Magomedov Magomed Mallaevich- Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Russian State Medical University, student of V.T. Palchun. M.M. Magomedov is the author of 92 scientific works, including 12 methodological recommendations, 2 rationalization proposals. A leading surgeon in the field of the upper respiratory tract, he actively introduces into the clinic modern methods of endoscopic endonasal surgery, treatment of lacrimal duct pathology, surgical methods of treatment for Meniere's disease, etc. He has extensive experience in teaching and research work.

Luchikhin Lev Alexandrovich- Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Russian State Medical University. L.A. Luchikhin is the author of 130 scientific works and has 3 copyright certificates. Area of ​​scientific interests: vestibular analyzer and balance function, geriatrics in otorhinolaryngology, improvement of the pedagogical process and scientific research methodology. He is the scientific editor of the journal "Bulletin of Otorhinolaryngology".

Educational literature

for medical students

V.T.Palchun, M.M.Magomedov, L.A.LuYIkhii

OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY

Moscow "Medicine" 2002

UDC 616.21/28(075.8) BBK 56.8P14

Reviewers: V.P. Gamov, Professor of the Department of Otorhinolaryngology MMA named after. I.M. Sechenov; V.R.Chistyakova, Professor of the Department of ENT Diseases, Pediatric Faculty, Russian State Medical University

Otorhinolaryngology: Textbook/V.T.

P14 Gomedov, L.A. Luchikhin. - M.: Medicine, 2002. - 576 p.:

ill. (Text. lit. For students of medical universities). 5-225-04744-0

ISBN

The textbook provides up-to-date brief information on the anatomy and physiology of the ENT organs, research methods, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the upper respiratory tract and ear. Included are materials on new approaches in rhinology - endonasal microendoscopic diagnosis and treatment.

General information on the use of medications is provided.

For medical students.

Isbn 5-225-04744-0

© V.T. Palchun, M.M. Magomedov, L.A.

Luchikhin, 2002

Preface: 9

A Brief History of Otorhinolaryngology 11

Chapter 1. Research methods for ENT organs 16

Methodology for examining the nose and paranasal sinuses.... 16

Pharynx examination technique 22

Technique for examining the larynx 25

Ear research technique 28

Study of the functions of the auditory analyzer. . . 36

Study of the functions of the vestibular analyzer 46

Esophagoscopy 54 ■ ■ 68

2.1. Tracheobronchoscopy - 56

Scheme of recording the medical history in the ENT hospital for 58

Chapter 2. Diseases of the nose and paranasal sinuses

Clinical anatomy of the nose and paranasal sinuses;

68

Clinical anatomy of the external nose 68

Clinical anatomy of the nasal cavity 71

Clinical anatomy of the paranasal sinuses 81

Clinical physiology of the nose and paranasal sinuses.

. . 85

Diseases of the external nose 88

Anomalies of the nose 89

Nasal boil 90

Erysipelas 93

Rosacea and rhinophyma 94

Sycosis of the vestibule of the nasal cavity 95

Nasal eczema ■ 96

Thermal damage to the external nose 97

2.4. Diseases of the nasal cavity 99

Deviated nasal septum 100

Synechia and atresia of the nasal cavity 104

Hematoma and abscess of the nasal septum 104

1. Nosebleeds 107

Acute rhinitis 114

Chronic catarrhal rhinitis 120

Chronic hypertrophic rhinitis 121

Atrophic rhinitis 124

Vasomotor rhinitis 128

2.5. Inflammatory diseases of the paranasal sinuses 133

Acute inflammation of the maxillary sinus 138

Chronic inflammation of the maxillary sinus 144

Acute inflammation of the frontal sinus 151

Chronic inflammation of the frontal sinus 154

Acute inflammation of the cells of the ethmoidal labyrinth.

. . 157

Extradural abscess 176

Rhinogenic brain abscess 176

Thrombosis of the cavernous sinus 178

Rhinogenic sepsis 179

2.8. Modern methods of endonasal endoscopic surgery 180

Indications and techniques for diagnostic endoscopy of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses 181

Indications and methods of operations in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses using endoscopes 184

Chapter 3. Diseases of the pharynx 187

Clinical anatomy of the pharynx 187

Clinical physiology of the pharynx 196

Physiology of the lymphadenoid pharyngeal ring "." ; 199

Acute inflammatory diseases of the pharynx 202

Acute pharyngitis 202

Sore throat 204

Clinical forms of common sore throats. . . 208

Sore throats in infectious diseases 211

Pathology of the pharynx in systemic blood diseases 216

Certain (atypical) forms of tonsillitis. . . . 220

3.4.3. Sore throat of the pharyngeal tonsil (adenoiditis) 223

3.5. Complications of tonsillitis 224

3.5.1.Paratonzillitis 225

Parapharyngeal (parapharyngeal) abscess. . . 230

Retropharyngeal (retropharyngeal) abscess 231

3.6. Chronic inflammatory diseases of the pharynx 232

Chronic pharyngitis 232

Chronic tonsillitis 236

Hypertrophy of the palatine tonsils 252

Hypertrophy of the pharyngeal (nasopharyngeal) tonsil (adenoids) 254

Foreign bodies of the pharynx 258

Throat wounds 259

Burns of the pharynx and esophagus 261

Salus aegroti suprema lex.

The welfare of the patient is the highest law.

Address to students

The list of subjects in a medical school does not include one thing, perhaps the most important one - a subject that would teach future doctors not to make medical errors when treating a patient. It would seem that all university education is devoted to this; excellent knowledge underlies proper safe treatment, although this knowledge still needs to be honestly acquired, and then constantly replenished. However, there is an equally important component of a doctor’s professionalism, which will allow you to avoid numerous small and huge personal medical errors - this is to develop a law for yourself: to treat every patient as a family member.

In medical practice in all countries, a huge number of medical errors are made, which are usually called medical errors, since the doctor is responsible for the entire process of examination, diagnosis and treatment of the patient. Medical error, as world practice shows, can harm a person’s health, often dooming him to suffering for the rest of his life, shortening his life expectancy or leading to death. Therefore, the doctor has no right to make a mistake.

Often, such errors are based on the so-called human factor - insufficient qualifications of the doctor, his lag in the development of discipline and general medical knowledge (i.e., basic illiteracy), negligence, moral deficiency, insufficient internal motivation for responsibility for the health and life of the patient. An analysis of forensic medical examination reports shows that these factors often lead to medical errors. However, unintentional errors often occur, as well as errors that are not related to the reasons listed above, but are caused by coincidence or accident. In 2004, WHO established the World Alliance for Patient Safety.

A medical student always wants to become a wonderful and successful highly qualified doctor and, of course, not make medical errors.

Is this possible for every student and if so, how to become such a doctor? The answer is that a medical school has everything to master the art of medicine; the education system provides knowledge, skills, and medical skills in practical classes, lectures, at the patient’s bedside, and at the operating table. Only the student who does not miss study time will receive all this. Classes in each subject are the building blocks of the foundation of the medical profession; medical disciplines are closely interrelated, like the organs and functions of the human body, therefore only complete knowledge of all medical subjects constitutes the profession of a doctor. Postgraduate specialization forms a doctor’s profile in a particular discipline and allows for constant improvement. By this time, the young doctor has formed deeply conscious moral and ethical foundations of the medical profession.

Thus, the necessary conditions are created for obtaining and constantly replenishing full-fledged medical knowledge, which allows you to avoid making medical errors when working with each patient.

In general terms, medical error is interpreted as discrepancy between diagnostic, therapeutic, preventive and other actions (or inaction) of a doctor (or a set of medical services) in relation to a patient with professional knowledge and legalized relevant standards, leading to deterioration of health or death. One of the key criteria for the quality of medical care is its compliance with patient safety standards. The large medical encyclopedia gives the following definition of medical error: “A doctor’s error in the performance of his professional duties, which is the result of a bona fide mistake and does not contain a crime or signs of misconduct.” The degree of responsibility of a medical worker for a medical error is established taking into account the circumstances of the error.

It is difficult to provide a more precise general formulation, especially a legally approved one, since the numerous components and their combination in diagnosis and treatment are so diverse and not equally significant for each case that it is not possible to combine them into one universal legal concept - “medical error” .

At the same time, guided by this general definition, in each specific case it is possible and necessary to avoid medical errors. On the other hand, understanding the formulation of a medical error and personal responsibility sets up, guides and helps the doctor not to commit it.

Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Professor V.T. Finger

Name: Otorhinolaryngology

The year of publishing: 2011
Size: 12.33 MB
Format: djvu
Language: Russian

The book provides up-to-date information on the anatomy and physiology of the upper respiratory tract and ear, etiology, pathogenesis, methods of research, diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ENT organs; data on modern approaches in the surgical treatment of the pathology under consideration, on the use of modern drugs in the treatment of ENT pathology.
For medical students, interns, general practitioners, otorhinolaryngologists.

Name: Diseases of the ear, nose and throat in childhood. National leadership. Brief edition.
Bogomilsky M.R., Chistyakova V.R.
The year of publishing: 2015
Size: 7.88 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: A concise edition of the comprehensive national guide to pediatric otorhinolaryngology "Diseases of the Ear, Nose and Throat in Children" contains up-to-date basic information on the main issues of pediatric... Download the book for free

Name: Otorhinolaryngology.
Vishnyakov V.V.
The year of publishing: 2014
Size: 9.79 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: The book "Otorhinolaryngology" examines in detail such basic issues as a brief history of otorhinolaryngology, clinical anatomy, clinical physiology, research methods in otorhinolaryngology... Download the book for free

Name: Ear, nose and throat diseases
Palchun V.T.
The year of publishing: 2010
Size: 7.29 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: The textbook “Diseases of the Ear, Nose and Throat”, edited by V.T. Palchun, examines issues of anatomy, risk factors for the development of diseases of the ENT organs, pathogenesis, clinical picture, diagnostic algorithms... Download the book for free

Name: Children's otorhinolaryngology
Laiko A.A., Kosakovsky A.L., Zabolotna D.D.
The year of publishing: 2013
Size: 40.76 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Ukrainian
Description:"Children's otorhinolaryngology" edited by Laika A.A., et al., examines general issues of pediatric otorhinolaryngology: diseases, diagnostic and treatment algorithms. The principles of treatment, its types are outlined... Download the book for free

Name: Guide to practical otorhinolaryngology
Palchun V.T., Magomedov M.M., Luchikhin L.A.
The year of publishing: 2011
Size: 10.6 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: The book “Guide to Practical Otorhinolaryngology”, edited by V.T. Palchun, et al., discusses the practical activities of an ENT doctor. Modern diagnostic and treatment methods are outlined... Download the book for free

Name: Gunshot wounds of the face, ENT organs and neck
Shvyrkov M.B., Burenkov G.I., Demenkov V.R.
The year of publishing: 2001
Size: 8.94 MB
Format: djvu
Language: Russian
Description: The practical guide “Gunshot wounds of the face, ENT organs and neck”, edited by Shvyrkova M.B., et al., discusses the issues of diagnostic measures for wounds of the above organs. Explained... Download the book for free

Name: ENT diseases. Textbook for students of higher medical educational institutions
Kozorez E.S.
The year of publishing: 2005
Size: 6.08 MB
Format: pdf
Language: Russian
Description: Clinical lectures collected in the book “ENT Diseases,” edited by E.S. Kozorez, consider the definition of a pathological condition in otorhinolaryngology, its etiological factors, pathogenesis, clinical... Download the book for free

Name: Rare casuistic cases and medical errors in practical otorhinolaryngology
Sanzharovskaya N.K.
The year of publishing: 1997
Size: 3.56 MB
Format: chm
Language: Russian
Description: The practical guide “Rare casuistic cases and medical errors in practical otorhinolaryngology”, edited by N.K. Sanzharovskaya, discusses practical issues arising in clinical...

.

Palchun Vladimir Timofeevich - Professor, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Academician of the International Academy of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Honored Scientist of the Russian Federation, Head of the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Russian State Medical University. Under his leadership, 60 candidate and 13 doctoral dissertations were defended. V.T. Palchun is the chairman of the board of the Moscow Scientific and Practical Society of Otorhinolaryngologists and the editor-in-chief of the journal "Bulletin of Otorhinolaryngology". Author of 400 scientific papers; has 30 copyright certificates and patents. Awarded gold, silver and bronze medals from VDNKh.

Magomedov Magomed Mallaevich - Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Russian State Medical University, student of V.T. Palchun. M.M. Magomedov is the author of 92 scientific works, including 12 methodological recommendations, 2 rationalization proposals. A leading surgeon in the field of the upper respiratory tract, he actively introduces into the clinic modern methods of endoscopic endonasal surgery, treatment of lacrimal duct pathology, surgical methods of treatment for Meniere's disease, etc. He has extensive experience in teaching and research work.

Luchikhin Lev Alexandrovich - Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor of the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Russian State Medical University. L.A. Luchikhin is the author of 130 scientific works and has 3 copyright certificates. Area of ​​scientific interests: vestibular analyzer and balance function, geriatrics in otorhinolaryngology, improvement of the pedagogical process and scientific research methodology. He is the scientific editor of the journal "Bulletin of Otorhinolaryngology".

Educational literature

for medical students

V.T.Palchun, M.M.Magomedov, L.A.LuYIkhii

OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY

Moscow "Medicine" 2002

UDC 616.21/28(075.8) BBK 56.8 P14

Reviewers: V.P. Gamov, Professor of the Department of Otorhinolaryngology MMA named after. I.M. Sechenov; V.R.Chistyakova, Professor of the Department of ENT Diseases, Pediatric Faculty, Russian State Medical University

Otorhinolaryngology: Textbook/V.T. Palchun, M.M. Ma-

P14 Gomedov, L.A. Luchikhin. - M.: Medicine, 2002. - 576 p.:

ill. (Educational literature. For students of medical universities). (Text. lit. For students of medical universities). 5-225-04744-0

The textbook provides up-to-date brief information on the anatomy and physiology of the ENT organs, research methods, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the upper respiratory tract and ear. Included are materials on new approaches in rhinology - endonasal microendoscopic diagnosis and treatment. General information on the use of medications is provided.

For medical students.

BBK 56.8

ISBN 5-225-04744-0

Preface: 9

A Brief History of Otorhinolaryngology 11

Chapter 1. Methods for examining ENT organs 16

1. 
   Methodology for examining the nose and paranasal sinuses.... 16
2. 
   Pharynx examination technique 22
3. 
   Technique for examining the larynx 25
4. 
   Ear research technique 28

1. 
   Study of the functions of the auditory analyzer. . . 36
2. 
   Study of the functions of the vestibular analyzer 46

1. 
   Ear research technique 28
2. 
   Tracheobronchoscopy - 56
3. 
   Scheme of recording the medical history in the ENT hospital for 58

2.1. Clinical anatomy of the nose and paranasal sinuses; 68

1. 
   Clinical anatomy of the external nose 68
2. 
   Clinical anatomy of the nasal cavity 71
3. 
   Clinical anatomy of the paranasal sinuses 81

1. 
   Clinical physiology of the nose and paranasal sinuses. . . 85
2. 
   Diseases of the external nose 88

1. 
   Anomalies of the nose 89
2. 
   Nasal boil 90
3. 
   Erysipelas 93
4. 
   Rosacea and rhinophyma 94
5. 
   Sycosis of the vestibule of the nasal cavity 95
6. 
   Nasal eczema ■ 96
7. 
   Thermal damage to the external nose 97

1. 
   Deviated nasal septum 100
2. 
   Synechia and atresia of the nasal cavity 104
3. 
   Hematoma and abscess of the nasal septum 104
4. 
   Nosebleeds 107
5. 
   Acute rhinitis 114
6. 
   Chronic catarrhal rhinitis 120
7. 
   Chronic hypertrophic rhinitis 121
8. 
   Atrophic rhinitis 124
9. 
   Ozena 126
10. 
    Vasomotor rhinitis 128

1. 
   Acute inflammation of the maxillary sinus 138
2. 
   Chronic inflammation of the maxillary sinus 144
3. 
   Acute inflammation of the frontal sinus 151
4. 
   Chronic inflammation of the frontal sinus 154

1. 
   Acute inflammation of the cells of the ethmoidal labyrinth. . . 157
2. 
   Chronic inflammation of the cells of the ethmoidal labyrinth 159

1. 
   Acute and chronic inflammation of the sphenoid pas
   Zuhi 163

1. 
   Injuries of the nose and paranasal sinuses \ 166
2. 
   Rhinogenic orbital and intracranial complications 172

1. 
   Rhinogenic orbital complications\. . . . 173
2. 
   Rhinogenic purulent meningitis 1. . . . 175
3. 
   Extradural abscess 176
4. 
   Rhinogenic brain abscess 176
5. 
   Thrombosis of the cavernous sinus 178
6. 
   Rhinogenic sepsis 179

1. 
   Indications and methods of diagnostic endosco
   PI of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses 181
2. 
   Indications and methods of operations in the nasal cavity and on
   paranasal sinuses using endoscopes 184

1. 
   Clinical anatomy of the pharynx 187
2. 
   Clinical physiology of the pharynx 196
3. 
   Physiology of the lymphadenoid pharyngeal ring "." ; 199
4. 
   Acute inflammatory diseases of the pharynx 202

1. 
   Acute pharyngitis 202
2. 
   Sore throat 204

1. 
   Clinical forms of common sore throats. . . 208
2. 
   Sore throats in infectious diseases 211
3. 
   Pathology of the pharynx in systemic diseases
   blood 216
4. 
   Certain (atypical) forms of tonsillitis. . . . 220

3.5. Complications of tonsillitis 224

3.5.1.Paratonzillitis 225

1. 
   Parapharyngeal (parapharyngeal) abscess. . . 230
2. 
   Retropharyngeal (retropharyngeal) abscess 231

1. 
   Chronic pharyngitis 232
2. 
   Chronic tonsillitis 236

1. 
   Hypertrophy of the palatine tonsils 252

1. 
   Hypertrophy of the pharyngeal (nasopharyngeal) tonsil
   (adenoids) 254

1. 
   Foreign bodies of the pharynx 258
2. 
   Throat wounds 259
3. 
   Burns of the pharynx and esophagus 261

1. 
   Clinical anatomy of the larynx 265
2. 
   Clinical anatomy of the trachea and esophagus 275
3. 
   Clinical physiology of the larynx, trachea and esophagus. . 278

1. 
   Acute inflammatory diseases of the larynx and trachea. . 281
   4.4.1. Acute catarrhal laryngitis 282

1. 
   Infiltrative laryngitis 283
2. 
   Subglottic laryngitis (false croup) 285
3. 
   Laryngeal sore throat 286
4. 
   Laryngeal edema 287
5. 
   Acute tracheitis 289

1. 
   Chronic catarrhal laryngitis 290
2. 
   Chronic hyperplastic laryngitis 292
3. 
   Chronic atrophic laryngitis 293

1. 
   Acute stenosis of the larynx and trachea 295
2. 
   Chronic stenosis of the larynx and trachea 301

1. 
   Sensory disorders 303
2. 
   Movement disorders 304

1. 
   Injuries of the larynx and trachea 307
2. 
   Chondroperichondritis of the larynx 312
3. 
   Foreign bodies of the larynx, trachea and bronchi 314
4. 
   Burns of the larynx and trachea 316
5. 
   Foreign bodies of the esophagus 318

5.1. Clinical Anatomy of the Ear 320

1. 
   Clinical anatomy of the external ear 321
2. 
   Clinical anatomy of the middle ear 326
3. 
   Clinical anatomy of the inner ear 335

1. 
   Hearing function 347
2. 
   Vestibular analyzer 360 function

1. 
   Abnormalities of the external ear 366
2. 
   Inflammatory diseases of the external ear 367
3. 
   Sulfur plug 377
4. 
   Foreign bodies of the external auditory canal. . . 379
5. 
   Exostoses of the external auditory canal 381

1. 
   Acute and chronic tubootitis (eustachitis) 383
2. 
   Exudative otitis media 385
3. 
   Acute purulent otitis media 389
4. 
   Acute otitis media in children 400
5. 
   Acute otitis media with infectious diseases
   vaniyah 404
6. 
   Adhesive otitis media 406
7. 
   Mastoiditis 408
8. 
   Chronic purulent otitis media 416
9. 
   Prevention of otitis media 434

1. 
   Labyrinthitis 437
2. 
   Sensorineural hearing loss 446
3. 
   Meniere's disease 452
4. 
   Otosclerosis 458

1. 
   Otogenic meningitis 472
2. 
   Otogenic abscesses in the cranial cavity 479
3. 
   Abscess of the temporal lobe and cerebellum 482
4. 
   Thrombosis of the sigmoid sinus and otogenic sepsis 489
5. 
   Arachnoiditis of the posterior cranial fossa >h x 493
6. 
   Otogenic neuritis of the facial nerve. .l. 495

1. 
   Injuries of the external ear d 499
2. 
   Damage to the eardrum . . } 502
3. 
   Traumatic otitis media and mastoiditis 503
4. 
   Inner ear injuries 504
5. 
   Thermal and chemical injuries to the ear 507
6. 
   Acoustic, vibration and barotrauma

Chapter 6. Specific diseases of the ENT organs 512

6.1. Tuberculosis of ENT organs 512

1. 
   Tuberculosis of the upper respiratory tract 512
2. 
   Ear tuberculosis 516
3. 
   Lupus of the upper respiratory tract (common) 517

1. 
   Syphilis of the upper respiratory tract 518
2. 
   Syphilis ear 522
3. 
   Scleroma of the upper respiratory tract 522
4. 
   Wegener's granulomatosis 527
5. 
   Damage to the ENT organs during HIV infection. . . 530

7.1. Neoplasms of the nose and paranasal sinuses 535

1. 
   Tumor-like diseases of the nose and paranasal cavity
   sinuses 536
2. 
   Benign tumors of the nose and paranasal
   sinuses 536
3. 
   Malignant tumors of the nose and paranasal sinuses 538

1. 
   Tumor-like diseases of the pharynx 541
2. 
   Benign tumors of the pharynx 541
3. 
   Malignant tumors of the pharynx 544

1. 
   Tumor-like formations of the larynx 546
2. 
   Benign tumors of the larynx 548
3. 
   Malignant tumors of the larynx 550

1. 
   Tumor-like formations of the ear 561
2. 
   Benign ear tumors 561
3. 
   Malignant ear tumors 563
4. 
   Neuroma of the vestibulocochlear (VIII) nerve. . . 565

otorhinolaryngology 567

Salus aegroti suprema lex.

The good of the patient is the highest law.

PREFACE

The nose, pharynx, larynx and ear in the general system of vital activity of the human body provide with their functions external respiration, smell, eating, speech, hearing, balance and, thus performing their intended work, closely interact with the cardiovascular, nervous, cerebral, gastrointestinal tract. -intestinal, musculoskeletal, immune, hematopoietic and other systems. Of course, such close physiological (and in many ways anatomical) interaction determines pathological reactions in both directions in diseases of the ENT organs and these systems. To a greater extent, of course, in such an interaction, inflammatory and other pathologies of the ENT organs cause or potentiate any other diseases of the body. Therefore, the solution of diagnostic and therapeutic issues in the clinic at the patient’s bedside can be highly professional only with the use of knowledge of otorhinolaryngology.

The proposed textbook includes all the basic (basic) knowledge of the specialty. For a more free perception of clinical material, brief information from the anatomy and physiology of the ENT organs is presented in relation to the tasks of recognizing and treating diseases.

A medical examination of the nose, pharynx, larynx and ear canal provides basic information (visual picture) about the nature of the disease of these organs. The examination technique is simple and accessible to every doctor. The textbook reveals the secrets of mastering the methodology for examining ENT organs.

The textbook briefly presents both fundamental knowledge on the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the upper respiratory tract and ear, as well as the latest scientific and practical information in this area. Included are materials on new approaches in rhinology - endonasal microendoscopic diagnostics and surgery, which has come into widespread practice in recent years; modern justifications for methods of choice in the diagnosis and treatment of major diseases of the ENT organs are presented, and general information on the use of medications is given. Increasingly common lesions of the ENT organs have been noted in HIV infection, Wegener's disease, tuberculosis, venereal

diseases, etc.; in a practical aspect, issues of urgent pathology in the specialty are covered, etc.

This approach to studying the subject is the most favorable, however, even a brief presentation of the material requires a slightly larger textbook (the authors went for this).

The student will find in the textbook everything that is needed for the training program for medical students; undoubtedly, it will also be useful for interns, residents, and graduate students. Very quickly, students become doctors, and when working independently in any field of medicine, they will need reference material on this specialty - the textbook will help with this too.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF OTHORINOLARYNGOLOGY

Subject of study. IN In the current biological system of the human body, the organs of the upper respiratory tract are the entrance device for air. The operation of this device not only ensures the supply of purified and warmed air, but is also an integral part of the functions of the multifaceted activity of all internal organs and systems, the formation of speech, and the ear - the perception and analysis of sounds and speech, stability and orientation of the body in space. Such close interaction in pathology determines the development or worsening of common diseases caused by damage to the nose, pharynx, larynx and ear.

The subject of study of otorhinolaryngology is the recognition, treatment and prevention of diseases of the upper respiratory tract and ear in connection with other pathologies, as well as scientific research into the physiology and pathology of the nose, pharynx, larynx and ear in their interaction with all organs and systems of the body.

Birth and initial stages of development of the specialty. The study of any subject, including otorhinolaryngology, is based on knowledge of how and when the specialty arose, what major transformations shaped its development and what its main content is at the present time.

The first medical information in ancient times was not differentiated by individual disciplines; it included the rudiments of information on otorhinolaryngology as well as in other areas of medicine, mainly from medical and practical experience.

The works of Hippocrates (460-377 BC) contain information known at that time about the structure, functions and pathology of the upper respiratory tract and ear; subsequently, this information is increasingly expanded in the works of Celsus (1st century BC). BC), Galen (I-II centuries BC) and many other great representatives of medicine of the ancient world. In the first five centuries of our era, the development of medicine was extremely slow, since there was no idea about the structure of the entire organism and its organs. The end of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance period are marked by progress in medicine, primarily in the development of human anatomy, including the anatomy of the nose, pharynx, larynx and ear. A. Vesalius (1514-1564) gave a description of the parts of the ear, B. Eus-

Tachius (1510-1574) was the first to describe the auditory tube (it is named after him), the chorda tympani and two muscles of the middle ear, Fallopius (1523-1562) - the facial canal (it also bears his name), the ear labyrinth, and the tympanic cavity. Duvernay (1648-1730) reported on the macrostructure of the organ of hearing and the nature of its diseases. A. Valsalva (1666-1723) in his “Treatise on the Human Ear” (1704) gave a more accurate description of the anatomical and pathological features of the ear. This author is now known for his method of self-blowing of the middle ear, which is still widely used today. In 1851, A. Corti first described the microscopic structure of the receptor apparatus of the cochlea (spiral, or organ of Corti), and E. Reissner studied the membrane separating the cochlear duct from the scala vestibule (Reissner's, vestibular membrane). In the second half of the 19th century. G. Helmholtz formulated a spatial theory of hearing, in which he showed that already at the level of the cochlea, in the spiral organ, a primary analysis of sounds occurs - high frequencies are perceived by receptor cells at its base, and low frequencies at the apex. In the 20th century G. Bekesy's ideas about a hydrodynamic wave in the fluids of the inner ear found recognition.

In Russia, the first terminological information on otorhinolaryngology was published by M. Ambodik (1783); I.F. Bush (1771-1843), in a major work on surgery, which went through 5 editions, presented the fundamentals of otorhinolaryngology in accordance with the knowledge of that time. The Czech scientist J. Purkinje in 1820 proved the functional connection between eyeball nystagmus and dizziness, and Flourens in 1824 established the dependence of balance on the state of the semicircular canals of the inner ear. In 1892, R. Ewald, based on his experiments and generalizations of literature data, formulated important laws of the function of the semicircular canals, known as Ewald's laws.

Formation of a specialty into a separate independent one discipline in medicine. The emergence of a new specialty or the separation of one from an already developed profile of medicine always occurs when a new, higher level of fundamental theoretical knowledge and practical experience, anatomical, physiological and pathoanatomical prerequisites are achieved.

Otorhinolaryngology emerged as an independent discipline from surgery in the second half XIX V. The following circumstances led to this.

1. Close functional relationship between the nose, pharynx, larynx and ear, expressed in the fact that all these organs are involved in:

a) holding, purifying and warming the air;

b) carrying out and controlling food;

d) ensuring constant air exchange in the middle ear
(the auditory tube has a pharyngeal opening at the level of the posterior
ends of the inferior nasal concha and the tympanic opening in
middle ear).

1. 
   The location of these organs is as follows: in the center is
   pharynx, and the nose, middle ear and larynx open into it, which
   unites them functionally and anatomically, as well as weight
   affects the course of pathological processes.
2. 
   The mucous membrane lines the surface as a single layer
   activity of all organs, moving from one to another, which is the way
   promotes the spread of inflammatory processes.
3. 
   A unified principle of methods for examining all organs, each
   of which is a deep cavity, open
   out; in this case, inspection is possible only under lighting conditions
   in the depths of the organ with a beam of light so that the axes of vision and
   beams of light coincided.

where you can examine all organs (frontal reflector, ear funnel, spatula, nasal dilator, two types of mirrors - laryngeal and nasopharyngeal). The practice of using these instruments has led to the emergence of specialists in individual organs: otologists, laryngologists, rhinologists. In Russia, the first laryngologist was D.I. Koshlakov,^ otologist - A.F. Prussian. K.A. Rauchfus, using indirect (mirror) laryngoscopy, was the first to describe the picture of subglottic laryngitis (false croup).

The Viennese scientist A. Politzer (1835-1920) is the founder of the formation of otorhinolaryngology in the West. He was the first in his comprehensive manual and atlases to present a clinic of the main inflammatory diseases of the ear, which have not lost their importance today. G. Schwartze (1837- 1910) developed a technique for trephination of the mastoid process, and E. Küster in 1889 expanded this operation, proposing to remove the posterior wall of the auditory canal. Finally, E. Zaufal completed the development of the so-called radical ear surgery with his proposal to remove the outer bone wall of the supratympanic recess (attic). This surgical technique is still used today.

Great opportunities for surgical interventions on the upper respiratory tract have opened up thanks to what was proposed by the Russian doctor A.K. Anrep (1884) to the method of local application anesthesia of the mucous membrane with cocaine, and subsequently, already in the 20th century, introduced into practice by A.V. Vishnevsky and A.D. Speransky local anesthesia with novocaine.

In the second half of the 19th century. Otiatric medical institutions appeared in St. Petersburg and Moscow, then in other cities. SP student. Botkina N.P. Simanovsky (1854-1922) was the first to organize a united clinic for diseases of the ear, nose and throat (before that they existed separately), and in 1893, for the first time in the world, he introduced a mandatory course in teaching otorhinolaryngology to students at the St. Petersburg Military Medical Academy. In 1903 N.P. Simanovsky founded the scientific society of otorhinolaryngologists in St. Petersburg and in 1909 began publishing the journal “Bulletin of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases.” Together with his students V.I. Voyache-com, M.F. Tsytovich, N.V. Belogolov, N.M. Aspisov N.P. Simanovsky made a great contribution to scientific and practical otorhinolaryngology, so he is rightly considered the patriarch of this specialty in our country. At the same time, the abbreviation “ENT” came into practice, composed of the initial letters of the names of the organs of the upper respiratory tract and ear.

In Moscow, the first otorhinolaryngologists became known

new doctors: E.S. Stepanov (Old Catherine Hospital), S.F. Stein (creator and director of the country's first specially built otorhinolaryngological clinic), S.S. Preobrazhensky (Moscow University), E.N. Malyutin (first phoniatrist), M.S. Zhirmunsky (author of the first textbook on otorhinolaryngology, 1892).

Major domestic scientists in the first half of the 20th century. K.L. Khilov, L.T. Levin, V.G. Ermolaev, A.F. Ivanov, Ya.S. Temkin and others made a significant contribution to the development of the young specialty and received recognition in our country and abroad.

In 1919, the famous doctor and scientist L.I. Sverzhevsky (1867-1941) founded the Department of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases at the Russian State Medical University, and in 1936 - the journal "Bulletin of Otorhinolaryngology", which is still published today, being the central journal in the specialty. Follower and successor of L.I. Sverzhevsky was B.S. Preobrazhensky (1892-1970) is one of the most prominent scientists and organizers in the specialty.

In recent decades, otorhinolaryngology has emerged as a scientific and practical branch of medicine. Our country has an extensive network of medical and scientific institutions, which employ about 10,000 otolaryngologists.

The accumulated knowledge and practical experience are constantly transforming otorhinolaryngology, and separate areas are being formed within the specialty: pediatric otorhinolaryngology, otoneurology, phoniatrics, oncological otorhinolaryngology, rhinology, audiology, vestibulology. Each of these areas is represented by corresponding medical and scientific institutions in regions, territories and cities, which are headed by prominent scientists. There are two large scientific and practical centers in Moscow (federal and Moscow), and in St. Petersburg there is the Research Institute of Otorhinolaryngology.

Labor omnia vincit.

Labor conquers everything.

Year of manufacture: 2011

Genre: Otorhinolaryngology

Format: PDF

Quality: OCR

Description: The nose, pharynx, larynx and ear in the general system of vital activity of the human body provide with their functions external breathing, smell, eating, speech, hearing, balance and, thus performing their intended work, closely participate and interact with the cardiovascular, nervous, brain, gastrointestinal, musculoskeletal, immune, hematopoietic and other systems of the body. Of course, such close physiological (and in many ways anatomical) interaction in diseases of the ENT organs and these systems causes pathological reactions in both directions. However, in most cases of pathology, such interaction is realized by the spread of infectious-toxic and neuro-reflex processes from the ENT organs to the body, which causes some and potentiates any other general and local diseases of the body. Therefore, the solution of diagnostic and therapeutic issues in the clinic at the patient’s bedside can be highly professional only with the involvement of the knowledge of otorhinolaryngology.
The textbook “Otorhinolaryngology” includes all the basic (basic) knowledge of the specialty. For a more free perception of clinical material, brief information from the anatomy and physiology of the ENT organs is presented in relation to the tasks of recognizing and treating diseases.

The textbook briefly presents both fundamental knowledge on the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the upper respiratory tract and ear, as well as the latest scientific and practical information in this area. Included are updated materials on endonasal microendoscopic diagnosis and surgery, which in recent years have been improved and entered into widespread practice; modern justifications for methods of choice in the diagnosis and treatment of major diseases of the ENT organs are presented, general information is given on the use of medications. Increasingly common lesions of the ENT organs in HIV infection, Wegener's disease, tuberculosis, sexually transmitted diseases, etc. are noted; in a practical aspect, issues of urgent pathology in the specialty are covered, etc.
The student will find in the textbook “Otorhinolaryngology” everything that is needed for the training program for medical students; undoubtedly, it will be useful for interns, residents, and graduate students. Very quickly, students become doctors and when working independently in any field of medicine, they will need reference material on this specialty - the textbook will help them with this.