Describe the type of speech reasoning. Types of speech: narration, description, reasoning

One of the means of expressing the author’s attitude to the topic of the text is the use of a certain type of speech, which has its own compositional features. The main types of speech are description, narration And reasoning.
Description depicted any phenomenon of reality by listing it permanent or simultaneously present signs or actions(the content of the description can be conveyed in one frame of the camera).
In the description, words denoting qualities and properties of objects (nouns, adjectives, adverbs) are most often used. Verbs are often used in the form of the imperfect past tense, and for special clarity and descriptiveness of the description - in the form of the present tense. Synonyms are widely used - definitions (agreed and uncoordinated) and denominative sentences.
For example:
The sky was clear, clean, pale blue. Light white clouds, illuminated on one side by a pink shine, floated lazily in transparent silence. The East was red and flaming, shimmering in some places with mother-of-pearl and silver. From beyond the horizon, like giant outstretched fingers, golden stripes stretched up the sky from the rays of the sun that had not yet risen. (A.I. Kuprin)

Description helps to see the object, to imagine it in the mind.

Narration- this is a type of speech that is used to talk about any events in their time sequence; sequential actions or events are reported (the content of the narrative can be conveyed only in a few frames of the camera).

In narrative texts, a special role belongs to verbs, especially in the imperfective past tense form ( I came, I saw, I developed etc.).
For example:
And suddenly... something inexplicable, almost supernatural, happened. The mousey Great Dane suddenly fell onto his back, and some invisible force pulled him off the sidewalk. Following this, the same invisible force tightly engulfed the astonished Jack's throat... Jack planted his front legs and shook his head furiously. But an invisible “something” squeezed his neck so tightly that the brown pointer lost consciousness. (A.I. Kuprin)

Narration helps to visualize the actions, movements of people and phenomena in time and space.

Reasoning- this is the type of speech with which any position or thought is proven or explained; talks about cause and effect events and phenomena, assessments and feelings (about what cannot be photographed).

In argumentative texts, a special role belongs to introductory words, indicating the connection of thoughts and the sequence of presentation. (firstly, secondly, so, thus, therefore, on the one hand, on the other hand), as well as subordinating conjunctions with the meaning of cause, effect, concession ( in order to, in order that, since, although, despite the fact that etc.).
For example:
If a writer, while working, does not see behind the words what he is writing about, then the reader will not see anything behind them.
But if the writer clearly sees what he is writing about, then the simplest and sometimes even erased words acquire newness, act on the reader with striking force and evoke in him those thoughts, feelings and states that the writer wanted to convey to him. (K. G. Paustovsky)

Attention! The boundaries between description, narration and reasoning are quite arbitrary. At the same time, the text does not always represent any one type of speech. Much more often there are cases of their combination in various versions: description and narration; description and reasoning; description, narration and reasoning; description with elements of reasoning; narration with elements of reasoning, etc.

In the construction of text and speech in general, a lot depends on what task the speaker (writer) sets for himself, on the purpose of the speech. It is quite natural that the author will structure his text differently when he talks about an event, describes the nature or explains the causes of any phenomena.

Over the centuries, functional and semantic types of speech were gradually formed, that is, methods, patterns, verbal structures that are used depending on the purpose of speech and its meaning.

The most common functional and semantic types of speech are description, narration and reasoning. Each of these types is distinguished in accordance with the purpose and content of speech. This also determines some of the most typical grammatical means of text design.

Let us demonstrate the structure and method of design of different functional and semantic types of texts using the following examples.

As an example description text An excerpt is taken from the story by A.S. Pushkin’s “The Captain’s Daughter” with a description of the appearance of Emelyan Pugachev:

His appearance seemed remarkable to me: he was about forty, average height, thin and broad-shouldered. There was a streak of gray in his black beard; the lively big eyes kept darting around. His face had a rather pleasant, but roguish expression. The hair was cut into a circle; he was wearing a tattered overcoat and Tatar trousers.

Describing the appearance of a person still unknown to him, Pyotr Grinev first of all conveys his impression of this appearance, highlighting those details that seemed most remarkable to him. Thus, a general idea of ​​the stranger is given at the beginning of the description: His appearance seemed remarkable to me. This is followed by the characteristics of the hero: age, physique, face, hair and elements of clothing. The author strives not only to give an idea of ​​Pugachev’s appearance, but also to show how, based on these details, one can form an opinion about his lifestyle, character, and behavior. For example, a strong physique clearly indicates an active lifestyle. Hairstyle and clothing indicate the social status of the stranger: this is a poor Yaik Cossack. But the author pays main attention to the expression of the eyes. It is from this detail that the reader can understand that Pugachev has a lively mind. This is not a villain, on the contrary, his appearance is attractive, but at the same time, Grinev’s counselor is clearly hiding something (cf.: shifty eyes and roguish facial expression).

If we turn to the grammatical means of text design, we can state the following. When describing, simple sentences or chains of complex non-union sentences with direct word order predominate. In addition, compound nominal predicates attract attention: seemed wonderful; he was about forty, of average height, thin and broad-shouldered; were shorn. Verbs (mostly imperfect) indicate simultaneity of action. The use of past rather than present forms in a timeless sense is due to the fact that the narrator is talking about a meeting that occurred in the past ( was about forty; his eyes were darting; the face had an expression; hair was cut; he was wearing an army coat). Finally, in almost every sentence one can find members with various kinds of defining characteristics: remarkable; thin, broad-shouldered, black beard; big lively eyes etc.

In the same story A.S. Pushkin meet and microtexts-narratives, For example:

I actually saw a white cloud at the edge of the sky, which I initially mistook for a distant hill. The driver explained to me that the cloud foreshadowed a snowstorm.
I heard about the blizzards there, that entire carts were covered in them. Savelich, in agreement with the driver’s opinion, advised him to turn back. But the wind did not seem strong to me; I hoped to get to the next station in time and ordered to go quickly.
The coachman galloped off; but he kept looking to the east. The horses ran together. Meanwhile, the wind became stronger hour by hour. The cloud turned into a white cloud, which rose heavily, grew and gradually covered the sky. It began to snow lightly and suddenly fell in flakes. The wind howled; there was a snowstorm. In an instant, the dark sky mixed with the snowy sea. Everything has disappeared. “Well, master,” the coachman shouted, “trouble: a snowstorm!”...
I looked out of the wagon: everything was darkness and whirlwind. The wind howled with such ferocious expressiveness that it seemed animated; the snow covered me and Savelich; the horses walked at a pace - and soon stopped.

This microtext tells about the snowstorm that Grinev got into while traveling to his place of duty. The description of the snowstorm in this case is given precisely as a narrative, since the logical sequence of events is clearly observed, and the entire composition is chronologized: a white cloud appears in the sky; Grinev, despite the hesitation of the coachman and Savelich, decides to continue the journey; the coachman lets the horses gallop; the wind is getting stronger; a snowstorm begins; the blizzard turns into a blizzard; the exhausted horses stop. The change of events in time is expressed using perfective verbs: I saw a cloud; I ordered to go quickly; the coachman galloped off; the cloud turned into a white cloud; it is snowing etc. The same events that are included in the same time period are described using sentences with imperfective verbs (cf.: I heard; Savelich advised etc.). Sentences with perfective verbs are indicators of key facts, signaling the replacement of one event by another, and each new event is thought of in connection with the previous one (in this case, this connection is chronological).

Specifics text-reasoning can be demonstrated by the example of Grinev’s thoughts on the road after losing a hundred rubles to Zurin and a quarrel with Savelich:

My thoughts on the road were not very pleasant. My loss, at the prices at that time, was significant. I could not help but admit in my heart that my behavior in the Simbirsk tavern was stupid, and I felt guilty before Savelich. All this tormented me.

The argument begins with a thesis statement: My thoughts on the road were not very pleasant. And although further we do not find subordinate reasons, the very arrangement of subsequent conclusions is perceived as an explanation of the reasons for Grinev’s dissatisfaction with himself. The arguments are the amount of loss, “stupid” behavior and a feeling of guilt towards the old servant. In conclusion, a conclusion is made about the narrator’s internal state, which is perceived as a consequence of “sorrowful conclusions”: All this tormented me.

In general, the most striking examples of reasoning can be found in scientific texts (see the excerpt from the book by Yu. M. Lotman given in exercise 123).

Of course, the text may contain different functional and semantic types of speech. Thus, very often narration is combined with description (this can also be seen in the above passages). Complementing each other, they often merge so organically that it is sometimes difficult to differentiate between them. Wed. a combination of these types of speech in an excerpt from the story of I.S. Turgenev "Bezhin Meadow":

I went right through the bushes[narration]. Meanwhile, the night was approaching and growing like a thundercloud; it seemed that darkness was rising from everywhere along with the evening vapors and even pouring from above[description]. I came across some kind of unmarked, overgrown path; I walked along it, carefully looking ahead[narration]. Everything around turned black and died down, only the quails screamed occasionally[description]. A small night bird, silently and low rushing on its soft wings, almost stumbled upon me and timidly dived to the side. I went out to the edge of the bushes and wandered across the field between[narration]. It was already difficult for me to distinguish distant objects; the field was vaguely white around; behind it, looming in huge clouds every moment, rose the gloomy darkness. My steps echoed dully in the frozen air. The pale sky began to turn blue again - but it was already the blue of night. The stars flashed and moved on it[description].

Depending on the content of what we say, philologists divide our speech into three types of functional-semantic speech: reasoning, description, narration. Each of them has its own distinctive features.

In our external speech shell, in its unique structure, much depends precisely on the task that we set for ourselves when expressing our thoughts. It’s one thing to talk about something, quite another thing to describe an object or area, and a third thing to explain something. Of course, in each of the above cases, the system will constantly change. For many centuries now, scientists have been trying to develop the great and powerful language of Mother Rus'. Over all these centuries, the most expressive methods, schemes for certain literary tasks, as well as a variety of verbal structures have been developed.

Actually, because of this, the following functional and semantic types of speech stand out from the crowd: description, narration, reasoning. In the field of linguistics they are called functional-semantic types of Russian speech.

Linguists explain the identification of only three types by the fact that all studies were carried out purely for literary and artistic speech. If we take into account absolutely all diverse texts, the list of such functional-semantic types can increase significantly. This was done by V.V. Odintsov, who added a definition (in other words, an explanation) to the narration, reasoning, and description. It’s hard to call his actions wrong or anything like that, because, in essence, he is right. But now we will not talk about Odintsov, but about functional and semantic types of speech.

Description

Description in linguistics is a functional-semantic type of speech that describes any image, action, object or appearance of a character (face, eyes, etc.). Take, for example, the case when we are describing a portrait. Our attention focuses on the following signs: posture and gait, height, eye and hair color, age, clothing, smile, etc. When describing a room, we indicate its size, appearance, wall design, furniture features, number of doors and windows, and much more. If we describe a landscape, the main features will be trees, grass, rivers, sky, lakes and so on. The common and main thing for all types of description, which will be discussed in more detail a little later, is the simultaneity of all features. It is important to know that the role of description, as a functional-semantic type of speech, is to ensure that a person reading a particular work can imagine the object being described in the text.

As you know, description is used in all speech styles of the Russian language, but not everything is so simple. In a scientific style, the description of an object should be extremely complete and specific, but in an artistic text the emphasis is on the brightest details. It is because of this that the linguistic means of artistic and scientific styles are very different. In a literary text you can find not only nouns and adjectives, but also adverbs, verbs, common comparisons and words used in a figurative meaning.

Reasoning

Reasoning, as a functional-semantic type of speech, is a verbal explanation or presentation that confirms or refutes a certain thought (guess).

The composition of this type of functional-semantic speech, such as reasoning, is very simple. In the first part of the text there is a thesis - a certain thought, which needs to be proven or refuted by the end of the text. In the second part of such a text, the author must substantiate the idea expressed in the first part, provide arguments and evidence, supported by some examples. In the last (third) part of the text, the author draws a conclusion and completely completes his thought.

The thesis of this type of text must be clearly proven (so that no questions arise), clearly formulated, and the arguments and evidence are convincing in order to refute or prove the previously put forward thesis. The thesis and its arguments are connected both logically and grammatically. For the correct grammatical connection between the proof (arguments) and the main thesis, authors most often use introductory words: finally, therefore, firstly, secondly, thirdly, thus and others. In argumentative texts, sentences containing the following conjunctions are often used: despite the fact that, although, however, since and others.

Narration

Narration is a functional-semantic type of speech, a story or message about a particular event with all time sequences. The narration has its own peculiarity, which is that each subsequent event follows from the previous one. All narrative texts (stories) are united by a common scheme: the beginning of a certain event (in other words, the beginning of the story), the development of the plot, the ending (denouement). The uniqueness of the narration is that it can be told from both the first and third person.

Most often in narrative texts, the author uses a variety of perfective verbs in the past tense. However, in order to give the text expressiveness, others are used along with those verbs. The imperfective verb, also in the past tense, allows the author to highlight one specific action, while indicating its exact duration. Verbs in the present tense make it possible to present all the actions of the story in the form that everything is happening in reality (right before the reader’s eyes). Forms of verbs with the particle “how” give the text a special surprise of a certain moment. Narration, as a functional and semantic type of speech, is most often used in genres such as letters and memoirs.

Description examples

To fully understand what a description is and to find out how to recognize it in a text, we need examples, which we will now give. Example number 1 (description of the estate):

“The Kochanovskaya estate is located on the river, opposite a small village. The estate is not at all rich, rather, even poor - the building is covered with wood chips, a gate connects the house with several outbuildings. The kitchen is on the left; the barn, barn and cowshed are on the right. The largest window faces the river, but the river is not visible. Near the house there are beautiful trees and bushes..."

It is worth noting that the description may also include a sequence of so-called elliptical and nominative constructions. This creates a nominative style of presenting text that has become so popular recently, in which various scenes from films, dramatic works and entries that are similar to a diary are most clearly presented. An example is the following text:

“A huge room, corner of the building; our heroine lived here for more than ten years, and now spends most of her day in this place. A rather large table for work; in front of it there is a light armchair with an incredibly hard seat. A very large wardrobe, a bright map and some other portrait are on the left side of the room...”

Types of description

As mentioned above, a description is used to tell a detailed story about a phenomenon, a portrait, and, if necessary, to give a certain characteristic in order to show a holistic image of a particular hero. As you already know, functional-semantic types of speech (description, reasoning and narration) are an integral part of the Russian language, and now more about the types of description speech types.

In all texts of this type, the authors almost always present readers with static pictures that take shape in our heads in small pieces. The author always lists objects, some of their characteristics, and a detailed description, due to which we imagine this or that situation (picture, landscape, etc.) in our heads while reading. If you think a little, you can understand that in each subsequent sentence of the text some features of what was discussed in the previous one are clarified - this, by the way, is the main feature of a descriptive text. When writing them, you must strictly adhere to the following structure:

1. Introduction (first impression).
2. Description of all the details around.
3. Conclusion (evaluation of events, final conclusion).

For several years now, there have been several specific types of descriptive text:

• description of the surrounding nature;
• environment;
• a description characterizing the personality of a particular person;
• portrait description.

This type is used in a variety of areas of our lives, and its parameters depend on the point of view of the author or narrator, writing style, genre of text, and much more.

Example reasoning

Reasoning, as a functional-semantic type of speech in the Russian language, plays an important role in such a popular communicative-cognitive process. The type of speech we are talking about now is a pure derivation of the latest knowledge, and also simply demonstrates both the author’s train of thought and the way to solve the problem that has arisen. If you pay attention to the structure of such texts, you can understand that the story is a kind of chain of sequentially interconnected sentences. Example:

“Under the influence of various electromagnetic waves, an atom can go into a reduced energy state or vice versa, and the probability of one or the other outcome is equal. In the second case, the magnetic waves themselves will begin to weaken, and in the first situation, they will strengthen. In the case when the so-called paramagnetic is located in warm equilibrium, atomic particles slowly begin to be distributed over certain sublevels. This happens in accordance with the world-famous Boltzmann law. From all of the above it follows that the number of atomic units that are there in less energy is simply significantly greater than the number of those atoms that have more energy."

Narrative Example

Narrative texts reveal certain events that are connected to each other. Sentences in narrative texts tell about a particular action, phenomenon, event, etc., but do not in any way describe what is happening. For example:

“In the Moscow region, a special interdepartmental operation called “Help the Child” was launched not long ago. Based on the plans, it can be understood that the creators (organizers) want to help children who cannot obtain a certificate or passport of a citizen of the Russian Federation. In addition, specialists from regions throughout the state agreed with great pleasure to help the children’s parents obtain the necessary documents...”

In short, a narrative is considered a specific story about something—a kind of news story presented in a magazine or book.

It is important to note that the narrative is considered the main (main) part of the entire text. Many philosophers argue that narration plays the most important role in literature; narration is the soul of all Russian literature. A writer is considered only that person who is able to present material to the reader in an exciting and interesting way, and with the help of a narrative mood this can be done much better.

Narrative texts always accurately indicate the date of what is happening, and sometimes also the time, which makes reading such texts much more interesting, because it seems that everything happened exactly as it is told in the book.

Trinity

Taking absolutely any work, and then flipping through several dozen pages, you will encounter only three currently known types of Russian speech. This is especially true for novels. No one will be able to write such a work without such functional and semantic types of speech as narration, reasoning and, of course, description. One way or another, in one of its forms, each type is found in any text. However, some authors try to write a work using only one functional-semantic type of speech, which, of course, sometimes they still succeed, but it is simply impossible to read the text in this spirit. Even if you think about it, who would want to read 200 pages of a story that makes no sense and is about some building. The author describes one building in 200 pages - it's terribly boring. Only a few will want to read this, because most readers love dynamic stories with elements of character description, with certain suspicions and guesses that are revealed only at the end of the work.

The works, based only on the description, can easily be called “booklets” that are handed out on every corner of your town. It is simply impossible to construct an interesting and intriguing text based on a description of something, and even if something works, it is unlikely that anyone will like it. Therefore, functional-semantic types of speech are distinguished in the Russian literary language. We discussed which ones exactly in the article.

Functional and semantic types of speech - description, narration, reasoning - are used by authors when writing works. Some creators consider the description the most “inconvenient”, because it is impossible to create a masterpiece using only it. But, for example, it is possible to write an interesting text about something in the style of a narrative or argument, and it is quite likely that many will like it. Functional-semantic types of speech are distinguished according to certain criteria, which were discussed in the article.

If you still want to read a work in a certain style, no one can forbid you from doing so, but it is better not to waste time on this, but to find a text in which the author used all three types of speech; you will really like such a work.

Conclusion

It is worth noting that the problem of the Russian language, which was raised in the article, is of great importance in the lives of people who speak their native language. Many people do not even know what functional-semantic types of speech are, but this is the basis of the Russian language.

Now let’s talk a little more about the development of a person’s personality. Any process, including the development of a person’s personality, the development of the ability to communicate with other people, is simply impossible when a person does not know the styles and functional and semantic types of speech. If people do not know how to analyze what they read, cannot determine the type of a particular text, then what kind of development of humanity can we talk about? Everyone should be able to write texts using all three types of speech: description, narration and reasoning.

Well, now we can repeat that the functional-semantic types of monologue speech, expressed by some linguistic means, are divided into three types: description, narration and reasoning. You can find detailed information about each type in this article.

The functional-semantic types of speech and their examples, as well as the types into which they are divided, were listed above.

Narration and description are different functional and semantic types of speech. In their construction, techniques are used that are necessary for specific speech purposes: in the narrative, this is a reflection of a certain sequence of events in which a cause-and-effect relationship can be traced; in the description - a defining and evaluative characteristic of objects of interest to the participants in the speech situation.

Definition

Narration– a type of speech construction that contains a chronological sequence of any events with details of the most important facts related to each other by one topic.

Description- a type of speech that performs a defining function and recreates in verbal images pictures of nature and everyday life, portrait features of a person, species characteristics of animals, and qualitative characteristics of objects.

Comparison

Both types of speech can form the structural core of a literary text. Narration is the basis of prose works of epic genres: short story, story, novel. Description can also be included in their composition, but only as a separate element: as a lyrical digression, a landscape sketch, a portrait description of a literary hero, determining the location of the action or an emphasis on objective and material details.

Description is the main way of organizing speech in poetry: landscape lyrics, elegy, lyric poem.

Narration and description use different verbal structures and stylistic methods of text design. Narration is characterized by a logical sequence of presentation, compositional clarity, and dynamism, therefore, in narrative texts, the construction of sentences and the choice of expressive means are subordinated to the main goal: to convincingly display the course of events, highlight the main ones and show how they are related to each other.

The description has a different goal: not just to name the characteristics of the object of the image, but also to evoke a certain emotional state of the reader or listener. In the description, it is appropriate to use defining characteristics, techniques of comparison or contrast, epithets, metaphors, personification.

As an example, we can consider fragments of narrative texts and descriptions:

Conclusions website

1. Narration is a story about an event. Description – determination of the characteristics of what is depicted.
2. Narration is the main compositional element of works belonging to the epic genres. The description may be a fragment of them, but is more often found in lyrical works and poetry.
3. Narration as a type of speech is distinguished by logic and dynamism. An important property of a description is its impact on the reader’s imagination and emotional sphere of perception.
4. The structure of sentences in a narrative text is close to the conversational form. The description widely uses poetic comparisons, epithets and metaphors and other linguistic means of artistic expression.

Narration is a type of speech that reports on developing events, actions, and states.

Purpose of the story- a story in time sequence about events, actions, states. Action is the main characteristic of storytelling.

A variant of the narrative composition can be discrete, i.e. composition with the omission of any parts of the narrative. A discrete break is sometimes accompanied by words with a temporary meaning

(Two years passed... Ten years later he entered the house... etc.)

An option for starting a story can be an unexpected beginning (for example, in the detective genre).

Message- a version of the narrative, its purpose is to convey only essential facts.

For example,

At the end of February, Count Balthasar Klossowski de Rola, better known as Balfus, died at the age of 92.

The narration is most often told from the 1st person, but can also be told from the 3rd person, if there is no image of the narrator.

Our presentation of the topic:

Materials are published with the personal permission of the author, Ph.D. O.A. Mazneva (see “Our Library”)