Rice. 2. Nikolay Dobronravov ()
Compound words name people by profession.
Commander- leads the regiments, the roots of the regiment-, water-,
fabulist- writes fables, roots fable-, write-,
beekeeper- breeds bees, bee roots-, water-,
plumber- conducts water, roots water-, water-, prefix pro-,
steelmaker- cooks steel, roots steel-, var-,
bird catcher- catches birds, roots of birds-, catch-, the first root ends in ts, we write e.
Listen to the text, determine how many difficult words there are.
Moscow was founded by Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. Moscow was first a wooden fortress, surrounded by a palisade made of logs. The oak walls of the Kremlin were replaced by white stone ones. It was then that Moscow received a name for all times - white stone. And also golden-domed, with golden heads, domes of temples. Chistoprudny Boulevard is one of the old streets in the center of Moscow.
Dolgoruky- long hands, roots debt-, hands-,
stockade- a fence made of tightly driven stakes, the roots are frequent, count,
white stone- built of white stone, the roots are white, stone,
golden-headed- with golden heads, roots of gold-, heads-,
Chistoprudny- clean ponds, clean roots, pond-.
This is how we compiled the transcriptions of complex words:
In place of the letters of the connecting vowels O, E, the spelling is: a letter in place of an unstressed vowel sound.
Why is the bird called that? The redstart is so named for its tail. He is red and trembles all the time. Therefore, it seems that the tail flashes with a light, as if it is burning. (see Fig.3)
Rice. 3. Redstart ()
The rudd fish is very beautiful. Her back is green, her sides have golden scales with a brown border on the sides. Eyes are orange, lips are yellow. The fish got its nickname for the color of its fins. (According to N. Osipov) (see Fig. 4)
Rice. 4. Rudd ()
A blade of grass grows, straight, strong, and at the end of it a green brush sticks up. This is what a foxtail looks like. Of course, such a tail is too small even for a fox cub, but it still looks like a tail. (see Fig.5)
Rice. 5. Foxtail ()
The water strider is the name given to an insect that runs quickly through the water, as if it wants to measure the distance. (see Fig.6)
Rice. 6. Water strider ()
A compound word consisting of two roots gory- and tail-. Similar words: burn, tail.
A compound word consisting of two roots: red- and per-. Similar words: red, feathers.
Roots fox-, tail-. Related words: fox, tail.
Roots water-, mer-. Water, measure.
In the lesson you learned that words that have two roots are called complex. Most often, roots in complex words are connected by vowel letters o or e. These letters are called connecting vowel letters. The letter o is written after hard consonants, e - after soft consonants and unpaired hard ones: zh, sh, ts. For example, couch potato, pedestrian, bird catcher.
- M.S. Soloveychik, N.S. Kuzmenko “To the secrets of our language” Russian language: Textbook. 3rd grade: in 2 parts. Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
- M.S. Soloveychik, N.S. Kuzmenko “To the secrets of our language” Russian language: Workbook. Grade 3: in 3 parts. Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2010.
- T. V. Koreshkova Test tasks in the Russian language. 3rd grade: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
- T.V. Koreshkova Practice! Notebook for independent work in the Russian language for 3rd grade: in 2 parts. - Smolensk: Association XXI century, 2011.
- L.V. Mashevskaya, L.V. Danbitskaya Creative tasks in the Russian language. - St. Petersburg: KARO, 2003
- G.T. Dyachkova Olympiad tasks in Russian. 3-4 grades. - Volgograd: Teacher, 2008
- Rus.1september.ru ().
- Gramma.ru ().
- 5klass.net ().
- School-collection.edu.ru ().
- Oldskola1.narod.ru ().
- Solve spelling problems.
Steam_vozny, leaf_pad, porridge, russula, one_indigenous, dishwasher, white_manes, braided, homemade, earth_quake.
- Find complex words and show their structure.
...Dragonflies fly and dance,
The cheerful ones lead a round dance.
A. Tolstoy
People have known for a long time:
The fly agaric is inedible.
V. Zhulzhin
- Read an excerpt from the story by V. Astafiev. Find difficult words, describe their meaning and highlight the roots.
Mukhtar was the same color and appearance as Trezor, but his character was different from him. If Trezor is cunning and stupid, then his brother was hardworking, strict, angry and therefore sat on a chain. And such a life was bitter for him, free, impetuous, fleet-footed.
At the beginning of foreign words, if pronounced e , written yo , For example: yogi, iodine, yoghurt, yeoman, yorkshire, not one bit(But: ions, Jordanian– with separate pronunciation of initial vowel sounds).
IX. Spelling difficult words
§ 41. Connecting vowels o and e
In complex words, after the stem, a connecting vowel is written on the hard consonant O , after the base to a soft consonant, to a sibilant and ts – connecting vowel e . For example: homebody, skin eater, bird catcher, False Dmitry I.
In some cases the final soft consonant v, n, r, t the first stem is pronounced firmly and after it a connecting vowel is written O (in parallel with these words, those in which, according to the rule, it is written e ). For example: long-range - long-range, quarry - stone crusher, horse thief - horse breeder, bone-carver - bone-crushing, bloodthirsty - blood-bearing, chant - song-making. Wed. various educations after foundation on ts : trapezoid – trapezoidal – trapezoidal – trapezohedron(not all of these formations distinguish two bases in the Russian language).
§ 42. Compound words without a connecting vowel
It is necessary to distinguish between compound words with connecting vowels and compound words without a connecting vowel. Wed: psychotherapy(psycho + therapy) – psychasthenia(psych + asthenia).
In some compound words, the first part is the word in its initial form, for example: time calculation, pastime; cotyledon, seed stalk, ovule(cf.: seed production, seed storage– with a connecting vowel).
Without a connecting vowel, terms like nitrogen-fixing, forward-looking, oxygen-containing etc.
The letter is saved A at the end of the element air (short for aviation), forming the first part of compound words like airbase, airborne troops, airmail, air unit etc.
With a case ending in the first part, words arising from phrases are formed crazy, crazy etc.
In the form of the genitive case without a connecting vowel, numerals are included in compound words, for example: three-meter, five-time, seven-year. Exceptions are numerals one, ninety, one hundred And thousand, For example: one-year, ninetieth, hundredfold, thousandth. Numeral fourty as part of compound words it is used in two forms: without a connecting vowel ( forty days) and with a connecting vowel ( magpie, centipede- not in the literal meaning of the account).
It is necessary to distinguish between complex words and words in which two stems are not distinguished in the Russian language. Wed: gas pipeline - gasification, electrician - electrification.
Note 1. Foreign language prefixes are written together on a common basis anti-, arch-, hyper-, inter-, infra-, counter-, post-, sub-, super-, trans-, ultra-, extra- etc., for example: anti-people(But: Anti-Duhring– in the function of a proper name), archiplut, hypersound, international, infrared, counterproposal(But: rear admiral, where the first part has a different meaning), post-impressionism(preserving the initial root And ), post-romanticism(cf. the continuous spelling of the same prefix in words of foreign origin indivisible into morphemes: postscript, after the fact etc.), dust jacket, subtropics, Trans-Siberian, ultrasound, trendy, extraordinary(But: extra mail, extra class– before a noun).
Note 2. The initial components are written together quasi-, pseudo-, pan- , For example: quasi-scientific, pseudo-classical, pan-German(But: quasi-Pushkin, pan-Europe etc. – before proper names
The greatest spelling difficulty is caused by vowels, which are called connecting vowels. “O” and “e” in complex words are often not noticed, as a result of which mistakes are made. It is noteworthy that there are no other letters connecting the two stems.
Definition
If a word consists of two or more stems, it will be called complex. For example, agricultural (farming), meat and dairy (meat and milk), scientific and technical (science and technology), chronicler (writing chronicles).
Compound words in the Russian language appeared at the present stage of development during a period of abundance of information, because this makes it possible to fit several concepts into one word.
Phenomena when more than two roots are used in the formation of a complex word are quite rare. For example, cycling.
Education and spelling variations
Compound words can be formed in various ways. Their spelling will depend on this. Let's look at the most popular ones:
They write complex words in Russian together or with a hyphen: haymaking, railway, evergreen, boarding school, dynamo, raincoat. The use of one method or another depends on the formation of a particular word.
Words with connecting "o"
Let's look at when connecting "o" and "e" are used in complex words. Examples when it is necessary to write "o" are as follows:
- railway;
- factory;
- forest-steppe;
- people's liberation;
- reinforced concrete.
In all these words, the first stem ends in a hard consonant, which is why the use of the connecting “o” is required.
Words with connecting "e"
Now you should parse complex words with a connecting vowel e. Examples are:
- Old Russian;
- pedestrian;
- vegetable store;
- bird catcher;
- leatherworker;
- cook;
- dormitory;
- traveler;
- windbreak;
- rain gauge
All these words are united by the fact that the first stem ends in a soft consonant (rain gauge, Old Russian), in a hissing consonant (hostel, pedestrian, cook) or in “ts” (bird catcher). Therefore, in such words you should write a connecting “e”.
Base options
Sometimes connecting “o” and “e” are not used in compound words: they are replaced by parts of derived stems. Let's look at similar cases. 
When a connecting vowel is not needed
There are many cases in the Russian language when connecting “o” and “e” in complex words are completely unnecessary. This happens in the following cases:
Spelling difficult words
Connecting “o” and “e” in complex words can be used both when written together and when written with a hyphen. Let's look at the cases of using a hyphen.
You can create complex words using coordinating and subordinating connections. If they are formed by the first case, they will be written with a hyphen. In other words, you can easily put the conjunction “and” between the parts. Let's look at examples, for this you need to create complex words: sofa and bed - sofa bed; scientific and technical - scientific and technical; Russian and English - Russian-English; factory and plant - factory; meat and milk - meat and dairy; military medical - military and medical and others.
Compound words (nouns and adjectives) with the meaning of cardinal directions: Western European, southeastern, northeastern. 
Words that convey shades of colors: crimson-gold, gray-brown, light green, purple-blue.
If the word is formed from a proper name: Leo Tolstoy style, Walter Scott ideas, New York Stock Exchange. The exception is geographical names formed from the phrase noun and adjective: Velikiye Luki - Velikiye Luki, Sergiev Posad - Segrievo Posad, Staraya Rus - Starorussky.
Words - scientific and technical terms: dynamo, vacuum dryer, diesel electrode, stop valve, filter press.
Words - designations of political parties and movements: vice-mayor, liberal-democratic, social-democrat, national-socialist.
A word that has a value judgment in the first part: grief-wife, shirt-guy, sweetheart-daughter, good boy-son.
If the first producing basis is the designation of any Latin letter: alpha male, beta carotene, gamma radiation.
It is necessary to write together complex words formed with the help of a subordinating connection: lumber processing (to process wood), staromoskovsky (old Moscow), chronicler (to write a chronicle), milk processing (to process milk), logging (logging).
As service morphemes, connecting vowels (interfixes) o/e are distinguished only in the derived stems of complex words. This property sharply distinguishes them from suffixes and prefixes, which can be found in both complex and simple words. Unlike suffixes and prefixes, which can be both word-forming and formative affixes, connecting vowels o/e are specifically word-forming morphemes. Unlike suffixes and prefixes, which always (if they are regular) have a certain lexical and grammatical meaning, connecting vowels o!e have a meaning that acts as a purely word-formative one and is reduced to expressing the idea of connection. In terms of their semantics (completely independent, in contrast to the meaning of suffixes and prefixes from the forming stems), connecting vowels o/e are similar to connecting conjunctions.
In some cases, connecting vowels o/e acquire the character of semantically empty sounds that appear in a word only
for phonetic reasons. So, if in the words reinforced concrete, fisherman, dried fruits the connecting vowel o is a copular morpheme, determined by certain rules of word formation (the addition of complete stems and words is carried out, as a rule, with the help of connecting vowels), then in the word tekhnoruk it, from a word-formation point of view, represents is an illegal phenomenon (since the addition of abbreviated stems is carried out without the aid of connecting vowels o/e; cf.: political instructor, military instructor, physical education instructor) and has no meaning. The sound o here is only a means to avoid an unpronounceable combination of consonants (technruk - technoruk).
Connecting vowels o/e most often act as phonetically determined variants: if the first stem of the addition ends in a paired hard consonant, then o acts as a connecting vowel (mortar mixer, water carrier, etc.); if the first stem of the addition ends in a soft consonant, a hard hissing or c, then the connecting vowel e is used (sailor, pedestrian, sheep farmer, etc.). The appearance of e after hard sibilants and c is historically justified: the hissing zh, sh and c were soft in the Old Russian language and hardened only in the 14th-15th centuries, when the noted word-formation rule for the use of o/e was already a strong tradition.
However, in a number of complex words, the first stem of which ends in a soft consonant n, p, t or v, in place of the expected e there is an “illegal” o: hitching post, trapper, animal-like, stonecutter, quarry, ambition, lust for power, carnivore, carnivore, blood circulation, bloodsucker, bloodthirsty, chant, fabulist, etc. Next to this kind of words, there are also words where, after the same first stem, the connecting vowel e naturally appears: horse breeder, stud farm, stone processing, stone-cutting, bone-crushing, blood-bearing, songwriting, etc. . d. All these words are much later formations than their related words with the connecting vowel o.
The undivided dominance of the word-formation model with o/e in the production of complex words is evidenced, first of all, by the large number and variety of types of additions with o/e compared to additions without a connecting vowel. Almost all new formations of a complex nature that have appeared recently (both among nouns and among adjectives; in the sphere of verbs there is no method of addition) are words with connecting vowels o/e.
Connecting vowels o/e must be clearly distinguished from phenomena that outwardly resemble them. Thus, the words rarely used, wild-growing, following, etc., arising using the lexical-syntactic method of word formation (about it, see § 31), do not contain connecting vowels: o/e in them are adverbial suffixes (o - word-forming, e - formative). In the words car factory, bicycle race, auto regulator, weather report, o is the same integral part of the abbreviated stems (automobile, bicycle, automatic, meteorological) as the consonants f, t, r in the words trade union, party active, salary. Phonetically, connecting vowels o/e are characterized by unstress. In complex words, stress is always observed on root morphemes (vacuum cleaner, water supply, frost-resistant, mechanical engineering, etc.).
Connecting vowels o/e as significant parts of a word can, naturally, be isolated only if the analyzed word is recognized as complex. If a word has undergone a process of simplification or re-decomposition, then it does not contain any copular morphemes. Thus, the connecting vowels in the words pandemonium (which arose by ellipsis on the basis of the phraseological phrase Babylonian pandemonium), porcupine (the addition of wild and image), horizon (the addition of circle and zor - from seeing), psychologist, library, etc. . d. There is no connecting vowel in some compound words that have undergone the process of dropping one of the syllables, for example: tabakur, standard bearer (originally tobacco smoker, standard bearer).
