Everyone knows what logical thinking is, but articulating this concept is not always easy. Mental activity is an exciting and multifaceted movement forward. Logic is necessary for a person; it is a kind of mechanism for studying, first of all, oneself and the world around us. Helpers in this difficult work are the senses, as well as the work of thought.
Without logical thinking, it is impossible to form a mental process in such a way as to obtain true conclusions based on the real perception of reality. Logic essentially studies the laws of mental development and reasoning, and also forms them.
Types of logical thinking
Verbal-logical
The verbal-logical type of thinking makes it possible to think correctly, be able to speak competently, and masterfully control one’s language and speech. It helps in conducting discussions and even arguments.
Perhaps every person at least once in his life found himself in a situation where he could not express those feelings and thoughts that were beautifully lined up in his head. It turns out that the development of the work of thought and speech is not a luxury, but a means of communication in the information age.
Abstract-logical
Abstract logical thinking is higher than sensory experience. It, relying only on reason, tries to determine the essence of objective reality. The level of impressions, views and assessments is not seriously considered. In other words, this is the culminating form of knowledge of the surrounding world.
Figurative-logical
Figurative-logical thinking is determined by imagination, which helps to most clearly and intelligently restore the parameters of an object or action. It is formed in childhood, starting from one and a half years.
Important! Techniques for logical knowledge of the world develop logic, ingenuity, and so on. Exercises that help develop verbal and logical thinking make it possible to maintain a connection between speech and thinking.
There are a great many such master classes, especially on the Internet.
To train your memory you need:
- generality;
- mediation.
It turns out that the development of logical thinking depends on the process of summarized and indirect (through inferences) reflection of the essence. The essence of thinking lies in the interaction of thought processes with ideas in the internal picture of the world. Such exercises allow you to construct a changing image of the world.
The uniqueness of knowledge is as follows:
- it allows you to deeply understand the laws of the existing world;
- delves into a changing, dynamic world;
- guesses the future, makes plans;
- relies on knowledge accumulated throughout life;
- flows out of living observation, but does not merge with it.
There are three types of logical thinking:
- concept;
- judgment;
- inference.
A concept is nothing more than a special mechanism of the mind, thought. Judgment is the basis on which the work of thought is based, in turn, either uniting or not objects and phenomena. Judgments can be:
- correct;
- erroneous;
- total;
- individual;
- uncharacteristic.
Important! Inference is a conclusion, a generalization that a person draws from previous reasoning.
Developing logic and thinking
It is also suggested to classify methods of cognition according to their characteristic features:
- degree of formation;
- directions of tasks;
- in detail;
- by non-triviality;
- in the image and;
Important! The degree of development depends on image, action, logic and abstract logic. The mental process clearly manifests itself both in theory and in practice. A thorough (expanded) process of thought depends on the degree of discursiveness (analyticity) and intuitiveness.
Analyticity is, first of all, reasoning that has a clear sequence in time. Intuition is based on emotional perceptions, has no clear periods, passes quickly, and so on.
Based on the degree of unusualness and exoticism, two types of thought development are distinguished:
- reproductive:
- creative or productive.
A reproductive or self-reproducing way of thinking cannot be imagined without images and ideas that are taken from real sources. The creative work of thought is based on inventive imagination.
According to the degree of achievement, thinking is:
- visual;
- verbal.
The visual relies on appearance and its ideas, while the verbal operates with abstract schemes and constructions.
According to its actions, the mental process is divided into:
- critical;
- creative.
Remember! Critical is aimed at identifying flaws in other people's views. Creative work of thought reveals unknown knowledge. This is the formation of your own ideas, and not condemnation of other people's assessments and considerations.
Development of logical thinking (training exercises)
Each member of society thinks in his own way, individually, this is where his peculiarity is manifested, and it also depends on:
- fruitfulness of the mind;
- independence;
- scope;
- scale;
- accommodating;
- swiftness;
- creation;
- criticality;
- savvy.
And these are not all the criteria. Many people ask questions about how to develop logical thinking. This is the best time to start thinking for yourself. In essence, the improvement of logic is subject to the ability to notice, distinguish, set a problem for oneself and solve it on one’s own.
The flexibility of mental cognition lies in the ability to make a new decision, to change a pre-planned path, if necessary. The inertia of the thought process is manifested in the tendency to use cliches, habitual courses of action. With inert development of the mind, it can be difficult to switch from one system of action to another.
The speed with which logic is improved depends on the exercises that are necessary for its training. The scope of the mind covers a huge range of problems. But the depth of mental knowledge depends on the ability to look at the root of objects, phenomena, actions, and so on.
In order to maintain order in thoughts, it is necessary to develop consistency of thinking. Criticality is a special type of thinking that makes it possible to really and even more than evaluate the result of mental activity. Criticality finds the weak and strong sides of mental activity, can justify the truth of one’s own judgments, and so on.
Stability of thinking is based on already known laws and regularity. All these qualities are formed and change over the course of life. Knowing your individual abilities, you can correct and develop them.
Important! Anyone who masterfully uses special techniques to develop logic becomes more attentive, thinks clearly and clearly.
For such people it is not difficult to concentrate their attention and grasp the essence of the material. They devote a lot of time to memory training; it is easier for them to achieve their own goals and work. The conclusion is the following: if we develop logic, we live fully and creatively.
Thinking is the highest level of human cognition, the process of reflecting the external world. It is based on two different psychophysiological mechanisms: the formation and replenishment of the stock of concepts, ideas and the derivation of new judgments and inferences. Thinking provides knowledge about objects, properties and relationships of the surrounding world.
Human thinking is verbal thinking. Its formation occurs in the process of people communicating with each other. The formation of human thinking in the process of development is possible only in the joint activity of an adult and a child.
Depending on what means are used to solve problems, it is customary to distinguish between visual and verbal-logical (verbal thinking). It has been established that for full-fledged mental work, some people need to see or imagine objects, while others need to operate with words, i.e. abstract sign structures.
Verbal-logical(verbal) thinking is one of the types of thinking that uses concepts and logical constructs. It functions on the basis of linguistic means and represents the latest stage in the historical and ontogenetic development of thinking. Various types of generalizations are formed and function in its structure. Verbal-logical thinking occurs entirely on the internal, mental plane.
Verbal-logical thinking operates on the basis of linguistic means and represents the highest stage of development of thinking. Thanks to verbal thinking, a person can establish the most general patterns and generalize various visual materials.
Verbal and logical thinking is formed gradually. During the course of training, one masters the techniques of mental activity, acquires the ability to act “in the mind” and analyze the process of one’s own reasoning. In the process of solving educational problems, such operations of verbal and logical thinking as analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization and classification are formed.
Analysis- this is a mental operation of dividing a complex object into its constituent parts and highlighting in the object certain of its sides, elements, properties, connections, relationships.
Synthesis is a mental operation that allows one to move from parts to the whole in the process of thinking. Unlike analysis, synthesis involves combining elements into a single whole.
Analysis and synthesis usually appear in unity. They are inseparable and cannot exist without each other: analysis, as a rule, is carried out simultaneously with synthesis, and vice versa.
Comparison- this is a mental operation consisting of comparing objects and phenomena, their properties and relationships with each other and, thus, identifying the commonality or differences between them.
Generalization- this is a mental operation consisting of combining many objects or phenomena according to some common characteristic. In the course of generalization, something common is identified in the compared objects as a result of their analysis.
Classification is a mental operation consisting of grouping objects according to essential characteristics. In contrast to classification, the basis of which should be features that are significant in some respect, classification sometimes allows the choice as a basis of features that are unimportant (for example, in alphabetical catalogs), but operationally convenient.
The need to develop thinking in children of senior preschool age is primarily due to the fact that children are preparing to enter school. Already from the first grade, they will begin to study a difficult school curriculum for them, which includes the elementary elements of logic, and it will be difficult for children with undeveloped verbal thinking to learn new knowledge.
Underdevelopment of verbal and logical thinking leads to difficulties in analyzing, comparing phenomena, objects, situations, and evaluating objects, situations, phenomena. Violation of this type of thinking prevents the formation in children of a general ability to assimilate knowledge, leads to the inability to correctly and accurately express one’s thoughts, fully and consistently reveal its content, and interferes with the formation of full-fledged communicative connections with others and the full development of the child.
Every day a person feels the need to use logic when solving problems. The formation and development of logical thinking is aimed at preventing mistakes that are made despite the presence of life experience and common sense.
People need logic almost every day to solve a variety of problems. It is used in scientific research, in organizing official work, routine, and personal life. All these spheres are based on its elements. By developing logical thinking, people can cope with other everyday problems faster and more rationally. For example, this is the ability to highlight the main thing, discarding the secondary. Let's look at how to develop these skills below.
Basic functions of logical thinking
Mental activity consistently establishes existing connections between objects and phenomena, as well as relationships between them. Cognition moves to a higher level compared to sensory perception, which gives only an external representation without awareness of the principles.
This process also plays a regulatory and communicative role. People often carry it out in verbal form when communicating. Thoughts are expressed in words, spoken or written. The acquisition of a skill begins in childhood through contact with adults. The following types of thinking are distinguished.
- Visually effective.
- Visual figurative.
- Verbal and logical thinking.
- Abstract-logical.
The first two varieties rely on the perception of objects when interacting with them or on their images. Verbal-logical thinking includes operating with concepts, through which the patterns and relationships of reality are cognized. With its development, figurative and practical ideas are streamlined. Abstract logical thinking is otherwise called abstract thinking. It is based on identifying significant properties, connections and separating them from less significant ones. Reflecting reality in the course of cognitive activity, the thought process is endowed with the following functions.
- Understanding, awareness of the role of concepts, scope of distribution. And also their classification.
- Solving problems related to life.
- Understanding reality helps an individual manage his activities, plan behavior, and motivate them.
- Reflection allows you to analyze both the activity and its result, and use knowledge meaningfully.
Logic is endowed with the following list of forms
- A concept is a thought that reflects objects and phenomena.
- A judgment expresses an attitude and assessment towards the content of a specific thought.
- Inference connects various thoughts into a sequence of causes and effects.
The following logic functions are distinguished:
- Cataloging of correct methods of thinking that lead to truth.
- Developing theories to study ways to implement the thought process.
- Formalization of created theories in the form of symbols, signs.
Now it is easy to understand what functions logic and thinking perform together. The first in its meaning is formulated as “the science of the correct thought process” or “the art of reasoning.” Modernity defines it as a science about the laws and standards of intellectual activity. That (in turn) includes techniques, studies ways to achieve the right results in the form of truth. One of the primary tasks is to find out how it is possible to reach a conclusion from premises. And also get accurate knowledge, then understand the aspects.
Components of logical thinking
Having realized the tasks and forms of logical thinking, we can clearly formulate a definition of this concept. This is a process with evidentiary properties. The goal is to obtain a conclusion from the premises. You should also consider its types in detail.
Figurative-logical thinking
This variety is otherwise called visual-figurative thinking. The situation is presented visually, operations are performed on the images of the objects included in it. In essence, it is imagination, which allows you to give a variety of vivid characteristics. Such mental activity and logical thinking begin to develop from the age of 1.5 years in childhood. You can check the level of development using the Raven Test - an auxiliary questionnaire. It allows you to derive your IQ, which is essentially a diagnostic of logical thinking with an objective assessment.
Development from 1936 by D. Raven and R. Penrose calculates IQ without depending on a person’s education or social affiliation. The progressive matrix scale is based on images of figures and does not include text. There are 60 tables with pictures connected by some dependence. The missing figure is located at the bottom of the image among 6 - 8 others. A person must establish a pattern, choose the right element that is missing. Tables are offered according to the principle of increasing task complexity.
Abstract logical thinking
This type uses non-existent categories - abstractions through which they think. Relationships are modeled not only for real objects, but also between created figurative representations. It is this kind of thinking that includes the forms: concept, judgment, inference.
Verbal and logical thinking
This type uses speech structures and language means. Verbal or verbal-logical thinking involves the ability to speak competently with the skillful use of the thought process. These are public appearances, arguments, and other situations where thoughts are expressed verbally.
Features of the development of logical thinking
Any person has the ability to process information. That is, literally everyone thinks, considering this a natural function of the brain. Basic and secondary forms of logical thinking make it possible to plan and regulate behavior. And also draw the right conclusions from the circumstances and organize the adoption of measures. We conclude that it is necessary to have the ability to think logically, which can be developed or trained.
This intellectual characteristic includes a number of skills:
- theoretical basis;
- ability to perform operations: generalize, compare, specify;
- correct expression of thoughts;
- ability to avoid misconceptions;
- identifying errors;
- finding the required arguments.
How to develop logical thinking
The skill is developed in several ways, and having studied such an art, a person will analyze information more correctly and quickly resolve problems that arise. Also, a culture of logical thinking helps to build a long-term perspective for your actions. This is facilitated by the ability to process available information.
How to develop logical thinking, ensuring yourself a comfortable response to various situations? It is necessary to learn to calculate the available aspects, eliminating unsuitable solutions, moving towards finding the correct conclusion - a conclusion. People with outstanding minds are constantly looking for new answers to the question of how to improve logical and other types of thinking. Politicians and business coaches are developing methods to help people improve.
How to develop logical thinking, moving from theory to practice? The most effective are:
- puzzles that require quick wits and logic;
- exercises for the development of logical thinking;
- getting to know literature, reading books;
Let's take a closer look at how to develop logical thinking. To do this, it is proposed to use the following methods.
Reading
In books, many find not only a source of wisdom, but also an opportunity to diversify themselves. If we talk about purely logical thinking, we should use scientific and fiction literature. There is much more knowledge regarding practical skills there than in reference books. And also all the main forms of implementation of these abilities are applied. How to develop logical thinking through books? You need to read at least 10 sheets daily. Each line and chapter is subject to analysis, whereby the information received will remain in the head, gradually accumulating. And also predictions are made: what the end will be, what will happen to the characters.
Games
An ancient example is that chess develops thinking. Since childhood, many have been familiar with simpler checkers. Opponents learn to plan their actions for several moves, which leads one of them to victory. Training logical thinking will require dedicating up to 3 hours a day to this activity. Nowadays there are many games on computer and mobile devices. A kind of simulator available at any time of the day or night.
Special exercises
Mathematical problems in school and university programs can serve as an example. Logical forms of thinking in psychology provide for separate types that develop them. This is how children should learn to explain conclusions and come to the right decisions.
Introduction to foreign languages
This provides new information that activates the abilities and activity of the brain at a very high level. A person makes associations between phrases, words, sounds from his own and foreign speech. How can you improve your logical thinking in this way? There are online courses available on the Internet. As well as lessons that can be downloaded. You should study every day; it is recommended to enroll in a language school.
Brain fitness secrets
You can learn about the specifics and results of developing thinking abilities at special trainings. Brain fitness includes programs and exercises similar to physical training. Parameters and performance of the intellect are improved: super-memory or speed reading. Almost any such courses require logic and develop it. You just need to choose your field correctly, be it science, improving a child’s abilities, or something else.
Exercises to develop logical thinking
You can find a lot of educational games and riddles on the Internet. These are crosswords, puzzles, reversi, sudoku, which are liked by both adults and children. For example, the game “Scrabble” helps to increase vocabulary and speed up logic. You should download the gaming application to your computer, and then use it in your free time. The brain can be trained at home, on the way by transport, in moments of waiting, while spending time profitably. To achieve maximum results, regularity is important.
They offer a variety of exercises. For example, by ordering words on one topic. A chain of concepts is built from the specific to the general: shepherd - name of the breed - dog - animal. You need to try to pick up as many words included in the chain as possible. The training is carried out twice a day, spending a quarter of an hour.
Courses, books for development and training of thinking
An example of a book about the practical application of logic is “Sherlock Holmes” by A. Conan Doyle. You can familiarize yourself with the “Textbook of Logic” by G. I. Chelpanov. There is similar literature for schools, universities and specialized educational institutions. Additionally, development training will be effective:
- memory and attention;
- creative thinking, writing skills;
- speed reading, mental arithmetic;
- psychology.
Thinking is the highest function of human consciousness. It reflects the world, is able to replenish its stock of knowledge, and make new judgments. It is necessary to develop his logic from childhood. Then the skill to find the right solutions will appear in time.
It is very important to learn to think logically - such skills help not only to calculate your actions in advance, but also to quickly find a way out of unforeseen situations. A person who has developed logical thinking will undoubtedly be able to achieve success even under not the most favorable circumstances. So, how to develop logical thinking?
Logic and logical thinking
Logic is
The concept of “logic” has its roots in the ancient Greek language, and is translated as thought (reasoning). In general, logic can be called the ability to think intelligently, and it can be considered as a science. We are talking about a branch of philosophy that studies intellectual activity. If you are capable of logical thinking, then based on the data you have, you will be able to come to the right conclusion. With the help of logic, you gain not only general knowledge about a particular subject, but also comprehend its nuances.What is logical thinking and its types
It is worth noting that logical thinking is divided into several types, and by familiarizing yourself with their characteristics, you will be able to determine whether you possess any of them. In general, logical thinking is a thought process in which we obtain a reasonable conclusion from existing premises. Verbal and logical thinking It uses logical constructs and concepts, acts based on linguistic means and represents the highest stage in the development of thinking. Using verbal and logical thinking, a person is able to come to general patterns and generalize various visual materials. The formation of such thinking occurs gradually. During training, a person masters the methods of mental activity and analyzes the process of his own thoughts. When solving educational problems, it influences the formation of analysis, generalization, synthesis, classification, comparison. Let's look at these concepts in more detail. Analysis- a mental operation in which a person is able to disassemble a complex object into elements. Synthesis– usually acts in unity with analysis, carried out simultaneously. A person moves from parts to the whole. Generalization– the combination of many elements according to a single characteristic. The comparison reveals something in common. Classification– objects are grouped according to essential characteristics Comparison– comparison of phenomena and objects, as well as identification of their differences and common features. Verbal-logical thinking People with this type of thinking tend to focus their attention on what they say rather than how they say it. Such logicians have a predisposition to accuracy and show interest in the semantic essence of any information. They try to compare newly acquired knowledge with those they already possessed. It is worth noting that this type of thinking, alas, is not characterized by fast memory. A person needs a certain amount of time to carefully think and analyze everything. We also note that people with this type of thinking are prone to conservatism and weak expression of emotions. The strengths of verbal-logical thinking include accuracy and consistency. The negative side is slow switching from one task to another. Mathematical thinking This type of thinking is characterized by flexibility, originality and depth. Let us consider these concepts in more detail, in the context of mathematical thinking. Flexibility– the ability to vary options for solving a certain problem, easy transition from one way of solving a difficulty to another. We are also talking about the ability to leave the boundaries of familiar methods of action - a person is looking for new solutions, quickly adapting to changed conditions. Originality– a factor that provides in this case the highest level of unconventional thinking. Depth– the ability to comprehend the essence of all studied facts, their relationships, hidden features. Associative-figurative thinking It should also be noted that there are people who are characterized by associative-figurative thinking. Their memory is well developed, but differs from the memory of logicians. Trying to remember something, the lyricist immediately reproduces something else in his memory because he has a predisposition to associative perception of reality. What are the main benefits of thinking like this? You can give examples of emotionality, rich imagination, and the ability to easily switch from one to another. A person perceives images holistically, connecting them with existing reality. Disadvantages include inconsistent actions, increased idealization, excessive vulnerability, and increased sensuality. Such features do not always make it possible to look at the world objectively, although they make it very exciting.
Developed memory and logical thinking are simply necessary in everyday life - when performing professional tasks, as well as in everyday affairs. By developing memory and logic, you will learn to concentrate your attention and control your thoughts. As a result, it will be easier for you to focus on current tasks and organize your own life. By performing exercises to develop memory, after a certain period of time you will begin to notice that when solving problems, you use very non-standard and effective methods that would not have occurred to you before.
How to develop memory and thinking in adults
Tasks for the development of logical thinking
On the Internet you can easily find a variety of tasks with the help of which you will be able to develop logical thinking. Many sites will offer you different levels of tasks. Try to start with something not too difficult and gradually move on.Learn to think logically through games, puzzles and strategies
Also, a variety of games, strategies and puzzles can greatly contribute to the development of logical thinking. To do this, it is not necessary to search for tasks on the Internet. Even by purchasing a box of puzzles, you can not only have an entertaining evening, but also significantly improve your level of logical thinking.10 ways to develop your memory
1.) Read a lot of books Of course, a person who is inclined to read has a better memory than one who does not show any interest in this activity. So how can this be used. Read a short story, then immediately retell it into the recorder. After a few hours, try repeating this retelling. Analyze what details you forgot, what you missed. Do these exercises regularly. 2.) Pronounce words backwards This is also a very useful method to improve your memory. It is also impossible not to note the convenience of this method - you do not need a voice recorder or other auxiliary devices. Perform this task before going to bed, on the road, in line, and so on. If possible, you can do the exercise on a piece of paper, in a notepad - this way it will be more convenient for you to test yourself. 3.) Study poetry and new words Memorizing poetry is a wonderful memory trainer. You can also learn new words that are unfamiliar to you. As soon as such a word catches your eye, at any opportunity, look up its meaning in the dictionary. After this, try “in your head” to compose several sentences in which the new word will be used. 4.) Remember everything in detail, analyze Get into the habit of replaying in your memory every evening the events that happened to you over the past day. Start from the moment you wake up. Remember what you thought about when you woke up, what you ate for breakfast, who you talked to. Next, move on to your memories of how your day went, what people you interacted with, what tasks you faced. Then move on to memories of the evening. Analyze what unpleasant events you could have avoided, what useful things you learned today, what action was senseless, and so on. 5.) Draw images in your head Quite an interesting exercise that perfectly develops the imagination. For example, imagine yourself on vacation. Let's say, not just you sitting on the shore, but in more detail. Imagine that you are sitting on the warm sand, you have a glass of lemonade or beer in your hand, and there is a plate of shrimp or corn next to you - you can hear their smells. You also hear the sound of sea waves, and sometimes their splashes reach you. You can add any more details. So, imagine whatever you want. For example, you find yourself in a summer garden: the shadow of the trees falls on you, you hear the smell of raspberries, and pear fruits periodically fall to the ground. The sun's rays break through the foliage. 6.) Get a good night's sleep Undoubtedly, you have already heard that adequate sleep has an important effect on our memory. If you sleep at least seven hours a night, you can be sure that this has the best effect not only on memory, but also on concentration and even on the rejuvenation of body cells. Good sleep is essential for energy and overall health. 7.) Aivazovsky’s method develops photographic memory This training technique got its name in honor of the famous artist. While writing his works and paintings, Ivan Konstantinovich mentally tried to stop the movement of the wave and transfer it to his painting so that it would not look frozen. Aivazovsky devoted many hours to the process of observing water. At the same time, he closed his eyes from time to time, trying to reproduce what he saw in his memory. How to use this technique?- Study an object or landscape for 5 minutes. Covering your eyelids, try to reproduce the image of this picture in your memory. It is also important that it be colored. The effectiveness of training can be increased by recording objects on a piece of paper. If you perform this exercise regularly, you will be able to achieve considerable progress in the development of visual memory.
How to develop logic and thinking in a teenager
Tasks, puzzles and charades On the Internet you can find many puzzles that you and your teenager can try to solve. Try to look for tasks that contain the correct answer - if the goal is not achieved, you can see how it could have been achieved. A special application with tasks for a smartphone On Google Play you can easily find an application called “Logic, Problems, Puzzles” - it can be installed on your smartphone. The essence of the application is to develop analytical skills in adults and adolescents. There are also apps like Brain Training, Lumosity and many others. Many factors influence intelligence and ingenuity. If you are forced to subject your body to constant stress, then it is not surprising that your reactions will leave much to be desired. During peak periods, the human body produces cortisol, which has a detrimental effect on brain cells. If you have to take on a ton of things in the morning, then you should try to slow down your usual pace of life at least a little. Start by not jumping out of bed immediately after the alarm clock rings - allow yourself some time (15-25 minutes) to lie down and think about the coming day.Ways to improve your intelligence Music. Periodically take a break from the daily hustle and bustle by listening to music. By the way, scientists believe that classical works are very useful for activating the brain. For example, people who listen to Mozart from time to time are characterized by increased speed of thinking. Don't take on many tasks at once. To do something well, it is important to focus on it. If you have to answer a letter, talk on the phone and listen to the news at the same time, then, of course, attention will begin to dissipate among several sources of information. The result will be a decrease in concentration and even the level of intelligence. More positive. Do not deny yourself positive emotions - your performance directly depends on them. Visit parks more often, go to the movies, meet friends. Development. Regularly search the Internet for exercises to develop memory and enrich your vocabulary. It is unlikely that you will be “illuminated” by unexpected solutions if you have a poor vocabulary that is almost unable to hold anything in your head. To develop memory, learn poetry, just read books.
Online logic test - developing the ability to think logically
So, we suggest that you mark your time – it is advisable to use no more than a quarter of an hour to complete the test.Test:
1.) Can a woman marry her widower's brother? 2.) Is there March 2nd in Italy? 3.) The girl declares: “The day before yesterday I was 8 years old, and next year I will celebrate my 11th birthday!” Could it be so? 4.) There are 10 fingers on 2 hands. So, how many fingers are there on ten hands? 5.) You are a bus driver heading from Yekaterinburg to Ugut. You will have three stops along the way. How old is the driver? 6.) The month ends on the 30th or 31st. Name the month that contains the 28th? 7.) You find yourself in a room with two lamps - gasoline and gas. What will you light first? 8.) One car left Ufa for Moscow, and the second – from Moscow for Ufa. The cars left at the same time, but the speed of the second car was twice as high as the speed of the first. Which car will be closest to Ufa at the time of the meeting? 9.) Mother and son were in an accident. The mother did not survive the hospital stay. A nurse comes into my son’s room and says, pointing at him: “This is my son.” Is it possible? 10.) A coin was found, donated to the year seventy-eight BC. Could it be so? 11.) The rooster flew onto a roof, the slope of which on one side is 45 degrees, and on the other - 30. When he lays an egg, from what slope will it roll? 12.) The doctor prescribed three injections, which must be given every half hour. So, how long does it take to complete these three injections? 13.) The weight of the brick is one and a half kilos. Plus another third of the brick. How much does a brick ultimately weigh? 1.) No; 2.) Yes; 3.) Maybe if she was born on December 31st; 4.) 50; 5.) As much as me; 6.) In all; 7.) Match; 8.) Same; 9.) Yes; 10.) No; 11.) Not at all; 12.) One hour; 13.) 1 kg.
If you did: No more than 2 errors Your logical thinking is excellent! You probably put a lot of work into achieving these results, but it was worth it! From 3 to 5 errors We can safely say that you have a high level of intelligence, despite the fact that sometimes you make mistakes. Be that as it may, you are able to analyze most events correctly. 6 to 7 errors Your level of intelligence can be called average. The potential for growth is certainly there, and if you want, you will succeed in this matter. 8 or more errors It's hard to say that you are often guided by logic in your judgments. Surely, you mainly act under the influence of emotions.
Books that develop logical thinking
This book can be considered a simple introduction to the world of modern mathematical logic. The textbook was recommended by the State Committee of the Russian Federation for Higher Education, and has become an excellent source of knowledge for many students of higher educational institutions.
This is a book that clearly explains the basics of logic. The main emphasis is on syllogistics. The textbook contains tasks with the help of which the student is able to learn to apply certain rules in practice in a short period of time.
A textbook that talks about how to learn to think logically - who finds it difficult, and who easily overcomes barriers. Contains useful tasks.
Ten-minute exercises for developing logic for every day
A couple of random words Select two words at random from an article or story - just point your finger at the words without thinking about their meaning. Now you need to try to find something in common between the selected words - compare them, find the relationship. Come up with an interesting story that could connect the two concepts. Associations Look around the room you are in now. Choose an object in the room - for example, a chair or a plate. Take a piece of paper and come up with five adjectives that best describe the thing you have chosen. Example: round plate, yellow plate, small plate, clean plate, empty plate. Now write five adjectives that are completely inappropriate for the chosen subject. Example: wooden plate, boiled plate, winter plate, windy plate, silk plate. Undoubtedly, such exercises will benefit you if you do them daily. Plus, you don’t have to spend a lot of time on them! Try to start today, and you will soon notice significant progress in the development of logical thinking and imagination.
Many people have probably heard that life becomes much easier if...
But how to think logically, and not everyone knows what needs to be done for this.
Let's start with the most important thing: the concept of logic. The ancient Greeks were so smart and advanced that modern people will have to master for a long time what they invented in their ancient Greek city-states.
It was they who introduced into our everyday life the term “logic” and the corresponding science of operations and certain laws of correct (reasonable) thinking. Therefore, to find out how to think logically, it is necessary to understand the essence of these laws, the rules of logic.
Logic is a formal science, that is, what is important for it is not the content of statements, phenomena, or anything else, but their form, structure, and interconnection.
Therefore, all the rules of logical thinking are based on constructing the correct form of reasoning.
The basic rule of logical thinking: “the correctness of the conclusion lies in the fact that from true, true premises (that on the basis of which conclusions, conclusions are drawn - facts, judgments about facts, principles, phenomena, events, statements, etc.) always follows a true conclusion .
From which we can conclude that logical thinking can only be based on real facts, and not on hypothetical (alleged) events. Otherwise, the conclusion will also be tentative, ambiguous, inaccurate, and conditional.
The second rule of logic is the duality of nature. That is, every judgment can be either false (not corresponding to the truth) or true.
Such rules allow us to obtain new information from existing facts using only logical reasoning.
A feature of logical thinking is also the unacceptability of everything irrational (that which goes beyond the concept of reason: intuition, premonition, etc.).
Therefore, in logical thinking only the laws of logic are used and nothing other than them.
Let's try to master the simplest law of logic: from two true judgments we get a true conclusion.
Premise No. 1: “An apple tree is a tree,” Premise No. 2 “Some apple trees bear fruit.” Conclusion: “Some trees bear fruit.”
We came to a particular conclusion from two different judgments. This conclusion arises from two known and true facts. An apple tree is really a tree. And some apple trees, however, bear fruit.
Why some? Because young apple trees do not bear fruit, and there are still lean periods. Therefore, we cannot say that all apple trees bear fruit.
Of course, logic contains a huge number of confusing and sometimes contradictory laws, which over hundreds of centuries have been discovered by numerous scientists in the hope of at least somehow surprising the world.
To how to think logically, you always need to start simple. Break all available information into the smallest details and make a logical constructor out of them.
So, 1. “Ivanov is an entrepreneur.” 2. “All entrepreneurs.” Conclusion: “Ivanov registered his business activities.” It’s not difficult to work with simple judgments; the main thing is to understand the principle of logical inference.
