Orthoepy from Greek orthos - straight, correct, epos - speech. This is a set of rules of normative literary pronunciation.

Section of linguistics, who studies these rules of Russian orthoepy, establishes norms for the pronunciation of individual sounds and their combinations, as well as norms and rules for placing stress (accentology).

Basic norms pronunciations of the Russian literary language developed in the 17th century, but only towards the end of the 19th century did these norms become nationwide. The transfer of the capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg (early 18th century) is associated with the emergence of St. Petersburg pronunciation in Russian orthoepy.

There are high, neutral and colloquial styles outside the literary norms of the colloquial style:

High- slow and careful pronunciation (theater).

Neutral- this is our everyday speech in compliance with all orthoepic norms at a faster pace of pronunciation.

Colloquial characterized by great emotionality, an even faster pace and less strict adherence to the rules of literary pronunciation.

Orthoepy is a set of speech rules that establish uniform literary pronunciation.

Orthoepy studies variants of pronunciation norms of the literary language and develops orthoepic recommendations, rules for the use of these variants.

Allowing multiple options, orthoepy indicates the place each of these options occupies in literary pronunciation. Pronunciation options may belong to different styles.

This is how high style is characterized by ekaning: in [e and ] sleep, vz[e and ]la

pronunciation of unstressed [o] nocturne,

hard consonant before e - prog [e] ss, [de] duction.

Pronounced in a neutral style:

in [and] sleep, in [and] la

n[a]cturne

prog" [e] ss, [d" induction].

In colloquial speech it is observed loss of vowels and consonants: wire - provo [lk] a, some - not [kt] ory, in general - in [a] general, thousand - [tysh], when - [kada].

Orthoepy - This a branch of linguistics that studies the norms of pronunciation of individual sounds, combinations of sounds, as well as the peculiarities of the pronunciation of sounds in any grammatical forms, groups of words or in individual words.

Russian literary pronunciation in its historical development.

Orthoepy of modern The Russian literary language is a historically established system, which, along with new features, largely preserves old, traditional features.

At the core The traditional orthoepic norms of the Russian literary language lie in the so-called Moscow vernacular, which developed as a result of the interaction of North Great Russian and South Great Russian dialects.

For example, from the South Great Russian dialects in the literary language came akanye(non-difference in 1 pre-stressed syllable [a] [o]), and from Northern Great Russian dialects - the pronunciation of the plosive [g].

Steady by the 17th century, as a fairly uniform system, Moscow pronunciation eventually became exemplary for all of Russia.

However Moscow pronunciation was at different times subject to a noticeable influence of pronunciation features characteristic of individual large cultural centers.

This is how it turned out pronunciation features unusual for the Moscow orthoepic norm. The most clearly expressed features of pronunciation were in St. Petersburg, the cultural center and capital of Russia in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Yes, under the influence Petersburg pronunciation, soft back-lingual consonants [r "k "x"] became widespread in the literary language in the forms of adjectives: strict, loud, quiet, instead of the old Moscow norm of pronunciation of hard consonants.

With the development and strengthening Moscow pronunciation of the national Russian language acquired the character and meaning of national pronunciation norms.

Thus developed The old Russian orthoepic system has been preserved in its main features to the present day, but in a number of cases the literary norms have undergone changes for various reasons.

Sources of deviations from the norms of literary pronunciation.

1. The main source of deviations from the norms of literary pronunciation is native dialect speaker.

For example, speakers of southern Russian dialects often violate the literary norm by pronouncing the fricative [?] instead of the plosive [g]. ].

2. The second reason for deviation from literary pronunciation is writing, since we become familiar with the literary language through writing, through reading literature, which leads to pronunciation in accordance with what is written.

For example, as a result of letter-by-letter pronunciation, you can hear [ch"] in the words: what, so, boring, of course. But on the other hand, deviations can gain the right to exist and then become the source of the development of variants of norms: I dare [s] and I dare [s "].

3. Deviations from literary pronunciation are also caused by the influence of the phonetic system of another language: Ukrainian li[dm]i.

Orthoepic norms in the area of ​​vowels.

1. Literary pronunciation is dominated by akanye- non-difference or coincidence in 1 pre-stressed syllable of the consonants [o], [a]. We always pronounce [s/sna] [d/bro].

2. hiccup - coincidence of [a, o, e] in 1 pre-stressed syllable after soft consonants with [and e]: [v "and e / sleep].

3. Difficulties arise in the pronunciation of [o, a] in the 1st pre-stressed syllable after hissing [zh, sh, ts].

According to Old Moscow norms, the sound y should be pronounced here, which is preserved in some words: [zhy e / let], to sozh [y e] leniya, losh [y e] dey, zh [y e]ket, twenty [y e] ti .

In most cases, according to modern standards, it is pronounced: walk, cap, queen...

4. Proclitics and enclitics may not obey the norms of vowel reduction:

those forests [t"e/l" and e/sa]

you and I [you d/a]

Pronunciation of consonants.

1. We look at the topic “Positioning the alternation of consonant sounds.”

2. The sound [g] in Russian is plosive and at the end of words it changes to [k]: [druk] [ispuk]

Exception: [boh] [ ? o/spъ/d "i].

3. All consonants before [e] become soft: [be/lyi] [t "em] [mu/z "ei].

In some foreign words, consonant sounds remain hard: par [te] r, o [te] l.

The hardness and softness of the pronunciation of consonants must be checked using spelling dictionaries.

Pronunciation of consonant combinations.

1. In place of orthoepic combinations [chn] in a number of words it is pronounced [shn]: of course, on purpose, laundry birdhouse, Ilyinichna.

In some words, in addition to the old Moscow pronunciation, a new, letter-by-letter pronunciation is also possible: [chn] - bakery, milk, buckwheat.

But in most cases, particularly in book words and in new formations, it is pronounced [chn]: scientific, milky, flowing, filming.

2. In the word “what” and its derivatives it is pronounced [w]: something, something.

The exception is the word “something”, and in the word “nothing” two pronunciations are possible.

3. Combinations tts, dts at the junction of morphemes, less often in roots, pronounced as [ts]:

[/tsy] [bra/ tsy] [two/ ts't "].

4. Combinations ts at the junction of verb endings and the suffix xia are pronounced as [ts]: I dare [ts] a.

Combinations ts, ds (in combinations tsk, dsk, tstv, dstv) at the junction of the root and the suffix are pronounced as [ts] without longitude: bra [ts]ky, city [ts] koy.

5. Combinations tch, dch at the junction of morphemes are pronounced as [h]: pilot [l "o/chik].

6. Combinations сч, зч at the junction of a root and a suffix are pronounced as [ш] or [шч]: scribe, customer.

Pronunciation of borrowed words.

1. In some borrowed words, the pronunciation of an unstressed [o] is allowed: adagio, boa, bolero.

2. Previously, in the Russian language there could only be soft consonants before [e] (except sh, zh, ts). Now this pattern is dying out - in many borrowed words only hard consonants are pronounced: antenna, business, delta, cafe.

In some words, double pronunciation is allowed - with hard and soft consonants: gene [e] tika, dean, tent.

3. When identical consonants are combined at the junction of morphemes, a double (long) consonant is usually pronounced: push away, import, push.

Topic No. 17. Graphics.

Plan.

1. The concept of graphics.

2. Alphabets of Russian languages.

3. The syllabic principle of Russian graphics.

4. The relationship between letters and sounds. Letter meanings.

1. The concept of orthoepy.

2. Norms of orthoepy.

3. Pronouncing consonant combinations.

4. Pronouncing vowels.

5.Pronouncing foreign words (show transcription).

6.Orthoepy and poetic speech (XVIII - XIX centuries. Pushkin, Blok, Vyazemsky, etc.).

Orthoepy(Greek orthoépeia, from orthós - corrective and épos - speech). The term “orthoepy” has two main meanings: 1) “a set of norms of a literary language associated with the sound design of significant units: morphemes, words, sentences. Among such norms, a distinction is made between pronunciation norms (the composition of phonemes, their implementation in different positions, the phonemic composition of individual phonemes) and the norms of supersegmental phonetics (stress and intonation)”; 2) a branch of linguistics that studies the rules of oral speech.

The scope of the concept “orthoepy” is not completely established: some linguists understand orthoepy narrowly - as a set of not only specific norms of oral speech (i.e. norms of pronunciation and stress), but also the rules for the formation of grammatical forms of a word: candles - candles, sways - sways, heavier - heavier. In our manual, in accordance with the definition given at the beginning of this paragraph, orthoepy is understood as a set of rules of pronunciation and stress. The formation of grammatical forms is considered only if the form-distinguishing function is performed by stress.

Orthoepy is closely related to phonetics: pronunciation rules cover the phonetic system of the language, i.e. the composition of phonemes distinguished in a given language, their quality, changes in different phonetic conditions. The subject of orthoepy is pronunciation standards. Orthoepic norm- this is the only possible or preferable language option that corresponds to the pronunciation system and the basic patterns of language development.

Orthoepy includes the following sections.

1. Orthoepic norms in the field of vowels and consonants.

2. Features of the pronunciation of borrowed words.

3. Features of the pronunciation of individual grammatical forms.

4. The concept of pronunciation styles. Their features.

Norms of orthoepy.

Orthoepic norms are also called literary pronunciation norms, since they serve the literary language, i.e. a language spoken and written by cultured people. Literary language unites all Russian speakers; it is needed to overcome linguistic differences between them. And this means that he must have strict norms: not only lexical - norms for the use of words, not only grammatical, but also orthoepic norms. Differences in pronunciation, like other differences in language, interfere with people's communication by shifting their attention from what is being said to how it is being said.

Pronunciation standards are determined by the phonetic system of the language. Each language has its own phonetic laws according to which words are pronounced. For example, in Russian the stressed sound [o] in an unstressed position changes to [a] ( V[O] du - in[A] Yes ,T[O] cheat - t[A] read); after soft consonants, stressed vowels [o, a, e] change to an unstressed sound [i] ( m[I] with – m[And] sleep , V[ё] l – V[And] la , l[e] h – ow[And] shut up); at the end of words, voiced consonants change to voiceless (du[b]y - du[P], Moro[h] s – Moro[With]). The same exchange of voiced for voiceless occurs before voiceless consonants ( RU[b] it – RU[P] ka , how much h it – how much[With] co), and voiceless consonants before voiced ones change to voiced ones ( co[With] it – co h bah , molo[T] it – molo[d] bah). Phonetics studies these laws. Orthoepic norms determine the choice of pronunciation options - if the phonetic system in this case allows for several possibilities. So, in words of foreign origin, in principle, the consonant before the letter e can be pronounced both hard and soft, while the orthoepic norm sometimes requires hard pronunciation (for example, [de] when, [te] mp), sometimes soft (for example [d "e] declaration, [i.e.] temperament , mu[z"e] th). The phonetic system of the Russian language allows both the combination [shn] and the combination [ch"n], cf. bulo[h"n] and I And bulo[shn] and I, but the orthoepic norm prescribes to speak horse[shn] O, but not horse[h"n] O. Orthoepy also includes stress norms: pronounce correctly document, but not doc cop ,began, but not started ,ringing, but not rings , alphabet, but not alphabet).

The basis of the Russian literary language, and therefore literary pronunciation, is the Moscow dialect. This is how it happened historically: it was Moscow that became the unifier of Russian lands, the center of the Russian state. Therefore, the phonetic features of the Moscow dialect formed the basis of orthoepic norms. If the capital of the Russian state were not Moscow, but, say, Novgorod or Vladimir, then the literary norm would be “okanye” (i.e. we would now pronounce V[O] Yes, but not V[A] Yes), and if Ryazan became the capital - “yakanye” (i.e. we would say V[l "a] su, but not V[l"i] su).

Orthoepic rules prevent errors in pronunciation and cut off unacceptable options. Pronunciation options recognized as incorrect, non-literary, may appear under the influence of the phonetics of other language systems - territorial dialects, urban vernacular or closely related languages, mainly Ukrainian. We know that not all Russian speakers have the same pronunciation. In the north of Russia they “okayat” and “ekayat”: they pronounce V[O] Yes , G[O] V[O] rit , n[e] su), in the south - “akat” and “yak” (they say V[A] Yes , n[I] su), there are other phonetic differences.

A person who has not mastered the literary language since childhood, but is consciously mastering literary pronunciation, may encounter in his speech pronunciation features characteristic of the local dialect, which he learned in childhood. For example, people from the south of Russia often retain a special pronunciation of the sound [g] - they pronounce in its place a voiced [x] (a sound denoted in transcription by the sign [g]). It is important to understand that this kind of pronunciation features are a violation of norms only in the system of a literary language, and in the system of territorial dialects they are normal and correct and correspond to the phonetic laws of these dialects.

There are other sources of non-literary pronunciation. If a person first encountered a word in a written language, in fiction or other literature, and before that he had never heard how it was pronounced, he may read it incorrectly, pronounce it incorrectly: the pronunciation may be affected by the lettering of the word. It was under the influence of writing that, for example, the pronunciation of the word appeared chu[f] quality instead of the correct one chu[With] yours, [h] That instead of [w] That , help[sch] Nick instead of help[w] Nick .

The orthoepic norm does not always affirm as the only correct one of the pronunciation options, rejecting the other as erroneous. In some cases, it allows variations in pronunciation. Literary, correct pronunciation is considered e[f"f"] at , in and[f"f"] at with a soft long sound [zh "], and e[LJ] at , in and[LJ] at– with a hard long; correct and before[f"f"] And, And before[railway] And, And ra[sh"sh"] ist And ra[sh"h"] ist, and [d] believe and [d"] believe, And P[O] ezia And P[A] ezia. Thus, in contrast to spelling norms, which offer one option and prohibit others, orthoepic norms allow options that are either assessed as equal, or one option is considered desirable and the other acceptable. For example, Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language edited by R.I.Avanesov (M., 1997) word pool allows you to pronounce with both soft and hard [s], i.e. And ba[s"e] yn And ba[se] yn; in this dictionary it is suggested to pronounce maneuvers , glider, but pronunciation is also allowed maneuvers , plner .

The appearance of many orthoepic variants is associated with the development of the literary language. The pronunciation is gradually changing. At the beginning of the 20th century. talked A[n"] gel , this[R"] forge , ve[r"x], ne[R"] vyy. And even now in the speech of older people one can often find such pronunciation. The hard pronunciation of the consonant [s] in the particle - is quickly disappearing from the literary language. Xia (sya) (laughed[With] A , met[With]). At the beginning of the 20th century. this was the norm of the literary language, just like the hard sounds [g, k, x] in adjectives in - cue , -Guy , -hey and in verbs ending in - nod , -give up , -huff. Words high , strict , dilapidated , jump , bounce , shake off pronounced as if it were written strict , dilapidated , jump up , jump up. Then the norm began to allow both options - old and new: and laughed[With] A And laughed[s"]i, and strictly[G] th strictly[G"] th. As a result of changes in literary pronunciation, variants appear, some of which characterize the speech of the older generation, others - the younger.

Orthoepic norms are established by scientists - specialists in the field of phonetics. On what basis do linguists decide which option should be rejected and which should be approved? Orthoepy codifiers weigh the pros and cons of each of the variants encountered, taking into account various factors: the prevalence of the pronunciation variant, its compliance with the objective laws of language development (i.e. they look at which variant is doomed and which has a future ). They establish the relative strength of each argument for a pronunciation option. For example, the prevalence of a variant is important, but this is not the strongest argument in its favor: there are also common mistakes. In addition, spelling specialists are in no hurry to approve a new version, adhering to reasonable conservatism: literary pronunciation should not change too quickly, it should be stable, because the literary language connects generations, unites people not only in space, but also in time. Therefore, it is necessary to recommend a traditional, but living norm, even if it was not the most widespread

Orthoepy.

Orthoepy(Greek orthos “correct” and epos “speech”) - a set of literary language norms related to the pronunciation of sounds and their combinations; Orthoepy is also called a branch of the science of language that studies the functioning of pronunciation norms and establishes rules for their use.

Traditionally, orthoepy includes all pronunciation norms (such as the composition of phonemes, their implementation in various positions, the phonemic composition of individual morphemes) and stress norms. With a broader understanding of orthoepy, it also includes the norms for the formation of individual grammatical forms. M.V. Panov believes that it is more expedient to consider in orthoepy only those cases when variants of the sound realization of the phoneme arise. For example, some say dvo[ch’n’]ik, others say dvo[sh’]ik, and orthoepy should give recommendations for correct use. In this way, the researcher believes, orthoepy differs from phonetics, which considers regular phonetic changes in sounds in the stream of speech. So, for example, phonetics, and not orthoepy, should be treated, from the point of view of M.V. Panov, norms for the pronunciation of voiceless consonants at the end of a word, labialization of consonants before [o], [u], since, for example, the pronunciation of the sound [s] in the words frost, thunderstorms knows no exceptions.

In ordinary communication, literary pronunciation is often deviated from. The source of this is often the native dialect (dialectal pronunciation, for example: [u]urod). The reason for a deviation from the norm may also be letter-by-letter reading: deliberately, [h]as especially common in the speech of younger schoolchildren.

Correct, in accordance with the norm, literary pronunciation is one of the components of a literary language and an important indicator of human culture.

The term “orthoepy” is used in linguistics in two meanings:

1) a set of norms of a literary language related to the sound design of significant units: norms of pronunciation of sounds in different positions, norms of stress and intonation;

2) a science that studies the variation in pronunciation norms of a literary language and develops pronunciation recommendations (orthoepic rules).

The differences between these definitions are as follows: in the second understanding, those pronunciation norms that are associated with the action of phonetic laws are excluded from the field of orthoepy: changes in the pronunciation of vowels in unstressed syllables (reduction), positional deafening/voicing of consonants, etc. In this understanding, only such pronunciation norms that allow for variability in the literary language, for example, the possibility of pronunciation after sibilants both [a] and [s] ([heat], but [zhysm "in]).

Among the norms that allow for variability in pronunciation in the same position, it is necessary to note the following norms, updated in the school course of the Russian language:

1) pronunciation of hard and soft consonants before e in borrowed words,

2) pronunciation of combinations cht and chn in individual words as [pcs] and [shn],

3) pronunciation of the sounds [zh] and [zh"] in place of the combinations zhzh, zhd, zzh,

4) variability of positional softening of consonants in individual groups,

5) variability of stress in individual words and word forms.

It is these pronunciation norms associated with the pronunciation of individual words and word forms that are the object of description in spelling dictionaries.

School textbooks define orthoepy as the science of pronunciation, that is, in the first meaning. Thus, all pronunciation norms of the Russian language belong to the sphere of orthoepy: the implementation of vowels in unstressed syllables, deafening/voicing of consonants in certain positions, softness of a consonant before a consonant, etc.

Standards of exemplary pronunciation developed gradually, along with the formation and development of the national language. The foundations of the literary language (and in particular Russian literary pronunciation) were created primarily on the basis of the Moscow dialect. It is known that the Russian nationality developed in the northeastern part of the Rostov-Suzdal principality, the center of which was Moscow by the 15th century. The norms that were emerging in Moscow began to be transferred to other cultural centers and were adopted there, layering on local linguistic features and displacing them. With the development and strengthening of the national language, Moscow pronunciation, with its characteristic akan and ekan (and the hiccup that replaced it by the beginning of the 20th century), acquired the character and significance of national pronunciation norms. It became widespread in public speech and gained a foothold on the theater stage. Therefore, the transfer of the capital at the beginning of the 18th century to St. Petersburg, where by that time slightly different rules of pronunciation had developed, did not significantly affect the formation of its norms. In St. Petersburg, Moscow pronunciation underwent only minor changes: elements of bookish, letter-by-letter reading under the influence of spelling intensified, and some Northern Russian pronunciation features penetrated.

In the development of modern Russian literary pronunciation, the following leading trends currently stand out:

o strengthening of letter-by-letter “graphic” pronunciation, oriented toward written speech;

o phonetic adaptation of foreign words, Russification of pronunciation in the area of ​​unstressed vowels, hard and soft consonants before e;

o leveling of pronunciation in social terms, erasing the features of territorial pronunciation.

Literary language functions in many of its varieties, which are called styles or types. The concept of pronunciation types was introduced by the followers of L.V. Shcherby. L.V. Shcherba admitted the existence of many varieties in the field of pronunciation, which depend on the communication situation, the content of the statement, and the genre of speech. The same word in different stylistic contexts can change its pronounced appearance. But for reasons of simplicity of description, researchers consider it possible to limit themselves to distinguishing two - complete and incomplete styles.

The full style is characterized by careful articulation, distinct pronunciation of sounds and their combinations. Full pronunciation is used when reading poetic works, when transmitting important messages on radio and television, in lecture speech, and in the speech of teachers. Full style, otherwise called book style. The complete style was fixed in stage speech. In full style, for example, the unstressed vowel [o] in the words poet, sonnet, nocturne will be pronounced without reduction; and the adjectives na -kiy, -hiy - with reduced [ъ].

The incomplete (neutral) style is found in colloquial speech, in semi-formal communication, in casual, friendly conversation and is a more natural speech form for speakers.

Careless, poorly formed speech, speech with sliding articulation is characteristic of common speech.

Pronunciation styles are related and can influence each other. The dominance of the incomplete style leads to the fact that the norms of the complete style begin to be influenced by it and adapt to it. The literary pronunciation norm thus tends to decline.

The presence of several pronunciation styles in orthoepy leads to the appearance of pronunciation variants: for example, in the full style - hello[v]uite, incomplete - hello[st]e, in common parlance - zdra[s"t "]e; and accordingly [with "eych"as], [with "ich"as], [w":as].

Pronunciation options can characterize the “senior” (old) and “junior” (new) norms: bulo[sh]aya - bulo[chn]aya, chetve[r"]g - chetve [r]g.

Orthoepy from Greek orthos - direct, correct, epos - speech.

This is a set of rules of normative literary pronunciation.

The section of linguistics that studies these rules of Russian orthoepy establishes norms for the pronunciation of individual sounds and their combinations, as well as norms and rules for setting stress (accentology).

The basic norms for the pronunciation of the Russian literary language developed in the 17th century, but only towards the end of the 19th century did these norms become nationwide. The transfer of the capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg (early 18th century) is associated with the emergence of St. Petersburg pronunciation in Russian orthoepy.

There are high, neutral and colloquial styles outside the literary norms of the colloquial style.

High – slow and careful pronunciation (theater).

Neutral - ϶ᴛᴏ our everyday speech in compliance with all spelling norms at a faster pace of pronunciation.

Colloquial characterized by great emotionality, an even faster pace and less strict adherence to the rules of literary pronunciation.

Orthoepy - ϶ᴛᴏ a set of speech rules that establish uniform literary pronunciation.

Orthoepy studies variants of the pronunciation norms of a literary language and develops orthoepic recommendations and rules for the use of these variants.

By allowing several options, orthoepy indicates the place each of these options occupies in literary pronunciation. Pronunciation options may belong to different styles.

So for high The style is characterized by ekanye: in [e and ] sleep, vz[e and ]la

pronunciation of unstressed [o] nocturne,

hard consonant before e – prog [e] ss, [de] duction.

IN neutral style is pronounced:

in [and] sleep, in [and] la

n[a]cturne

prog" [e] ss, [d" induction].

IN colloquial speech, there is a loss of vowels and consonants: wire - provo [lk] a, some - not [kt] ory, in general - in [a] general, thousand - [tysh], when - [kada].

Orthoepy - ϶ᴛᴏ branch of linguistics that studies the norms of pronunciation of individual sounds, combinations of sounds, as well as the peculiarities of the pronunciation of sounds in any grammatical forms, groups of words or in individual words.

Russian literary pronunciation in its historical development.

The orthoepy of the modern Russian literary language is a historically established system, which, along with new features, largely preserves old, traditional features.

At the root of the traditional orthoepic norms of the Russian literary language lies the so-called Moscow vernacular, which developed as a result of the interaction of North Great Russian and South Great Russian dialects.

For example, from the southern Great Russian dialects in the literary language came akanye (non-difference in 1 pre-stressed syllable [a] [o]), and from the northern Great Russian dialects - the pronunciation of the plosive [g].

Established by the 17th century as a fairly uniform system, Moscow pronunciation over time becomes exemplary for all of Russia.

At the same time, Moscow pronunciation was at different times subject to noticeable influence of pronunciation features characteristic of individual large cultural centers.

This is how pronunciation features developed that were unusual for the Moscow orthoepic norm. The most clearly expressed features of pronunciation were in St. Petersburg, the cultural center and capital of Russia in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Thus, under the influence of St. Petersburg pronunciation, soft back-lingual consonants [g "k "x"] in the forms of adjectives became widespread in the literary language: strict, loud, quiet, instead of the old Moscow norm of pronunciation of hard consonants.

With the development and strengthening of the national Russian language, Moscow pronunciation acquired the character and significance of national pronunciation norms.

The Old Russian orthoepic system developed in this way has been preserved in its basic features to the present day, but in a number of cases the literary norms have undergone changes for various reasons.

Sources of deviations from the norms of literary pronunciation.

1. The main source of deviations from the norms of literary pronunciation is the native dialect of the speaker.

For example, speakers of southern Russian dialects often violate the literary norm by pronouncing the fricative [Ɣ] instead of the plosive [g].

2. The second reason for deviation from literary pronunciation is writing, since we become familiar with the literary language through writing, through reading literature, which leads to pronunciation in accordance with what is written.

For example, as a result of letter-by-letter pronunciation, you can hear [h"] in the words: what, so, boring, of course. But on the other hand, deviations can gain the right to exist and then become the source of the development of variants of norms: I dare [s] and I dare [ With"].

3. Deviations from literary pronunciation are also caused by the influence of the phonetic system of another language: Ukrainian li[dm]i.

Orthoepic standards in the region. vowels.

1. In literary pronunciation, akanye predominates - non-difference or coincidence in 1 pre-stressed syllable of the consonants [o], [a]. We always pronounce [s/sna] [d/bro].

2. hiccup – coincidence of [a, o, e] in 1 pre-stressed syllable after soft consonants with [i e]: [v "i e / sleep].

3. Difficulties arise in the pronunciation of [o, a] in 1 pre-stressed syllable after hissing [zh, sh, ts].

According to Old Moscow norms, the sound y should be pronounced here, which is preserved in some words: [zhy e / let], to sozh [y e] leniya, losh [y e] dey, zh [y e]ket, twenty [y e] ti .

In most cases, according to modern standards, it is pronounced: walk, cap, queen...

4. Proclitics and enclitics may not obey the norms of vowel reduction:

those forests [t"e/l" and e/sa]

you and I [you d/a]

Pronunciation of consonants.

1.Look at the topic “Positioning the alternation of consonant sounds”.

2. The sound [g] in Russian is plosive and at the end of words it changes to [k]: [druk] [ispuk]

Exception: [bokh] [ɣ o/ spъ /d "i].

3. All consonants before [e] become soft: [be/lyi] [t "em] [mu/z "ei].

In some foreign words, consonant sounds remain hard: par [te] r, o [te] l.

It is extremely important to check the hardness and softness of the pronunciation of consonants using spelling dictionaries.

Pronunciation of consonant combinations.

1. In place of the orthoepic combinations [chn] in a number of words it is pronounced [shn]: of course, on purpose, laundry birdhouse, Ilyinichna.

In some words, in addition to the old Moscow pronunciation, a new, letter-by-letter pronunciation is also possible: [chn] - bakery, milk, buckwheat.

But in most cases, particularly in book words and in new formations, it is pronounced [chn]: scientific, milky, flowing, filming.

2. In the word ʼʼwhatʼʼ and its derivatives it is pronounced [w]: something, something.

An exception is the word ʼʼsomethingʼʼ, and in the word ʼʼnothingʼʼ two pronunciations are possible.

3.Combinations tts, ts at the junction of morphemes, less often in roots, pronounced as [ts]:

[/tsy] [bra/ tsy] [two/ ts't "].

4.Combinations ts at the junction of verb endings and suffixes Xia pronounced as [ts]: I dare [ts] a.

Combinations ts, ds (in combinations tsk, dsk, tstv, dstv) at the junction of the root and the suffix are pronounced as [ts] without longitude: bra [ts]ky, city [ts] koy.

5. Combinations tch, dch at the junction of morphemes are pronounced like [h]: pilot [l "o/chik].

6. Combinations сч, зч at the junction of a root and a suffix are pronounced as [ш] or [шч]: scribe, customer.

Pronunciation of borrowed words.

1. In some borrowed words, the pronunciation of an unstressed [o] is allowed: adagio, boa, bolero.

2. Previously, in the Russian language there could only be soft consonants before [e] (except sh, zh, ts). Now this pattern is dying out - in many borrowed words only hard consonants are pronounced: antenna, business, delta, cafe.

In some words, double pronunciation is allowed - with hard and soft consonants: gene [e] tika, dean, tent.

3. When identical consonants are combined at the junction of morphemes, a double (long) consonant is usually pronounced: push away, import, push.

Topic No. 17. Graphics.

Plan.

1. The concept of graphics.

2.Alphabets of Russian languages.

3.Syllabic principle of Russian graphics.

4. The relationship between letters and sounds. Letter meanings.

The concept of orthoepy. - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "The concept of orthoepy." 2017, 2018.

Orthoepy studies the pronunciation norms adopted in the literary language. Like other linguistic phenomena, orthoepic norms change over time, and in the modern one there is a “senior norm”, reflecting the canons of Old Moscow pronunciation, and a “junior norm”, corresponding to the modern pronunciation features of the Russian language.

The basic orthoepic norms include the rules for pronouncing vowels and consonants in various positions, as well as the rules for placing stress.

Accent

Stress in Russian is musical and mobile, i.e. it is not strictly tied to a certain part of the word, a certain syllable, as, for example, in French, where the last syllable is always stressed.

Moreover, in the Russian language there is a group of homonyms called homophones, which have identical spellings but differ in accent: “atlАс – Atlas”; "goats - goats."

If the formulation of one or another causes difficulty, you can find out about its correct pronunciation in a spelling dictionary.

Vowel sounds

The vowels of the language are clearly pronounced only in the stressed position. In an unstressed position they have a less clear pronunciation, i.e. become reduced.

The main orthoepic norms based on the law of vowel reduction can be called the following:

The vowel sound [o] and [a] at the beginning of a word in an unstressed position is always pronounced as [a]: “- [a] monkey”; “window - [a] window.”

The vowel sound [o], found in any unstressed syllable after a stressed one, is pronounced as a sound conventionally designated [ъ] and sounds like a sound ranging from [a] to [ы]: “- shor [ъ]х”; "- pat[a]ka."

If the letters a, i, e are located after soft consonants, they are pronounced as a sound that has an average sound between [i] and [e], which in transcription is conventionally designated [ie]: “heavy - t[ie]helo”; “patience - patience”; lay - st[ie]lit.”

The vowel sound reflected in writing by the letter “and” after hard consonants is in some cases pronounced as [s], and this rule applies even if the following word begins with “and”: “pedagogical institute - pedagogical institute”, “to Irina” - k[y]rine.”

Consonants

The consonant sounds of the Russian language are characterized by such phenomena as assimilation and deafening.

Assimilation is the property of sounds to be similar in hardness/softness to the sounds that follow them. So, according to orthoepic norms, they are softened if, for example, they are in a position in front of the always soft hissing “Shch”, “Ch”: “a woman is a woman.”

Stunning - a dull pronunciation at the end of a word: “mushroom - grib[p]”; "pillar - table[p]".

There is a certain difficulty in pronouncing the combinations “cht” and “chn”. According to the “older norm”, the combination “cht” was always pronounced as [sht], and “chn” - as [shn]. According to the “junior norm”, such pronunciation was preserved only in certain cases:

In female patronymics: “Ilyinichna - Ilyin[sh]a”
- in the word “what” and words derived from it: “something - [thing] something”
- in some words: “fried eggs - ya[sh]itsa”, “- bulo[sh]aya”, although this form will probably soon be considered obsolete.

Of course, it is impossible to consider all the subtleties of spelling norms in one article. But if there is any doubt about the correct pronunciation of a particular word, it would not be superfluous to turn to an orthoepic dictionary or reference book - this will help make speech more literate and understandable to others.