American private space companies.

Section “Problems of legal regulation in the aerospace industry”

intercontinental ballistic missiles, which brilliantly developed cruise missiles, spacecraft and long-term orbital stations. His ideas were often ahead of their time, at first seemed unrealizable and were rejected by many space industry leaders and decision makers. Nevertheless, careful study of the scientific substantiation of new proposals and a well-thought-out experimental base, as a rule, paved the way for new ideas.

Brilliant organizational skills helped

V. N. Chelomey to create a reliable creative team capable of solving not only the most complex scientific and technical problems, but also overcoming organizational difficulties caused by external reasons.

One cannot fail to mention Mikhail Kuzmich Yangel, the founder of a new direction in the field of strategic missile weapons, a direction associated with the creation of missiles using stable high-boiling fuel components, which have become the basis of strategic missile forces.

History preserves the fact that in May 1959 two government resolutions were published: one on the development of the R-16 intercontinental missile at the M.K. Yangel Design Bureau, the other on the development of the R-9 at the Design Bureau

S. P. Koroleva. Yangelevskaya R-16 had a number of advantages. In addition, Yangel was two years ahead of Korolev. And later the R-16 formed the basis of the Strategic Missile Forces.

Another comrade-in-arms of S.P. Korolev is Valentin Petrovich Glushko. According to his project and under his direct leadership, the reusable space system “Energia-Buran” and the permanent multi-module station “Mir” were created. In addition, he led the work on improving the Soyuz manned spacecraft, developing

their modifications, improvement of orbital stations.

I would like to pay special attention to Mikhail Fedorovich Reshetnev. Under his leadership or with his direct participation, about 30 types of space complexes and systems were developed. The number of satellites launched into orbit from 1959 to 1996 is more than 1000 units. He made a significant contribution to the development of Russian satellite communications and satellite navigation systems. He had a significant influence on the creation of the Siberian scientific school, uniting around himself talented scientists, engineers, and developers of rocket and space technology. What Mikhail Fedorovich and his comrades were able to accomplish on Siberian soil reliably serves, and will continue to serve, the interests of our state for many years to come.

Cosmonautics has changed the human view of the world and given thinking a global scale. Our space history, like any other, is the merit of those people who were able to radically change the world, giving impetus to the development of new directions in science and technology. We can talk about the asceticism of scientists not only for their high dedication and devotion to their high goal, but also for the fact that these people were faced with new demands on themselves, and, by changing their inner world, were able to change the world as a whole. “The selfless activity characteristic of an ascetic” was the spiritual basis in space exploration, the core on which humanity was able to step far forward and discover the vastness of the boundless universe.

1. Designers of rocket and space systems [Electronic resource]. URL: http://virtualcosmos.ru.

© Shchegolkova D. V., Sidorov A. V., Oreshkina E. I., 2013

M. S. Yakovleva Scientific supervisor - E. L. Farafontova Siberian State Aerospace University named after Academician M. F. Reshetnev, Krasnoyarsk

PRIVATE SPACE COMPANIES IN RUSSIA

The laws regulating the activities of private space companies in Russia and the USA, the merits of private space companies and the reasons for their absence in the Russian market are compared.

At the end of May 2012, the private Dragon spacecraft of the American company SpaceX delivered half a ton of food and scientific instruments to the International Space Station. This was the first flight in history to the ISS carried out by private business, and not by government agencies such as Roscosmos or NASA.

In Russia, unlike America, most space companies are state-owned. Even those that became joint stock companies in the 1990s are now again turning into state-owned ones,

how much the state buys their controlling stakes. An example is the Russian rocket and space corporation Energia. Although it is not a state-owned enterprise, a significant stake in its shares belongs to the state, which greatly influences the company's policies and the distribution of orders. On the one hand, government funding for the space industry in Russia has tripled over the past five years, and its volumes continue to grow; on the other hand, Russian private companies in this market

Current problems of aviation and astronautics. Socio-economic and humanities

are virtually non-existent, while worldwide there is a trend towards increasing private sector participation in space exploration.

The USA today is the only country that is engaged in almost all types of space research. If you add up the civilian and military budgets that are allocated in the United States for the development of the space industry, then this amount will exceed the total amount of funding for space research in all other countries of the world combined. If we talk about the development of the private sector, then in the United States there is a principle of a clear distribution of areas of responsibility: the exploration of the solar system, including planets and asteroids, is the prerogative of the state, and private companies are engaged in the development of near-Earth space. In addition, we must not forget that the main contractors of the US space department - Boeing, Lockheed Martin, Orbital - are private companies. They are the ones who provide the technological superiority of the United States.

US Code Title 49 - Transportation, Subtitle IX - Commercial Space Transportation, Chapter 701 - Commercial Space Launch Activities states:

The United States should encourage private sector-provided launches, returns, and related services;

It is in the national interest and provides significant public benefit to the participation of State governments in encouraging and facilitating private sector involvement in space activities.

In Russia, there is practically no legislation regulating private initiatives in the space sector. The Federal Law “On Space Activities,” which is actually a framework law, was adopted back in 1993. Private companies simply do not know the rules by which to play in this market, and businesses are afraid to invest money in the space industry. In addition, there are now many restrictions in this area, relating, in particular, to high-resolution photography in space and obtaining a license to conduct space development.

The need to change the current law “On Space Activities” was discussed on January 26, 2012 at a meeting of the Club of Friends of the Space Cluster of the Skolkovo Foundation. The Earth from Space Association proposed canceling the mandatory requirement to have Clause 2, Article 4, Section 1 (it is responsible for state secrets) in private companies, as well as a ban on high-quality satellite photography of Russian territory. The last example is the most revealing. In December 2011, the Arbitration Court sided with Roscosmos, not allowing high-resolution filming of Russian territory. Meanwhile, highly detailed satellite images of major Russian cities are available on the Yandex.Maps resource.

From the point of view of the development of private space, in modern Russia there are unique conditions for the creation of private companies to work in space.

mystical market. This is mainly due to the rich heritage and traditions in aviation and rocket and space technology. Such unique “initial conditions” provide newcomers with access to a unique layer of experience and developments, leading to reductions in lead times and production cycles.

The main advantage of private companies is their mobility - they can more quickly respond to the needs of the time. A small private company can focus its efforts on one project and try to see it through to completion, but it is more difficult for giants to concentrate because they simultaneously work in many areas, while private companies can “fine-tune” the existing developments of government organizations, which for some reason were rejected by other companies. It is also important that the total costs of creating a particular type of equipment for private companies, which usually have a relatively small number of employees (up to 200-500 people), will be much less than for large state-owned concerns.

However, the development of private astronautics is proceeding at a rather slow pace, since it requires huge costs with a long payback period and high risks. Profits in this area are quite difficult to calculate. However, we should not forget that the space industry is always about new developments, and the implementation of these new developments in itself moves and brings profit.

1. Anishchenko N. To space for three kopecks // Expert Group CJSC. URL: http://expert.ru/russian_ reporter/2012/27/v-kosmos--za-tri-kopejki/ (access date: 04/02/2013).

2. Private astronautics: fantastic projects and real results // Federal Internet publication “Capital of the Country”. URL: http://www. kapital-rus.ru/articles/article/174110/ (date of access: 04/02/2013).

3. Shipilova E. “Russia is ready to enter the space age” // “Rossiyskaya Gazeta” - URL: http://www.rg.ru/2012/06/25/rbth-skolkovo.html (access date: 04/03/2013 ).

4. Code of the United States of America Section 49 - Transport // Aerospace Society of Ukraine - URL: http://www.space.com.ua/gateway/pravo_new. nsf/998ee00187a6e34dc3256a920039c978/3f69fa56271af 7cdc225752b004379cc!0penDocument (date of access: 28.043.2013).

5. Kuibida A. Private business asks to declassify space // Business newspaper “Izvestia”. URL: http://izvestia.ru/news/513491 (date of access: 04/05/2013).

6. Space activities of the countries of the world in 2012 // Industrial portal Complexdoc.ru. URL: http://skolkovo-city.complexdoc.ru/467135.html (access date: 04/06/2013).

© Yakovleva M. S., 2013

Private companies have made significant progress in space exploration. Private rockets launch private satellites that generate tens of billions of dollars in revenue per year. Private astronautics has also achieved a lot of success in the development of technology - many are looking with hope at reusable rockets that promise to reduce the cost of access to space. Private companies have already appeared, targeting near-Earth asteroids, and tourists are buying tickets to the vicinity of the Moon. Is a future of science fiction awaiting us, where corporations are in charge of space exploration, and what is behind today's successes of private individuals outside of Earth?

Today, the world's attention is focused on the successes and failures of just one private space company - SpaceX. Someone is waiting for the revolution that is coming when the price of a space launch drops tenfold or more, someone is rubbing their hands in anticipation of the moment when the “bubble will burst” and the “swindler Musk” will admit how he faked a video of a rocket landing on a sea platform. In both cases, no one remains indifferent. Bringing back the first rocket stage after a space launch is certainly a major engineering achievement. But practically the same thing has been done since the 80s as part of the program Space Shuttle, then the bodies of the solid fuel boosters returned by parachute, and the Shuttle was nothing more than a reusable third stage. And such technology did not reduce the cost of conquering outer space; the complexity of the system and the cost of inter-flight maintenance killed the entire economic sense of reusability. That, however, did not stop NASA from operating the system for 30 years. And here we see an important significant difference between private and state cosmonautics - the private owner follows the beaten path after the state and tries to benefit where state-owned enterprises have not tried. Therefore, about the success of the company SpaceX we can confidently say when reusable rockets will become more profitable than disposable ones.

Private astronautics made a real revolution in the 2000s, although few people paid attention to it then. It was then that the revenues of the world space market exceeded the total government spending on space. Since then, this difference has grown every year and now space allows private companies to earn three times more than the world's government budgets spend on it. Although in Russia it is traditionally believed that you can make money in space only through a government contract, abroad the main source of money from space is retransmission: satellite television broadcasting, transmission of large amounts of data, provision of live television broadcasts. A good income comes from the provision of navigation services, the production of ground-based receiving, processing and transmitting equipment, and, to a lesser extent, satellite imagery and the use of this data. Currently, space communications occupy approximately 10% of the global telecommunications market, the rest of the information is transmitted via terrestrial networks, but the demand for transmission is growing exponentially, so the role of space is not diminishing, despite the optical fiber entangling the Earth. A third of the entire space market is occupied by the production of satellites and rockets, and the launches themselves do not exceed approximately 2% of the total “pie.” Therefore, leadership in space launches does not at all mean leadership in space exploration; neither fans should forget this SpaceX, nor Roscosmos fans.

Despite the thousands of near-Earth satellites that are launched and paid for by private customers and which generate profits for their owners, not a single private satellite has entered interplanetary space. There, near the Moon and on Mars, near Saturn and beyond the orbit of Pluto, state apparatuses continue to reign supreme. Most of them are produced by private companies, Lockheed Martin, Thales Alenia Space, Orbital ATK, but the customer and operator in all cases is the state. And here it’s time to understand the terminology and separate the two types of activities in space, which are often confused by both the media and the space agencies themselves.

Saturn 5, NASA's heavy rocket, with Apollo 17 as its payload. Photo before the start of today's last manned expedition to the Moon. December 1972.

Space exploration is the main activity carried out by states since the very beginning of astronautics. Study of the conditions of near-Earth and interplanetary space, visiting and examining the bodies of the Solar System, delivery of extraterrestrial matter, astrophysical research. All this is fundamental science, which expands the limits of knowledge of the surrounding world, but does not bring practical benefit. Fundamental science funding traditionally lies on the shoulders of the state, although private capital is now one way or another involved in this activity, but the share of its participation in space exploration is low, and, as a rule, is associated with the financing of ground laboratories and research centers.

Space exploration is the practical use of the conditions of outer space or the opportunities that it opens up. Historically, the state has been a leader in this type of activity. Weather satellites and the first television repeaters were launched for civilian use. For the military, communications satellites, spy satellites: optical and radar, and missile attack warning satellites have been actively used and continue to be used. Initially, both GPS and GLONASS navigation systems were considered as military devices for guiding ballistic missiles. However, in the 2000s, private astronautics became leaders in the exploration of near-Earth space. The provision of communication services and the use of satellite data have made it possible to deploy large-scale private relay networks and launch hundreds of satellites to image the Earth. In the United States, the capabilities of private owners are actively used even in public interests. Gradually, government services are moving from operating their own spacecraft to ordering commercial services, this applies to satellite imagery, relays, rocket launches, and supplies to the International Space Station.

Today, the most valuable space resource actively developed by private owners is the geostationary orbit (GSO) in the equatorial plane, at an altitude of 36 thousand km from the Earth’s surface. GEO allows satellites to remain above one point on the surface as they orbit the planet. It is in this orbit that telecommunications satellites are located, providing television broadcasting, relaying, satellite Internet, and weather satellites are also located there, capable of observing each of its hemispheres in a constant mode.

Geostationary satellites represent the crown of development of space unmanned technologies: they have a mass of 1 to 8 tons, an impressive span of solar panels of a couple of tens of meters or more, are equipped with radiation-resistant electronics that allow them to operate in space for more than 10 years, ion and plasma engines, high-performance radio systems and laser communication system. Nowadays, it is not uncommon for a satellite to cease operations not due to technical problems, but due to obsolescence of the payload or exhaustion of fuel reserves; operational satellites are permanently sent to a “disposal orbit” to be replaced with more modern ones.

Why do private traders, having the most modern satellites and cheaper reusable rockets, not stick their heads beyond the geostationary orbit? The answer is simple: there is no profit. Working in low-Earth orbit allows us to provide services to solvent inhabitants of the Earth. Until such inhabitants appear on the Moon and Mars, launching private spacecraft there makes no sense.
Now let's remember about the lunar tourists and asteroid resources that we mentioned earlier. When will they allow exploration of the Moon and deep space to begin?

Unfortunately, not soon yet. The problem here is the complexity of the technologies that will need to be developed to create a lunar tourism infrastructure or asteroid mining. For example, consider asteroid hunting. To date, two companies have declared their goal to extract space resources: Deep Space Industries And Planetary Resources. About $20 million was invested in the first, about $25 million in the second, with $21 million received for the development of a near-Earth satellite constellation for imaging the Earth. The Luxembourg government has announced that it is ready to invest up to $200 million in private companies. Even if Luxembourg’s grants are included in private funds, it still amounts to a total of less than $300 million invested in the commercial development of near-Earth asteroids.

To assess the complexity of the task, it is worth considering real examples of missions for the extraction of interplanetary matter or the study of small bodies in the Solar System. Japanese government spacecraft Hayabusa (Japanese. はやぶさ, “Peregrine Falcon”), which managed to reach an asteroid, extract less than 1 gram of its substance and deliver it to Earth, cost $138 million. A more complex NASA project OSIRIS-REx has a budget of $800 million. Japanese student apparatus PROCYON, which was only supposed to approach the asteroid, cost $5 million, but was not successful due to a failure of the propulsion system, although it was able to spend a year in interplanetary space. The unsuccessful “Phobos-Grunt”, for studying and extracting samples of the Mars satellite Phobos, cost the Russian budget approximately $200 million. Do not forget about the timing of the missions: Hayabusa flew for 7 years OSIRIS-REx launched in 2016, should reach the asteroid in 2020 and return in 2023. But it still takes several years to develop the device. The most expensive and complex mission of this type is the project Rosetta, which included studying the nucleus of comet 67P/Churyumov - Gerasimenko and landing the module on its surface. Ten Year Flight Rosetta cost €1.4 billion.

It is very difficult to imagine an investor who would decide to invest in such an extremely expensive and extremely risky long-term project, seriously expecting financial benefits at the end of the flight. He may be driven by philanthropic motives or the desire to leave his name in the history of astronautics, but not by the desire to enrich himself at the expense of extraterrestrial platinum or water. The only practical financial interest here may be in the development of technology, but this will take more than a dozen years.

In the situation with space tourism, the scale of financial costs is orders of magnitude higher, meanwhile, near-Earth space tourism is already a reality, and lunar tourism can become a reality in a matter of years. How is this possible?

Here we return again to the role of the state. In 1957, only a playboy and philanthropist could invest in telecommunications satellites. The hope of making a profit by 2005 and recouping costs in 2015 could only belong to a madman. In the 50s there were none of those. Only when the state created heavy rockets capable of launching several tons into geostationary orbit, when the state tested in practice the telecommunications prospects of orbit, developed electronics capable of withstanding the conditions of space, created or paid for industrial facilities capable of producing satellites powerful enough, long-lived and cheap for this to become profitable, only then did commercial astronautics become real and profitable. In economic terms, the state took on all the capital costs of the space industry, leaving only operating costs and revenues for private owners.

In manned spaceflight everything is more complicated and expensive. By 1969, the idea of ​​tourist flights to the Moon may have seemed more feasible, but in reality everyone knew the cost of NASA to get people to the Moon (roughly $5 billion in modern dollars for a ticket to lunar orbit), so not a single billionaire brought a truckload of cash to Houston so that he would be taken on the next flight. Today, two companies are ready to offer a tourist flight to the Moon and back: the Russian RKK Energia and the American SpaceX. In the first case, the tour will take place on board the modified Soyuz spacecraft, in the second - in the modified Dragon. In both cases, the capital costs of creating cosmodromes, rockets and ships capable of such a flight are state-owned. States act as regular customers for Soyuz spacecraft as part of the International Space Station program, and NASA orders and pays for the creation of the spacecraft Dragon. In both cases, near-Earth spacecraft are created at government expense, and improvements that will allow them to get to the Moon and back will need to be carried out solely in the hope of tourist income. And although the Soyuz has been flying for decades, it is still not capable of flying to the Moon, although the price tag for a lunar tour is significantly lower than in the 60s - about $120 million. The cost of lunar modernization still exceeds the expected commercial benefit, and existing demand is too low.

The result is disappointing. Despite all the desire and all the romance of private space, modern investors do not have the physical opportunity to undertake the real exploration of interplanetary space. At the same time, the role of the state in space exploration can be rethought taking into account the accumulated experience. At the dawn of astronautics, no one thought that a vacuum would ever be beneficial. Government investments were made for other purposes: military and propaganda, but ultimately they produced an economic effect. Unfortunately, the proportions of what was invested and what was received were not always preserved. The USA paid for about half of the world's space program, and now receives up to 60% of the world's space revenues; the USSR/Russia took over about a quarter of the world's space program and today is content with 1% of space profits. But that's another story.

Today we can say with confidence that space exploration is impossible without the joint efforts of the state and private business. Only the state can seriously invest “in the long term”: finance industry, develop infrastructure, train personnel. Only private owners are able to make this infrastructure profitable, enrich themselves and, through taxes, return its investments to the state. This is, of course, an idealized scheme that may not work. But technology is developing, and space is still an hour away if a car can go up, so each state is able to decide for itself whether it is worth the risk of investing in space in anticipation of an economic return in decades. But NASA is already building a whole series of spacecraft to reach and study asteroids, is developing cislunar infrastructure: a super-heavy rocket, an interplanetary spacecraft, and plans to build a manned station. The head of the ESA is seriously calling for the construction of a Moon Village - with the active involvement of private space not only as contractors, but also as tour operators. Roscosmos hopes to regain the lost demand for space launches and start making money from Earth imaging and relaying, that is, start competing with private companies. There is no talk of developing the infrastructure for deep space exploration and no such task is being set. The project of the device for the Apophis asteroid has been cancelled, the Luna-25 -26 -27 lunar drones are constantly being postponed, the future of Phobos-Grunt 2 is not determined.

In recent years, government space agencies around the world have lost their monopoly on missions beyond Earth. Successful launches of private aircraft into orbit or suborbital space are increasingly taking place. The most famous of them at the moment are SpaceShipOne and SpaceShipTwo from Virgin Galactic. The other day, the presentation of the space shuttle Dragon V2 from SpaceX also created a lot of noise. But it is far from limited to only these initiatives. history of private space exploration.

Start. OTRAG

In the nineties

In 1996, the $10 million X Prize was created for a team of designers who would fly a manned suborbital spacecraft twice within two weeks. However, it was not until October 2004 that this award was presented. It was received by the Tier One project participants who developed the SpaceShipOne shuttle. Thus began the history of Virgin Galactic.

Virgin Galactic

In September 2004, just before the successful launch of SpaceShipOne, which led to its receipt of the X Prize, Branson said that he believed in the success of this project and would finance it in order to begin mass tourist flights into suborbital space based on this technology in the future.

With funding from Virgin Galactic, the new space shuttle SpaceShipTwo, the carrier aircraft White Knight Two, as well as the project’s own airport in the middle of the desert in New Mexico were built. The sale of tickets for suborbital flights has also begun, the cost of which starts from 100 thousand dollars.

SpaceX

SpaceX was created by the famous American businessman Elon Musk. He is one of the founders of PayPal, an electronic money transfer service, and the driving force behind Tesla Motors, an electric vehicle company. But private space exploration is occupying an increasingly important place in Musk’s business empire.

But SpaceX uses not an airplane, but a rocket as a carrier. At the moment, three types have been developed - Falcon 1, Falcon 9 and Falcon 9 Heavy, and work is underway on new generations of this aircraft, which will allow it to lift even more payload.

The Falcon rocket can carry both the cargo itself and the Dragon-class space shuttle. Its first version, first launched into orbit on December 8, 2010, has proven itself successfully over the past few years. This cargo ship, operating in automatic mode, was able not only to rise to a significant height, but also to dock with the International Space Station, delivering cargo weighing up to 3.31 tons.

However, the maximum height to which the Grasshopper rocket was able to rise and then safely descend is currently 744 meters. But the technologies developed on Kuznechik are then implemented as part of the Falcon 9 launch vehicle project.

Bigelow Aerospace

Armadillo Aerospace

SkyCube

Illustration copyright AP Image caption The successes of the American private company SpaceX are an example for private space companies around the world

“I won’t pronounce this name, it’s too much, in my opinion... My day begins, continues and ends with him,” joked Roscosmos official representative Igor Burenkov, but there was a fair amount of truth in this joke. At the first conference on private space exploration, every speaker mentioned the head of SpaceX, Elon Musk.

At some point, a critical mass of mentions of this name exceeded a threshold, and it became a household word: one of the participants, discussing the problems of the industry, used it as a unit of efficiency for a private entrepreneur in space.

The famous head of Space Exploration Technologies (SpaceX), Elon Musk, is considered an example of private astronautics throughout the world.

The day after the conference began, the launch of a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket with a payload was scheduled.

And although there were too many doubts about the success of this test, and this project had several accidents in the past, all those present recognized that private astronautics is developing much faster in the United States.

There are private space companies in Russia, but when I asked a representative of one of them whether it was easy for them to develop, he eloquently shook his head: “Almost impossible.”

It’s unlikely that anyone would argue with this at the InSpace Forum 2016 conference either, otherwise there would be no need to assemble it.

The Russian state cosmonautics is currently undergoing a large-scale and very difficult reform.

Firstly, an economic and financial crisis began in Russia, which has already affected the financing of Roscosmos.

Secondly, the Russian state inherited the cumbersome organization of the industry from the Soviet Union. It is poorly adapted to the modern world, primarily to market conditions.

These circumstances determine the problems facing private astronautics in Russia.

Pros and cons

Russia's lag behind the West in this area was illustrated by the very first panel discussion, which resulted in a discussion of the basics: what private astronautics essentially is, what tasks it sets for itself, and what place it can occupy in the state space industry.

For representatives of the space business themselves, defining this phenomenon does not cause any difficulties. According to the head of the Dauria Aerospace company, Sergei Ivanov, the main difference between private astronautics and state ones is the desire for commercial success.

"When talking about space, we always remember romance, politics, pride in a country, things much higher than just money. And for me, private space is about money. About making money, creating added value, return on invested capital, creating products that find their customers, about market relations,” he said.

This property of private space companies determines their strength, weakness and their relationship with the state.

The main advantage of commercial space exploration is the ability to quickly respond to market changes, new goals and technologies. A commercial company in the space industry is more free to set tasks and find ways to achieve them - the company depends on the investor.

The weaknesses of a company of this type appear for exactly the same reasons - investments in a space project can pay off after many years, and no one can provide a guarantee of success. Elon Musk's success largely depended on his personal determination and belief in success.

In Russia, as Igor Burenkov said at the conference, such investors do not exist.

“We can talk as much as we like about various great foreign entrepreneurs, but they risk the greatest amount of money. And I don’t see anyone willing to risk that kind of money. They come to us with small machines. No one brings us billions,” he said.

"Space Bible"

According to a representative of Roscosmos, the agency is now more than open to cooperation, but “space businessmen” have many complaints against the state.

First of all, this concerns regulatory documents, such as the “Regulations on the procedure for the creation, production and operation (use) of rocket and space systems - Regulations RK-11 and the “Regulations on licensing of space activities”.

Any spacecraft or rocket must meet the strict requirements set out in them.

As the head of the Space Policy Institute, Ivan Moiseev, told the BBC, the requirements laid down in RK-11 are designed for large spacecraft. Manufacturers of small vehicles and rockets find it difficult to comply with regulations that are not designed for them.

“Firstly, it’s even difficult for them to get this RK. Although there is nothing secret there, out of habit we put a stamp “secret” so that nothing happens. We need to turn this situation inside out, because excessive secrecy harms economic development,” - he said.

Representatives of private cosmonautics propose to rewrite the provisions of RK-11, which has already been dubbed the “space bible,” but Roscosmos answers that the agency that is engaged in fundamental reform is not able to simultaneously change the fundamental documents.

“The patient is in intensive care, he has come out of a coma, he is breathing with the help of an artificial respiration device, and then a young man appears who says: “Come on, here’s a jump rope for you and jump!” said Igor Burenkov.

Market

As Pavel Pushkin, head of the Cosmocourse company, told the BBC, the market in this area is very small.

“This share is 8-10% both here and in the United States. This share is very small, and all these small companies are starting to fight for this share,” he said.

There are several commercial satellite companies operating in Russia, including Gazprom Space Systems, Sputniks and Dauria Aerospace.

According to Pushkin, the companies are fighting for the commercial market, but at the same time they would be happy to receive government contracts.

This is normal practice for all countries, including the United States, where the largest corporations try to rely on government orders and receive government support.

However, the shape of such cooperation continues to evolve. There was a lot of talk at the conference about what it should be like.

In particular, it was said that low orbit could be given to private space, leaving long-distance flights to large government agencies.

"Cosmocourse" by Pavel Pushkin, according to him, is trying to occupy a rather narrow niche in the space market. The company is developing a reusable spacecraft for tourist suborbital flights (entry into low orbit without orbiting the Earth).

Will Russia have its own SpaceX?

The Kosmokurs company has already managed to agree on the terms of reference for the creation of the spacecraft with Roscosmos, but they are not yet thinking about developing it further.

“The lack of experience is a hindrance,” its head admitted in an interview with the BBC.

This problem is perhaps the most serious in Russian private space exploration. It will take many years for a company like Elon Musk’s SpaceX to appear in Russia. SpaceX itself was founded in 2002.

In addition to all the organizational and financial problems, there is also a rather low activity of enthusiastic businessmen themselves.

President of the Moscow Space Club, full member of the Russian Academy of Cosmonautics Sergei Zhukov said that the ratio of Russian and US startups in the space field is approximately one to five hundred.

“And investment... Our oligarchs are buying Chelsea, but can you blame them? The environment is almost impossible for creating innovation,” he said.

Representative of the Roscosmos state corporation Igor Burenkov did not argue with this. According to him, the state of the private space industry reflects the general situation with business in the country.

“In our country, business is just beginning to develop, it is going through the stage of capital accumulation, no one has canceled the economic stages of development. There is nothing wrong with this, it’s just time. If someone has been doing such things for 20 years, and someone has been doing this for three hundred... But priority for the development of private initiative will still go to those who have been doing this for longer,” he said, adding: “Open trees don’t give birth to oranges.”

Space exploration is all that involves our familiarity with space and everything that lies beyond the lower layers of the Earth's atmosphere. Robotic travel to Mars and other planets, sending probes beyond the solar system, exploring fast, cheap and safe ways for people to go into space and colonize other planets - all this is space exploration.

Through the efforts of brave people, brilliant engineers and scientists, as well as space agencies around the world and private leading corporations, humanity will very soon begin to explore space by leaps and bounds. Our only chance to survive as a species is colonization, and the sooner we realize this (and hope it's not too late), the better it will be.

Bolivian Space Agency (BSA)

The Bolivian Space Agency is an organization tasked with the development of high technology, human resources, preparation and application of satellite communications programs in the fields of education, defense, medicine and meteorology in Bolivia. According to the government standard, the Bolivian Space Agency will be “a decentralized public institution with its own legal and administrative autonomy.”

On February 10, 2010, Bolivian President Evo Morales signed Order No. 423 establishing the Bolivian Space Agency. The agency will be formed from representatives of six ministries, who will be appointed by the president of the country. The highest authority in the BKA will be the General Director. The government will initially invest one million US dollars in the new agency; in the future, the agency will be financed by the state, donations and foreign loans. The total investment in the first space program is estimated at 300 million US dollars.

Agência Espacial Brasileira (AEB)

The Brazilian Space Agency is a government civil organization in Brazil responsible for the growth and development of the country's space program. It operates the Alcántara spaceport and the Barreira do Inferno rocket launch complex. The agency was founded on February 10, 1994.

The agency allows Brazil to play a leading role in space among Latin American countries and makes Brazil a valuable and reliable partner for cooperation on the International Space Station.

The Brazilian Space Agency pursues a policy of technological space international cooperation with the development of its own space program. At the beginning, it was heavily dependent on the United States and ESA, but after a number of difficulties caused by the difficulty of transferring Western technologies, Brazil began to work with other countries, in particular with China, Ukraine, Russia, and Israel.

The Brazilian Space Agency is the heir to a significant national space program that was under the control of the Brazilian military and was transferred to civilian control in 1994.

UK Space Agency (UKSA)

The UK Space Agency is the UK government space service, founded on April 1, 2010 in Swindon. It was first unveiled at the Queen Elizabeth II Conference Center on March 23, 2010 by politicians Peter Mandelson, Paul Drayson and British-born astronaut Timothy Peake.

At the time of its creation, the UK space industry was valued at £7 billion and provided 60,000 jobs. UKSA's 20-year plan includes increasing output to £40 billion and 100,000 jobs, as well as increasing its share of global industry from 6 to 10%.

UKSA took over all responsibilities, staff and assets of the British National Space Center (est. 1985).

Canadian Space Agency (CSA)

The Canadian Space Agency is the Canadian government space agency responsible for the Canadian space program. The agency was founded in March 1989 by the corresponding act on the Canadian Space Agency Act and approved in December 1990. The head of the enterprise is the president, who reports directly to the Minister of Industry. Since September 2, 2008, the CCA has been headed by Stephen McLane.

The head office of the CSA is located at the John Chapman Space Center located in the town of Saint-Hubert (Quebec). The agency also has an office in Ottawa at the David Florida Laboratory, and there are also several communications departments in Washington, Paris, Cape Canaveral and Houston.

The space agency's astronaut corps consists of 8 people.

Kazakhstan Republics Ulttyk garysh agents

The National Space Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan is an executive body of the Republic of Kazakhstan, part of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, performing functions of providing public services, managing state property and law enforcement functions in the field of research, use of outer space for peaceful purposes, international cooperation in the implementation of joint projects and programs in the field of space activities.

On March 27, 2007, President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev signed Decree No. 502 “On the formation of the National Space Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan.” In accordance with the Decree, the Aerospace Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan was abolished and the National Space Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan was formed as an independent unit in the government structure.

Lieutenant General Talgat Amangeldievich Musabaev was appointed chairman of the agency.

On August 6, 2014, during the reorganization of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the functions of the ministry were transferred to the new Ministry of Investment and Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan

國家航天局

The China National Space Administration is the national space agency of the People's Republic of China, responsible for the national space program.

The agency was founded in 1993 when the Ministry of Aerospace Industry was split into CNSA and China Space Corporation (CASC). The former institution was responsible for policy, while the new one was responsible for implementation. This division of responsibilities proved somewhat unsatisfactory, since both agencies were, in effect, one large agency, sharing both personnel and management.

During a complete reconstruction in 1998, CASC was fragmented into many small state-owned companies. This created a system very similar to that used by the Western defense industry, where facilities that are government agencies establish their operating principles, then are contracted to meet operational requirements, with the facilities being owned by the government but not operated by the government. .

Milli Aerokosmik Agentliyi

The National Aerospace Agency of Azerbaijan, NASA, is the government agency responsible for the space and aviation program of Azerbaijan. The agency was founded in 1974 as the Caspian Scientific Center as part of the National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan.

Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO)

The Government Research and Applied Research Association is an Australian government agency. Founded in 1926 under the name Advisory Council of Science and Industry. Subordinate to the Australian Department of Science. The organization's headquarters are located in Canberra.

The organization's staff consists of about 6,600 people. CSIRO maintains more than 50 centers throughout Australia, as well as biological control research stations in France and Mexico.

CSIRO is famous for inventing the atomic absorption spectrometer, developing the first polymer banknote, and researching biological control methods such as creating epidemics of myxomatosis or other viruses to control rabbit populations.

Advances in information technology include the Funnelback search engine and the Annodex data format.

In October 2005, the journal Nature announced that CSIRO scientists had developed a near-perfect rubber from resilin, an elastic protein that is responsible for the jumping ability of fleas and helps insects fly. On August 19, 2005, CSIRO and the University of Dallas (USA) announced that they were able to produce transparent sheets of carbon nanotubes, which would enable the mass production of carbon nanotube products.

Česká kosmická kancelář

The Czech Space Office is a Czech government organization dedicated to supporting and promoting Czech space programs. It was founded in November 2003.

The main tasks of the Czech Space Office include establishing contacts between Czech companies and projects in the field of astronautics, cooperation with the European Space Agency and the International Astronautical Federation. The Office maintains an information and referral center.

The headquarters is located in Prague, the director is Jan Kolář.

European Space Agency (ESA)

The European Space Agency is an international organization created in 1975 for the purpose of space exploration.

ESA has 21 permanent members, with Canada also participating in some projects.

The Agency's headquarters is located in Paris. The European Space Research and Technology Center is located in Noordwijk (Netherlands). The European Space Control Center is located in Darmstadt (Germany). The European Astronaut Center is located in another German city, Cologne. The Earth Observation Center and Information Center of the European Space Agency are located in Frascati near Rome (Italy). The Kourou spaceport in French Guiana is used to launch spacecraft being created. ESA has contact offices in Belgium, the USA and Russia and ground tracking stations around the world.

The agency constantly employs 1,907 people (2005), and its budget is more than 4 billion euros (2012).

Deutsches Zentrum für Luft - und Raumfahrt e.V.

The German Aviation and Space Center is Germany's national center for aerospace, energy and transport research. Founded in 1907. The organization's branches and research centers are located in several locations throughout Germany, with its headquarters in Cologne. The organization is responsible for the planning and implementation of the German space program on behalf of the German federal government. The center is involved in a wide range of research projects, both national and international.

Currently, the German Aerospace Center employs approximately 7,400 people. The organization owns 32 institutes, facilities located in more than 14 cities in Germany, as well as offices in Brussels, Paris and Washington. The organization's 2010 budget was approximately 670 million euros to cover its own research and development as well as operational tasks. One third of this amount comes to the company from so-called third parties (German: Drittmittel). In addition to this, the German Aerospace Center manages approximately 500 million euros of German funds from the European Space Agency and also receives more than 650 million euros for research on behalf of the German Federal Ministry. The organization is a full member of the Space Data Systems Advisory Committee and a member of the Helmholtz Association.

भारतीय अन्तरिक्ष अनुसंधान संगठन

The Indian Space Research Organization is the Indian national space agency under the Indian Department of Space Research. The organization is headquartered in Bangalore, employs approximately 20,000 people, and has an annual budget of approximately 41 billion rupees ($940 million). Since October 2009, the organization has been headed by K. Radhakrishnan.

India has a developed space program and, collectively, is currently the sixth largest space power in terms of potential (after Russia, the USA, China, Europe and Japan).

With the launch of its own satellite using its own launch vehicle in 1979, India chronologically became the seventh space power. In 1980, ISRO has two launch vehicles: PSLV and GSLV. Previously, two less powerful launch vehicles were used: SLV and ASLV.

India is one of the very few space powers that independently launches communications satellites into geostationary orbit (the first GSAT-2 - 2003), return spacecraft (SRE - 2007) and automatic interplanetary stations to the Moon and Mars (Chandrayaan-1 - 2008, Mangalyan - 2014) and provides international launch services.

The first Indian cosmonaut flew on a Soviet spacecraft in 1984. India has its own manned space program and is expected to start manned space flights on its own from 2016 and become the fourth space superpower.

India launched the Mangalyaan spacecraft in November 2013, which entered Martian orbit in September 2014. In the new financial year that began on April 1, 2012, the budget of the Indian Department of Space Research was increased by more than 50% compared to the 2011 financial year.

In the future, ISRO plans to launch its own manned spacecraft. It is also planned to create a new generation Indian reusable transport space system (the Avatar project), and in the distant future (after 2025-2030) - manned flights to the Moon in cooperation with other countries or even independently.

Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)

The National Institute of Aerospace Technology is Spain's space agency, headquartered in Torrejon de Ardoz near Madrid. Founded in 1942.

The organization's budget exceeds 100 million € and is provided by funds from the Spanish Ministry of Defense, as well as from profits from its own projects. As of 2008, the institute employs 1,200 employees, 80% of whom are engaged in research and development (creation of new materials and equipment, certification).

The agency launched the first INTASAT satellite on November 15, 1974, aboard a Delta rocket. The next satellite, MiniSat-01, with a total weight of 190 kg, was delivered into orbit by the Pegasus rocket in March 2002.

During the implementation of the Spanish program to launch micro- and nanosatellites, there was a gap of 23 years. In 1997, work on the creation of low-budget spacecraft was restored. Finally, in December 2004 [source not specified 2036 days], the European Ariane 5 launch vehicle delivered NanoSat-01 into orbit. In the future, it is planned to launch another satellite, SeoSat (Spanish Earth Observation Satellite).

All of these satellites are designed and manufactured entirely in Spain. They are based on a low-cost, feature-rich platform with a standard interface and payload module.

Today INTA controls the Madrid Space Communications Complex and the El Arenosillo launch site in the south of the country. It is from here that meteorological rockets such as INTA-255 and INTA-300, which are produced by the institute, are launched into space.

On February 13, 2012, the technological satellite Xatcobeo, developed at the university, is scheduled to be launched.

سازمان فضايی ايران‎

The Iranian Space Agency is Iran's government organization for space exploration.

In April 2003, the Iranian Space Agency (ISA) was created. A five-year plan for the development of the space industry is being adopted, including the launch of at least five communications and remote sensing satellites, as well as several research microsatellites. ICA is appointed as the main coordinating body, which previously was actually the Iranian Remote Sensing Center. On January 9, 2015, Iran's space program was finally closed.

‏סוכנות החלל הישראלית

The Israel Space Agency is an Israeli government agency that coordinates scientific and commercial space exploration programs. Founded in 1983. The head is retired Major General, Professor Yitzhak Ben-Israel.

Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI)

Italian Space Agency - founded in 1988 with the aim of developing, coordinating and implementing Italian space projects. Established under the Ministry of Universities and Scientific and Technical Research of Italy and represents the interests of the country in the European Space Agency (ESA).

The agency's headquarters are located in Rome. There are also two operational centers in Matera and Trapani. The agency's structure includes the San Marco spaceport, located in the territorial waters of Kenya, which is currently not in operation. ASI's annual budget is approximately €1 billion.

The Italian Space Agency and its main subcontractor, the Italian company Alenia Aeronautica (formerly Alenia Spazio, Alenia Space), have created or participated in the creation of a number of satellites, interplanetary stations, the Vega light launch vehicle and have manufacturing experience unique in Europe on orders from ESA and NASA for pressurized space modules: the Shuttle station-laboratory Spacelab, the International Space Station (ISS) modules Columbus, Harmony, Tranquility, Dome and pressurized multi-purpose ISS supply modules (MPLM) launched on the Shuttle " Leonardo (then the Pressurized Multifunctional Module (PMM)), Raphael and Donatello.

宇宙航空研究開発機構

The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency is the government agency responsible for Japan's space and aviation program. The agency was formed on October 1, 2003 after the merger of three previously independent organizations. Now JAXA has the ability to launch artificial Earth satellites, automatic interplanetary stations, participates in the International Space Station program, plans to create manned astronautics and explore the Moon.

On October 1, 2003, three organizations: the Japanese Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science (ISAS), the National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan (NAL), and the Japanese National Space Development Agency. NASDA), merged into a single structure called JAXA.

Prior to the merger, these organizations developed various sectors of Japanese astronautics: ISAS focused on space environment and planetary research, NAL on aeronautical research. The National Space Exploration Agency was formed on October 1, 1969 and was involved in the development of launch vehicles, satellites, and the construction of the Japanese experimental module "Kibo" for the International Space Station. NASDA's headquarters were located in what is now the Tanegashima Space Center on Tanegashima Island, 115 kilometers south of Kyushu.

한국항공우주연구원

Korea Aerospace Development Institute is the space and aeronautics agency of the Republic of Korea. Founded in 1989. It is the main institute of South Korea in the field of space exploration. Its main laboratories are located in Daejeon. The most significant result should be considered the development of the Arirang-1 satellite. The main goal at the current stage is the development and improvement of the KSLV launch vehicle. When the Republic of Korea joined the IAE in 1992, the agency became involved in aerospace technology.

Plays an important role in the industry. The institute is the property of the state, and its special status is associated with this. The institute is part of the Aeronautics and Space Agency of the Republic of Korea. The Institute was founded in 1989, and since 1999 it has been collaborating in space research with the Korea Aerospace Corporation (KAI), which is engaged in civil and military aircraft construction, development and creation of satellites. Initially, developments in the space sector were a response to similar ones in the DPRK and took place with technical support from the United States. In 2004, a cooperation agreement was also signed with the Russian side. Research laboratories are located in the city of Daejeon, namely in the specialized scientific town of Daedok. The main customer of the projects is the state. One of the projects is the development of means of delivering satellites into low-Earth orbit - launch vehicles. The institute serves South Korea's first spaceport. Recent projects include the project to create the Arirang-1 satellite, as well as the development of the KSLV-1 launch vehicle.

Agensi Angkasa Negara

National Space Agency of Malaysia - founded in 2002 and aims to improve the country's technological capabilities in the field of space. The agency is headed by Dr. Mustafa Din Subari, who succeeded Dr. Mazlan Binti Othman in 2007.

The agency's infrastructure includes several ground stations for communication with satellites and the main Space Center, where the operations center for monitoring the activities of space missions and an optical calibration center are located. An assembly, integration and testing centers are also being built at the Space Center. To carry out future launches of its own launch vehicles and provide launch services to foreign partners, Malaysia plans to build a near-equatorial spaceport in the sparsely populated states of Sabah or Sarawak, located on the island of Borneo.

Agencia Espacial Mexicana (AEXA)

The Mexican Space Agency is a space agency created on April 20, 2010, after approval by the Chamber of Deputies.

The main initiator of the project was Fernando de la Peña, and Mexican-American astronaut Jose Hernandez. The purpose of the creation of AEXA is to promote the development of space technology, increase the competitiveness of Mexican companies and summarize the research carried out in the former National Commission for Outer Space Affairs (National Commission del Espacio Exterior, CONEE), which existed between 1962 and 1977.

Although the study of astronomy in the region dates back to prehistoric times, and there was a “boom” during the colonial period, the progenitor of the agency is considered the National Commission for the Exploration of Outer Space (CONEE). Her office at the Secretariat of Communications and Transport conducted experiments in the fields of rocketry, telecommunications and atmospheric research from 1962 to 1976. After its dissolution, some activities were financed by the already disappeared Mexican Institute of Communications (currently transformed into the Federal Telecommunications Commission), as well as some higher education institutions, such as the National Autonomous University of Mexico, the National Polytechnic Institute, the National Institute of Astrophysics, Optics and Electronics, Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education of Ensenada and CINVESTAV.

National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration is an agency of the US federal government that reports directly to the Vice President of the United States. Responsible for the country's civil space program, as well as for aerospace exploration.

Images and videos obtained by NASA and its affiliates, including from numerous telescopes and interferometers, are published in the public domain and may be freely copied.

Center National d'Études Spatiales (CNES)

The National Center for Space Research is the French space agency. Founded under Charles De Gaulle in 1961. The headquarters is located in Paris. In the past, CNES was also responsible for training French astronauts, but these responsibilities were taken over by ESA in 2001.

CNES also uses Kourou in French Guiana as its main spaceport, which was built in 1969.

Lembaga Penerbangan dan Antariksa Nasional (LAPAN)

The National Institute of Aeronautics and Space is the Indonesian space agency. LAPAN is responsible for Indonesia's long-term civil and military aerospace research.

LAPAN was founded on November 27, 1963 by former Indonesian President Sukarno after existing for about one year as an informal organization.

LAPAN oversees the foreign-ordered application (telecommunications) program of the first Indonesian Palapa satellites, which were built by Hughes (now Boeing Satellite Systems) and launched using American and European rockets since 1976. LAPAN has developed the Lapan series of microsatellites for launch since 2007 also on foreign media.

For more than two decades, LAPAN has accumulated some experience in the development and testing of high-altitude sounding rockets of the RPS series, and is now working on the creation of small Pengorbitan launch vehicles and the corresponding spaceport infrastructure, which, according to plans, should allow Indonesia to join the space club in 2012-2014.

The planned flight of the first Indonesian astronaut on board the American Space Shuttle in the mid-1980s, accompanying the launch of one of the Palapa satellites, did not take place due to cancellations and reductions in flights and their programs after the Challenger shuttle disaster. In the late 1980s, the USSR made an offer to Indonesia to fly its astronaut on a commercial basis to the Mir station, but no agreement was reached. In 1997, Indonesia accepted a similar Russian offer to fly to the Mir station, but the mission again did not take place due to the outbreak of the Asian economic crisis. In the 2000s, the Russian and Indonesian sides considered, but also did not realize, the possibility of flying an Indonesian astronaut to the International Space Station.

Comisión Nacional de Actividades Espaciales (CONAE)

The National Commission for Space Activities is the civilian Argentine government space agency responsible for the country's space program. It appeared in 1991 as a result of the reorganization of the National Commission for Space Research (Spanish: Comisión Nacional de Investigaciones Espaciales, CNIE), which had existed in Argentina since 1960.

On October 16, 2014, ARSAT-1 was launched, the first communications satellite in geostationary orbit manufactured in Argentina (using foreign components).

In addition, several more satellites are planned to be launched in the coming years.

In 1998, the agency received an invitation from NASA to join the project to build the International Space Station (ISS). But the government rejected the proposal due to the high costs involved in participating in the project.

In 2009, the Gradicom I rocket was launched, in 2011, the Gradicom II rocket was launched.

In 2007 and 2008, tests were carried out on surorbital rockets of the Tronador I series (Russian: Gromoverzhets). In 2011, the T4000, the third stage of the Tronador II rocket under development, failed to launch. In 2013-2014, Vex was launched, which is a prototype of the low-orbit launch vehicle Tronador II, the first launch of which is planned for 2015.

State Space Agency of Ukraine (DSAU)

The State Space Agency of Ukraine (SSAU) is a specially authorized central executive body that ensures the implementation of state policy in the field of space activities, manages the area of ​​management entrusted to it, and is responsible for the state of its development.

National Space Organization

The National Space Organization (NSPO, formerly known as the National Space Program Administration), founded in 2001, is the civilian space agency of the Republic of China under the auspices of the Yuan National Science Executive Council. NSPO is involved in the development of space exploration, satellite communications and its development, as well as related technologies and infrastructure (including the FORMOSAT series of Earth observation satellites), and is engaged in research in the fields of aerospace engineering, remote sensing, astrophysics, computer science, space weapons and protecting the national security of the Republic of China.

Taiwan's first satellite, ROCSAT-1, was launched on January 27, 1999, as part of the first space program from 1991 to 2006. ROCSAT-2, launched on May 21, 2004, was also launched into orbit.

NSPO headquarters and primary ground control are located in Hsinchu, Taiwan.

Netherlands Institute for Space Research

The Netherlands Institute for Space Research (NIKI), the national agency for space research, is the representative of the Netherlands in the European Space Agency, developing and using satellite equipment for the purposes of astrophysics and earth sciences.

The organization was founded in 1983, and was called Stichting Ruimteonderzoek Nederland (Dutch Organization for Space Research). It was renamed in 2004. Shareholders include NASA and ESA. The institute is located in two buildings: the main one is in the eastern part of the city of Utrecht, the second is in the north of Groningen.

조선우주공간기술위원회

The Korean Space Technology Committee is the government space agency of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.

The Committee is believed to have been founded in the 1980s "for the exploration of outer space and its peaceful uses." KKKT is responsible for all activities in the country regarding the production of artificial satellites and other space research.

In March 2009, the DPRK announced its accession to the International Outer Space Treaty of 1966 (since March 6, 2009) and the Convention on the Registration of Objects Launched into Outer Space of 1974 (since March 10, 2009).

Under the direction of the Committee, the first three space launches were officially carried out in the DPRK: on August 31, 1998 and April 5, 2009 from the Donghae Cosmodrome (Musudan-ni) and on April 13, 2012 from the Sohae Cosmodrome (Tongchang-ni) attempts were made to launch into orbit, respectively. the experimental satellites Gwangmyongsong-1 and Gwangmyongsong-2 and the application satellite Gwangmyongsong-3. The first two launches were declared by the DPRK to be successfully launched and operating in orbit, but were not confirmed in the world; the third launch, according to observations by the international community and recognition of the DPRK, ended in failure. On December 12, 2012, North Korea successfully launched the Gwangmyongsong-3 satellite, making the country the 10th space power capable of launching satellites on its own launch vehicles, ahead of South Korea.

The Space Technology Committee reported that the DPRK plans to launch several artificial satellites into orbit, “intended to study the Earth’s natural resources, weather forecasting and other purposes important for the economic development of the country,” and in the future even organize manned flights on its own.

State Corporation for Space Activities "Roscosmos"

Russian state corporation created on December 28, 2015 after the abolition of the Federal Space Agency.

In January 2015, a decision was made to transform the agency into a state corporation, with Igor Komarov appointed head. The period of legal registration of the state corporation will take about six months.

The Russian Space Agency (RSA) was established by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 185 of February 25, 1992.

The Russian Aviation and Space Agency (Rosaviakosmos) was formed by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 651 of May 25, 1999 by transformation from the Russian Space Agency (RKA).

The Federal Space Agency (Roscosmos) was formed by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 314 of March 9, 2004 by transformation from the Russian Aviation and Space Agency.

The State Corporation for Space Activities Roscosmos was formed by decree of the President of the Russian Federation dated December 28, 2015 through transformation from the Federal Space Agency.

Türkmenistanyň prezidentiň ýanynda Milli kosmos agentligi

The National Space Agency under the President of Turkmenistan is the government agency responsible for the space program of Turkmenistan. The agency was founded in 2011.

In 2011, by decree of the President of Turkmenistan, the National Space Agency under the President of Turkmenistan was established.

The agency is located in the building of the Main Directorate of Civil Defense and Rescue Works of the Ministry of Defense of Turkmenistan. In the future, a special administrative building will be built for it.

Today, the agency is located in the building of the former Ministry of Finance of Turkmenistan.

মহাকাশ গবেষণা ও দূর অনুধাবন কেন্দ্র

The Space Exploration and Remote Sensing Organization is Bangladesh's national space exploration agency.

It was established in 1980 as an autonomous research organization under the Government of Bangladesh, becoming the nation's premier institute for peaceful space exploration, Earth remote sensing and geographic information systems. It works in close cooperation with the American NASA, Japanese JAXA, French CNES and Chinese CNSA.

In 2008, the Bangladesh Telecommunications Company and the Better Business Forum suggested that Bangladesh should immediately take steps to launch the satellite as it is very important for the development of the country's telecommunications sector. In April 2009, Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina announced her government's intention to launch Bangladesh's first satellite into orbit in 2013. In November 2009, the Government of Bangladesh officially announced that, in accordance with the concept of "Digital Bangladesh", it plans to launch a telecommunications satellite into orbit in 2011 with the help of other countries. The government also emphasized that the country intends to use space for peaceful purposes.

In March 2010, during the China-Bangladesh Summit, the Chinese side expressed interest in providing Bangladesh with all necessary assistance to put the satellite into orbit.