The functions of the natural environment must ensure the sustainable prosperity of human society. This goal is specified by three groups of subgoals: environmental, social, economic.

Environmental - ensuring health and sustainable continuation of the human race as a biological species.

Social - ensuring spiritual development, which ultimately includes the cognitive, artistic and moral development of a person.

Economic - the production of material goods and services sufficient to ensure environmental and social goals.

Achieving environmental and social goals is largely driven by economic goals.

The basic factor in solving the problems of providing people with material goods and improving biological health

and spiritual development of a person is the natural environment, the functions of which are shown in the figure (Fig. 1.5).

The ecological function of the natural environment is the oldest and most important. It existed long before the other two functions appeared. At the first stages of his development, man used the gifts of nature without mediated by labor. This period of use of "wild" ecological systems is characterized by gathering and hunting. The lack of natural resources was compensated by human migration to places of abundance of water and food, and a favorable climate.

Human development

Social factors

Maintaining human life as a biological species: habitat, breathing air, food resources, water resources, metabolic resources

Biological factors

Cognitive development: information resource, means of information exchange

Artistic development: development of creativity, aesthetic satisfaction, development of a sense of beauty and harmony

Moral development: nurturing a sense of humanism, developing a sense of optimism and stability

Environmental factors

Reproduction of means of production: source of objects of labor, means of labor, spatial environment, energy resource, information resource

Reproduction of consumer goods Reproduction of labor force

Rice. 1.5. Functions of the natural environment 32

The impact of the natural environment on the socio-economic system is direct, but at the same time necessary. Professor Ya.Ya. Roginsky identifies five main ways in which the natural environment influences people: the first is a direct impact on people’s health, their physical endurance, performance, fertility and mortality; the second - through human dependence on natural means of subsistence, on the abundance or lack of food, that is, game, fish, plant resources; third - the influence of the presence or absence of the necessary means of labor; fourth - the creation by nature itself of motives that encourage people to act, incentives to act in accordance with the requirements of changing environmental conditions; fifth - the presence or absence of natural barriers that prevent meetings and contacts between groups (oceans, deserts, mountains, swamps). The absence of barriers, on the one hand, could turn out to be extremely useful for mutual enrichment of experience, and on the other hand, detrimental in the event of a collision with superior forces of hostile groups. (Roginsky Ya.Ya. Social essence and biological nature... - M.: Knowledge, 1983).

Analysis of the use of natural resources and indicators of socio-economic development allows us to trace a clear mutual connection between the state of the natural environment (sufficiency of natural resources, environmental quality) and the level of development of the socio-economic system (Fig.

An abundance of natural resources and favorable natural conditions stimulate the growth of economic development and contribute to the prosperity of the social system. However, these same favorable opportunities for the existence of the socio-economic system gradually turn into a kind of brake for the emergence of revolutionary changes in the system and lead to a certain stagnation.

b) stimulates the involvement of new natural resources

1. Excess, flourishing

2. Natural resources. Natural environment

3. Deficiency, degradation

1. Heyday

2. Socio-economic system

3. Degradation

Stimulates growth in development rates

a) reduces labor intensity and load on the environment

Leads to depletion of natural resources, degradation of the natural environment

a) causes a crisis in the system

6) stimulates the search for ways out of the crisis

Slows down revolutionary changes

The deterioration of the natural environment forces us to look for ways out of the crisis, stimulates the emergence of basic technical ideas and principles, and revolutionary changes in society.

Impact of the socio-economic system on the natural environment.

When analyzing feedback, it is also possible to identify positive and negative impacts. The development of the productive forces of society makes it possible to involve new natural resources in production or to use poorer sources and secondary resources, as well as to reduce the specific need for natural resources per unit of production and reduce the man-made load on the natural environment.

Intensive use of natural resources in the absence of high-quality development of productive forces leads to depletion of natural resources and degradation of the natural environment.

1. “Broad” and “narrow” definitions of nature: nature as the material world and as the biosphere.

2. The importance of “starting” natural conditions for the development of culture and civilization.

3. Main stages of interaction between nature and society:

a) the emergence of Homo sapiens and the “appropriating” economy;

b) transition to a “productive” economy, active human intervention in the natural environment, the emergence of technogenic societies;

c) industrial revolution, the formation of the idea of ​​progressive social development;

d) growing global environmental conflict, attempts to harmonize the “strategy of nature” and the “strategy of man.”

In addition to defining nature in the broad and narrow sense of the word, in first The question should trace the evolution of ideas about nature in the mythological, philosophical, religious and scientific pictures of the world.

When answering second question consider the influence of geographical location, territory, climate, landscape, flora and fauna, waterways, minerals, population on the development of society. Trace how the formation of new, nature-mediated factors of social development took place.

Revealing third question, show the influence on the nature of the interaction between society and nature of both industrial revolutions and religious and philosophical ideas. Stages (b, c, d) can also be considered as the Neolithic, industrial and scientific and technological revolutions.

Topic 53. PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS OF SOCIETY DEVELOPMENT

1. Society as a developing system:

a) the concept of “society” in the materialist concept;

b) idealistic theories of social development;

c) organicist and naturalistic approaches to the historical process.

2. The theory of socio-economic formations by K. Marx.

3. Civilizational concept of historical development.

4. Progress and regression in social development.

Replying to first question, emphasize that, depending on their ideological position, different philosophers understood society differently, therefore there were different concepts of social development. Reveal the main essence, name the authors, indicate the characteristic features of these concepts.

Consideration second question, start with the fact that, from the point of view of K. Marx, the development of the social organism determines the method of production of material goods. Based on this, he developed the doctrine of socio-economic formation, which was understood as the inextricable unity of the material and spiritual aspects of the life of society at this stage of its development.

Revealing third question, indicate that the idea of ​​civilizations as the dominant of the historical process was put forward by N.Ya. Danilevsky. He proceeded from the fact that the development of society is carried out in parallel by several socio-historical organisms (civilizations) on the basis of a common culture. Also indicate the authors of other theories (O. Spengler, A. Toynbee, W. Rostow, etc.), identify the features most characteristic of this approach to the development of history.

Analysis fourth question, begin by presenting two options for resolving the question of the direction of human history: pessimistic (human history moves along the path of regression) and optimistic (history is dominated by progress). Name the authors of these views, the distinctive features of these theories and their forecasts for the future.

Topic 54. PHILOSOPHY OF SOCIETY

1. The concept of society in philosophy and sociology.

2. Society as a self-developing system.

3. Social actions and their meaning.

Expanding on this topic, show that philosophy forms a holistic view of history and the historical process that the private sciences of society cannot offer.

Reply to first The question involves distinguishing the concepts of “people”, “nation”, “state” from the concept of “society”. In addition, it is necessary to identify the specifics of considering this concept in philosophy and sociology. In the first question, we will consider the genesis of society and its development from various philosophical positions: materialism (historical materialism of K. Marx), idealism (absolute idealism of G. Hegel), theology (Augustine Aurelius). It is also necessary to highlight the opposite approaches to understanding the criteria of social development - formational (K. Marx) and civilizational (N. Danilevsky, O. Spengler, etc.). Emphasize that depending on what aspect of society or history is being studied, one or another philosophical concept can be chosen, but do not forget that people's lives are always richer than any theoretical constructs that explain it. Give a philosophical definition of society and reveal its essence.

When presenting second question, pay attention to the following sources of self-development of society: the contradictions of the natural and cultural organization of man and his communities; contradictions associated with social relations that arise in the process of human labor activity.

Revealing third question, proceed from the following proposition: the meaning of people’s social actions is determined by their values. People interact for the sake of something. Choose the most interesting and fruitful, in your opinion, philosophical concepts of society from antiquity to our time.

Topic 55. PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY

1. Historiosophy as a field of philosophical knowledge: subject and categories.

2. Review of historiosophical concepts from ancient to classical models.

3. The meaning of history and approaches to its interpretation in postclassical historiosophical concepts.

4. The problem of culture and civilization.

5. The essence, direction and criteria of the historical development of mankind.

Guidelines

History has always attracted the attention of philosophers. However, only in the 18th century. philosophy of history stands out as an independent branch of philosophy. The term “philosophy of history” was introduced by Voltaire, and in the works of I. Herder, the philosophy of history took shape in a special direction of research. Various problems of the philosophy of history were addressed by C. Montesquieu, G. Hegel, K. Marx, A. Toynbee, O. Spengler, K. Jaspers, M. Weber, O. Comte, N. Danilevsky, P. Sorokin. First of all, it is necessary to find out what philosophy of history studies. Despite the fact that the problems of the philosophy of history have changed over time, the main feature that distinguishes it from the historical sciences proper is the approach to history from the point of view of philosophical principles and categories. Next, we need to understand what the driving forces of the historical process are, what factors give direction to historical changes, determine historical development, and how this issue was resolved in the history of philosophy. Try to critically approach the one-sidedness of various types of determination of the historical process. How did philosophers resolve the question of the meaning and purpose of the historical process? How do you imagine solving these issues? The problem of the meaning of history is associated with another important issue for the philosophy of history - about historical progress. It is also important to answer the question: is there progress in history and what are its criteria? In conclusion, find out how historical development is presented in modern theories of industrial, post-industrial and information society?

IN first question, it is necessary to show the specifics of historiosophy as a philosophical discipline, identify the range of its problems and determine the main categories with which it operates (historical process, functioning, change, development, progress, etc.).

In second question, trace the main stages in the formation of philosophical ideas about the historical process. Start with the mythological ideas about the “world year”, then move on to ancient, Christian and Islamic medieval historiosophy, and from them to the principle of substantiation of historiosophical concepts in modern times and during the period of classical rationality.

The diversity of postclassical historiosophical paradigms that replaced the classical interpretations of history (third question ) can be distributed according to any criterion: linear and cyclic; those who defend the “principle of world history” and interpret the world process as a set of original histories of individual civilizations; recognizing the rationality of history and asserting the leading role of some irrational element. In accordance with the choice of criteria, some concepts can be “involved” in different nominations. Pay special attention to the analysis of the concepts of history developed in the “philosophy of life”, existentialism, Marxism, the teachings of N.Ya. Danilevsky, K.N. Leontyev, O. Spengler, A. Toynbee, K. Jaspers.

IN fourth The main thing in this question is the choice of criteria for distinguishing these concepts. It is necessary to touch upon the history of the problem and present the most significant concepts. The concept of “civilization” appeared in close connection with the concept of “culture”, therefore, when analyzing it, their comparison as paired categories is inevitable.

Fifth the question involves identifying the essence of the concept “historical development of mankind”, its directions (progress, regression, single-level development), the criteria by which we can judge this.

To begin with, let us turn to the analysis of the initial concepts - “nature” and “society”.

The concept "nature" is used in two senses. Nature in a broad sense– everything that exists, the whole world, the Universe, i.e. everything around us, including humans and society. Nature in the narrow sense– the natural environment in which human and social life takes place (the surface of the Earth with its special qualitative characteristics: climate, minerals, etc.).

Society there is an isolated part of nature that emerged into an independent, sociocultural reality as a result of the joint activities of people. The phenomena of culture and civilization are artificially created, second nature. Nature is much older than society, but since the existence of mankind, the history of people and the history of nature have been inextricably linked with each other: society is not isolated from nature, not protected from the influence of natural forces, both positive and negative.

The relationship between nature, society and man has always attracted the attention of philosophy.

Ancient philosophy gave priority to nature, to the Cosmos as a living, ordered whole. The ideal for man, understood as a part of the Cosmos, was considered to live in harmony with nature.

IN Middle Ages nature was placed lower than man, for the latter was thought of as the image and likeness of God, as the crown of creation and the king of earthly nature. It was believed that nature embodied the Divine plan.

IN Renaissance man discovered beauty in nature. The unity of man and nature was affirmed, but man is already striving to subjugate nature.

This aspiration becomes the leading one in New time, when nature becomes an object of scientific knowledge and active transformative activity of man.

Over time, this utilitarian-pragmatic attitude towards nature began to dominate in all technogenic civilizations right up to the present day. As opposition to this approach, an awareness of the need for human cooperation with nature and an equal dialogue with it is maturing.

Considering the fact of interaction between nature and society, we will focus in this issue on the role of nature in the life and development of society. It is clear that nature, forming the natural environment for humans, is a necessary condition for the existence and development of society.

The most important component of nature is geographical environment- a part of nature involved in the sphere of practical human activity. In more specific terms, it is understood as the totality of the geographical position, surface structure, soil cover, fossil wealth, climate, water resources, flora and fauna on the territory of the Earth on which a certain human society lives and develops. In other words, the geographical environment is represented by such components of nature as: lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere.

Plays a particularly important role in it biosphere- the living shell of our planet, the area of ​​​​interaction between living and nonliving things, which, with the advent of people, passes, according to Vernadsky, into a qualitatively new state - the noosphere.

Society also has its components:

▪ anthroposphere– the sphere of life of people as biological organisms;

▪ sociosphere– the area of ​​social relations between people;

▪ biotechnosphere– area of ​​distribution of technological influence of mankind.

Highlight three aspects of nature's impact on society:

▪ ecological– “nature around us” (geographical environment, as well as part of the near cosmos that humans explore);

▪ anthropological– “nature is within us” (= natural-biological principle in man himself: heredity, racial characteristics, temperament, inclinations);

▪ demographic, characterizing the biological characteristics of the entire human race.

These features are expressed in terms of “ population"(= a continuously reproducing set of people living in a certain territory), its " gender and age structure», « height», « density" The laws of population (fertility, mortality, increase or decrease) are historical, biosocial in nature. It is recorded that the population of the Earth increases noticeably from era to era.

There is a concept that states that population growth is a factor determining the development of society. Within its framework there were outlined two options: 1) population growth is good for society, because stimulates the development of production ( V. Petty in England in the 17th century, M.M.Kovalevsky in Russia, XIX century) 2) population growth is evil, the source of social disasters. Thus, the English economist and priest T.R. Malthus(1766-1834) in his work “An Essay on the Law of Population” argued that the growth of population, if it does not meet resistance, occurs in geometric progression (doubling every 25 years), and the growth of means of subsistence - in arithmetic progression. From this Malthus concludes: the main evil leading to poverty of the population is its growth.

Despite the inaccuracies in calculations and forecasts, for the first time in Malthus the question of population became the object of strictly scientific research. Moreover, the current demographic situation is characterized as “ population explosion" - a rapid increase in population growth rates due to the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America: if in 2000 the world's population was 6 billion people, now it is already about 7 billion, in 2025 8 billion are expected, and in 2050 – 9.3 billion

The other side of the problem is a decrease in population growth in a number of developed countries: Germany, Great Britain, Switzerland, etc. Negative dynamics are also observed in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. In general, maintaining the current growth rate of the Earth's population can lead to the destruction of the natural environment, economic decline, deterioration in the quality of life of people, migrant problems... To avoid this, it is necessary, at a minimum, to help reduce the rate of population growth in the countries of Asia and Africa, as well as to look for new ways to feed humanity, incl. due to the achievements of science, but this must be consistent with the solution of environmental problems.

The impact of nature on society (in its environmental aspect) received understanding within the framework geographical determinism– a direction in social philosophy, according to which factors of the geographical environment play a decisive role in the life and development of society. The foundations of this approach were outlined in antiquity ( Hippocrates), but it became especially widespread from the beginning of the 16th century. - the time of the beginning of great geographical discoveries.

One of the major representatives of geographical determinism in modern times C. Montesquieu in his book “On the Spirit of Laws,” he pursued the idea that climate, soil, and terrain determine the moral and psychological appearance of the people, and through this, the laws and social system.

So, if the southern peoples are relaxed and lazy, then the peoples of the North, where the climate is harsh and the soil is poor, are brave and inclined to defend their freedom. As a result, despotism is more likely to develop in the south than in the north. Montesquieu's conclusion: “The power of climate is stronger than all powers!”

The geographical direction was also represented in our country. K.I.Ber(17921876) argued that the fate of peoples is determined “in advance and inevitably by the nature of the area they occupy.” L.I. Mechnikov(1838-1888) also sought to prove that the geographical environment is a decisive force for historical progress, while emphasizing the role of waterways. The development of society, according to him, proceeds from the ancient, isolated from each other, river civilizations, to the sea, and then to the oceanic ones, which begin with the discovery of America. This process, according to Mechnikov, leads to the acceleration of the development of society, to an increase in its dynamics.

Some Russian thinkers raised the question more broadly - about the influence of cosmic factors on the development of society ( Chizhevsky, L. Gumilyov, Vernadsky and etc.).

Geographical determinism in general is criticized for a certain metaphysical thinking, for the fact that it does not take into account the evolution of society and its reverse influence on nature. However, despite the one-sidedness of the theories considered, they reflect some important aspects of the influence of natural factors on social life.

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Social life

The relationship between the natural and the social in man

The role of natural factors in the formation of social life

Social life

Culture and its influence on social development

Conclusion

Literature

Natural ratioone and social in man

In the structure of human nature one can find three components: biological nature, social nature and spiritual nature.

General health and longevity are genetically determined in human biological nature; temperament, which is one of four possible types: choleric, sanguine, melancholic and phlegmatic; talents and inclinations. It should be taken into account that each person is not a biologically repeated organism, the structure of its cells and DNA molecules (genes).

Biological nature is the only real basis on which a person is born and exists. Each individual, each person exists from that time until his biological nature exists and lives. But with all his biological nature, man belongs to the animal world. And man is born only as the animal species Homo Sapiens; is not born as a human being, but only as a candidate for a human being. The newborn biological creature Homo Sapiens has yet to become a human being in the full sense of the word.

Man inherited his biological nature from the animal world. And biological nature steadily demands from every animal being that, having been born, it satisfies its biological needs: eat, drink, grow, mature, mature and reproduce its own kind in order to recreate its kind. To recreate one’s own race—that’s what an animal individual is born for, comes into the world.

The same meaning of life is embedded by biological nature in human life. A person, having been born, must receive from his ancestors everything necessary for his existence, growth, maturity, and, having matured, he must reproduce his own kind, give birth to a child.

Social nature also imposes criteria on a person to determine the meaning of his life.

On the one hand, man is the highest level of development of matter, a living organism. This means that, as a species representing the highest degree of development of animal organisms on Earth, it is included in the natural connection of phenomena and is subject to the laws of development of animal organisms. On the other hand, man is a social being. Its essence is developed in society, in interaction with other people, in the process of social activity. It is the result of the long development of man in society.

Only society ensures the existence of man both as an individual, a person, and as a biological species. People live in society, first of all, in order to biologically survive for each individual and the entire human race in general. Society, and not the individual, is the only guarantor of the existence of man as a biological species, Homo Sapiens. Only society accumulates, preserves and passes on to the next generations the experience of a person’s struggle for survival, the experience of the struggle for existence. Hence, in order to preserve both the species and the individual (personality), it is necessary to preserve the society of this individual (personality). Consequently, for each individual person, from the point of view of his nature, society is more important than he himself, an individual person. That is why, even at the level of biological interests, the meaning of human life is to take care of society more than one’s own, individual life. Even if in the name of preserving this, your own society, it is necessary to sacrifice your personal life.

The role of natural factors in the formation of social life

The concept of “social life” is used to denote a complex of phenomena that arise in the course of interaction between humans and social communities, as well as the joint use of natural resources necessary to satisfy needs. The biological, geographical, demographic and economic foundations of social life differ.

When analyzing the foundations of social life, one should analyze the peculiarities of human biology as a social subject, creating the biological possibilities of human labor, communication, and mastering the social experience accumulated by previous generations. These include such an anatomical feature of a person as an upright gait.

It allows you to better see your surroundings and use your hands in the process of work.

An important role in social activity is played by such a human organ as the hand with the opposable thumb. Human hands can perform complex operations and functions, and humans can engage in a variety of work activities. This should also include looking forward and not to the sides, allowing you to see in three directions, the complex mechanism of the vocal cords, larynx and lips, which contributes to the development of speech. The human brain and complex nervous system provide the opportunity for high development of the individual’s psyche and intelligence. The brain serves as a biological prerequisite for reflecting the entire wealth of spiritual and material culture and its further development.

People of different races, brought up in the same cultural conditions, develop the same views, aspirations, ways of thinking and acting. It is important to note that education alone cannot arbitrarily shape the person being educated. Innate talent (for example, musical) has an important impact on social life.

Let us analyze various aspects of the influence of the geographical environment on human life as a subject of social life. It should be noted that there is a certain minimum of natural and geographical conditions that are necessary for successful human development.

The nature of occupations, type of economic activity, objects and means of labor, food, etc. - all this significantly depends on human habitation in a particular zone (in the polar zone, in the steppe or in the subtropics).

Researchers note the influence of climate on human performance. A hot climate reduces the time of active activity. Cold climates require people to make great efforts to maintain life.

Temperate climates are most conducive to activity. Factors such as atmospheric pressure, air humidity, and winds are important factors that affect human health, which is an important factor in social life.

Soils play a major role in the functioning of social life. Their fertility, combined with a favorable climate, creates conditions for the progress of the people living on them. This affects the pace of development of the economy and society as a whole. Poor soils hinder the achievement of a high standard of living and require significant human effort.

The terrain is no less important in social life. The presence of mountains, deserts, and rivers can become a natural defensive system for a particular people.

At the stage of the initial development of a particular people, the geographical environment left its specific imprint on its culture, both in its economic, political, and spiritual-aesthetic aspects. This is indirectly expressed in certain specific habits, customs, and rituals, in which the features of the people’s way of life associated with their living conditions are manifested.

Thus, geographical factors played a significant role in the formation of culture in the initial stages of development of a particular people. Subsequently, reflected in culture, they can be reproduced by the people regardless of their original habitat

Based on the above, it should be noted that when considering the role of the geographical environment, “geographical nihilism”, a complete denial of its impact on the functioning of society, is unacceptable. On the other hand, one cannot share the point of view of representatives of “geographical determinism”, who see an unambiguous and unidirectional relationship between the geographical environment and the processes of social life, when the development of society is completely determined by geographical factors. Taking into account the creative potential of the individual, the development of science and technology on this basis, and cultural exchange between peoples create a certain independence of man from the geographical environment. However, human social activity must fit harmoniously into the natural geographic environment. It should not violate its basic eco-connections.

Social life

Society as a whole is the largest system. Its most important subsystems are economic, political, social, and spiritual. In society, there are also such subsystems as classes, ethnic, demographic, territorial and professional groups, family, etc. Each of the named subsystems includes many other subsystems. They can mutually regroup; the same individuals can be elements of different systems. An individual cannot but obey the requirements of the system in which he is included. He accepts its norms and values ​​to one degree or another. At the same time, in society there are simultaneously various forms of social activity and behavior, between which a choice is possible.

In order for society to function as a single whole, each subsystem must perform specific, strictly defined functions. The functions of subsystems mean the satisfaction of any social needs. Yet together they are aimed at maintaining the sustainability of society.

The development of social life represents a consistent transition from lower to higher socio-economic formations: from primitive communal to slaveholding, then to feudal, capitalist and communist.

Any civilization is characterized not only by a specific social production technology, but also, to no lesser extent, by its corresponding culture. It is characterized by a certain philosophy, socially significant values, a generalized image of the world, a specific way of life with its own special life principle, the basis of which is the spirit of the people, its morality, conviction, which also determine a certain attitude towards oneself.

The civilizational approach in sociology involves taking into account and studying what is unique and original in the organization of the social life of an entire region.

In the sphere of production and economic relations, this is the achieved level of development of technology and technology generated by the new stage of the scientific and technological revolution, the system of commodity-money relations, and the presence of a market.

In the political sphere, the general civilizational basis includes a legal state operating on the basis of democratic norms.

In the spiritual and moral sphere, the common heritage of all peoples are the great achievements of science, art, culture, as well as universal moral values.

Social life is shaped by a complex set of forces, in which natural phenomena and processes are only one of the elements. Based on the conditions created by nature, a complex interaction of individuals manifests itself, which forms a new integrity, society, as a social system. Labor, as a fundamental form of activity, underlies the development of diverse types of organization of social life.

Social life can be defined as a complex of phenomena arising from the interaction of individuals, social groups, in a certain space, and the use of products located in it, necessary to satisfy needs.

Social life arises, reproduces and develops precisely because of the presence of dependencies between people. To satisfy his needs, a person must interact with other individuals, enter a social group, and participate in joint activities.

Dependence can be elementary, direct dependence on one’s friend, brother, colleague. Addiction can be complex and indirect. For example, the dependence of our individual life on the level of development of society, the effectiveness of the economic system, the effectiveness of the political organization of society, and the state of morals. There are dependencies between different communities of people (between urban and rural residents, students and workers, etc.).

Social connection is nothing more than dependence, which is realized through social action and appears in the form of social interaction. Let us consider in more detail such elements of social life as social action and interaction.

A striking example of interaction is the production process. Here there is deep and close coordination of the system of actions of partners on issues for which a connection has been established between them, for example, the production and distribution of goods. An example of social interaction could be communication with work colleagues and friends. In the process of interaction, actions, services, personal qualities, etc. are exchanged.

So, in all subjects that are significant for satisfying his needs, a person enters into deep, connected interaction with other people, with society as a whole. Social connections thus represent a variety of interactions consisting of actions and responses. As a result of the repetition of one or another type of interaction, different types of relationships between people arise.

The relationships that connect a social subject (individual, social group) with objective reality, and which are aimed at transforming it, are called human activity. Purposeful human activity consists of individual actions and interactions. In general, human activity is characterized by a creatively transformative nature, activity and objectivity.

It can be material and spiritual, practical and theoretical, transformative and educational, etc. Social action is at the core of human activity.

Cultureand its impact on societydevelopment

Currently, there are about 300 options for defining culture. Such diversity certainly indicates that culture occupies a special place in the life of mankind. It is an indicator of the material and spiritual maturity of society. It embodies the ability of society in each specific historical period to ensure the functioning of social life.

These abilities are characterized by the level of knowledge achieved, the quality and variety of created tools and means of life, the ability to practically apply them and use them for creative purposes, the degree of mastery of the spontaneous forces of nature, and the improvement of social life in the interests of society. Culture, obviously, acts as a qualitative side of any activity, as a way of thinking and behavior. At the same time, it represents certain values, both material and spiritual. In real life they are fused, but there are also differences. Material culture, as a rule, is objective and tangible. Spiritual values ​​can appear not only in an objective-material shell, but also in an act of creative activity.

The components of material culture have a clear value expression. This cannot be said about spiritual culture: many of its objects are priceless and unique. Some researchers identify culture with the entire social sphere, others with spiritual life, others present it as a set of material and spiritual values, etc.

However, it seems that the content of this category cannot be limited to any one sphere of life (material or spiritual), one value characteristic (aesthetic, moral or political), one form of activity (cognitive, educational, organizational, etc.) .

Each stage of society is distinguished by certain cultural and historical specifics. These differences are many: the number of accumulated cultural objects and methods of their production, the assimilation and understanding of the experience of previous generations, the connection between various types of cultural activities, cultural objects and human culture, the spirit of culture, influencing the system of principles, norms and rules of social life.

Culture performs diverse and responsible social functions. First of all, according to Smelser, it structures social life, that is, it does the same thing as genetically programmed behavior in the lives of animals. Learned behavior, common to an entire group of people and passed on from generation to generation, is culture. This process itself is called socialization. During its course, values, beliefs, norms, and ideals become part of the personality and shape its behavior.

The spiritual and moral function of culture is closely related to socialization. It identifies, systematizes, addresses, reproduces, preserves, develops and transmits eternal values ​​in society - goodness, beauty, truth. Values ​​exist as an integral system. The set of values ​​generally accepted in a particular social group or country, expressing their special vision of social reality, is called mentality. There are political, economic, aesthetic and other values. The dominant type of values ​​are moral values, which represent the preferred options for relationships between people, their connections with each other and society.

Culture also has a communicative function, which allows us to consolidate the connection between the individual and society, see the connection between times, establish a connection between progressive traditions, establish mutual influence (mutual exchange), and select what is most necessary and appropriate for replication.

One can also name such aspects of the purpose of culture as being an instrument for the development of social activity and citizenship.

Active development of the media in the twentieth century. led to the emergence of new cultural forms. The so-called mass culture has especially spread among them. It arose along with the emergence of a society of mass production and mass consumption.

Recently, another new form of culture has appeared - screen (virtual), associated with the computer revolution, based on the synthesis of a computer with video technology.

Sociologists note that culture is very dynamic. So, in the second half of the twentieth century. Significant changes have occurred in culture: the mass media have developed enormously, an industrial-commercial type of production of standardized spiritual goods has emerged, leisure time and spending on leisure have increased, culture has become a branch of the market economy.

social public natural culture

Conclusion

Man exists through metabolism with the environment. He breathes, consumes various natural products, and exists as a biological body within certain physicochemical, organic and other environmental conditions. As a natural, biological being, a person is born, grows, matures, ages and dies.

All this characterizes a person as a biological being and determines his biological nature. But at the same time, it differs from any animal and, first of all, in the following features: it produces its own environment (dwelling, clothing, tools), changes the surrounding world not only according to the measure of its utilitarian needs, but also according to the laws of knowledge of this world, as well as and according to the laws of morality and beauty, it can act not only according to need, but also in accordance with the freedom of its will and imagination, while the action of an animal is focused exclusively on satisfying physical needs (hunger, instinct of procreation, group, species instincts, etc.); makes his life activity an object, treats it meaningfully, purposefully changes it, plans it.

All his natural inclinations and senses, including hearing, vision, and smell, become socially and culturally oriented. He evaluates the world according to the laws of beauty developed in a given social system, and acts according to the laws of morality that have developed in a given society. New, not only natural, but also social, spiritual and practical feelings develop in him. These are, first of all, feelings of sociality, collectivity, morality, citizenship, and spirituality.

All together, these qualities, both innate and acquired, characterize the biological and social nature of man.

Culture gives a person a sense of belonging to a community, fosters control over one’s behavior, and determines the style of practical life. At the same time, culture is a decisive way of social interactions and the integration of individuals into society.

Literature

1. Dubinin N. P. What is a person. - M.: Mysl, 1983.

2. Lavrienko V.N. Sociology: Textbook for universities - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2004.

3.Prokopova M.V. Fundamentals of Sociology: Textbook - M.: RDL Publishing House, 2001.

4. Sokolova V.A. Fundamentals of Sociology. Rostov n/D: Phoenix, 2000.

5. Efendiev. A.G. Fundamentals of Sociology. Course of lectures. Rep. ed. M., 1993.

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Topic 8. Natural factors in the development of society

The life of society takes place in the conditions of a certain natural environment and, in connection with this, the latter undoubtedly influences the development of society. This topic examines specific natural factors and conditions affecting society. Natural factors of one kind directly affect the life and health of people and, therefore, they are classified as environmental determinants. The natural conditions and factors on which the development of the productive forces of society depends include the geographical conditions of its existence (climate, soil, presence of minerals, forests, rivers, lakes, etc.).

The impact of geographical factors on society has been noted by many historians, geographers, politicians and statesmen. Sometimes this impact was so greatly exaggerated that the geographical environment acted as the main determinant of the development of society; such views are rightly characterized as geographical determinism. Population also affects the development of society and its productive forces, but if before the beginning of the 19th century population growth was assessed positively, then later some economists and sociologists began to see it as a negative factor.
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The most prominent exponents of such negative views were T. Malthus and his followers - the Malthusians. Criticizing their views, it should be shown that demographic processes are determined not so much by biological as by socio-economic factors.

Key questions for discussion. What is meant by geographic environment? What is the essence of geographical determinism? Describe C. Montesquieu's views on the role of the geographical environment. What new does G. Buckle bring to the understanding of the geographical environment? What role does L. I. Mechnikov assign to the natural environment and river civilizations? What is environmental determinism? What impact does population have on the development of society? What is T. Malthus's doctrine of population? How is the population factor assessed in the materialistic understanding of history?

Topic 8. Natural factors in the development of society - concept and types. Classification and features of the category “Topic 8. Natural factors in the development of society” 2017, 2018.