Fundamental emotions (according to K. Izard)

It’s difficult for me to understand my feelings - a phrase that each of us has encountered: in books, in movies, in life (someone else’s or our own). But it is very important to be able to understand your feelings.

The Wheel of Emotions by Robert Plutchik

Some people believe - and perhaps they are right - that the meaning of life is in feelings. And in fact, at the end of life, only our feelings, real or in memories, remain with us. And our experiences can also be a measure of what is happening: the richer, more varied, and brighter they are, the more fully we experience life.

What are feelings? The simplest definition: feelings are what we feel. This is our attitude towards certain things (objects). There is also a more scientific definition: feelings (higher emotions) are special mental states, manifested by socially conditioned experiences that express long-term and stable emotional relationships of a person to things.

How are feelings different from emotions?

Sensations are our experiences that we experience through our senses, and we have five of them. Sensations are visual, auditory, tactile, taste and smell (our sense of smell). With sensations everything is simple: stimulus - receptor - sensation.

Our consciousness interferes with emotions and feelings - our thoughts, attitudes, our thinking. Emotions are influenced by our thoughts. And vice versa - emotions influence our thoughts. We’ll definitely talk about these relationships in more detail a little later. But now let’s remember once again one of the criteria for psychological health, namely point 10: we are responsible for our feelings, it depends on us what they will be. It is important.

Fundamental Emotions

All human emotions can be distinguished by the quality of experience. This aspect of human emotional life is most clearly presented in the theory of differential emotions by the American psychologist K. Izard. He identified ten qualitatively different “fundamental” emotions: interest-excitement, joy, surprise, grief-suffering, anger-rage, disgust-disgust, contempt-disdain, fear-horror, shame-shyness, guilt-remorse. K. Izard classifies the first three emotions as positive, the remaining seven as negative. Each of the fundamental emotions underlies a whole spectrum of conditions that vary in degree of expression. For example, within the framework of such a unimodal emotion as joy, one can distinguish joy-satisfaction, joy-delight, joy-jubilation, joy-ecstasy and others. From the combination of fundamental emotions, all other, more complex, complex emotional states arise. For example, anxiety can combine fear, anger, guilt and interest.

1. Interest is a positive emotional state that promotes the development of skills and abilities and the acquisition of knowledge. Interest-excitement is a feeling of capture, curiosity.

2. Joy is a positive emotion associated with the opportunity to sufficiently fully satisfy an actual need, the probability of which was previously small or uncertain. Joy is accompanied by self-satisfaction and satisfaction with the world around us. Obstacles to self-realization are also obstacles to the emergence of joy.

3. Surprise - an emotional reaction to sudden circumstances that does not have a clearly defined positive or negative sign. Surprise inhibits all previous emotions, directing attention to a new object and can turn into interest.

4. Suffering (grief) is the most common negative emotional state associated with receiving reliable (or seeming) information about the impossibility of satisfying the most important needs, the achievement of which previously seemed more or less likely. Suffering has the character of an asthenic emotion and more often occurs in the form of emotional stress. The most severe form of suffering is grief associated with irretrievable loss.

5. Anger is a strong negative emotional state, often occurring in the form of affect; arises in response to an obstacle in achieving passionately desired goals. Anger has the character of a sthenic emotion.

6. Disgust is a negative emotional state caused by objects (objects, people, circumstances), contact with which (physical or communicative) comes into sharp conflict with the aesthetic, moral or ideological principles and attitudes of the subject. Disgust, when combined with anger, can motivate aggressive behavior in interpersonal relationships. Disgust, like anger, can be directed toward oneself, lowering self-esteem and causing self-judgment.

7. Contempt is a negative emotional state that arises in interpersonal relationships and is generated by a mismatch in the life positions, views and behavior of the subject with those of the object of feeling. The latter are presented to the subject as base, not corresponding to accepted moral standards and ethical criteria. A person is hostile to someone he despises.

8. Fear is a negative emotional state that appears when the subject receives information about possible damage to his life well-being, about a real or imaginary danger. In contrast to suffering caused by direct blocking of the most important needs, a person, experiencing the emotion of fear, has only a probabilistic forecast of possible trouble and acts on the basis of this forecast (often insufficiently reliable or exaggerated). The emotion of fear can be both sthenic and asthenic in nature and occur either in the form of stressful conditions, or in the form of a stable mood of depression and anxiety, or in the form of affect (horror).

9. Shame is a negative emotional state, expressed in the awareness of the inconsistency of one’s own thoughts, actions and appearance not only with the expectations of others, but also with one’s own ideas about appropriate behavior and appearance.

10. Guilt is a negative emotional state, expressed in the awareness of the unseemlyness of one’s own actions, thoughts or feelings and expressed in regret and repentance.

Table of human feelings and emotions

And I also want to show you a collection of feelings, emotions, states that a person experiences during his life - a generalized table that does not pretend to be scientific, but will help you better understand yourself. The table was taken from the website “Communities of Addicted and Codependent”, author - Mikhail.

All human feelings and emotions can be divided into four types. These are fear, anger, sadness and joy. You can find out what type a particular feeling belongs to from the table.

And for those who read the article to the end. The purpose of this article is to help you understand your feelings and what they are like. Our feelings largely depend on our thoughts. Irrational thinking is often at the root of negative emotions. By correcting these mistakes (working on our thinking), we can be happier and achieve more in life. There is interesting, but persistent and painstaking work to be done on oneself. You are ready?

This might interest you:

P.S. And remember, just by changing your consumption, we are changing the world together! © econet

Basic emotions form the basis of all emotional experiences. They are common to animals and humans and are the most ancient in evolutionary terms.

Emotions arose during the evolution of biological species and their mental activity, as a mental reaction to objects of reality that satisfy or do not satisfy any needs of the body.

In psychology, the most recognized is the classification of basic emotions proposed by the American psychologist K. Izard.

It includes 10 basic emotions:

Joy- a positive emotional state associated with the ability to sufficiently fully satisfy an urgent need, the likelihood of which until this moment was not great.

Astonishment- an emotional reaction that does not have a clearly defined positive or negative sign, and occurs to a suddenly appearing object or circumstance.

Interest– a positive emotional state that promotes the development of skills and abilities, the acquisition of knowledge and motivating learning.

Suffering– a negative emotional state associated with the received reliable or seemingly so information about the impossibility of satisfying the most important life needs, which until that moment seemed more or less probable.

Anger- an emotional state, negative in sign, usually occurring in the form of affect and caused by the sudden emergence of a serious obstacle to the satisfaction of a need that is extremely important for the subject. Unlike suffering, anger is sthenic in nature (that is, it causes an increase, albeit short-term, in vitality).

Disgust- a negative emotional state caused by objects (objects, people, circumstances, etc.), contact with which (physical interaction, communication in communication, etc.) comes into sharp conflict with the ideological, moral or aesthetic principles and attitudes of the subject. Disgust, when combined with anger, can motivate aggressive behavior in interpersonal relationships, where attack is motivated by anger and disgust by the desire to “get rid of someone or something.”

Contempt- a negative emotional state that arises in interpersonal relationships and is generated by a mismatch in the life positions, views and behavior of the subject with the life positions, views and behavior of the object of feeling. The latter are presented to the subject as base, not corresponding to accepted moral standards and aesthetic criteria. One of the consequences of contempt is depersonalization of the individual or group to which it belongs.

Fear- a negative emotional state that appears when the subject receives information about possible damage to his well-being in life, about a real or imagined danger that threatens him. In contrast to the emotion of suffering, caused by direct blocking of the most important needs, a person, experiencing the emotion of fear, has only a probabilistic forecast of possible trouble and acts on the basis of this (often insufficiently reliable or exaggerated) forecast. You can recall the popular saying: “Fear has big eyes.” The emotion of fear can be both sthenic and asthenic in nature and occur either in the form of stressful conditions or in the form of affect (horror as an extreme version of fear).

Shame - a negative state, expressed in the awareness of the inconsistency of one’s own thoughts, actions and appearance not only with the expectations of others, but also with one’s own ideas about appropriate behavior and appearance.

Important questions:

How many emotions are there?

There are many points of view on these issues. For example, William James believed that there are as many emotions as there are words to describe them, and that each emotion has its own physiological manifestations. Nowadays, most scientists do not share James's position, and some even claim the existence of only a small number of basic (basic) emotions. In addition, the idea has been expressed that although there is a small number of primary, or basic, emotions, there is still a huge amount complex emotions, derivatives from the base ones.

The division of emotions into primary (basic) and secondary - this approach is typical for supporters discrete model of the human emotional sphere. However, different authors name different numbers of basic emotions - from two to ten.

K. Izard names 10 basic emotions: anger, contempt, disgust, distress (grief-suffering), fear, guilt, interest, joy, shame, surprise.

From his point of view, basic emotions must have the following mandatory characteristics:

have distinct and specific neural substrates;

manifest themselves through an expressive and specific configuration of facial muscle movements (facial expressions);

entail a distinct and specific experience that is conscious to the person;

arose as a result of evolutionary biological processes;

have an organizing and motivating influence on a person, serve his adaptation.

However, Izard himself admits that some emotions, which he classifies as basic, do not have all these characteristics. Yes, emotion guilt does not have a distinct facial and pantomimic expression. On the other hand, some researchers attribute other characteristics to basic emotions.

Description of the ten fundamental emotions,

forming the main motivational system of human behavior(according to K. Izard)

An emotion is something that is experienced as a feeling that motivates, organizes, and directs perception, thinking, and action.

In the works of Darwin and in the works of modern scientists, emotions are considered fundamental and are equally manifested in representatives of different cultures.

Fundamental emotions are provided by innate neural programs. (The innate mechanism of anger involves grinning as a demonstration of readiness to rush at the enemy and bite him; many people in anger, on the contrary, clench their teeth and purse their lips, as if trying to soften or disguise the manifestations of anger.)

Facial expressions are designed to hide or replace innate types of expressions of emotions and are extremely different among representatives of different social strata.

K. Izard identified the following basic, “fundamental emotions.”
1. Interest (as an emotion) is a positive emotional state that promotes the development of skills and abilities, the acquisition of knowledge, and motivating learning.
2. Joy is a positive emotional state associated with the ability to sufficiently fully satisfy an actual need, the probability of which until this moment was small or, in any case, uncertain.
3. Surprise – an emotional reaction to sudden circumstances that does not have a clearly defined positive or negative sign. Surprise inhibits all previous emotions, directing attention to the object that caused it, and can turn into interest.
4. Suffering is a negative emotional state associated with received reliable or apparent information about the impossibility of satisfying the most important life goals, which until this moment seemed more or less probable, most often occurs in the form of emotional stress.
5. Anger is an emotional state, negative in sign, usually occurring in the form of affect and caused by the sudden emergence of a serious obstacle to the satisfaction of a need that is extremely important for the subject.
6. Disgust is a negative emotional state caused by objects (objects, people, circumstances, etc.), contact with which (physiological interaction, communication in communication, etc.) comes into sharp conflict with the ideological, moral or aesthetic principles and attitudes of the subject. Disgust, when combined with anger, can motivate aggressive behavior in interpersonal relationships, where attack is motivated by anger and disgust by the desire to get rid of someone or something.
7. Contempt is a negative emotional state that arises in interpersonal relationships and is generated by a mismatch in the life positions, views and behavior of the subject with the life positions, views and behavior of the object of feeling. The latter are presented to the subject as base, not corresponding to accepted moral standards and aesthetic criteria.
8. Fear is a negative emotional state that manifests itself when the subject receives information about a possible threat to his life well-being, about a real or imaginary danger. In contrast to the emotion of suffering, caused by direct blocking of the most important needs, a person, experiencing the emotion of fear, has only a probabilistic forecast of possible trouble and acts on the basis of this (often an insufficiently reliable or exaggerated forecast).
9. Shame is a negative state, expressed in the awareness of the inconsistency of one’s own thoughts, actions and appearance not only with the expectations of others, but also with one’s own ideas about appropriate behavior and appearance.
10. Embarrassment.

From the combination of fundamental emotions, complex emotional states arise, such as anxiety, which can combine fear, anger, guilt and interest. Each of these emotions underlies a whole spectrum of states that differ in degree of expression (for example, joy - satisfaction, delight, jubilation, ecstasy, etc.).

- one of the fundamental characteristics of a person. Deprived of emotional experiences, a person could not be called a human being.

Fundamental emotions are provided by innate neural programs. However, as a person grows up, he learns to control his innate emotionality and transform it to one degree or another. In a person experiencing an emotion, it is possible to record a change in the electrical activity of the muscles of the face, brain, and a change in the functioning of the circulatory and respiratory systems. Emotions can cloud the perception of the world around us or color it with bright colors, turn the train of thought towards creativity or melancholy, make movements light and smooth or, conversely, clumsy. Each emotion affects a person in its own way.

Interest is a positive emotion; it is experienced by a person more often than other emotions. Plays an important role in the formation and development of skills, abilities and intelligence.

Interest is the only motivation that ensures a person’s performance and is necessary for creativity. Already from the first days of a person’s life, his interest can be manifested by one single facial movement - raised or slightly knitted eyebrows, moving his gaze towards an object, slightly opening his mouth or pursing his lips. It is short-lived, lasting from ½ to 4-5 seconds, while the experience of emotion itself usually lasts longer.

An interested person looks inspired, his attention, gaze and hearing are directed to the object of interest. He experiences a feeling of being captured, enchanted, absorbed. The phenomenology of interest is also characterized by a relatively high degree of feelings of pleasure and self-confidence and a moderate degree of impulsivity and tension. The pattern of emotions experienced in a situation of interest often includes the emotion of joy. It is the emotion of interest that forces an individual to engage in a certain skill or develop a certain skill for a long time. Interest forces the individual to differentiate and describe those aspects of the world that he would like to know and explore.

The emotion of interest has three functions. The biological one is that interest serves as a source of energy for behavior. Motivational functions can be classified into one of two types. The first type is associated with internal processes that direct the individual in a certain direction or towards a certain goal. The second type is associated with social motivation, that is, with the process through which an individual’s emotional expression motivates the behavior of those around him and those interacting with him. Social function: Man is primarily a social being and requires a certain degree of social organization and order for his well-being and civilization.

The emotion of interest plays an important role in motivating success. Interest is necessary for the development of skills; it is this interest that motivates human activity aimed at improving innate abilities.

Joy is one of the simplest emotions in terms of facial expression and the ability to decipher this expression. The simplest smile occurs as a result of the contraction of just one pair of muscles - the zygomatic. These muscles, contracting, retract and slightly raise the corners of the mouth.

Joy makes a person feel his unity with the world with particular acuteness. This is a heightened sense of belonging, of belonging to the world. In a state of joyful ecstasy, a person feels extraordinary lightness, energy, he wants to fly, and sometimes he actually feels himself soaring, and then everything takes on a different perspective for him, a different meaning, a different meaning.

Social function of joy. If communicating with a person brings you joy, then you will probably trust this person and rely on him. Forming a feeling of affection and mutual trust between people is an extremely important function of the emotion of joy.

Biological function of joy. When we experience joy, all systems of our body function easily and freely, the mind and body are in a relaxed state, and this relative physiological peace allows us to restore expended energy.

Joy arises spontaneously when a person achieves some goal, achieves some important result for himself.

Sadness. The psychological basis of sadness can be a variety of problematic situations that we encounter in everyday life, unsatisfied primary needs, other emotions, as well as images, ideas and memories. The innate facial expression of sadness is characterized by raised and drawn-down inner ends of the eyebrows, transverse wrinkles on the forehead and drooping corners of the mouth. The central and universal problem of grief is the feeling of loss that results from the death of or separation from a loved one. The experience of sadness is usually described as despondency, sadness, feelings of loneliness and isolation.

The emotion of sadness performs a number of psychological functions. Experiencing grief brings people together, strengthens friendships and family ties; sadness inhibits a person’s mental and physical activity and thereby gives him the opportunity to think about a difficult situation; it informs the person and the people around him about troubles, encourages the person to restore and strengthen connections with people.

There are three ways to regulate sadness: activating another emotion to eliminate or reduce the intensity of the sadness experienced, cognitive regulation (switching attention and thinking) and motor regulation (by tensing voluntarily controlled muscles and physical activity).

Anger. The feeling of psychological and physical lack of freedom, as a rule, causes the emotion of anger in a person. Any obstacle to achieving your goal can cause anger. A forced temporary suspension of activity is perceived by a person as an obstacle, limitation, failure.

Anger can be caused by an insult, wrong or unfair actions and actions of others. The facial expression of anger includes very characteristic contractions of the frontal muscles and movements of the eyebrows. The eyebrows are lowered and drawn together, the skin of the forehead is tightened, forming a slight thickening on the bridge of the nose or directly above it. An adult has deep vertical wrinkles between the eyebrows. In anger, a person feels that his blood is “boiling,” his face is burning, his muscles are tense. The feeling of his own strength prompts him to rush forward and attack the offender. The stronger the anger, the greater the need for physical action, the stronger and more energetic the person feels.

Anger mobilizes the energy necessary for self-defense and gives the individual a sense of strength and courage. Self-confidence and a sense of personal strength encourage an individual to defend his rights, that is, to defend himself as an individual. Thus, the emotion of anger serves a useful function. In addition, moderate, controlled anger can be used therapeutically to suppress fear.

Disgust and contempt. The emotion of disgust is a differentiated aspect of the primitive avoidance mechanism. It has its roots in those ancient parts of the brain that provide taste sensations and eating behavior.

The facial expression of disgust is unmistakably recognizable even on the face of a baby. In addition to furrowed eyebrows, we observe a raised upper lip and a lowered lower lip, resulting in an angular mouth shape. The tongue sticks out slightly, as if pushing out an unpleasant substance that has entered the mouth.

With age, a person begins to control his facial reactions, including the reaction of disgust. A person not only learns to hide his disgust or hide it behind the expression of other emotions, but also acquires the skill of “feigning” disgust when he actually does not experience it. With one facial movement we can let someone know that something in their behavior disgusts us.

The biological function of disgust is that it motivates the rejection of unpleasant-tasting or potentially dangerous substances. It also plays a motivating role in establishing relationships between an extremely wide range of stimuli, on the one hand, and the reaction of avoidance - rejection - on the other.

Disgust causes us to avoid potentially unpleasant objects or “bad situations” without their direct impact on our senses. Through facial expressions of disgust or individual facial movements, a person signals to another person that he must change his appearance, manners or behavior, otherwise he risks being rejected. The emotion of disgust probably plays a role in maintaining body hygiene. People are disgusted by dirty clothes and the smell of dirty bodies, both their own and those of others. Disgust also plays a role in setting standards for sexual behavior. A person may experience self-loathing, which leads to low self-esteem and self-acceptance.

The emotion of contempt is associated with a feeling of superiority. From an evolutionary perspective, contempt acted as a kind of means of preparing an individual or group for a meeting with a dangerous enemy. All prejudices and so-called “cold-blooded” murders are caused by contempt.

Situations that activate anger often simultaneously activate the emotions of disgust and contempt. The combination of these three emotions can be considered the triad of hostility.

Fear is an emotion that many people think about with horror. A person can experience fear in a variety of situations, but all of them are felt and perceived by the person as situations in which his peace or safety is threatened. The intense experience of fear is remembered for a long time.

There are a number of stimuli and situations to which we are biologically predisposed to respond with fear. This is pain, and a sudden change in stimulation. But as experience is gained, a person begins to fear a variety of situations, phenomena and objects. When a person experiences fear, his attention sharply narrows, focusing on an object or situation that signals us about danger.

Intense fear creates the effect of “tunnel perception”, that is, it significantly limits perception, thinking and freedom of choice. In addition, fear limits a person’s freedom of behavior. In fear, a person ceases to belong to himself; he is driven by one single desire - to eliminate the threat, to avoid danger. Fear sometimes causes numbness, complete inability to move.

The second immediate effect of fear - its ability to motivate flight - is quite understandable and explainable. This means that the reaction of numbness and flight perform a protective function. There is no stronger motivation for seeking a safe living environment than fear. A moderately expressed emotion of fear helps us avoid situations that threaten our physical and mental self. According to the observation of ethologist Eibl-Eibesfeld, fear forces an individual to seek help.

Fear Management Techniques
1. Desensitization. Developed by Walp in 1969. It is aimed at reducing individual sensitivity to objects and situations that cause fear in the individual, using relaxation with repeated presentation of frightening stimuli.
2. Implosive therapy, or “explosion” therapy. The patient is asked to imagine the most traumatic event in his life using special diagnostic interviews.
3. Modeling. The technique involves observing the experience of someone else and imitating it.
4. Technique for mutual regulation of emotions. In order to learn to control your fear, you need to train yourself to experience and express emotions that resist fear.

Embarrassment. When embarrassed, a person, as a rule, turns away from the interlocutor, hides his eyes, in a word, tries to avoid direct social stimulation. The experience of embarrassment is accompanied by a strong sense of inadequacy and, possibly, feelings of inadequacy. The emotion of embarrassment is often accompanied by the experience of a variety of both positive and negative emotions. The emotion of embarrassment may have adaptive functions. It can protect the child from becoming too familiar with unfamiliar objects and unsafe surroundings. It also has a regulating effect on the autonomic nervous system, preventing its overexcitation.

Extreme manifestations of embarrassment have maladaptive meaning. Shyness significantly limits the circle of friendly communication and thereby deprives a person of social support. Additionally, embarrassment limits curiosity and inhibits exploratory behavior, especially in social situations. If the positive components of embarrassment can perform adaptive functions, then the negative components show a close relationship with depression and anxiety.

Shame. When experiencing shame, a person lowers or turns away his head, hides his gaze, closes his eyes and blushes with shame, which often aggravates the experience of shame, since it attracts the attention of both the person himself and the people around him. Reports of physiological reactions accompanying the experience of shame indicate arousal of the sympathetic nervous system. Shame makes a person feel insignificant, helpless and incompetent, a complete loser. Sometimes even sincere praise can make a person feel ashamed.

The emotion of shame has a dual function. The capacity for shame means that an individual is inclined to take into account the opinions and feelings of people around him. Thus, shame promotes greater understanding between a person and the people around him and greater responsibility towards society. In addition, shame encourages an individual to acquire skills, including social interaction skills. Shame exposes the “I” and makes the “ego boundaries” transparent. But at the same time, it develops the skills of self-control and learning independence. Confronting and overcoming shame helps a person gain a sense of personal identity and psychological freedom.

To resist shame, people use defense mechanisms of disgust, suppression and self-affirmation. A person who is unable to resist the experience of shame is almost certainly doomed to sadness and even depression.

Guilt weighs heavily on the heart. It stimulates thought processes, usually associated with awareness of wrongdoing and the enumeration of possibilities for correcting the situation. When feeling guilty, a person bows his head low or hides his eyes. The experience of guilt is accompanied by a gnawing feeling of one’s own wrongness in relation to another person or to oneself. The experience of guilt is characterized by a high degree of tension, moderate impulsivity and decreased self-confidence.

The specific function of guilt is that it stimulates a person to correct the situation, to restore the normal course of things. Without guilt and shame, people would not adhere to moral and ethical standards. The emotion of guilt plays a role in the development of personal and social responsibility; guilt or the expectation of guilt is directly related to the need and desire to comply with the rules of fair play. The emotion of guilt helps us feel the suffering, pain and torment of the person we have offended; it forces us to look for suitable words and actions that can save the person from the pain we have caused. Guilt makes one feel responsible and thus contributes to personal growth, maturity and psychological consistency.

Emotions are essential for human survival and well-being. Without emotions, that is, without the ability to experience joy and sadness, anger and guilt, we would not be fully human. Emotions have become one of the signs of humanity. The evolutionary significance of emotions is that they provided a new type, new behavioral tendencies, greater variability of behavior necessary for the successful interaction of the individual with the environment and for successful adaptation.

Basic emotions- these are emotions that are equally manifested among representatives of different cultures living on different continents. The selection criterion is external similarity.

Basic emotions are innate emotions on the basis of which more complex socially determined emotional phenomena develop.

Most lists of basic emotions include from 3 to 10 emotions, for example:

Joy
Sadness
Anger
Astonishment
Fear
Disgust
Contempt
Interest

Basic emotions arise when various subcortical areas of the brain are stimulated. Mimically, the basic emotion manifests itself within a limited period of time. In adults, this interval averages from ½ to 4 seconds.

Joy- one of the main positive emotions of a person, an internal feeling of satisfaction, pleasure and happiness. It is a positive internal motivation for a person. Joy is considered the opposite of sadness.

Possible manifestations are laughter, redness of the face, jumping, squeezing raised hands, “thumbs up” gesture, loudness of voice. Joy can be combined with gratitude, satisfaction, relief, complacency, amusement, happiness, surprise, piety.

Sadness - one of the main negative emotions that occurs when there is a lack of satisfaction, loss of something, poverty, lack, and directed towards the past or present. Sadness is a normal state of a person, causing him such experiences that do not leave a deep trace. Under unfavorable circumstances, sadness can escalate into grief and thereby create the ground for the possible occurrence of neurotic diseases.

Anger - a negative emotion directed against experienced injustice and accompanied by a desire to eliminate it. Anger can be combined with love, contempt, hatred, intolerance, suffering. May be replaced by other feelings.

Astonishment- a cognitive emotion that occurs when an unexpected situation occurs. It can be unpleasant, pleasant, or both at the same time. Surprise has no opposite emotion. This is the shortest emotion.

Fear- a feeling of internal tension associated with the expectation of specific threatening events and actions(fear is projected externally - fear of sharp objects, animals, etc.). Functionally, fear serves to warn the subject about impending danger, allows you to focus attention on its source, and encourages you to look for ways to avoid it. Depending on the nature of the threat, the intensity and specificity of the experience of fear varies in a wide range of shades (apprehension, fear, fear, horror).

Disgust- antipathy, hatred, internal negative reaction to someone or something. It can be short-term and long-term, stable and unstable.

Contempt- a feeling of complete disregard, extreme disrespect, indifference, disdainful attitude towards someone or something. Contempt can manifest itself in the heat of its expression or, conversely, be combined with coldness. It can also be combined with an individual’s pride, arrogance, self-esteem, rigorism, and self-confidence.

Interest- a person’s attention to something or someone attractive. It is interest, together with cognitive structures and orientations, that is believed to guide cognition and action.

Thus, the importance of emotions in human life is great. They help to navigate what is happening, assessing it from the standpoint of desirability or undesirability; under their influence, a person can do the impossible, since there is an instant mobilization of all the forces of the body.