Topic: punctuation marks for isolated definitions. Identification of separate definitions

A definition is a minor member of a sentence that denotes a sign, quality, property of an object and answers the questions WHAT? WHOSE? WHICH? When parsing sentences, definitions are underlined with a wavy line.

Definitions usually appear as dependent words in phrases with nouns and can be associated with them by means of agreement (for example: BIG HOUSE, BEAUTIFUL GARDEN) or by means of control and adjacency (for example: MAN (what?) IN A HAT, KNOWLEDGE (what?) TO PLAY) . Definitions connected to nouns using agreement are called agreed upon, using control or connection – inconsistent.

Agreed definitions can be expressed by adjectives (NEW ROUTE), participles (PREVENTED ROUTE), possessive pronouns (OUR ROUTE) and ordinal numbers (FIFTH ROUTE). An inconsistent definition can be expressed by a noun in oblique cases (HOUSE - what? - ON THE MOUNTAIN), a comparative degree of an adjective (I DIDN'T SEE THE STORM - what? - STRONGER), an infinitive (OPPORTUNITY - what? - TO STUDY) and a pronoun (HIS BOOK) .

Inconsistent definitions may combine their meaning with the meaning of circumstances and additions. Compare: HOUSE (where?) ON THE MOUNTAIN and HOUSE (which?) ON THE MOUNTAIN. Both questions are entirely appropriate, and ON THE MOUNTAIN can be considered both a circumstance and a definition. Another example: MEETING (with whom?) WITH FRIENDS and MEETING (what?) WITH FRIENDS. In these phrases, WITH FRIENDS will be both an addition and a definition.

Separation- this is the highlighting on both sides of a letter with punctuation marks (commas, dashes, parentheses) of some part of the sentence.

Definitions are distinguished in accordance with the following rules.

1. An agreed definition consisting of several words and relating to the preceding noun is isolated. Compare two sentences:

Path, overgrown with grass, led to the river.
Overgrown with grass path led to the river.

2. The agreed definition relating to the personal pronoun is isolated, regardless of its place in the sentence and prevalence. For example:

Happy he is
He, happy, told me about his successes.
Pleased with your success, he told me about them.
He, happy with his successes, told me about them.

Please note: in the example from the first paragraph of the rule, the phrase OVERGROWING WITH GRASS is highlighted with commas. If a definition has dependent words, then together they make up attributive phrase.

This rule has three notes:

1. An agreed definition (both single-word and consisting of several words), relating to a noun and standing in front of it, can be isolated if it has an additional meaning of reason (that is, it combines the meanings of the definition and the circumstances of the reason). For example:

Tired, tourists decided to abandon the repeated ascent.
Tired after a sleepless night, tourists decided to abandon the repeated ascent.

(In both sentences the definition explains reason refusal to climb again.)

2. Definitions that appear after the word being defined, but are closely related in meaning to it or to other members of the sentence, are not isolated. In such cases, if the definition is removed from the sentence, the phrase loses its meaning. For example:

He could hear things are quite unpleasant for yourself (Lermontov). Sea at his feet lay silent and white(Paustovsky).

3. The definition is isolated, wherever it appears, if it is separated from the word being defined by other words. For example:

At the end of January covered in the first thaw, Cherries smell good gardens(Sholokhov).

Exercise

They drank coffee in a gazebo on the shore of a wide lake dotted with islands (Pushkin).

Deeply offended, she sat down under the window and sat until late at night without undressing (Pushkin).

The old woman, looking at him from behind the partition, could not know whether he had fallen asleep or was just thinking (Pushkin).

Foolovites, who were not strong enough in self-government, began to attribute this phenomenon to the mediation of some unknown force (Shchedrin).

The waves of the sea, encased in granite, are suppressed by enormous weights sliding along their ridges, hitting the sides of ships, the shores, beating and grumbling, foamed, polluted with various rubbish (Gorky).

In its long beak, curved at the end, the seagull held a small fish.

And either he made a grimace - blinded by the setting sun - or his face was generally characterized by some strangeness, only his lips seemed too short... (Mann).

The curious and inquisitive children immediately noticed that something incomprehensible was going on in the city.

His father met him with a gloomy and surprised look.

He opened his notebook and drew two segments parallel to each other.

Draw an equilateral triangle with a side equal to five centimeters.

But now they did not speak for long, - the wise one, who did not interfere with their judgment, spoke himself: “Stop! There is punishment. This is a terrible punishment; You wouldn’t invent something like this in a thousand years!” (Bitter).

A small night_bird_ silently and low rushing on its soft wings_ almost stumbled upon me and timidly dived to the side (Turgenev).

1. Maybe it was a thorn or the tip of a nail that had come out of the felt padding of the clamp (Aitmatov).
2. Lying on his armour-hard back, he saw, as soon as he raised his head, his brown, convex belly, divided by arched scales, on the top of which the blanket, ready to finally slide off, was barely holding on (Kafka).
3. In the bright dawn, the black tops of birch trees were outlined, thin as letters (Pasternak).
4. The princess absolutely hates me, two or three epigrams about me have already been retold to me - quite caustic, but at the same time very flattering (Lermontov).
5. I am still trying to explain to myself what kind of feeling was boiling in my chest then: it was the annoyance of offended pride, and contempt, and anger - born at the thought - that this man was now looking at me with such confidence, with such calm insolence - two minutes ago ago, without exposing himself to any danger, he wanted to kill me like a dog, because wounded in the leg a little more severely, I would certainly have fallen off the cliff (Lermontov).
6. Grease the mold to prevent it from rusting, and remove the kitchen table, make a sauce from oxylithium hydrate_ diluted in a glass of fresh milk (Vian).
7. Staggering and gasping for breath, he finally went ashore, saw a robe lying on the ground, picked it up and mechanically rubbed himself with it until his numb body warmed up (Hesse).
8. My father's elder brother, who died in 1813, with the intention of setting up a village hospital, gave him as a boy to some doctor he knew to study the art of paramedics (Herzen).
9. Who told you that there is no true, faithful, eternal love in the world? (Bulgakov).
10. But that’s not all: the third in this company was a cat that had come from nowhere, huge, like a hog, black, like soot or a rook... (Bulgakov).
11. Winter evening on December 14th_ thick_ dark_ frosty (Tynyanov).
12. The fields, all the fields stretched right up to the sky, now rising slightly, then falling again; here and there small forests could be seen, and ravines dotted with sparse and low bushes... (Turgenev).
13. One, black, large and shabby, was very similar to those rats that he saw on ships during his travels (Tournier).
14. The strangest incidents are those that happen on Nevsky Prospekt! (Gogol).
    Doctor Budakh_ washed up_ dressed in everything clean_ carefully shaved_ looked very impressive (Strugatskys).

A 21. B 5. PUNCTUATION IN SENTENCES

WITH SEPARATE MEMBERS OF THE OFFER

(DEFINITIONS, CIRCUMSTANCES).

Isolated members of a sentence.

Isolated are those parts of a sentence that stand out in meaning and intonation. The isolated members of the proposal are divided into the following groups:

1. Separate definitions:

a) expressed by single or homogeneous adjectives, sometimes adjectives with dependent words. And he, rebellious, asks for storms...

b) expressed by a participial phrase. Childish cry echoed, thunders through the forests from morning to night.

c) expressed by application. Volga, great Russian river, cannot but amaze with its beauty and grandeur.

SEPARATION OF DEFINITIONS AND APPLICATIONS

APPLICATIONS WITH UNIONHOW

2. Special circumstances:

a) expressed by a single participle or participial phrase ( Having had enough sleep, I was in a good mood);

b) expressed by a noun with prepositions despite, thanks to, contrary to, due to, etc. (In the house, despite the severe frost, it was warm).

SEPARATION OF CIRCUMSTANCES

3. Separate clarifying members of the sentence, which are used to specify or explain other members of the sentence.

PUNCTION MARKS FOR CLARIFYING TERMS OF A SENTENCE

Separate members of the sentence- these are secondary members that stand out in meaning and with the help of intonation. On the letter isolated members are distinguished by punctuation marks.

The following can be separated:

1. Definitions.

Separate definitions.

Definitions in the sentence are isolated:

1. Two or more definitions that come after the word being defined:

And thunder struck, spring, life-giving.

2. Common Definitions which are expressed by a participial phrase or an adjective that has dependent words after the word being defined:

The boy saw a woman carrying a heavy bag and decided to help her.

3. Single definition, which comes after the word being defined and has an adverbial meaning:

The child, cranky, did not want to fall asleep.

4. A common or single definition that is separated from the word being defined by other words:

Having broken the window, the impudent boys ran away to play in another yard.

5. A common or single definition, which stands in a sentence immediately before the word being defined and has an additional adverbial meaning:

Crying, the baby whined quietly and shuddered.

6. Inconsistent definitions, which need to be torn away from the neighboring member of the sentence or to strengthen the conveyed or meaning:

First-graders, in beautiful uniforms, with bouquets of flowers, cheerfully walked to the line with their parents.

7. A definition that defines a pronoun (the word being defined is the pronoun):

He, tall and courageous, looked very attractive.

Definitions are not isolated in the following cases:

1. If we have before us a common definition, expressed by a participial phrase or an adjective with dependent words, which refers to an indefinite pronoun and comes after it in a sentence:

In the darkness I noticed something that looked like a dog.

2. If we have a common definition, which is expressed by a participial phrase or an adjective with dependent words, which is located before the word being defined:

This little lump is your little brother.

In writing, isolated definitions are separated by commas.

In Russian, a sentence consists of main and secondary members. The subject and predicate are the basis of any statement, however, without circumstances, additions and definitions, it does not so widely reveal the idea that the author wants to convey. To make the sentence more voluminous and fully convey the meaning, it combines the grammatical basis and secondary members of the sentence, which have the ability to be isolated. What does it mean? Isolation is the separation of minor members from the context by meaning and intonation, in which words acquire syntactic independence. This article will look at separate definitions.

Definition

So, first you need to remember what a simple definition is, and then start studying the separate ones. So, definitions are the secondary members of a sentence that answer the questions “Which?” and “Whose?” They indicate the attribute of the subject being discussed in the statement, are distinguished by punctuation marks and depend on the grammatical basis. But isolated definitions acquire a certain syntactic independence. In writing they are distinguished by commas, and in oral speech - by intonation. Such definitions, as well as simple ones, are of two types: consistent and inconsistent. Each type has its own characteristics of isolation.

Agreed Definitions

An isolated agreed definition, just like a simple one, always depends on the noun, which is the defining word for it. Such definitions are formed by adjectives and participles. They can be single or have dependent words and stand in a sentence immediately after the noun or be separated from it by other members of the sentence. As a rule, such definitions have a semi-predicative meaning; it is especially clearly visible in the case when the sentence construction contains adverbial words that are distributive for this definition. Single definitions are also distinguished if they appear after a noun or pronoun and clearly indicate their characteristics. For example: the child, embarrassed, stood near his mother; pale, tired, he lay down on the bed. Definitions expressed by short passive participles and short adjectives are necessarily excluded. For example: then the beast appeared, shaggy and tall; our world is burning, spiritual and transparent, and it will become truly good.

Inconsistent definitions

Like simple inconsistent definitions, conditional in a sentence, they are expressed by nouns in indirect case forms. In a statement, they are almost always an additional message and are meaningfully associated with personal pronouns and proper names. The definition in this case is always isolated if it has a semi-predicative meaning and is temporary. This condition is mandatory, because proper names are sufficiently specific and do not require constant features, and the pronoun is not lexically combined with features. For example: Seryozhka, with a worn spoon in his hands, took his place by the fire; Today he, in a new jacket, looked especially good. In the case of a common noun, a characterizing meaning is required to isolate the definition. For example: In the middle of the village stood an old abandoned house with a massive tall chimney on the roof.

Which definitions are not excluded?

In some cases, even in the presence of relevant factors, the definitions are not isolated:

1. In the case when definitions are used together with words that do not have an inferior lexical meaning (Father looked angry and menacing.) In this example there is a defining word “appearance”, but the definition is not isolated.
2. Common definitions cannot be isolated when connected with the two main members of a sentence. (After mowing, the hay lay folded in bins.)
3. If the definition is expressed in a complex comparative form or has a superlative adjective. (More popular songs appeared.)
4. If the so-called attributive phrase stands after an indefinite, attributive, demonstrative or possessive pronoun and forms a single whole with it.
5. If the adjective comes after a negative pronoun, such as no one, no one, no one. (No one admitted to the exams was able to answer the additional question.)

Punctuation marks

When writing sentences with separate definitions, they should be separated by commas in the following cases:

1. If the isolated definitions are a participle or an adjective and come after the qualifying word. (The perfume given to her (which one?) had a divine aroma, reminiscent of spring freshness.) This sentence has two definitions, expressed by participial phrases. For the first turn, the defining word is perfume, and for the second, aroma.
2. If two or more definitions are used after a defining word, they are separated. (And this sun, kind, gentle, was shining right through my window.) This rule also applies in cases of using inconsistent definitions. (Father, wearing a hat and a black coat, walked quietly along the park alley.)
3. If in a sentence the definition indicates an additional circumstance (concessive, conditional or causal). (Tired by the hot day (reason), she fell on the bed exhausted.)
4. If in a statement the definition depends on the personal pronoun. (Dreaming of a vacation at sea, he continued to work.)
5. A separate definition is always separated by commas if it is separated from the defining word by other members of the sentence or stands in front of it. (And in the sky, accustomed to the rain, a raven circled senselessly.)

How to find isolated definitions in a sentence

In order to find a sentence with a separate definition, you should pay attention to punctuation marks. Then highlight the grammatical basis. By asking questions from the subject and predicate, establish connections between words and find definitions in the sentence. If these minor members are separated by commas, then this is the desired construction of the statement. Quite often, isolated definitions are expressed by participial phrases, which, as a rule, come after the defining word. Also, such definitions can be expressed by adjectives and participles with dependent words and single ones. Quite often there are isolated homogeneous definitions in a sentence. It is not difficult to identify them; in a sentence they are expressed by homogeneous participles and adjectives.

Exercises for consolidation

To better understand the topic, you need to consolidate the acquired knowledge in practice. To do this, you should complete exercises in which you need to find sentences with separate definitions, place punctuation marks in them and explain each comma. You can also take dictation and write down sentences. By performing this exercise, you will develop the ability to identify isolated definitions by ear and write them down correctly. The ability to place commas correctly will come in handy both during your studies and during entrance exams to a higher educational institution.

Teacher's comments on the material being studied

Punctuation marks in isolated circumstances, expressed by gerunds and participial phrases

Stand-alone definitions and stand-alone applications

Both agreed and inconsistent definitions can be distinguished.

Agreed standalone definitions usually expressed by participial phrases and adjective-based phrases.

waves, tearing the coast apart, buzzed victoriously and menacingly.

The master waddled in,all black with coal dust.

Less commonly, agreed-upon isolated definitions are expressed by single participles and adjectives.

Sleeping, he seemed even more severe to her.

Buildings, new, fresh , seemed gingerbread.

A special case of a separate definition is a separate application - a definition expressed by a noun.

The lyceum students especially fell in love with Galich,professor of Russian and Latin literature.

Individual agreed definitions should not be confused with subordinate defining clauses.

Inconsistent separate definitions usually expressed by phrases based on a noun in the indirect case, less often - an adverb or the comparative form of an adjective.

Watchman, in a torn earflap and mittens, nevertheless looked impressive.

Concrete blocks, end-to-end and in some places overlay, piled up behind the site.

This room much lighter and wider than the previous one, I liked it.

Special circumstances. Types of special circumstances

Usually, circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases, as well as nouns with a derivative preposition, are isolated.

Circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases are almost always isolated.

Segregation does not occur under the following conditions:

• The participial phrase has turned into a phraseological unit of adverbial meaning ( carelessly, headlong etc.).

Don't rush into a fight headlong!

• A single gerund has lost its verbal meaning and acquired an adverbial meaning (for example reluctantly, jokingly, without looking, sneaking, playing etc.).

Live _ laughing! (i.e. fun, no worries.)

He walked slowly. (i.e. slowly.)

• A single participle (and sometimes an adverbial phrase), standing after the predicate, closely merges with it in meaning (to the point that it becomes part of the predicate). In this case, the semantic emphasis of the sentence falls on the gerund.

It is especially difficult for biathletes to shoot while standing. (The speaker does not mean that it is difficult for biathletes to shoot, but that it is difficult for them to shoot while standing.)

The old woman stood with her head down. (What is important to the speaker is not that the old woman was standing, but that she was standing with her head bowed.)

For more information about the conditions for isolating gerunds and participial phrases, see: Punctuation marks for isolated circumstances expressed by gerunds and participial phrases. Isolated circumstances can also be expressed by nouns in indirect cases with derived prepositions.

Many derived prepositions in the Russian language have meanings that contribute to the semantic emphasis of nouns with such prepositions. These are the meanings of cause, condition, concession, consequence, accompanying event, etc. Listed below are derived prepositions, combinations with which are isolated more often than others:

in spite of anything;

no matter what;

thanks to something;

according to something;

as a result of something;

for lack of something;

due to something;

in the absence of something;

in the presence of something;

subject to something;

in view of something;

contrary to anything, etc.

Circumstances expressed by nouns with a preposition are always isolated if they have the meaning of concession (when one event occurs despite the presence of another, which is an obstacle to the first).

Despite the rains, the weather was warm.

Despite the resistance of those around him, he quickly moved through the crowd.

The isolation of other circumstances expressed by nouns with derived prepositions is not mandatory. It depends on the intentions and goals of the author, on the prevalence or non-prevalence of the circumstances and on their place in the sentence.

Usually, circumstances expressed by nouns with a preposition are isolated if they are common and appear at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence.

Thanks to his organizational skills, he turned out to be a good leader.

Due to lack of free time, he did not have time to do everything he promised.

Uncommon circumstances expressed by nouns with a preposition are usually not isolated if they are at the end of the sentence.

The regiment arrived at the garrison on Friday as ordered.

Punctuation marks for separate agreed definitions

Agreed definitions are isolated if they occupy a certain position in the sentence. Each such position becomes a condition for isolation and requires commas.

Conditions for separating agreed definitions

1. An agreed definition is isolated if it comes after the noun being defined.

A room that looks like a closet and a coffin is one of the recurring images of the novel.

The engine, weak, two-cylinder, did not impress me.

2. The agreed upon definition is isolated if it refers to a personal pronoun.

Almost forgotten by his friends, he lived a poor and simple life.

3. An agreed upon definition is set apart if it contains an additional adverbial meaning (usually reasons or concessions).

Frightened and confused, Peter did not know what to answer. (Being frightened, Peter did not know... - the reason.)

Severely shell-shocked, Strugov barely made it to the trench. (Although Strugov was shell-shocked, he made it... - concession.)

Sometimes the separation conditions listed above do not apply.

Punctuation marks in isolated circumstances, expressed by gerunds and participial phrases

Circumstances expressed by a gerund or participial phrase are separated by commas.

The girls, having locked themselves, began to discuss this news.

Everyone was worried while waiting for the opening.

Commas are not used under the following conditions:

• The participial phrase has turned into a phraseological unit of adverbial meaning (carelessly, headlong, etc.).

Don't rush into a fight headlong!

Let's work with our sleeves rolled up!

• A single gerund has lost its verbal meaning and acquired an adverbial meaning (for example, reluctantly, jokingly, without looking, sneaking, playing, etc.).

Then I_jokingly_ lifted the eight-pound bags (i.e., easily).

He swung the ax playfully, without any tension.

• A single participle (and sometimes an adverbial phrase), standing after the predicate, closely merges with it in meaning (to the point that it becomes part of the predicate). It is on him that the logical emphasis falls in this sentence.

Yurik continued to juggle while sitting (what is important to the speaker is not that Yurik was juggling, but that he was juggling and sitting at the same time).