Common and proper nouns.

The purpose of the lesson:

to develop knowledge and skills to distinguish proper nouns from common nouns,

learn to write proper names correctly (with capital letters and using quotation marks).

Lesson type:

Educational and upbringing.

Common nouns serve to name classes of homogeneous objects, states and actions, persons, plants, birds and animals, natural phenomena, and social life. Most of them have singular and plural forms (mountain - mountains, chamomile - daisies, rain - rains, victory - victories, demonstration - demonstrations, etc.). Common nouns are written with a small letter.

Exercise: Review the story. Name the pictures you saw (example: mountains, seas, etc.). Do they fit into the group of common nouns?

Proper nouns are used to name individual (individual) objects that may be one of a kind.

Proper nouns are always capitalized and in most cases have a singular form. They can consist of either one word (Zhuchka, Alexander, Boeing, Sahara) or several words (Ivan Vasilyevich, Red Sea, Sofievskaya Square).

Exercise: Listen to Little Red Riding Hood's song. Write down all the proper and common nouns you remember

Capitalized but NOT enclosed in quotation marks:

1. Surnames, names and patronymics (Sergei Nikonorovich Ivanov), pseudonyms (Maxim Gorky, Lesya Ukrainka), names of characters in fairy tales (Ivanushka, Alyonushka, Buratino, Malvina), stories (Ovsov /Chekhov “Horse Surname”/), fables ( “The naughty Monkey, the Donkey, the Goat and the club-footed Mishka decided to play a quartet.” (I. Krylov.)

2) Animal names (Dzhulka the dog, Jim the cat, Gosha the parrot, Parsley the hamster).

3) Geographical names (Ukraine, Southern Arctic Ocean, Lake Baikal, Tibet Mountains, Black Sea).

4) Names of celestial bodies (Moon, Sun, Jupiter, Orion, Cassiopeia).

5) Names of streets and squares (Pirogovskaya Street, Leningradskaya Square, Gamarnika Lane).

8) Names with the word name (im.), even in the case when it is implied but not written (Park named after T. G. Shevchenko, Gorky Park, school named after V. Chkalov).

9) Names of organizations and higher government institutions (Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine, Supreme Court of Ukraine).

10) Names of orders, monuments (Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, Order of the Great Patriotic War, Order of Glory; monument to M.Yu. Lermontov, monument to the Unknown Sailor).

11) Names of holidays, memorable dates (days), historical events (Victory Day, New Year, Medical Worker's Day, Teacher's Day, Mother's Day)

Capitalized and enclosed in quotation marks:

1) The names of newspapers and magazines, television programs (the newspaper “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, “Arguments and Facts”, the magazine “The Only One”, “Fisherman of Ukraine”, the program “Field of Miracles”, “What? Where? When”).

2) The names of literary and musical works, works of painting, names of films (the novel “Crime and Punishment”, “The Master and Margarita”, the poem “The Prisoner”, “Candle”, the painting “Black Square”, “The Bathing of the Red Horse”, the film “ Guest from the Future", "St. Petersburg Secrets"), etc.

3) Names of plants, factories, ships, airplanes, cinemas, hotels and so on (provided that there is no and the word “name” is not implied (Krayan plant, Roshen factory, motor ship Taras Shevchenko, Hadzhibey) , Boeing aircraft, Tu-124, Zvezdny cinema, Moscow, Krasnaya hotel, Londonskaya).

4) Names of various products (Zhiguli car, Chanel perfume, Samsung refrigerator, Thomson TV, etc.).

Exercise. Read an excerpt from Korney Chukovsky’s poem “Aibolit.” Underline proper nouns with a single line and common nouns with a double line.

Suddenly a jackal came from somewhere

He rode on a mare:

"Here is a telegram for you

From Hippopotamus!"

"Come, doctor,

To Africa soon

And save me, doctor,

Our babies!"

"What is it? Is it really

Are your children sick?"

"Yes, yes, yes! They have a sore throat,

Scarlet fever, cholera,

Diphtheria, appendicitis,

Malaria and bronchitis!

Come quickly

Good Doctor Aibolit!"

"Okay, okay, I'll run,

I will help your children.

But where do you live?

On the mountain or in the swamp?

"We live in Zanzibar,

In the Kalahari and Sahara,

On Mount Fernando Po,

Where does Hippo walk?

Along the wide Limpopo."

Exercise. Highlight proper nouns.

The meeting of the “Famous Captains Club” brought together the most famous sailors, travelers, and heroes of adventure novels. The youngest among them was Dick Sand, the hero of Jules Verne's novel The Fifteen-Year-Old Captain. Everyone considered Tartarin of Tarascon, the hero of the novel by Alphonse Daudet, the most cheerful, and the most “truthful” was, of course, Baron Munchausen from Raspe’s book. All members of the club took into account the opinion of the wisest of them, Captain Nemo, one of the heroes of Jules Verne’s book “The Mysterious Island”.

Exercise. Listen to the song from the movie "The Three Musketeers". Answer the question: Are Burgundy, Normandy, Champagne, Provence, Gascony proper or common nouns?

In the Russian language there are many examples of the transition of a proper name into a common noun.

Here are some examples:

1. Napoleon cake received its name from Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte, who loved this type of confectionery product.

2. Saxophone - this is what the Belgian master Sax called the wind instrument.

3. Inventors Colt, Nagant, Mauser gave names to the weapons they created.

4. Orange (the Dutch word appelsien), peach (Persia), coffee (cafe country in Africa), trousers (Bruges - a city in Holland) got their names from the place from which they were imported.

5. Narcissus is a flower named after the mythological youth Narcissus, who angered the Gods because, because he fell in love with himself, he only looked at his reflection in the water and did not notice anything or anyone else. The gods turned him into a flower.

Questions to consolidate a new topic:

1. What nouns have singular and plural forms?

2. How to write correctly: Pushkin cinema, Pushkin cinema?

3. Guess the riddles:

“Flying” city - ______________________________.

“Inanimate” sea - ________________________________.

“Colored” seas - ________________________________.

The “silent” ocean is ____________________________.

Flowers with women's names - _______________________.

Homework:

Independently come up with 5-7 riddles, the answer to which will contain a common noun (using the example of those made in class) on topics - interesting facts of the Earth, Greek mythology, Russian folk tales.

The noun is one of the most important parts of speech both in Russian and in many other Indo-European languages. In most languages, nouns are divided into proper and common nouns. This division is very important because these categories have different spelling rules.

The study of nouns in Russian schools begins in the second grade. Already at this age, children are able to understand the difference between proper names and common nouns.

Students usually learn this material easily. The main thing is to choose interesting exercises in which the rules are well remembered. In order to correctly distinguish nouns, a child must be able to generalize and assign familiar objects to a specific group (for example: “dishes”, “animals”, “toys”).

Own

Towards proper names in modern Russian language It is traditionally customary to include names and nicknames of people, animal names and geographical names.

Here are typical examples:

A proper name can answer the question “who?” if we are talking about people and animals, as well as the question “what?” if we are talking about geographical names.

Common nouns

Unlike proper names, common nouns denote not the name of a specific person or the name of a specific locality, but the generalized name of a large group of objects. Here are classic examples:

• Boy, girl, man, woman;
• River, village, village, town, aul, kishlak, city, capital, country;
• Animal, insect, bird;
• Writer, poet, doctor, teacher.

Common nouns can answer both the question “who?” and the question “what?”. Typically, in discrimination exercises, primary schoolchildren are asked to choose suitable common noun for a group of proper names, For example:

You can build a task and vice versa: match proper names to common nouns.

1. What dog names do you know?
2. What are your favorite girl names?
3. What is a cow's name?
4. What are the names of the villages you visited?

Such exercises help children quickly learn the difference. When students have learned to distinguish one noun from another quickly and correctly, they can move on to learning spelling rules. These rules are simple, and elementary school students learn them well. For example, a simple and memorable rhyme can help children with this: “First names, last names, nicknames, cities - everything is always written with a capital letter!”

Spelling Rules

In accordance with the rules of the modern Russian language, all proper names are written only with a capital letter. This rule is typical not only for Russian, but also for most other languages ​​of Eastern and Western Europe. Capital letter at the beginning names, surnames, nicknames and geographical names are used to emphasize respectful attitude towards each person, animal, and locality.

Common nouns, on the contrary, are written with a lowercase letter. However, exceptions to this rule are possible. This usually happens in fiction. For example, when Boris Zakhoder translated Alan Milne’s book “Winnie the Pooh and All-All-All,” the Russian writer deliberately used capital letters in the spelling of some common nouns, for example: “Big Forest”, “Great Expedition”, “Farewell Evening”. Zakhoder did this in order to emphasize the importance of certain phenomena and events for fairy-tale heroes.

This often occurs both in Russian and translated literature. This phenomenon can be seen especially often in adapted folklore - legends, fairy tales, epics. For example: “Magic Bird”, “Rejuvenating Apple”, “Dense Forest”, “Gray Wolf”.

In some languages, capitalization is capitalization- in the writing of names can be used in different cases. For example, in Russian and some European languages ​​(French, Spanish) it is traditional to write the names of months and days of the week with a small letter. However, in English these common nouns are always written with a capital letter only. Capitalization of common nouns is also found in German.

When proper names become common nouns

In modern Russian there are situations when proper names can become common nouns. This happens quite often. Here's a classic example. Zoilus is the name of an ancient Greek critic who was very skeptical about many works of contemporary art and frightened authors with his caustic negative reviews. When antiquity became a thing of the past, his name was forgotten.

Once Pushkin noticed that one of his works was received very ambiguously by literary critics. And in one of his poems, he ironically called these critics “my zoiles,” implying that they were bile and sarcastic. Since then, the proper name “Zoil” has become a common noun and is used when talking about a person who unfairly criticizes or scolds something.

Many proper names from the works of Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol have become household names. For example, stingy people are often called “pluskins”, and elderly women of narrow minds are often called “boxes”. And those who like to have their head in the clouds and are not at all interested in reality are often called “Manila”. All these names came into the Russian language from the famous work “Dead Souls,” where the writer brilliantly showed a whole gallery of landowner characters.

Proper names become common nouns quite often. However, the opposite also happens. A common noun can become a proper noun if it turns into the name of an animal or a nickname for a person. For example, a black cat may be called “Gypsy”, and a faithful dog may be called “Friend”.

Naturally, these words will be written with a capital letter, according to the rules for writing proper names. This usually happens if a nickname or nickname is given because a person (animal) has some pronounced qualities. For example, Donut was nicknamed so because he was overweight and looked like a donut, and Syrup because he really loved drinking sweet water with syrup.

It is very important to distinguish proper names from common nouns. If younger students do not learn this, they will not be able to correctly use capitalization when writing proper names. In this regard, the study of common and proper nouns should occupy an important place in the school curriculum of Russian as a native language and as a foreign language.

His definition is simple. Essentially, a common noun is a word that denotes people, animals, objects, abstract ideas and concepts. These do not include words meaning names of people, names of places, countries, cities, etc. These nouns are classified as proper nouns.

Thus, country is a common noun, and Russia is a proper name. Puma is the name of a wild animal, and in this case the noun puma is a common noun. And as the name of a well-known company that produces sportswear and shoes, Puma is a proper name.

Even in the first half of the last century, the word “apple” was unthinkable in the use of a proper name. It was used in its original meaning: that is, apple, fruit, fruit of the apple tree. Now Apple is both a proper noun and a common noun.

This happened after an unsuccessful three-month search by partners for a suitable name for the company, when, in desperation, the company's founder, Steve Jobs, decided to name it after his favorite fruit. The name has become a truly iconic American brand producing tablet computers, phones, and software.

Finding examples of common nouns will not be difficult. Let's start with the everyday objects around us. Imagine: you wake up in the morning. What do you see when you open your eyes? Of course, an alarm clock. An alarm clock is an object that wakes us up in the morning, and from a linguistic point of view, it is a common noun. Leaving the house, you meet your neighbor. There are a lot of hurrying people on the street. You notice that the sky has frowned. Get on the bus and go to the office. Neighbor, people, sky, office, bus, street - common nouns

Types of common nouns

In Russian, common nouns are divided into 4 main types:

1. Specific concepts (people, animals, objects, plants). These are designations of objects/persons in the singular: student, neighbor, classmate, seller, driver, cat, puma, house, table, apple. Such nouns can be combined with
2. Abstract concepts. This is a type of noun with an abstract abstract meaning. They can denote phenomena, scientific concepts, characteristics, states, qualities: peace, war, friendship, suspicion, danger, kindness, relativity.
3. Real nouns. As the name suggests, these nouns denote substances. These may include medicinal products, food products, chemical elements, building materials, coal, petroleum, oil, aspirin, flour, sand, oxygen, silver.
4. Collective nouns. These nouns represent a collection of persons or objects that are united and belong to a certain conceptual category: midges, infantry, foliage, relatives, youth, people. Such nouns are usually used in the singular. Often combined with the words a lot (a little), a little: a lot of midges, a little youth. Some of them can be used as people - peoples.

The Russian term "common noun" is derived from the Old Church Slavonic word name- "to call". In the first grammar of the 17th century, Meletius Smotritsky used it to designate “nominal, ordinary, ordinary” nouns. The word “naritsati”, in turn, comes from “ritsati” - to speak, and this word was formed from the ancient Slavic word “speech”. Very often in old scrolls the phrase “I am a river” appears, i.e. "I speak". Common nouns are generalized names of homogeneous objects. For example: student, teacher, ghost, entity, flower, tree and so on.

The word "own" comes from Old Church Slavonic property, which means “one’s own”, “personal”, “belonging to oneself”, as well as “peculiarity, person”. A proper name is the second name that is used to name an object in order to distinguish it from another similar object.

1. August- the eighth month of the Gregorian calendar. It received its real name in honor of the Roman emperor Octavian Augustus (63 BC - 14 AD), after whom the Roman Senate named a month that was especially happy in the life of the emperor (Cleopatra died in this month).

2. Accordion- music The instrument received its name from the Slavic storyteller Bayan (Boyan).

3. Boycott- on behalf of the governor of an Irish principality, Charles Boycott, who was particularly harsh; for this everyone turned away from him.

4. Bolivar- wide-brimmed hat from the 19th century. Named in honor of Simon Bolivar (1783-1830), leader of the struggle for independence of the Spanish colonies in the South. America. Liberated Venezuela from Spanish rule, New. Granada. “Wearing a wide bolivar, Onegin goes to the boulevard...”(A.S. Pushkin, “Eugene Onegin”).

5. Whatman- the type of paper is named after the English industrialist of the 18th century. J. Whatman.

6. Watt- a unit of measurement of power, named after the Scottish-Irish mechanical inventor James Watt (Watt), creator of the universal steam engine.

7. Breeches- trousers of a special cut were named after the French cavalry general Breeches.

8. Guillotine- On January 21, 1790, the French doctor J. Guillotin presented his main invention - the guillotine - an instrument for carrying out executions (beheading convicts), introduced during the French Revolution.

25. Pullman - (Pullman), George, inventor of sleeping cars, 1831-1897, founder of the Chicago Carriage Society. Pullman built carriages that were featured in Westerns and were considered palaces on wheels. Thanks to this, the word “Pullman” itself acquired its meaning - the car is extremely comfortable.

26.X-ray - a common spelling variant in Russian for the name of the German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen, who discovered X-ray radiation.

27. Saxophone- the Belgian master Sax gave the name to the popular wind instrument.

28. French- military jacket at the waist, with four large pockets on the chest and sides and a tab at the back. This jacket was worn by John Denton French, who commanded the British expeditionary forces in France during the First World War.

29. Celsius- degree Celsius is named after the Swedish scientist Anders Celsius, who proposed a new scale for measuring temperature in 1742.

There are words that we use in our speech automatically, without thinking that some of them owe their origin to specific people. Of course, everyone knows that months July And August named after emperors, salad Olivie bears the name of its creator. Some units of measurement can also be included in this category of words, for example: volt, ampere etc.

There are many such words. For example, a shirt sweatshirt has the most direct relation to the great writer - in many photographs Lev Nikolaevich is depicted in a thick shirt untucked. Many followers, who called themselves students of the writer and were called Tolstoyans, wanting to emphasize their closeness to him, often appeared in shirts similar to those worn by Leo Tolstoy. This is how the untucked shirt came to be called sweatshirt.

Word hooligan- English origin. It is believed that the surname Houlihan once worn by a famous London brawler who caused a lot of trouble for city residents and the police. The Oxford Dictionary dates the frequent appearance of this Mr.'s name in police reports to 1898. The surname has become a common noun, and the word is international, characterizing a person who grossly violates public order.

But what, according to some sources, is the history of the origin of the word academy. The philosopher Plato often expounded his teachings in a shady grove near Athens. According to legend, the Attic hero Academus was buried in this grove. That's why the grove was called Academy. First the word academy became the name of Plato's school, and later of a certain type of educational institution and community of scientists.

Interesting origin of the word boycott. In the 19th century, an English earl hired a manager named Charles Cunningham Boycott for his estate in Ireland. Boycott was a harsh man, often punishing peasants and farmers, which aroused hatred on their part. People, having heard about his cruelty, refused to have anything to do with him and avoided communicating with him. Since then, punishing a person with complete isolation has come to be called boycott.

Word mausoleum also has its own history. In 352 BC. King Mausolus died in the city of Halicarnassus (Asia Minor). According to the custom of those times, the king's corpse was burned and the ashes were placed in a funeral urn. According to one of the legends that has reached us, his widow Artemisia decided to build a huge tomb and thereby perpetuate the memory of her husband, whom she loved very much. Famous craftsmen were involved in the construction and decoration of the structure, including the court sculptor of Alexander the Great, Leocharus. The tomb was the height of a ten-story building. At the top stood a giant statue of the Mausoleum. The Halicarnassus tomb was named mausoleum and is ranked among the seven ancient wonders of the world. ( From various etymological dictionaries and reference books).

Sometimes objects get their names from the place from which they were taken: coffee(from the name of the country Kaffa, located in Africa), peach(from the name Persia - modern Iran), orange(The Dutch word appelsien literally translates to "Chinese apple"). Word trousers comes from the name of the Dutch city of Bruges.

One of the ancient legends tells about a handsome young man Narcissus, who was so in love with himself that he did not notice anyone or anything around him, but all the time looked at his reflection in the water. The gods, angry, turned him into a plant. White flower narcissus leans to one side and seems to look down at his reflection with his yellow eye. Plant names such as cypress And hyacinth.

One day, the son of King Keos and friend of Apollo, Cypress, accidentally killed a deer while hunting - his favorite and the favorite of all the inhabitants. The inconsolable young man asked Apollo to give him eternal sadness, and God turned him into a slender tree cypress(since then the Greeks began to hang a cypress branch at the door of the house where there was a deceased person). A beautiful (usually bright red) flower hyacinth named after the son of the king of Sparta, Hyacinth, who died during a discus throwing competition. Flower of Sorrow hyacinth grew from the blood of Hyacinth.

One of the Slavic alphabets is called Cyrillic(named after one of its creators, Kirill); many names of literary movements go back to proper names: Byron - Byronism, Karamzin - Karamzinism, Petrarch - Petrarchism... We call adventure-rich journeys or sorrowful wanderings odyssey(Odysseus - the mythical king of Ithaca, hero of the Trojan War), the adventures of a hero-traveler deprived of human society - Robinsonade(Robinson is the hero of Defoe's novel Robinson Crusoe).

Quite often, common nouns go back to the names of famous scientists and inventors. Here are some: ampere(named after the French physicist Ampere), watt(named after the English physicist Watt), volt(named after the Italian physicist Volta) ... The French cavalry general Galliffet invented trousers of a special cut - riding breeches, Scottish chemist Mackintosh - waterproof raincoat mac. Colt, Maxim, Mauser, Nagant- famous inventors of weapons. The Belgian master Sax gave the name to the popular wind instrument - saxophone.

A proper name is Name a noun expressed by the word or, naming a specific object or phenomenon. Unlike a common noun, which immediately denotes a whole object or phenomenon, Name own is intended for one, very specific object of this class. For example, "" is a common noun Name is a noun, while “War and Peace” is a proper noun. The word "river" represents Name a common noun, but “Cupid” is Name proper. Proper names can be names of people, patronymics, titles of books, songs, films, geographical names. Proper names are written with a capital letter. Some types of proper names require quotation marks. This applies to literary works (“Eugene Onegin”), paintings (“Mona Lisa”), films (“Only Old Men Go to Battle”), theaters (“Variety”), and other types of nouns. When translating proper names into other languages, transcription methods are used: Gogolya-street (Gogol Street), radio Mayak (Radio “Mayak”). Proper names are not specially distinguished. Proper names and common nouns are not separated from each other by an impenetrable wall. Proper names can turn into common nouns, and vice versa. For example, “avatar” was just a common noun until Avatar was made. Now this word, depending on the context, plays the role of a common noun or a proper noun. “Schumacher” is the surname of a certain racing driver, but gradually all lovers of fast driving began to be called “Schumachers.” Trademarks that are unique producers of a certain type of product or simply monopolists can become common nouns from proper names. A striking example is the company Xerox, which produces electrophotographic copiers. This company still exists today, but “copiers” are now called all copiers in general.

Sources:

• how to write proper names

Tip 2: How to determine whether a proper name or a common noun

Nouns name objects, phenomena or concepts. These meanings are expressed using the categories of gender, number and case. All nouns belong to the groups of proper and common nouns. Proper nouns, which serve as names of individual objects, are contrasted with common nouns, which denote generalized names of homogeneous objects.

Instructions

To determine proper nouns, determine whether the name is an individual designation of an object, i.e. does it make it stand out? Name» an object from a number of similar ones (Moscow, Russia, Sidorov). Proper nouns name first and last names of persons and names of animals (Nekrasov, Pushok, Fru-fru); geographical and astronomical objects (America, Stockholm, Venus); , organizations, print media (Pravda newspaper, Spartak team, Eldorado store).

Proper names, as a rule, do not change in number and are used only in the singular (Voronezh) or only in the plural (Sokolniki). Please note that there are exceptions to this rule. Proper nouns are used in the plural form if they denote different persons and objects that have the same name (both Americas, namesake Petrovs); persons who are related (the Fedorov family). Also, proper nouns can be used in the plural form if they name a certain type of people, “selected” according to the qualitative characteristics of a famous literary character. Please note that in this meaning, nouns lose the attribute of belonging to a group of individual objects, therefore it is acceptable to use both capital and lowercase letters (Chichikovs, Famusovs, Pechorins).

A spelling feature that distinguishes proper nouns is the use of capital letters and. Moreover, all proper names are always letters, and the names of institutions, organizations, works, objects are used as appendices and are enclosed in quotation marks (the motor ship “Fedor Shalyapin”, Turgenev’s novel “Fathers and Sons”). The application may include any part of speech, but the first word is always capitalized (Daniel Defoe’s novel “The Life and Amazing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe”).

The noun in Russian has various distinctive features. To show the peculiarities of the emergence and use of certain linguistic units, they are divided into common nouns and proper nouns.

Instructions

Common nouns are nouns that denote the name of certain objects and phenomena that have a common set of characteristics. These objects or phenomena belong to any class, but in themselves do not carry any special indications of this class. In linguistics, a common noun is also called an appellative.

Common nouns are signs of linguistic concepts and are contrasted with proper names - which are used as names and nicknames of living beings or names and names of objects and phenomena. When common nouns transform into proper nouns, they lose the name of the linguistic concept (for example, the name “Gum” from the word “gum” - “right”).

There are several types of common nouns, including concrete (table), abstract or abstract (love), material or material (sugar), and collective ().

Common nouns can denote not only classes of objects, but also any individual objects within a given class. This phenomenon occurs when the individual attributes of an object lose meaning, for example: “Don’t tease the dog, otherwise it will bite you.” In this case, the word "dog" means any dog, not any specific one. This also includes situations that describe only one object of a certain class, for example: “Meet me at noon on the corner,” that is, the interlocutors know what kind of coal we are talking about. Also, common nouns are used to describe the individual characteristics of an object using additional definitions, for example: “I am the day when I first saw her” - highlighting a specific day among others.

Common nouns are closely related to proper names. For example, common nouns can become proper in the form of names, nicknames and nicknames (for example, “Kalita” as the nickname of Prince Ivan Danilovich), and proper nouns can become common nouns to denote homogeneous objects. Such transitions are called eponyms and are usually used in a derogatory or humorous sense (for example, “Aesculapius” is the collective name for all doctors, “Pele” is for football fans, and “Schumacher” is for fans of fast driving). According to the rules of the Russian language, proper names are accepted with , and common nouns - in capital letters.