CHANGES IN THE CULTURAL LIFE OF THE COUNTRY The beginning of the process of de-Stalinization in cultural policy. With the beginning of the Khrushchev Thaw, the process of overcoming Stalinism affected various areas of culture, contributed to the restoration of cultural continuity, and the expansion of international contacts. The party and government apparatus made some concessions in these areas, which allowed some departure from the principles of socialist realism.
After the death of I.V. Stalin, the Ministry of Culture of the USSR was created (headed by E.A. Furtseva), the role of creative unions and congresses of artistic intelligentsia (the Union of Artists of the RSFSR, the Union of Writers of the RSFSR, the Union of Cinematograph Workers of the USSR) increased. The good names of figures of science, art, and literature (O. Mandelstam, B. Pilnyak, I. Babel, etc.) were restored. At the same time, the concept of cultural policy itself did not change: the principle of partisanship in literature and art continued to operate in full. In connection with the adoption of the new CPSU Program (1961), the creative intelligentsia was tasked with truthfully reflecting socialist reality and the achievements of the national economy, and exposing bourgeois culture. After the death of I.V. Stalin, the Ministry of Culture of the USSR was created (headed by E.A. Furtseva), the role of creative unions and congresses of artistic intelligentsia (the Union of Artists of the RSFSR, the Union of Writers of the RSFSR, the Union of Cinematograph Workers of the USSR) increased. The good names of figures of science, art, and literature (O. Mandelstam, B. Pilnyak, I. Babel, etc.) were restored. At the same time, the concept of cultural policy itself did not change: the principle of partisanship in literature and art continued to operate in full. In connection with the adoption of the new CPSU Program (1961), the creative intelligentsia was tasked with truthfully reflecting socialist reality and the achievements of the national economy, and exposing bourgeois culture.
THE 1960s Chronologically, the thaw in the cultural sphere began earlier than in the political sphere. Already in 1953-1956. writers I. Erenburg, M. Dudintsev, critic V. Pomerantsev in their works raised questions that concern everyone: about the role of the intelligentsia in Russian history, its relationship with the party, about the significance of the creativity of artists and writers in the existing system. In connection with the onset of the thaw, a split occurred among the intelligentsia into conservatives, who remained faithful to the old principles, and liberals (the sixties), who made an attempt to change the position and role of the creative intelligentsia in the country.
NEW TRENDS IN THE ARTISTIC LIFE OF THE COUNTRY Thaw in literature As a result of changes in the socio-political life of the country, many literary figures have been rehabilitated, incl. A.A. Akhmatova, M.M. Zoshchenko and others. Works that were undeservedly forgotten or simply unknown have become available. The publication of new and some old literary and artistic magazines began.
SAMIZDAT At the end of the 50s, samizdat (uncensored literature) became widespread, playing a significant role in the public life of that time. The organizer of samizdat was the young generation of Moscow intelligentsia - writers, poets, philosophers, who did not obey the official course. The first samizdat magazine Syntax was founded by the poet A. Ginzburg.
PUBLIC EDUCATION AND HIGHER SCHOOL Based on the law of December 24, 1958, school reform began, which continued until the middle. 60s, the transition from seven-year to eight-year education was completed (schoolchildren had to work in production two days a week); The primary four-year school was replaced by a three-year school. The duration of education in secondary school has increased from 10 to 11 years. Graduates received a certificate of specialty along with their matriculation certificate. There have been changes in the vocational education system
At the same time, in 1950-1955, 50 new universities were opened throughout the country (the total number of them by the end of the 50s was 766 (versus 105 in pre-revolutionary Russia), and the number of students was 2200 thousand (versus 127 thousand before revolution). Young people with work experience had advantages when enrolling in universities.
SOCIAL SCIENCES After the 20th Congress of the CPSU, social sciences received a new impetus, although the administrative leadership continued to restrain their development. Collective works were published: World History, History of the Great Patriotic War, History of Russian Art, ethnographic series Peoples of the World. New journals appeared in various branches of social science. In the works of historians and social scientists, new topics and new approaches were developed related to the beginning of the de-Stalinization process.
At the same time, the process of ideologization of consciousness continued. In order to further improve the communist education of the younger generation, new social disciplines were introduced in schools and universities: Social studies, Fundamentals of scientific communism, Fundamentals of scientific atheism; for the adult population - a system of political studies, universities of Marxism-Leninism were opened. At the same time, the process of ideologization of consciousness continued. In order to further improve the communist education of the younger generation, new social disciplines were introduced in schools and universities: Social studies, Fundamentals of scientific communism, Fundamentals of scientific atheism; for the adult population - a system of political studies, universities of Marxism-Leninism were opened.
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL REVOLUTION IN THE USSR Accelerating the pace of scientific and technological progress. The central problem during the period of Khrushchev's reforms was the task of accelerating the pace of scientific and technological progress and significantly increasing its economic and social effect. The entry of the USSR into the era of the scientific and technological revolution became an important factor in the development of culture. The network of scientific institutions in the country during this period significantly exceeded the pre-war level. Only in the system of the USSR Academy of Sciences in 1956 there were 120 institutes and large laboratories, 12 local branches. New scientific centers were created in Sakhalin, Kamchatka, Crimea, Volga region, etc.
CINEMATOGRAPHY IN THE 50-60s. Russian cinema was experiencing a new stage of its development (color cinema appeared). During these years, films were released with a new type of film hero (close and understandable to viewers): M. Khutsieva Spring on Zarechnaya Street; A. Zarkhi Height (with N. Rybnikov in the title role).
FINE AND MUSICAL ARTS In 1957, the Union of Artists of the USSR was established. The avant-garde art of the 1920s was rehabilitated, and exhibitions of young artists working in an unconventional style were held. During this period, Soviet artists M. Saryan, B. Joganson, P. Korin continued to work actively; sculptors - E. Vuchetich, S. Konenkov and others. In the 50s. The art of music has achieved significant success. During these years, the Tenth and Eleventh symphonies by D. Shostakovich, the ballets Spartacus by A. Khachaturian, and The Path of Thunder by K. Karaev were written, and Soviet pianists S. Richter, E. Gilels, and violinist D. Oistrakh received worldwide recognition.
ARCHITECTURE AND SCULPTURE In the early 50s. There have been changes in urban planning practices and building architecture. Several high-rise buildings were built in Moscow (including the Moscow State University building on the Lenin Hills, 1949-1953, architect L. Rudnev).
A NEW IDEOLOGICAL ATTACK ON THE INTELLIGENTSIA At the end of the 50s. There was a turn of the official authorities towards a tough policy in the field of culture and art. During meetings of the leaders of the CPSU with various creative unions and intellectuals, there was a call for their active work for the benefit of communist construction. At the same time, N.S. Khrushchev showed incompetence and categorical assessment of the creativity of cultural figures. The Pasternak case became a milestone of sorts.
In 1958, for the novel Doctor Zhivago, banned in the USSR and published abroad, B. Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. At the same time, Pasternak was expelled from the Writers' Union and was forced to refuse the Nobel Prize. In 1962, after visiting N.S. Khrushchev's exhibition at the Academy of Arts was another study of cultural figures, and leftist movements were condemned as formal and abstract. In 1958, for the novel Doctor Zhivago, banned in the USSR and published abroad, B. Pasternak was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. At the same time, Pasternak was expelled from the Writers' Union and was forced to refuse the Nobel Prize. In 1962, after visiting N.S. Khrushchev's exhibition at the Academy of Arts was another study of cultural figures, and leftist movements were condemned as formal and abstract.
CONCLUSION The development of culture during the Khrushchev Thaw was contradictory. On the one hand, a deep impetus was given for the development of domestic education, science, and art, and international relations with the foreign public were expanded. On the other hand, in the conditions of the existence of a totalitarian state, figures of Soviet culture were within strict limits and under the constant control of the party and government apparatus. The party bureaucracy did not allow freedom of creativity, directing the efforts of the intelligentsia into the strict channel of ideological work. At different periods of the state's existence, undesirable creative workers were subjected to persecution, repression or oblivion. The intelligentsia was unable to openly resist pressure from the authorities, which subsequently gave rise to a spiritual crisis in society.
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"Thaw" (1953-1964)
Famous Soviet writer I.G. Ehrenburg called this period the “thaw” that came after the long and harsh Stalinist “winter.”
"Thaw" (1953-1964)
“Thaw” is an unofficial designation for the period in the history of the USSR after the death of Stalin. It was characterized by the condemnation of Stalin’s personality cult, the repressions of the 1930s, the liberalization of the regime, the release of political prisoners, the authorities’ refusal to resolve internal disputes through violence, the weakening of totalitarian power, and the emergence of some freedom words, relative democratization of political and social life, openness to the Western world, greater freedom of creative activity
Report by N.S. Khrushchev
at the XX Congress of the CPSU
"On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences" (February 1956)
"Thaw" in the economy
- Decentralization of economic management and restructuring of industrial management from a sectoral principle to a territorial one (economic councils, 1957)
- Development of new industries (nuclear, space)
- Writing off debts from collective farms and reducing taxation on collective farms
- Expanding the economic independence of collective farms
- Development of virgin lands
- Liquidation of MTS and sale of equipment to collective farms
- "The Corn Epic"
- Unreasonable assignments for meat procurement, significant reduction in livestock numbers
RESULT
Decline in agricultural production.
Deterioration of food supply to the population.
Beginning of grain imports from abroad.
"Thaw" in the social sphere
- Increase in minimum wage by 35%
- Increasing the size of old-age pensions by 2 times and reducing the retirement age by 5 years
- Deployment of mass housing construction (“Khrushchevka”)
- Introduction of cash wages for collective farmers
- Establishment of a 7-hour working day
"Thaw" in foreign policy
- Normalization of relations with Yugoslavia (1954-1955)
- Signing a peace treaty with Austria and returning its sovereignty (1955)
- Meeting between N. Khrushchev and D. Eisenhower (1959)
- Unilateral reduction of the army
- Treaty between the USSR, USA and Great Britain banning nuclear tests in the atmosphere and under water (1963)
- Creation of the Department of Internal Affairs (1955)
- Suppression of popular uprising in Hungary (1956)
- Aggravation of relations with Germany and the construction of the Berlin Wall (1962)
- The Cuban Missile Crisis and the nuclear confrontation between the USSR and the USA (1962)
education reform
Strengthening the connection between school and industry
Target
Elimination of the 7-year compulsory and
10 years of complete education
Basic
directions
Introduction of compulsory 8 years of education.
Receiving secondary education through:
3 year
production
education
College
Obtaining higher education with work experience
Increased labor turnover in production
Consequences
Lowering the level of labor discipline
"Thaw" in culture
- The beginning of rehabilitation, criticism of Stalin’s “cult of personality”
- Beginning of publication of new magazines “Youth”, “Foreign Literature”
- “The Thaw” in literature (I. Ehrenburg, A. Tvardovsky, A. Solzhenitsyn)
- The emergence of new theater groups (Sovremennik, Taganka Theater)
- Control of the party apparatus over the activities of the creative intelligentsia
- Persecution of B. Pasternak for the novel “Doctor Zhivago”
- Resumption of arrests for “anti-Soviet activities”
SPACE CONSTRUCTION
- October 1957 for the first time in the world launched into space orbit artificial earth satellite.
- In April 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yu.A. Gagarin made the first manned space flight in history.
- This was followed by the flights of G. Titov, A. Nikolaev, A. Popovich, V. Tereshkova and R. Bykovsky.
P.S. The Americans wanted to be the first to send a man into space, but we stopped them)
DEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEAR ENERGY
- In 1957, the world's most powerful synchrophasotron was launched in the USSR.
- Nuclear power plants also began to be created. In 1954, the world's first Obninsk nuclear power plant came into operation.
- In the mid-60s. Beloyarsk (in the Sverdlovsk region) and Novo-Voronezh nuclear power plants were built.
The controversial reformism of N.S. Khrushchev
- Economic “slippage” and the myth of a bright communist future
- Price increases. Tragedy in Novocherkassk
- Strengthening control by the party apparatus over the activities of the creative intelligentsia
- Arms race. The entry of troops of the Warsaw Warsaw countries into Hungary. Cuban missile crisis
- Reforms of national economic management
- Measures to improve the lives of Soviet people
- "Thaw" in cultural life
- New realities of foreign policy
- Peaceful coexistence and expansion of cooperation with foreign countries
Growing dissatisfaction in society with the policies of N.S. Khrushchev:
- Townspeople – dissatisfied with the increase in food prices
- Peasants – dissatisfied with the reduction of personal subsidiary plots
- Intelligentsia – dissatisfied with the inconsistency of the cultural “thaw”
- Military – dissatisfied with the reduction of the army
- Officials – dissatisfied with the constant staff shake-up
Virgin land -
the general name for poorly developed lands in Kazakhstan, the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia, and the Far East.
The term appeared in the USSR when in 1954–1960. an attempt was made through the so-called. “developing virgin lands” to eliminate the backlog of agriculture and increase grain production.
Summarize students’ knowledge about Khrushchev’s main reforms in the political, socio-economic, and spiritual fields, obtained during previous practical work.
Continue to develop the skills to analyze historical phenomena, generalize, compare, work with literary and educational texts, documents, evaluate events, and give a personal description.
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(1953 - 1964)
“TO CATCH AND OVERSTAND AMERICA”
Summarize students’ knowledge about Khrushchev’s main reforms in the political, socio-economic, and spiritual fields, obtained during previous practical work; -continue to develop the skills to analyze historical phenomena, generalize, compare, work with literary and educational texts, documents, evaluate events, and give a personal description.
THE END OF THE ERA OF STALINISM AND THE STRUGGLE FOR POWER. THE BEGINNING OF THE KHRUSHCHEV DECADE. ECONOMIC REFORM IN THE SOVIET UNION. SOCIAL POLICY. PEACE INITIATIVES OF THE SOVIET UNION. FOREIGN POLICY ACTIVITY OF N. S. KHRUSHCHEV. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE KHRUSHCHEV DECADE.
THE BEGINNING OF THE KHRUSHCHEV DECADE.
“Collective Leadership”
Scheme: “Stages of intra-party struggle”
draw a conclusion about the acceptability of the programs; Why didn’t Beria and Malenkov’s program pass?
SOCIAL POLICY.
Reforms (measures) Consequences of the development of virgin lands, the corn epic, increasing wages, establishing pensions, introducing passports, introducing material incentives, expanding personal subsidiary plots, and then limiting them. rise of agriculture increase in food supply food crisis Agricultural reforms.
Main achievements of socio-economic policy. mass construction of comfortable housing, the introduction of a seven-hour working day, lowering the retirement age, the launch of an artificial Earth satellite, the first manned flight into space, the creation of nuclear power plants, the construction of the nuclear icebreaker “Lenin”, the introduction of free education (abolition of tuition fees).
“Rehabilitation”
“XX Congress of the CPSU”
“Reorganization of state bodies, party and public organizations”
During the period of Khrushchev’s “thaw” the following occurred: -some weakening of the ideological pressure on the creative intelligentsia from the party and state; - a certain freedom of creativity appears; - cultural and artistic workers receive the right to independent creative search and ambiguity of assessments; -direct repressions against the intelligentsia are replaced by new forms of influence on the part of the party leadership; special resolutions of the Central Committee establishing the limits of “freedom of creativity” beyond which the intelligentsia could not go in criticizing the existing order; – regular meetings of the leadership of the Central Committee with cultural and artistic figures.
“Constitutional project 1962-1964. ”
FOREIGN POLICY ACTIVITY OF N. S. KHRUSHCHEV.
"Kuzka's Mother" by Nikita Khrushchev
Cuban Missile Crisis October 1962
Sphere Positive features Negative features Political De-Stalinization Democratization Cult of personality Economic Creation of the foundations of an industrial society Food crisis Spiritual Thaw Party-state control “Main features of the Khrushchev decade”
1. De-Stalinization of society (“thaw”). 2. Rehabilitation of the repressed. 3. Development of virgin lands. 4. Development of science, technology, space. 5. Construction of communism. 6. Construction of 5-story houses (“Khrushchevka”). 7. Certification of the rural population. 8. “The Corn Epic.” 9. Self-criticism of him as a statesman. 1. Lack of publicity, silence about important events (Kyshtym, accident). 2. A peculiar manner of behavior in the international arena. 3. Appeal to repressive measures (1962, Novocherkassk). 4. The danger of the outbreak of the 3rd World War (1962, Cuban missile crisis). 5. Postscripts in state plans (Ryazan scam). 6. The desire to catch up and overtake America by any means and show everyone “Kuzka’s mother.”
CONCEPTS “thaw” rehabilitation rotation social tension pacifism virgin lands “corn epic” communism
The struggle for power after the death of I.O. Stalin. L.P. Beria – first deputy. Chairman of the Council of Ministers, again headed the Ministry of Internal Affairs. G.M. Malenkov – Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. N.S. Khrushchev - Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. Death of I.V. Stalin on March 5, 1953.
Socionics.org Activities aimed at easing the regime: Rehabilitation according to the “doctors’ case”; Initiator of mass amnesty; The desire to limit the interference of party bodies in economic affairs. This was interpreted as a desire to seize power. Association with the aim of eliminating Beria June 1953. - arrest, trial, execution.
The second stage of the struggle for power The trial of the top leaders of the MGB, guilty of falsifying the “Leningrad case” February 1955. – Malenkov was removed from the post of Head of Government. Steady strengthening of Khrushchev’s Position.
The third stage of the struggle for power (February 1955 - March 1958) “United opposition”: Malenkov, Molotov, Kaganovich and others. An attempt to abolish the post of first secretary by decision of the Presidium, where Khrushchev’s opponents had a majority. The plenum of the Central Committee supported Khrushchev, and the oppositionists were declared an anti-party group. (Summer 1957) October 1957 - Marshal G.K. Zhukov was deprived of his posts. March 1958 - N. Bulganin, who supported in the summer of 1957, was removed from the post of head of government. opposition. Concentrated all power
Exposing Stalin's Cult of Personality BACKGROUND: Stalin's death eased fear of the state and repression; Uprisings in the Gulag system in 1953 - 1956; The maturation of social protest in society; Condemnation of the cult as a means of struggle in the highest echelons of power. The need for change in society XX Congress of the CPSU, Report of Khrushchev N.S. about the cult of personality (February 1956); Resolution of the CPSU Central Committee of June 30, 1956 “On overcoming the cult of personality and its consequences.” Rehabilitation of victims of mass political repression.
Economy of the USSR in 1953 – 1964. Shifting the center of gravity to the development of light and food industries, as well as agriculture. Increasing productivity and strengthening the personal interest of collective farmers. Reducing the rate of mandatory supplies from private farms, reducing cash taxes and writing off debts. Economic course of Malenkov
Agricultural policy of Khrushchev N.S. Increasing government purchase prices for agricultural products; Expansion of sown areas (development of virgin and fallow lands (1954); (1954); Increase in government spending on social development of the village; Cancellation of the tax on personal subsidiary plots and permission to increase its size by 5 times. (until 1958)
Agricultural policy during the period: 1958 – 1964. Liquidation of MTS and sale of equipment to collective farms; Consolidation of collective farms and creation of agricultural farms; Unjustified expansion of corn crops; Persecution of private households; Unreasonable assignments for meat procurement, reduction in livestock numbers.
Consequences: Decline in agricultural production; Deterioration of food supply to the population; The beginning of grain imports from abroad - events in Novocherkassk!!!
Industrial development. Refusal from Malenkov's course: Increasing disproportion towards the production of means of production (“A”); Overall, the average annual production growth rate exceeded 10%; The use of scientific and technical progress as a lever for development (the results were noticeable mainly in the development of the military-industrial complex).
Scientific and technological progress First nuclear power plant (1954); the first artificial Earth satellite (1957); nuclear icebreaker "Lenin" (1959); hydrogen bomb test; development of the chemical industry; expansion of the research institute network.
1958 – reform in the field of education. Goal: strengthening the connection between school and industry. Abolition of compulsory seven-year and full ten-year education. Introduction of compulsory eight-year education through: ShRM technical schools Three-year secondary schools with compulsory industrial training Obtaining higher education only with industrial experience
Reform of national economic management. Decentralization of economic management, transition from a sectoral principle to a territorial one. Decentralization of economic management and restructuring of industrial management from a sectoral principle to a territorial one. Elimination of 10 industrial ministries and replacing them with economic councils, which managed local enterprises. Consolidation of economic councils and the creation of the Council of National Economy to coordinate their activities, as well as state committees for industries. (1962) The reform did not give the expected results, but only increased industrial and managerial confusion.
Social policy PROGRAM OF MEASURES AIMED AT IMPROVING THE LIFE OF THE POPULATION: Increasing the minimum wage by 35%; Increasing the old-age pension by 2 times and reducing the retirement age by 5 years; Cancellation of all types of tuition fees; The working week was reduced from 48 to 46 hours per week; Introduction of cash wages for collective farmers; Deployment of mass housing construction and encouragement of the creation of housing cooperatives.
“The current generation of Soviet people will live under communism.” (Khrushchev N.S.) XXII Congress of the CPSU (October 1961) ADOPTION OF THE NEW CPSU PROGRAM. THREE MAIN TASKS: CREATION OF MATERIAL AND TECHNICAL BASE OF COMMUNISM; FORMATION OF NEW COMMUNIST PUBLIC RELATIONS; RAISING A NEW PERSON. UTOPIAN ASPIRATIONS?
“Thaw” in cultural life and its limited nature. Inconsistency; maintaining control of the party apparatus over the activities of the creative intelligentsia; low artistic taste of the authorities. Persecution of B. Pasternak; Resumption of arrests for “anti-Soviet activities” (“the case of young historians”); persecution of artists (an incident at an exhibition in MANEGE); A new round of persecution of the Orthodox Church.
Literature “writing honestly means not thinking about the expressions on the faces of tall and short readers.” (V. Pomerantsev) I. Erinburg (“Thaw”); V. Panova (“Seasons”); V. Dudintsev (“Not by Bread Alone”); D. Granin (“Seekers”); A. Solzhenitsyn (“One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich”, “Matrenin’s Yard”); A. Fadeev’s attempt to change the leadership style of the Writers’ Union; the appearance of young talented poets (E. Yevtushenko, A. Voznesensky) “And a couple of phrases flying from here will sway with meaningless heights...” (A. Voznesensky)
MUSIC A. Khachaturian - resolution of the CPSU Central Committee “On correcting errors in the evaluation of the operas “The Great Friendship”, “Bogdan Khmelnitsky” and “From the Heart”. In it, previous assessments of the work of composers: D. Shostakovich, S. Prokofiev, A. Khachaturyan, V. Shebalin were recognized as unfair
N.S. Khrushchev’s visit to an art exhibition in the Manege “... I’m telling you as Chairman of the Council of Ministers: the Soviet people do not need all this.” (N.S. Khrushchev) Khrushchev was especially indignant at the work of artists Yu. Sooster, V. Yankilevsky and B. Zhutovsky.
A breath of freedom! International festival of youth and students, the beginning of foreign tours of Soviet creative groups, the opening of new theaters and new magazines. The Kremlin is open to visitors!
Foreign policy Liberalization of foreign policy Normalization of relations with Yugoslavia (1954 - 1955); Signing of a peace treaty with Austria (1955); Attempts to achieve a compromise with Western countries on disarmament issues: Khrushchev’s meeting with Eisenhower (1959), unilateral reduction of the Soviet Army; USSR, USA and Great Britain - a treaty banning nuclear tests in the atmosphere and under water. Continuation of the Cold War Creation of a military-political organization of social. Countries - Warsaw Pact (1955); Suppression of the popular uprising in Hungary (1956); The Berlin Question: aggravation of relations with the West and the construction of the Berlin Wall (1961); Caribbean crisis, nuclear confrontation between the USSR and the USA (1962); Deterioration of relations with China and Albania since 1962.
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“Thaw” (1953-1964) Famous Soviet writer I.G. Ehrenburg called this period the “thaw” that came after the long and harsh Stalinist “winter.”
“Thaw” (1953-1964) “Thaw” is an unofficial designation for the period in the history of the USSR after the death of Stalin. It was characterized by the condemnation of the personality cult of Stalin, the repressions of the 1930s, the liberalization of the regime, the release of political prisoners, and the refusal of the authorities to resolve internal disputes through violence, the weakening of totalitarian power, the emergence of some freedom of speech, relative democratization of political and social life, openness to the Western world, greater freedom of creative activity
Report by N.S. Khrushchev at the 20th Congress of the CPSU “On the cult of personality and its consequences” (February 1956)
“Thaw” in the economy Decentralization of economic management and restructuring of industrial management from a sectoral principle to a territorial one (economic councils, 1957) Development of new industries (nuclear, space) Writing off debts from collective farms and reducing taxation of collective farms Expanding the economic independence of collective farms Development of virgin lands Elimination of MTS and sale of equipment to collective farms “Corn Epic” Unreasonable assignments for meat procurement, significant reduction in livestock RESULTS Fall in agricultural production. Deterioration of food supply to the population. Beginning of grain imports from abroad.
“Thaw” in the social sphere Increasing the minimum wage by 35% Increasing the size of old-age pensions by 2 times and reducing the retirement age by 5 years Deployment of mass housing construction (“Khrushchev”) Introduction of cash wages for collective farmers Establishment of a 7-hour working day
Normalization of relations with Yugoslavia (1954-1955) Signing of a peace treaty with Austria and the return of its sovereignty (1955) Meeting between N. Khrushchev and D. Eisenhower (1959) Unilateral reduction of the army Treaty between the USSR, USA and Great Britain on the prohibition nuclear tests in the atmosphere and under water (1963) “Thaw” in foreign policy Creation of the Department of Internal Affairs (1955) Suppression of the popular uprising in Hungary (1956) Worsening relations with Germany and the construction of the Berlin Wall (1962) Cuban missile crisis and nuclear confrontation between the USSR and the USA (1962)
education reform Goal Strengthening the connection between school and industry Elimination of 7-year compulsory and 10-year complete education Introduction of compulsory 8-year education. Obtaining secondary education through: Main directions Technical school 3-year industrial training ShRM Obtaining higher education with work experience Consequences Increased staff turnover in production Decreasing level of labor discipline
The beginning of rehabilitation, criticism of Stalin’s “cult of personality” The beginning of the publication of new magazines “Youth”, “Foreign Literature” “The Thaw” in literature (I. Erenburg, A. Tvardovsky, A. Solzhenitsyn) The emergence of new theater groups (“Sovremennik”, Taganka Theater) “Thaw” in culture Control of the party apparatus over the activities of the creative intelligentsia Persecution of B. Pasternak for the novel “Doctor Zhivago” Resumption of arrests for “anti-Soviet activities”
SPACE CONSTRUCTION October 1957, for the first time in the world, an artificial Earth satellite was launched into space orbit. In April 1961, Soviet cosmonaut Yu.A. Gagarin made the first manned space flight in history. This was followed by the flights of G. Titov, A. Nikolaev, A. Popovich, V. Tereshkova and R. Bykovsky. P.S. The Americans wanted to be the first to send a man into space, but we stopped them)
DEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEAR ENERGY In 1957, the world's most powerful synchrophasotron was launched in the USSR. Nuclear power plants also began to be created. In 1954, the world's first Obninsk nuclear power plant came into operation. In the mid-60s. Beloyarsk (in the Sverdlovsk region) and Novo-Voronezh nuclear power plants were built.
Reforms of national economic management Measures to improve the lives of Soviet people “Thaw” in cultural life New realities of foreign policy Peaceful coexistence and expansion of cooperation with foreign countries Controversial reformism of N.S. Khrushchev Economic “slippage” and the myth of a bright communist future Increasing prices. Tragedy in Novocherkassk Strengthening control by the party apparatus over the activities of the creative intelligentsia Arms race. The entry of troops of the Warsaw Warsaw countries into Hungary. Cuban missile crisis
Growing dissatisfaction in society with the policies of N.S. Khrushchev: Townspeople - dissatisfied with the increase in prices for food products Peasants - dissatisfied with the reduction of personal subsidiary plots Intellectuals - dissatisfied with the inconsistency of the cultural “thaw” Military - dissatisfied with the reduction of the army Officials - dissatisfied with the constant shake-up of personnel
Virgin land is the general name for poorly developed lands in Kazakhstan, the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia, and the Far East. The term appeared in the USSR when in 1954–1960. an attempt was made through the so-called. “developing virgin lands” to eliminate the backlog of agriculture and increase grain production.
