaijan and Eastern Armenia annexed.
- Russia received the exclusive right to have a navy in the Caspian.
- Iran paid Russia 20 million rubles.
Meaning:
- The victories of Russia delivered the peoples of Transcaucasia from the yoke of the Iranian feudal lords.
- England was dealt a severe blow in Transcaucasia.
- Russia has a free hand with respect to Turkey.
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War with Turkey (1828-1829)
- April 14, 1828 - Russia declared war on Turkey.
- England and France declared neutrality, but actually supported Turkey,
- Austria helped her with weapons, and defiantly deployed her troops on the border with Russia.
For Russia, the war turned out to be very difficult:
- poor technical equipment
- bad weapons,
- incompetent generals.
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Fighting in the Balkans
1828 - 100 thousandth army of P.H. Wittgenstein:
- Entered Wallachia and Moldavia, crossed the Danube.
- Captured a number of fortresses in Bulgaria.
- The Turks put up fierce resistance.
1829 - the army of I.I. Dibicha:
- Overcame the Balkan Mountains
- Captured Adrianople,
- Defeated the remnants of the Turkish army (the road to Constantinople was open).
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Fighting in the Caucasus.
11 thousandth detachment of I.F. Paskevich was occupied by the fortresses of Kars, Ardagan, Bayazet, Arzerum, Anapa, Sukhum-Kale, Poti.
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September 1829 - Treaty of Adrianople
Russia received:
- Mouth of the Danube (southern part of Bessarabia).
- Eastern coast of the Black Sea from the mouth of the Kuban River to the port of St. Nicholas and other territories (the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus with the fortresses of Anapa and Poti).
- The Bosporus and the Dardanelles were declared open to the passage of merchant ships of all countries.
- Turkey was obliged to pay Russia an indemnity in the amount of 1.5 million Dutch chervonets within 18 months.
- The internal autonomy of Greece, Serbia, Moldavia and Wallachia was recognized.
Meaning:
- Strengthened Russian influence in the Balkans.
- Türkiye fell into diplomatic dependence on Russia.
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As a result of the Russian-Turkish and Russian-Iranian wars, Russia was finally included
- Transcaucasia,
- Georgia,
- Eastern Armenia,
- Northern Azerbaijan.
- Transcaucasia became an integral part of the Russian Empire
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Aggravation of Russian-English contradictions
- 1833 - Unkar-Iskelesi Treaty on allied relations between Russia and Turkey:
- Turkey was supposed to prevent the passage of warships of European states through the Bosporus and Dardanelles.
- Russia guaranteed Turkey assistance with troops.
- England was hostile to the union of Russia and the Ottoman Empire:
- She financed the actions of the mountaineers of the Caucasus against Russia, sent her military specialists and weapons.
- Started a "trade war" in Central Asia and Iran (the positions of Russian merchants were weakened).
1841 - London Convention.
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Domestic policy of Nicholas I. Lesson on the history of Russia Grade 8. Teacher: Lavrushko O.A.
Brief description of Nicholas I. Born in 1796, as he had two older brothers Alexander and Konstantin, he never prepared to take the throne. Nikolai Pavlovich was educated at home - teachers were assigned to him and his brother Mikhail. But Nikolai did not show much zeal for study. He did not recognize the humanities, but he was well versed in the art of war, was fond of fortification, and was familiar with engineering. According to V. A. Mukhanov, Nikolai Pavlovich, having completed his education, was himself horrified by his ignorance and after the wedding he tried to fill this gap, but the conditions of a scattered life, the predominance of military occupations and the bright joys of family life distracted him from constant office work.
Dynastic crisis of 1825. In 1820, Emperor Alexander I informed his brother Nikolai Pavlovich and his wife that the heir to the throne, their brother Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich, intended to renounce his right, so Nikolai would become the heir as the next brother in seniority. In 1823, Konstantin formally renounced his rights to the throne, as he had no children, was divorced and married a second marriage to the Polish Countess Grudzinskaya. On August 16, 1823, Alexander I signed a secretly drawn up manifesto, which approved the abdication of Konstantin Pavlovich and approved Nikolai Pavlovich as the heir to the throne. On December 12, 1825, unable to convince Konstantin to take the throne and having received his final refusal (albeit without a formal act of renunciation), Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich decided to accept the throne in accordance with the will of Alexander I.
Investigation and trial of the Decembrists: 579 people were involved in the investigation and trial. The process took place in the strictest secrecy, the work of the commission of inquiry was headed by the emperor himself. On July 13, 1826, five participants in the uprising: Pestel, Muraviev-Apostol, Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Kakhovsky and Ryleev were executed in the Peter and Paul Fortress, more than a hundred people were exiled to hard labor and eternal settlement in Siberia.
The fight against the revolutionary movement: In 1826, the III branch of the imperial office was created, under which was the corps of gendarmes, headed by A.Kh. Benkendorf. In 1826, a new censorship charter was adopted, called "cast iron" by contemporaries.
Measures to strengthen public administration: In 1826, M.M. Speransky was instructed to carry out the codification of Russian legislation. He managed to do this within 5 years: in 1832 the "Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire" was published in 45 volumes, and in 1833 - the Code of current laws. The government took a number of measures to support the nobility, which led to an increase in the authority and role of the nobility in Russia.
Peasant question: In 1837-1841, P.D. Kiselev carried out a reform of the state peasants, introducing peasant self-government. In 1842, a decree “On obligated peasants” was issued, according to which the landowner could release his peasants with the provision of allotments for hereditary use, but with the performance of certain duties. In 1847-1848, the peasants received the right to redeem themselves for freedom and acquire uninhabited lands and buildings. The landlords were forbidden to exile peasants to Siberia and sell them without land.
Financial Reform. Practical activity of E.F. Cancrina, extremely versatile. The streamlining of the Russian monetary system, the strengthening of protectionism and the improvement of state reporting and accounting are associated with his name. The monetary reform of 1839-1843 consisted in the fact that banknotes, first issued in Russia under Catherine II, were fixed in the silver unit that existed since 1810 (3 rubles 50 kopecks in banknotes = 1 silver ruble). From June 1, 1843, banknotes and other paper signs began to be exchanged for "state credit notes", which, in turn, were exchangeable for hard cash. The whole reform was carried out with great care and gradualness.
Policy in the field of education and culture: It was forbidden to accept serfs in secondary and higher educational institutions, however, it was under Nicholas I in 1828 that the main pedagogical institute was reopened in St. Petersburg. A number of higher technical and special schools were founded: in 1828 the Institute of Technology in St. Petersburg, in 1832 the School of Civil Engineers, in 1835 the School of Law, in 1840 the Gory-Goretsky Agricultural School, in 1844 the Konstantinovsky Land Survey Institute in Moscow, in 1830 a veterinary school in Kharkov, in 1848 - in Dorpat. There were facts showing the personal participation of Nicholas I in the development of the arts: In September 1826, Nicholas accepted Pushkin, who had been released by him from Mikhailovsky exile, and saved the poet from general censorship (he decided to censor his writings himself), support from the Alexandrinsky Theater. Nicholas I had both literary taste and civic courage to defend The Inspector General and, after the first performance, say: “Everyone got it - and most of all to ME.” However, it was Nikolai who ordered Lermontov to be exiled to the Caucasus. By order of the tsar, the magazines European, Moscow Telegraph, Telescope were closed, P. Chaadaev was persecuted, and F. Schiller was banned from staging in Russia.
The main directions of the internal policy of Nicholas I. Strengthening the autocracy and the state apparatus; Peasant question; Fight against the revolutionary movement.
Contemporaries about Nicholas I: “Deeply sincere in his convictions, often heroic and great in his devotion to the cause in which he saw the mission entrusted to him by providence, it can be said that Nicholas I was a donquixote of autocracy, a terrible and malicious donquixote, because possessed an omnipotence that allowed him to subordinate everything to his fanatical and outdated theory and trample underfoot the most legitimate aspirations and rights of his age. That is why this man, who combined with the soul of a generous and chivalrous character of rare nobility and honesty, a warm and tender heart and an exalted and enlightened mind, although devoid of latitude, that is why this man could be a tyrant and despot for Russia during his 30-year reign who systematically stifled every manifestation of initiative and life in the country he ruled. - A.F. Tyutcheva. “He has a lot of ensign and a little Peter the Great,” Pushkin wrote about Nikolai in his diary on May 21, 1834; “His mind is not processed, his upbringing was careless,” Queen Victoria wrote about Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich in 1844.
Internal
policy
Nicholas I
MBOU secondary school No. 2 of the city of Kuznetsk, Penza region
Gravcheva Valentina Vladimirovna, history teacher
PLAN
- The beginning of the reign of Nicholas I.
- Strengthening autocratic power 3. Codification of laws. 4. The fight against revolutionary sentiments. 5. Attempt to solve the peasant question. 6. State and church
- Third son of Paul I
- Received a good education at home, but did not show much zeal for study
- good at drawing
- Sincerely believed in God
- Howled an excellent psychologist.
- He did not recognize the humanities, but he was well versed in the art of war, was fond of fortification, was familiar with engineering
- Well versed in theater and painting
- He returned Pushkin from exile and became his personal censor.
- He personally interrogated the arrested Decembrists, "split" almost all
Nicholas I
1896-1825-1855
Reign of Nicholas I (1825-1855)
- "APOGEE OF AUTOCURRENCE" is the most complete manifestation of absolutism, the unlimited power of the monarch in all spheres of public and political life.
* strict centralization of the state system;
* full unity of command at all levels of management,
* unconditional subordination of the lower to the higher.
Despite the defeat of the Decembrists, Nicholas I was strongly impressed by this event. Fearing a repetition of such speeches, he, on the one hand, increased countermeasures against possible conspiracies, and on the other hand, he took steps to carefully continue reforms that would help relieve tension in society.
- Despite the defeat of the Decembrists, Nicholas I was strongly impressed by this event. Fearing a repetition of such speeches, he, on the one hand, increased countermeasures against possible conspiracies, and on the other hand, he took steps to carefully continue reforms that would help relieve tension in society.
Policy controversy
Constant struggle against the revolutionary movement, persecution of everything advanced and progressive
An attempt to carry out activities that would eradicate the shortcomings of the existing system and solve the most pressing problems
Strengthening autocratic power
His Imperial Majesty's own chancellery.
prepared papers for reports to the king
to codify laws
body of political investigation
hands educational institutions
for the reform of state peasants
to manage the Transcaucasus
In December 1826, a secret committee was created under the leadership of the reformer Kochubey, who was instructed to draw up a draft state reform. The committee failed to do so.
- In December 1826, a secret committee was created under the leadership of the reformer Kochubey, who was instructed to draw up a draft state reform. The committee failed to do so.
V.P. Kochubey
CODIFICATION- a form of systematization of legislation, the result of which is the drawing up of a new consolidated act.Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky
1832
"Complete collection of laws
Russian Empire"
1833
"Code of laws
Russian Empire"
Nicholas I presents the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called to M. Speransky
The fight against revolutionary sentiment
A.H. Benkendorf
Creation of the Third Branch of H.I.V. office
Corps of gendarmes - body of political investigation
censorship charter
Prohibition to admit serfs to gymnasiums and universities
Doc. on page 69
The theory of official nationality
The only possible form of government for Russia
Deep religiosity of the Russian people
Spiritual connection of the people with the monarch
Autocracy
Orthodoxy
Nationality
Reform of the state peasants
Make the peasants fit
Show landowners an example of management
Pavel Dmitrievich Kiselev
Reform of the state peasants
- the introduction of peasant self-government;
- allotment of small-land peasants with land;
- streamlining taxation;
- road construction, increasing the number schools and health centers
- created a "public plowing" in case of crop failures
- with a lack of land, peasants were relocated to free lands
How was the issue of serfdom resolved?
Decree on "obliged peasants"
The right of landlords to voluntarily end the personal dependence of peasants
Providing peasants with land plots in hereditary possession in exchange for the preservation of duties
Serfs received the right to redeem freedom if the landlord's estate is put up for sale
Serfs could buy uninhabited land
How did Nicholas I feel about serfdom? Why didn't he free the peasants? “Serfdom in its current state with us is an evil for everyone, tangible and obvious; but to touch him now would be evil, of course even more destructive.
Nicholas I
Orthodoxy is the "primary and dominant" faith in Russia, the basis of imperial power.- The synod is the governing body of the church. The head of the Synod - the chief prosecutor - was appointed to the post by the emperor.
- A diocese is an ecclesiastical area. Local church administration was carried out by bishops, archbishops, metropolitans.
- The elders were highly respected. One of them was the monk of the Sarov Monastery Seraphim (1760-1833).
- The fight against the old believers continued
Reverend Seraphim of Sarov
Church and State
- What character was the internal policy of Nicholas I: liberal or conservative?
- § 10 (questions and tasks on pages 68-69)
- Working with Documents on pages 69-70
Homework
What was the main feature of the reign of Nicholas I? 1) the weakening of the centralization of government of the country 2) the introduction of freedom of speech and the press 3) the reliance of power on representatives of the third estate 4) the expansion of the functions of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery
REPEAT!
1) strengthening control over the spiritual life of society 1) strengthening control over the spiritual life of society 2) the gradual elimination of vestiges of class 3) reducing the bureaucracy 4) strengthening serfdom
What was the main feature of the reign of Nicholas I?
The government of Nicholas I intended to cope with the revolutionary influence of the West with the help of: 1) new legislation 2) closing all universities 3) a new censorship charter 4) reforming absolutism into a constitutional monarchy What did Nicholas I's measures in the field of education and the press lead to? 1) to an increase in the number of newspapers and magazines in Russia 2) to an increase in the influence of the ideas of Western European thinkers 3) to limiting the opportunity for serfs to get an education 4) to the final destruction of liberation ideas in Russia Nicholas I declared: "Russia is ruled by head clerks." This indicated that during his reign: 1) the influence of officials increased 2) the nutrition of the general population improved 3) the role of progressive statesmen increased 4) the income of the state treasury increased Exercise: find the error in the document.
- From the Decree on the Establishment of the III Division of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery (July 3, 1826). The terms of reference of the new institution included: “1) All orders in all cases of the higher police; 2) information about the number of different sects existing in the state...; 3) news about discoveries on counterfeit banknotes, coins…; 4) detailed information about all people who are under police supervision ...; 5) the establishment of shelters, homes for the disabled and other charitable institutions ...; 6) expulsion and placement of suspicious and harmful people; 7) management ... of all places of detention ...; 8) all resolutions and orders about foreigners living in Russia ...; 9) statistical information relating to the police; 10) supervision of gymnasiums and universities.
Answer: paragraphs 5 and 10 to the competence of the III Division were not included.
Thanks to all
for the lesson!
