What is a destroyer? Modern destroyers

English Zumwalt class guide missile destroyers

A new class of US Navy missile-armed destroyers (also formerly known as DD(X)), with an emphasis on attacking coastal and land targets. This type is a smaller version of the ships of the DD-21 program, the funding of which was stopped. The first Zumwalt-class destroyer, DDG-1000, was launched on October 29, 2013. Destroyers of this series are multi-purpose and are designed to attack the enemy on the coast, combat enemy aircraft and fire support for troops from the sea.

The program is named after Admiral and Chief of Naval Operations Elmo R. Zumwalt.

Story

Among US warships under development, the DDG-1000 would precede the Littoral Combat Ship and possibly follow the CG(X) cruiser, competing with the anti-aircraft CVN-21. The DDG-1000 program is the result of a significant reorganization of the DD21 program, the budget of which was cut by Congress by more than 50% (as part of the SC21 program of the 1990s).

The Navy initially hoped to build 32 of these destroyers. This number was later reduced to 24, and then to seven, due to the high cost of new experimental technologies that must be included in the destroyer. The US House of Representatives remains skeptical of this program (for financial reasons) and therefore initially only allocated money to the Navy to build one DDG-1000 as a "technology demonstration". Initial funding for the destroyer was included in the 2007 National Defense Authorization Act.

However, in 2007, $2.6 billion was allocated to finance and build two Zumwalt-class destroyers.

On February 14, 2008, Bath Iron Works was selected to build the USS Zumwalt, numbered DDG-1000, and Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding was selected to build the DDG-1001, at a cost of $1.4 billion each. According to Defense Industry Daily, the cost could rise to $3.2 billion per ship, plus $4.0 billion in life cycle costs for each ship.

On July 22, 2008, a decision was made to build only two similar destroyers. A few weeks later, a decision was made to build a third destroyer of this type.

After commissioning, Zamvolt-class destroyers will be used in conjunction with Arleigh Burke-class destroyers.

On December 7, 2015, the first of three destroyers, Zamvolt, valued at $4.4 billion by this time, went to sea for sea trials.

Design

These ships should receive a new generation power plant, which is a combined diesel-gas turbine engine with full electric propulsion (the “all-electric ship” principle, which uses a common primary source for generating electricity to provide propulsion and power supply to all ship systems without exception).

The hull and superstructure of the ship are surrounded by radio-absorbing materials approximately one inch thick, and the number of protruding antennas has been reduced to a minimum. The composite materials of the superstructure contain wood (balsa).

Thanks to the highest degree of automation, the ship's crew is only 140 people.

The ship's armament consists of 20 universal Mk-57 launchers with a total capacity of 80 Tomahawk missiles, two long-range 155-mm artillery mounts and 30-mm anti-aircraft guns. The destroyer is capable of hosting a helicopter and unmanned aerial vehicles.

The ship's displacement is approaching 15 thousand tons, which makes the Zamvolta the largest modern non-aircraft-carrying warships in the world after the Soviet/Russian nuclear-powered missile cruisers of Project 1144, whose displacement reaches 26 thousand tons.

The cost of the program will be $22 billion for the US Navy (the figure will be adjusted, but it is expected that the increase in costs will not exceed 15%).

TTX

Main characteristics

Displacement: 14,564 long tons (gross)
-Length: 183 m
-Width: 24.6 m
-Draft: 8.4 m
-Reservation: Kevlar protection of individual components is possible
-Engines: 2 x Rolls-Royce Marine Trent-30 gas turbine units
-Power: 78 MW
-Speed: 30 knots (55.56 km/h)
-Crew: 148 people

Armament

Radar weapons: AN/SPY-3
-Tactical strike weapons: 20 x UVP Mk.57 for 80 Tomahawk, ASROC or ESSM missiles

Artillery: 2 x 155 mm AGS guns (920 rounds, of which 600 in automatic loaders)

Anti-aircraft artillery: 2 x 30-mm AU Mk.46
-Missile weapons: RIM-162 ESSM

Anti-submarine weapons: RUM-139 VL-Asroc

Aviation group: 1 x helicopter SH-60 LAMPS

3 x MQ-8 Fire Scout UAV

Destroyers of the "K/S" group ("standard 1000-ton destroyer")

Ships of the "K/S" group. known as "standard 1000-ton destroyers", were the mainstay of the British destroyer force during the First World War. They served as part of the Grand Fleet, were part of the Dover Patrol and the Harwich Forces, participated in the protection of the Otrant barrage, and escorted convoys.

In total, between 1912 and 1924, the British fleet was replenished with 262 destroyers, which were a consistent development of the successful “K” type, built in England under the 1911-1912 program. On subsequent types, individual improvements were made to the project, taking into account the experience of operation and combat service of previously built destroyers. So already on the next type "L" after the "K" two ships were experimentally equipped with a more economical power plant (PP), which included a turbo-gear unit, and on the "M" type ships built under the 1913-14 program gg. The speed has been noticeably increased (from 29 to 34 knots). On some of the M-type destroyers being built as part of the “emergency military program”, in order to increase efficiency, cruising turbines are equipped with a gearbox. Starting with type "R". The TZA occupies a strong place in the power plants of British destroyers, having finally replaced the direct drive turbine. On the next type, “Modified R,” in order to improve seaworthiness, the interior was redesigned, which made it possible to move the navigation bridge several meters aft and lighten the bow.

Almost all the ships of the "K / S" family were scrapped in the twenties and thirties, and by the beginning of the Second World War, only 12 units remained in the fleet: one type "R" and eleven type "S".

"R" class destroyers

"SKATE"

Short description:

Ships of the "R" type became the first serial British destroyers to include TZA as part of their power plant.

The decision that all newly built destroyers should have TZA was made by the Admiralty in July 1915. At the same time, an order was issued for the first 26 ships of the new "R" type. With the exception of the new power plant, they repeated in almost every way the earlier "M" type, which was built in England since the beginning of the war in a huge series numbering more than 100 units. Destroyers of this type had a normal displacement of about 1000 tons (from 883 to 1055 tons depending on builder), full speed of 34-35 knots, armament, consisting of three 102-mm guns and two twin-tube torpedo tubes. Not inferior, and in some ways superior to the German destroyers, the "M" type ships were still not fully adequate. requirements of the Admiralty: the low efficiency of the power plant used on them, in which the turbine directly transmitted power to the propeller, did not allow solving the problem of increasing the cruising range without a significant increase in displacement. Attempts to solve this problem were made in England even before the start of the First World War, when on some destroyers. cruising turbines were tested, and it was even planned to equip one of the ships with a high-speed diesel engine. Success came on two “L” type destroyers (“Leonidas” and “Lucifer”), equipped with a power plant, which included a gearbox that reduced the speed of the turbine. The experience of their successful one-year operation in wartime conditions led to the already mentioned decision to equip all newly built ships with power plants with TZA.

Other changes compared to the M type were very minor and did not go beyond the usual intra-type differences characteristic of British destroyers of the time. To improve seaworthiness, the forecastle was slightly raised in the stem area and the bridge was moved 9 feet (approximately 2.7 m) towards the stern. This entailed a change in the position of the anti-aircraft "pom-pom" from the section of the forecastle to the former searchlight platform between the torpedo tubes.

Comparative tests of the lead ship of the Romola series with the destroyer Norman, belonging to the previous type M, confirmed the efficiency of the R type: at 18 knots it spent 15%, and at 25 knots - 28% less fuel than its opponent, equipped with direct drive turbines. Taking into account the slightly increased oil reserves of the "R" type, this advantage became even more noticeable: the cruising range at the specified speed increased by 17.8% and 40%, respectively. The higher efficiency of the "R" type served as the impetus for the start of the design of the corresponding them as a leader, which later transformed into the famous "V" type destroyers.

In December, an order followed for the next 10 destroyers of the "R" type (including the Skate), and three months later for the last 15. The ships entered service within a year (from the autumn of 1916 to the autumn of 1917 g.) and managed to take an active part in the final stage of the war. Losses amounted to 8 units. After the war, one was sold to Siam, and the rest in 1926-37. - for scrapping.

Pre-war modernizations:

In the mid-30s. "Skate" was converted into a minelayer. The stern 102-mm gun and the second torpedo tube were replaced with mine rails designed to receive 40 minutes. It was as a minzag that the last surviving representative of the "R" type entered the Second World War.

Displacement: standard - 900 t, full - 1222 t

Dimensions: 80.8(pp)/84.1(nb) x 8.1 x 3.0/-m

Power plant:

Twin-shaft TZA Brown-Curtis, 3 Yarrow boilers (P = 17.5 kg/cm2)

Power: 27,000 hp

Fuel capacity (full): 296 t

Cruising range (at speed): 3440 miles (15 knots)

Crew: 90 people.

Weapons:

Artillery:

2x1 - 102 mm/45 Mk .IV guns in P.IX mounts

1x1 - 40 mm (2-lb) anti-aircraft gun ("pom-pom")

5x1 - 7.7 mm machine guns

Torpedo:

1x2 - 533 mm torpedo tube

Anti-submarine: none

Mine: 40 min

Fire control system:

Three-meter rangefinder MQ .I

Central guidance system - "Light Type Director" (LTD)

"R" class destroyers

S-class destroyers

"SABRE", "SALADIN", "SARDONYX", "SCIMITAR", "SCOUT", "SHIKARI", "STRONGHOLD". STURDY", "TENEDOS", "THANET", "THRACIAN"

Short description:

In March 1916, the Admiralty, developing the "standard 1000-ton destroyer" type, issued an order for the construction of 26 ships of the "Modified R" class. Their main difference from the “R” type was the redevelopment of the boiler rooms, which made it possible to bring the chimneys of two boilers into a common chimney, due to which the number of pipes was reduced from three to two. As a result, the bridge was moved towards the stern, removing it from the stem. Officers who served on destroyers insisted on this, noting the importance of having a “dry” bridge in all weather conditions. The price of more comfortable conditions was a decrease in survivability caused by the adjacent placement of the two largest waterproof compartments.

Another important innovation introduced on the "Modified R" type was the 102 mm Mk .V main gun in a new deck mount with an elevation angle of 30° versus the previous 20°, which gave an increase in firing range of more than one mile (2000 yards).

The "Modified R" type was returned to at the beginning of 1917, when, after a year's break caused by the construction in 1916 of two series of destroyers of the "V / W" group, the Admiralty determined the technical requirements for the destroyers of the 1917 program. The Controller of the Admiralty proposed a return to type “Modified R”, arguing that with all the advantages of the “V” type, these ships have a speed lower by two knots, are more expensive and require more time to build.

The return to ships of smaller displacement was supported by a number of Admiralty officials, and after some changes were made to the project in April 1917, an order was issued for 24, and two months later for another 33 ships, designated type "S". According to the Admiralty project, 45 units were built (later the order for two was cancelled). Firms Thornycroft and Yarrow, whose projects traditionally differed from the Admiralty, received orders for five and seven units, respectively.

Basically, the "S" type repeated its prototype. The differences primarily concerned the bow end: in order to increase seaworthiness, the forecastle deck rose noticeably towards the stem, mating with the side plating not at a right angle, but forming a smooth transition, rounded in the section of the frames. Due to this, the shape of the forecastle was somewhat reminiscent of the so-called. "turtledeck" (turtle-shaped or carapace deck), used on the first fighters.

The remaining changes concerned the armament, to which the 102-mm Mk .IV guns were returned (but on new CP .III machines), equipped with a central aiming system. Based on the experience of the Dover Patrol destroyers, the "S" type, in addition to the usual torpedo tubes in the center plane, was equipped with two more single-tube 381-mm torpedo tubes on the side at the forecastle section. They were intended for use at the bow heading angles in short-term night battles, when the sudden appearance of the enemy did not leave time to turn around to use standard torpedo tubes.

Some of the "S" type destroyers managed to take part in the First World War. Their experience in the North Sea and the English Channel revealed that their seaworthiness was worse than that of the "R" type, caused by the shape of the forecastle and the location of the 381 mm torpedo tubes. In order to at least somehow eliminate this drawback, the side devices were removed from most of the destroyers, and the forecastle was extended towards the stern.

After the end of the war, destroyers of this type, together with representatives of the "V / W" group, formed the basis of the flotillas of the active fleet. The type suffered no losses during the war, but in the early twenties four were lost to collisions, mine explosions and groundings. Five ships were transferred to Australia in 1919, and two more in 1928 to Canada. Beginning in the early thirties, S-class destroyers began to be intensively scrapped, and by the beginning of the Second World War, only eleven units remained in the British fleet. Pre-war modernizations:

In 1924, Shikari was converted into a control vessel for the target ship Agamemnon. The destroyer had no weapons. Its weapons were replaced by remote control equipment. Saber was disarmed in 1937 for use as a target ship. Both of these destroyers were re-armed to standard status at the start of hostilities.

In 1938-39 The destroyers Stronghold, Sturdy and Thracian were converted into high-speed minelayers of the Scapga type. The stern main battery guns and torpedo tubes were removed from them, which made it possible to place 40 mines.

Tactical and technical elements:

Displacement: standard - 905 tons, full - 1220 tons.

Dimensions: 80.8(pp)/84.1(nb) x 8.1 x 3.0/3.3 m.

Power plant:

Twin-shaft TZA Brown-Curtis, 3 Yarrow boilers (P = 17.5 kg/cm2).

Power: 27,000 hp

Speed: part load: 36.0 knots, fully loaded: 32.5 knots.

Fuel capacity (full): 301 tons.

Cruising range (at speed): 2750 miles (15 knots)

Crew: 90 people.

Weapons:

Artillery:

3x1 - 102 mm/45 Mk .IV guns in SR.III mounts (on "Stronghold", "Sturdy" and "Thracian" 2x1)

1x1 - 40 mm (2-lb) anti-aircraft gun ("pom-pom")

5x1 - 7.7 mm machine guns

Torpedo:

2 * 2 -533 mm torpedo tubes (not available on "Stronghold", "Sturdy" and "Thracian")

Anti-submarine: ASDIC. 2 BM and 1 BS (most of them, including mines, do not have anti-submarine weapons).

Mine: 40 min (only on "Stronghold", "Sturdy" and "Thracian").

Fire control system:

Three-meter rangefinder MQ .I

Central guidance system - "Light Type Director" (L TD)

"S" class destroyers

"Shikari" and "Sardonyx" were completed by the state shipyard in Chatham, "Sabre" and "Saladin" were completed by Fairfield. "Thracian" was completed at the government shipyard in Sheerness.

Project 956 destroyers are third generation destroyers that were built in the USSR from 1976 to 1992. Vessels of this project became the last Soviet destroyers. The series had the code “Sarych”, and according to NATO classification it was called Sovremenny class destroyer - after the name of the first model, the destroyer “Sovremenny”. The construction of the vessels was carried out at the Leningrad plant named after Zhdanov. Today we will get to know the Project 956 destroyers in more detail.

Current situation

Today, the Russian Navy has 6 Sarych-class destroyers. Three of them are in service, two are in reserve, and another is undergoing scheduled repairs. The destroyer Bystry still serves in the Pacific Fleet. And the ships “Nastoichivy” and “Admiral Ushakov” serve in the Baltic Fleet. The destroyer "Bystry" is the oldest of the ships of the series that is still in service. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the laying of Project 956 ships ceased due to insufficient funding. In 1997-2000, two vessels were completed for sale in China under Project 956-E. The index "E" means "export". A little later, the destroyers of Project 956E were modified, and the export project was named 956EM. The index "M" stands for "modernized".

Initially, it was planned that the Project 956 destroyer would become the most widespread in its class and in the Soviet fleet in principle. In total, it was planned to build about five dozen ships. In reality, only 17 Sarych ships entered service with the USSR (and later the Russian Federation). Now let's get acquainted with the history of the creation of this vessel.

Prerequisites for creation

Destroyers are multi-purpose, high-speed maneuverable ships. They can fight submarines, destroy aircraft, confront surface ships, cover formations of ships and, finally, escort convoys. In addition, destroyers can be used for patrol, landing and reconnaissance operations, as well as laying minefields.

The first destroyers appeared at the end of the nineteenth century. They were actively used during the First and Second World Wars. The range of tasks performed by destroyers, expanding every year, has made them very significant for the fleet. With the advent of missile weapons, the role of destroyers in naval battles increased even more.

In the early 1960s, the surface fleet began to develop especially actively. When the Soviet Navy became an ocean-going Navy, new tasks appeared before the ships: protecting patrol areas of missile submarines, tracking enemy submarines, conducting foreign policy actions and controlling water communications. Aircraft carriers would be best suited for these tasks, but they were very expensive to build. Large anti-submarine ships (BODs) were the Soviet alternative to aircraft-carrying cruisers, but they needed an escort, and the USSR had a severe shortage of cover vessels. In addition, the destroyers in service at that time were already obsolete and could not compete with their foreign counterparts on equal terms. The oceanic maneuvers “Ocean”, carried out in 1970, clearly illustrated this. Thus, the Soviet fleet needed a new, well-armed destroyer, capable of operating both independently and as part of naval groups.

The shipbuilding program for 1971-1980 provided for the creation of such a ship. The new destroyer was supposed to participate in landing operations, suppress enemy anti-landing defenses, destroy small targets on the shore and provide air defense in the landing zone. The future ship was called an “landing fire support ship.” The Project 56 destroyer was chosen as a prototype for construction, so the new project received the number 956.

Design

Development of the Project 956 destroyer began in 1971. She moved very slowly. The fact is that the customer changed the intended purpose of the future vessel several times during the design process. The Soviet military was greatly influenced by the design solutions embodied in the American destroyer Spruance, the first truly multi-purpose ship of the American Navy. In addition, the new ships were supposed to be used together with Project 1155 UAVs. The Soviet military believed that such a tandem would be more effective than a pair of American destroyers.

The preliminary design of the new vessel was developed at the Leningrad TsKB-53. As the work progressed, new tasks appeared before the designers, the type of the ship's power plant and its weapon options were constantly changing. In addition, the developers were limited by the capabilities of the Zhdanov plant, where it was planned to build new ships. According to the plant's requirements, the ship's length should be no more than 146 meters and its width - 17 meters. A total of 17 projects were developed, each of which was studied from the point of view of effectiveness and economic feasibility.

Ultimately, it was decided that the future destroyer should have:

1. Steam turbine power plant.
2. Anti-ship missile "Moskit".
3. SAM "Hurricane".
4. Helipad for Ka-252.
5. AK-130 gun mounts.

At the end of 1972, the preliminary design was approved by Admiral Gorshkov. Despite this clarity, even after approval, changes continued to be made to the project. The steam turbine power plant was replaced with a boiler-turbine one. SJSC Platina was chosen as the main hydroacoustic complex. The more advanced Polynom SJSC could not be installed on a destroyer due to the large dimensions of the complex. Ultimately, the ships of the project did not come close to their American counterparts. The only thing in which they were superior to their competitors was artillery power. The creation of a project for a new destroyer cost the USSR budget 165 thousand, and detailed design - 2.22 million rubles.

Construction

In the early summer of 1975, construction began on the first model of Project 956, the Sovremenny destroyer. According to the original plan, up to 50 such vessels were to be built in the future. In 1988, this number was reduced to 20 units. But the USSR could not achieve this figure either - the Navy received only 17 copies of the ship. Each Project 956 destroyer took an average of four years to build.

To increase production volume, an attempt was made to organize the construction of destroyers at the Nikolaev plant named after. 61 Communara. However, in 1986, this idea was abandoned, and the two laid down hulls of the ship were mothballed. By the time the USSR collapsed, 14 destroyers had been built. The remaining three were completed in the Russian Federation.

In the construction of the vessels, a sectional hull assembly method was used. At the time of construction of the lead vessel, its cost was about 90 million rubles. The next two ships cost about the same (the last expensive ship was the destroyer Excellent), and subsequent ships fell in price by 20 million. The reason for this was the mastery of technology and the establishment of the production process.

Initially, the warship was created purely for the needs of the Soviet fleet. No one was going to sell the newest ship abroad. However, after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the lack of funding led to the search for third-party customers. Moreover, by the beginning of the 2000s, the Sarych’s weapons began to become obsolete.

Design

All ships created by Severny Design Bureau have a distinctive appearance, and Project 956 was no exception. The vessels of this project are often described as aggressive, sinister and expressive, and this is clearly not a coincidence. Since warships symbolize the power of the state, almost as much attention is paid to their appearance as to their technical parameters.

Project 956 destroyers are built according to a long-deck design with a sheer bow. The hull shape is selected in such a way as to ensure optimal operating angles for artillery weapons and non-flooding of the deck. The hull contours protect the vessel from flooding in seas up to 7 points. The hull is designed to reduce the radar signature of the vessel, but the Sarych is not a stealth ship.

The destroyer's side windage is 1700 m2. The decks are located parallel to the waterline, which simplifies the change of equipment during reconstruction and makes the ship more technologically advanced. The hull is divided into 16 watertight compartments using 15 bulkheads. In total, the destroyer has six decks: 2nd, 3rd, upper, forecastle deck and a pair of platforms, one of which goes into the second bottom. All main hull structures, foundations and reinforcements were made from low-alloy steel. From the engine room to the stern there are two longitudinal partitions that increase the rigidity of the ship. Thanks to the significant camber of the frames, the destroyer is stable. Thanks to pitch stabilizers, destroyers sail stably even in significant seas. With waves of force six, the ship's speed can reach 24 knots.

The superstructures of Project 956 destroyers were made of aluminum-magnesium alloy. They were connected to the hull and deck using rivets. The superstructure is conventionally divided into stern and bow blocks. The aft part is a block with a chimney and a hangar with a mainmast. The bow section is distinguished by the foremast.

The vessel's displacement ranges from 6.5 (standard) to 8.48 (overloaded) thousand tons.

Equipment

The power plant of the first modifications of Project 956 ships includes two boiler-turbine units of the GTZA-674 brand. Their total power is 100 thousand horsepower. The units are located in the bow and stern engine rooms. Each engine room contains two boilers and one steam turbine. The rotation speed in various operating modes of the installation is regulated by a turbo-gear unit. It is important to note that the Sarychi became the only 3rd generation combat vessels in the world with a boiler-turbine power plant. Starting with the seventh model (destroyer “Stoikiy”), ships began to be equipped with more reliable KVG-3 boilers. Nevertheless, boilers remained the weak point of ships, since they are very demanding on the purity of the supplied water. In addition to the main boilers, the power plant has an emergency boiler, which produces 14,000 kg of steam.

The destroyer has a pair of low-noise propellers. The steering unit includes a hydraulic machine and a semi-balanced steering wheel. The ship can reach a speed of 33.4 knots. Thanks to the fuel reserve of 1.7 thousand tons, the maximum cruising range of the vessel is 3,900 nautical miles.

Project 956 destroyers are provided with electricity through two steam generators (total power is 2500 kW) and two diesel generators (total power is 1200 kW).

Habitability

In peacetime conditions, the destroyer's crew number is 196 people, including 48 midshipmen and 25 officers. In wartime, the crew increases to 358 sailors. Officers live in single and double cabins, midshipmen - in double or quadruple cabins, and sailors - in cabins for 10-25 people. In any case, each crew member has at least 3 m2 of living space.

There are two wardrooms on board for feeding officers and midshipmen, as well as several dining rooms where sailors eat. For swimming, the ship has several showers and a sauna. In addition, the crew has at their disposal a library, a cinema hall, and even a swimming pool.

The living and working areas of the vessel are equipped with an air conditioning system. In terms of living conditions for the crew, destroyers of this model compare favorably with other Soviet ships.

The standard supply of provisions is enough for the ship to exist autonomously for 30 days.

Armament

The anti-aircraft missile armament of the Sarych ships includes the M-22 Uragan complex, which is a naval modification of the Buk complex. The warship has two anti-aircraft missile launchers: the first is located in the forecastle superstructure, and the second is behind the runway. The weight of the Uragan air defense system is 96 tons. Its ammunition consists of 48 guided missiles, which are stored in cellars. The Uragan air defense system can simultaneously attack up to 6 targets at an altitude of 10 m to 1 km, at a distance of up to 25 km.

Starting from the 14th ship (“Bezuderzhny”/“Gremyashchiy”), the destroyer began to be armed with the “Uragan-Tornado” air defense system. It can hit targets located at a distance of up to 70 km. It takes a maximum of 12 seconds to launch one rocket. A salvo of two missiles hits an aircraft with a probability of 0.81-0.96, and a cruise missile with a probability of 0.43-0.86.

The artillery armament of the destroyer "Sarych" consists of two twin AK-130 installations and anti-aircraft artillery, which is the last frontier in the air defense of ships. In addition, the ships' artillery armament includes a fire control system (FCS) MR-184, consisting of a radar station, a laser range finder, a ballistic computer and a thermal imager. The mechanized supply of ammunition allows firing from the gun mount at a rate of up to 90 rounds per minute at a distance of up to 24 kilometers. Each barrel has an ammunition capacity of 500 rounds, 180 of which are always ready for use. The installation weighs 98 tons.

The fast-firing anti-aircraft artillery of destroyers includes two batteries of AK-630M automatic systems. They are located on the sides of the ship and are responsible for destroying enemy cruise missiles at low altitude. Each battery contains two six-barrel installations with a Vympel control system and a rotating block of barrels. The AK-630M fires 4,000 rounds per minute and can hit targets at a distance of up to 4 km.

The main anti-ship weapon of the Sarych is the Moskit missile system. Starting with the Bespokoiny ship, they began to install the Moskit-M complex instead. Four anti-ship missiles are placed in two fixed launchers. The Mosquito missile can hit targets at a distance of up to 140 km, and its upgraded version can hit targets at a distance of up to 170 km. The ship can fire all 8 missiles (each weighing 300 kg) in just 30 seconds.

On the upper deck of the ship there is a pair of twin-tube torpedo tubes with a caliber of 533 mm. As for mine weapons, they are represented by a pair of RBU-1000 model rocket-propelled mortars, capable of attacking targets at a distance of up to a kilometer. At the stern of the Sarych there are bomb launchers, which are responsible for destroying enemy submarines at shallow depths, in close proximity to the side of the ship. Barrage mines can also be installed on destroyers.

The K-27 helicopter is based in the ship's temporary retractable helicopter hangar. Since the helicopter platform is located almost in the center of the vessel, it is minimally affected by pitching. The helicopter can be used both to combat enemy boats and for reconnaissance and target designation work.

Vitality

The Project 956 destroyer has a serious survivability system. Potentially hazardous areas of the vessel (engine room and cellars) are fenced off with fire compartments with reinforced steel walls.

To combat fires, the ship is equipped with a fire main, a volumetric fire extinguishing system, a foam extinguishing system, as well as a water spray system for bulkheads and gangways. In addition, to protect the cellars there are separate irrigation and flooding systems.

Drainage, tank balancing and drainage systems can save a vessel from a water threat. To protect the external surface of the vessel from contamination, a washing system is provided.

Only artillery mounts and launchers of the Moskit anti-ship missiles are provided with armored anti-fragmentation protection.

Modifications

During the production of a series of ships, their design was amenable to partial modernization. From the 6th Corps (destroyer "Boevoy") the ships received the Fregat-M2 radar with two flat antennas. Starting from the seventh hull (“Stoikiy”), the ships were equipped with more advanced KVG-3 boilers. The production of version 956A began with the 14th corps (destroyer "Gremyashchy", formerly "Leading"). It featured the Hurricane-Tornado anti-aircraft gun, as well as new radar and navigation equipment.

Project 956 models

The table above will help you briefly get acquainted with the chronology of the creation of Project 956 destroyers and their current status.

Destroyers of the Second World War.

In the thirty years between the end of the First World War and the resumption of shipbuilding after the Second World War, destroyers saw significant increases in displacement, speed and armament. Let's limit ourselves to just a few examples of World War II destroyers built in 1939-1940; English destroyers of the type "Jervis" and "Afridi" (1939) with a displacement of 1,870 tons were 300-400 tons higher than the destroyers built at the end of the First World War, such as "Wishart" (1919), "Ventcheros" (1917) with a displacement of 1,325 -1,339 tons (Nevertheless, we note that most of the English destroyers of the interwar period were still close to the Wishart). In terms of armament, the Jervis class had six 4.7 in (120 mm) guns instead of four 4 in (102 mm) guns and ten torpedo tubes instead of six. The speed increased from 34 to 36-36.5 knots.

There were no significant changes in appearance. World War II destroyer hulls still had a forecastle that extended almost half the length of the ship, and there were numerous superstructures on the main and foredecks. The number of pipes was reduced from three or four to two or even one, although the single pipe had to be too large in diameter. To trace the development of the destroyer (and now no longer the “destroyer destroyer”) over a thirty-year period, we will describe four groups of ships: destroyers built in 1916-1920; ships built in 1929-1930; ships 1935-1939; and destroyers of the post-war period until 1949-1950.

Of the destroyers of the Second World War of the first group, the largest were the British ships of the Bruce class (1919), because they were the leaders. Their displacement reached 1,801 tons, the forecastle stretched about a third of the length of the hull, there were superstructures and two high pipes on the bow and stern. Armament consisted of five 4.7 in (120 mm) guns, mounted as follows: two forward - one on the forecastle and the other on the superstructure; one between the pipes and two at the stern - one on the deck and the other on the superstructure. Behind the second funnel was a sixth gun, a 3-inch (76 mm) anti-aircraft gun. In the middle of the ship on the main deck there were six torpedo tubes in two triple installations. A power unit of two turbines with a gear drive rotated two propellers, allowing it to reach speeds of up to 36 knots.

American ships of the Brooke class (DD 232), built in 1920, are destroyers with a displacement of 1,308 tons, with a flat upper deck, a bridge superstructure, another superstructure amidships and four funnels. Their armament consisted of four 4-inch (102 mm) or 5-inch (127 mm) guns: one on the bow, two on the sides on the roof of the middle superstructure between the second and third chimneys, one on the superstructure at the stern; twelve torpedo tubes in four triple mounts. An additional 3-inch (76 mm) anti-aircraft gun was mounted at the stern.

The power plant included four boilers and two turbines with gearboxes with a capacity of 27,000 hp. With. Maximum speed 35 knots.

The Japanese destroyers of the Second World War, the Amatsukaze, built in 1917, with a displacement of 1,570 tons, had a semi-tank that reached a third of the hull length, three funnels and a small bridge superstructure. Their armament consisted of four 4.7 in (120 mm) guns—one forward, one between the first and second funnel, two aft—and six torpedo tubes in three twin mounts on the centerline. The three-screw ships had turbines directly connected to the shafts and made 34 knots.

In 1917, the French Navy built twelve ships of the Tribal class. Their names began with "Algerien" and "Annamite" and ended with "Tuareg". They were built in Japan and transported to Europe. The displacement of these destroyers reached 700 tons. They had a short bow, one bridge superstructure and four funnels. Armament consisted of a 4.7 in (120 mm) gun - at the bow and four 3 in (76 mm) guns - one broadside mid-length of the ship and two on the centerline at the stern. Four torpedo tubes in two twin installations on the center line - in front of the first tube and at the stern. The power plant still consisted of piston engines and boilers (partly coal, partly oil), and the maximum speed reached 29 knots.

In Italy, World War II destroyers were built with an outdated appearance, the so-called “three-deckers” - ships of the Pilo, Sirtori and La Masa types - “which nevertheless had turbine power plants, but the turbines were connected directly to the shafts .

The Sirtori-class destroyers, which were built by the Odero shipyard in Sestri, were distinguished by a short forecastle, a small bridge superstructure and three funnels. Armament consisted of six 4-inch (102 mm) guns - two side by side on the foredeck, two along the sides on the main deck and two at the stern. Four torpedo tubes in two twin mounts. Anti-aircraft weapons included two 1.5 in (40 mm) machine guns. Speed ​​30 knots.

The review of destroyers of 1918-1920 can be completed by mentioning the Russian ships of the Izyaslav class, the last of those built in Tsarist Russia, three of which (Lennkzh, Stratilat and Bryachislav) were not completed. "Izyaslav", later renamed "Karl Marx", with a displacement of 1,350 tons, had a forecastle that reached the first pipe, and a superstructure the full width of the hull between the second and third pipe. Armament consisted of five 4-inch (102 mm) guns (all on centerline) - two (one behind the other) on the foredeck and three (one after the other) aft. Nine torpedo tubes were located in three triple installations: one between the first and second tubes and two behind the third tube. The turboprop developed a speed of up to 35 knots.

Let us now turn to the group of destroyers of the Second World War of 1929-1930. the buildings. In 1929, the British Navy built eight ships of the Acasta class with a displacement of 1,330 tons. The hull had a forecastle, a stern superstructure and two funnels. Armament consisted of four 4.7 in (120 mm) guns—two at the bow and two at the stern—plus seven anti-aircraft machine guns and two four-tube torpedo tubes. The ships had three boilers, two turbine units with gearboxes with a capacity of 34,000 hp. With. and developed 35 knots.

In France in 1928-1929. The destroyers of the Second World War “Gepar”, “Bison”, “Leon” were built, followed by “Vauban”, “Valmy”, “Varden”. Their displacement reached 2,900-3,100 tons, and the hull had a forecastle, bow and stern superstructures and still four funnels. Armament: Five 5.5 inch (138 mm) guns - two at the bow and two at the stern, and a fifth on the superstructure between the third and fourth funnel. There were also four 1.4 in (37 mm) anti-aircraft machine guns, two three-tube torpedo tubes, plus four bomb launchers for dropping depth charges. These ships had four boilers and two sets of turbines

with a gearbox with a capacity of 64,000 hp. With. and reached speeds of up to 36 knots. In 1927-1928 Germany, still bound by the Treaty of Versailles, built destroyers of the Mewe and Wolf class with a displacement of about 1,000 tons at full load and 880 tons as standard, as stipulated by the treaty. Soon these ships were transferred to the category of destroyers. In 1930, the Italian Navy laid down four Dardo-class destroyers, and in 1928-1929. Numerous Navigatori types were built. They were then classified as “light reconnaissance ships”, and only in 1938 did they become destroyers.

In Japan in 1927-1930. They built twenty Fubuki-class ships with a displacement of 2,090 tons. These destroyers were distinguished by a forecastle, a bridge superstructure, a stern deckhouse and two funnels. Armament consisted of six 5-inch (127 mm) guns in three twin mounts - one at the bow and two at the stern (on deck and on the aft superstructure), - two 0.5-inch (13 mm) anti-aircraft machine guns and three triple-tube torpedo guns devices. The ships had four boilers, two geared turbine units with a capacity of 50,000 liters. With. and could reach a speed of 38 knots.

Examples of destroyers from other countries include the ships Regele Ferdinand I, Regina Maria, built for the Romanian Navy in Naples according to the Thorneycroft design and therefore similar to the English destroyers Shakespeare. They displaced 1,900 tons and were armed with five 4.7 in (120 mm) guns: two at the bow, two at the stern (on the deck and on the stern superstructure) and one amidships behind the second funnel. Power plant with a capacity of 75,000 hp. With. allowed a speed of 34 knots.

English destroyers "Jervis" 1939-1940. the buildings, with a displacement of 1,690-1,695 tons, had a long forecastle, a large forward superstructure, deckhouses in the middle part of the ship and at the stern, and one chimney. Armament included six 4.7 in (120 mm) guns in three twin mounts, as well as six anti-aircraft machine guns and two five-tube torpedo tubes amidships. These ships had

only two boilers and two turbines with gearboxes with a capacity of 40,000 liters. e., allowing a speed of 36 knots.

The super-destroyers of the French Navy "Mogador" (1938-1939) and "Le Fantask" (1934) with a displacement of 3,500 tons when fully loaded had a long forecastle, a large bridge superstructure, a large aft deckhouse and two funnels. These types differed in armament and number of boilers: the six Le Fantask destroyers had five 5.5 in (138 mm) guns - two at the bow and three at the stern: one on the deck and two on the roof of the superstructure. Anti-aircraft weapons are four 1.4-inch (37 mm) anti-aircraft machine guns and four 0.5-inch (13 mm) machine guns. Nine torpedo tubes in three built complexes, as well as four bomb launchers. Four boilers and a power plant with a capacity of 74,000 hp. With. allowed to develop a cruising speed of 37 knots. By comparison, the Mogador-class destroyers had eight 5.5 in (138 mm) guns in four twin mounts—two at the bow and two at the stern, like a cruiser. The anti-aircraft armament was the same as on Le Fantask, although there were four torpedo tubes: two two-tube and two three-tube. Power plant with six boilers with a capacity of 90,000 l. With. allowed a maximum speed of 38 knots.

In Germany, fourteen destroyers of the Von Roeder class (1938-1940) and sixteen Maas reached a total displacement of 3,415-3,190 tons, although their official standard displacement was 1,811 and 1,625 tons. Both types had the same profile with a forecastle, bow superstructure, aft deckhouse and two chimneys. The same armament consisted of five 5-inch (127 mm) guns - two at the bow and three at the stern.

Anti-aircraft armament: four 1.4-inch (37 mm) and eight 0.7-inch (20 mm) anti-aircraft machine guns, as well as two four-tube torpedo tubes - one between the tubes and the other between the second tube and the aft superstructure. Twin-screw ships with a power plant of 70,000 hp. With. with six boilers they reached speeds of up to 38.2 knots.

The Italian Navy built ships with a displacement of 2,460 tons, such as the Camicha Nera-class destroyers (1938-1939), and the 2,320-ton Orione class (1937). Both types were armed with four 4.7 in (120 mm) guns in two twin mounts—one at the bow and one at the stern, on the superstructure; one or two 4.7 in (120 mm) guns for flares - on the roof of the aft deckhouse between two three-tube torpedo tubes; ten to twelve anti-aircraft machine guns of 1.4 inches (37 mm) and 0.7 inches (20 mm) caliber. Three boilers, the exhaust from which went into one pipe, and two turbine units with a capacity of 50,000 liters. With. Maximum speed 38 knots.

Although the Japanese Navy is ocean-going, it built destroyers of the Second World War with a displacement of only 2,490-2,370 tons, belonging to the Kagero (1937-1941) and Asashio (1935-1939) classes. Japanese destroyers also had two funnels, although there were three boilers. Power plant with a capacity of 50,000-52,000 hp. With. allowed to reach a speed of 35 knots. The armament was quite powerful - six 5-inch (127 mm) guns in three twin mounts (one on the bow, one on the main deck and one on the aft superstructure), four inch (25 mm) anti-aircraft machine guns and two four-tube torpedo tubes on center line. In addition, the armament included sixteen bomb throwers.

Japan's rival, the US Navy, also built destroyers with a gross displacement of approximately 2,300-2,500 tons. The Sime class (1934-1941) - "DO 409" - "00 420") and the Benson class (1938-1942) "Oy" with numbers 421-444, 453-464, 483-497, 598-628, 632-641, 645-648 had a standard displacement of 1,570 tons and 1,630 tons, respectively. Like the Italian destroyers, the Sime class ships had only one funnel with four boilers. They were initially armed with five 5-inch (12 mm) guns: two at the bow and three at the stern. During the war, one of the stern guns was removed and replaced with an anti-aircraft gun. The Sime type originally had three four-tube torpedo tubes, one on the centerline and two on the sides, but these were too heavy and the number was soon reduced to two. The Benson-class destroyers had two five-tube torpedo tubes, later reduced to one. Ships of these types reached speeds of up to 36-37 knots and had a very impressive cruising range - 6000 miles, which was necessary for operations in the Pacific Ocean.

An example of ships built in 1939-1940. The small naval forces were the Greek destroyers Vasileus Georgio I, built in England at the Jarrow shipyard and similar to the English Intrepid. The ships with a displacement of 1,350 tons had a forecastle, superstructures at the front of the hull and at the stern, and two funnels. Armament consisted of four 5-inch (127 mm) guns - two at the bow and two at the stern, four anti-aircraft machine guns and two four-tube torpedo tubes. Maximum speed 36 knots.

Now let's move on to the destroyers of 1944-1950. This is not difficult because, as countries emerged from the war, France did not lay down or build a single destroyer after June 10, 1940; Italy - after September 8, 1943, and Germany and Japan - after May 1945.

Between 1944 and 1950 Based on wartime designs, the British, American and Russian navies built several destroyers, which represented the final stage of development of destroyers before the invention of missile weapons.

England built eleven ships in 1947-1948: four of the Battlex or Wepon class, laid down in 1944, and seven of the Egincourt or Battle class, laid down in 1943.

Both types had a hull with a forecastle, a large forward superstructure and an aft deckhouse. The Battlex had two funnels and a large lattice mast for the radar antenna, while the Egincourt had only one funnel and no lattice mast. The former had a displacement of 3,000 tons and was armed with four 4-inch (102 mm) guns in two turrets, both forward. Anti-aircraft armament consisted of six 1.5-inch (40 mm) machine guns, four of which were mounted on twin mounts on the aft superstructure, and two single mounts were located on both sides at bridge level. Anti-submarine weapons were represented by two three-barreled Squid bomb launchers - one on the bow deck and the other on the aft superstructure. Power plant with a capacity of 40,000 hp. With. allowed a speed of 31 knots.

The Egincourt class had five 4.5 in (114 mm) guns in two twin mounts and one single mount. The twin ones were located in the bow of the ship (one on the bow deck, the other on the superstructure), and the single one was on the platform behind the pipes. Eight 1.5-inch (40 mm) anti-aircraft machine guns: three twin mounts were mounted on the aft superstructure, and two single mounts were mounted on either side of the bridge. The arsenal was completed with two five-tube torpedo tubes and one Squid bomb launcher. The power plant had a capacity of 50,000 hp. With. The maximum speed reached 31 knots.

During the war, the United States built a large number of World War II destroyers of various types, the most representative of which were the Gearing class, formed by ships completed in 1945-1946, and the Sumner class (1943-1945).

Both types, with a displacement of about 3,400 tons, had a smooth deck flush with the sides. This hull form was adopted starting with the Fletcher class (ships built 1942-1945) and after the end of the war it spread among the navies of many countries. The appearance of all three types was approximately the same: a long superstructure on the deck from the bridge to the stern; two rather tall, narrow pipes; three-legged mast and wide bridge superstructure. In the Soviet Navy, the most impressive type of destroyer of that period was the Skory type, built in 1950-1953, with a total displacement of 3,500 tons: a large bridge superstructure, a high three-legged mast, two funnels. Armament: four 5.1-inch (130 mm) guns in two twin mounts, two 3.4-inch (85 mm) guns and seven 1.4-inch (37 mm) anti-aircraft machine guns on twin mounts on platforms along the sides the second pipe and on the roof of the aft superstructure; in addition, two five-tube torpedo tubes and four bomb launchers. Power plant with a capacity of 60,000 hp. With. allowed to reach speeds of up to 36 knots.

Destroyer- a class of light, small surface high-speed ships with low seaworthiness and autonomy, designed to attack large ships, submarines and combat enemy aircraft. There was a subclass of destroyers - escort destroyers, which were distinguished by greater seaworthiness, cruising range and, instead of torpedo tubes, could have enhanced anti-aircraft artillery weapons. The destroyer had a displacement from 100 to 1000 tons, 1-2 small-caliber guns, 2-4 torpedo tubes, 2-6 anti-aircraft machine guns, and, if necessary, mines or depth charges.

The tactics of combat use of destroyers were based on the characteristic properties of its weapon - the torpedo, and consisted of attacking and destroying enemy ships with the help of a large number of maneuverable small ships at high speed, making it difficult to destroy them with naval artillery fire. The destroyer's combat survivability was based on its speed, maneuverability and stealth, achieved thanks to its low and limited silhouette, which reduced the likelihood of enemy artillery shells hitting the ship.

Escort destroyers were mass produced in the USA and used for protection against enemy submarines and mosquito fleets. They had a displacement of 1.5 - 1.8 thousand tons, a cruising range of 5 - 6 thousand miles, 3 small-caliber guns, 4-8 anti-aircraft machine guns or machine guns, mines and a large supply of depth charges. In the English Navy, this class of ship corresponded to a frigate. Due to the fact that escort destroyers had poor tactical and technical characteristics, in practice they were used as anti-submarine patrol ships.

Japan made an attempt to launch production of escort destroyers. According to formal performance characteristics, their ships were superior to American ones, but the small number of ships built did not allow them to be properly assessed in practice.

Destroyers- a class of French torpedo-artillery ships designed for reconnaissance, combating light forces in limited waters and torpedo attacks on large ships. This category is sometimes referred to as light cruisers. The ships had a displacement of up to 4 thousand tons, 4 - 5 medium-caliber guns, 6 - 8 torpedo tubes, 6 - 8 anti-aircraft machine guns, mines and depth charges. The ships reached speeds of 35 - 39 knots with a range of 3 - 4 thousand. miles. Extremely weak anti-aircraft weapons were one of the reasons for their death. In addition, low seaworthiness and short cruising range did not allow the use of ships in the ocean.

Destroyer(destroyer) - a class of multi-purpose combat fast maneuverable ships designed to combat submarines, aircraft and enemy ships, as well as to protect and defend formations of ships or convoys of ships when crossing the sea. Destroyers could also be used for reconnaissance and patrol services, artillery support during landings and for laying minefields. Destroyers were an effective weapon in the fight against the mosquito fleet. They had a displacement of 1 to 3 thousand tons, 3-5 medium-caliber guns, 6-10 torpedo tubes, 10-20 anti-aircraft guns or machine guns, mines and depth charges. The ships reached speeds of 26 - 35 knots with a range of 5 -7 thousand miles.

During the war, destroyers were the main multi-purpose warships of fleets, gradually reaching the level of equipment of light cruisers, thereby turning from cheap ships for protecting the main forces into valuable targets for the enemy. In this regard, the rate of losses of destroyers was the highest among warships.

Destroyers performed a dual task in combat operations. In defense, they were used as a patrol to guard port entrances, coastal waters and other areas where there was an underwater threat. They protected large warships and other vessels from attack by submarines. This activity is collectively called “escort” and “guard.” In the offensive, destroyers were used to search for, attack and destroy underwater enemies.

Leader of destroyers(super destroyer) - a subclass of unarmored torpedo and artillery ships that occupied an intermediate position between destroyers and light cruisers. In terms of performance characteristics, the leader was superior to serial destroyers and was intended to control them, as well as to support and protect them. According to the official classification, during the war, leaders existed in the USSR and Great Britain. In the navies of other countries, these functions were performed by larger ships. For example, in France there are counter-destroyers, in Italy there are Esploratori-class destroyers. However, the practice of using leaders showed their low effectiveness and already from the second half of the war they were used as escort ships protecting the main forces of the fleet from air and underwater threats.

The main reason for the disappearance of leaders from the classification of warships was the change in the very nature of naval warfare. Battles between surface forces gradually lost their importance; torpedo attacks by destroyers became rare and rather the result of a successful combination of circumstances. The class of destroyers turned, first of all, into air defense and anti-aircraft defense escort ships, and such destroyers no longer needed leaders.

Data on the number of destroyers and destroyers used is as follows.

Approximate number of destroyers and destroyers used in the war by country and type of ship (excluding captured and transferred/received)

In addition to the above data, the UK transferred 15 destroyers each to Canada and the Netherlands, 8 destroyers and 1 destroyer to Norway, 9 destroyers to the USSR, 6 destroyers and 2 destroyers to Greece, 3 destroyers and 4 destroyers to Poland, 2 destroyers and 7 destroyers to Norway, 1 French destroyer. The United States transferred 50 destroyers and 32 escort destroyers to Great Britain, 2 destroyers to China, 8 to Brazil, 6 to France. During the war, Germany used 90 captured destroyers, Italy 4 captured leaders, 7 destroyers and 6 destroyers.

The performance characteristics of the main types of surface destroyers and destroyers by country are outlined below.