Federal Law on Environmental Protection. Federal Law "On Environmental Protection"

Protection of the natural environment, as nature conservation was recently said, is necessary for every state. The natural environment is those ecosystems in which the citizens of a particular country live, and they
first queue interested in clean air and water, and non-toxic food products. The environment has to be protected from pollution by agricultural and industrial enterprises, and from domestic wastewater in every large populated area. So laws on environmental protection are always laws on limiting human activity in a given area. The environment must also be protected from external encroachment, so that foreigners do not seize natural resources that historically (by right of residence) belonged to a particular people. All this is true, and, however, in all these arguments there are many contradictions.

We already know that man is not opposed to his environment, he is part of it. It does not need special protection, because the main components of the substance cycle are not “maintained” by humans
and not at all by higher organisms, but by an immense variety of the most primitive organisms, the limits of tolerance and adaptability of which are unusually great. So environmental protection always comes down to the regulation of human environment-transforming activities, and there is no need to talk about citizens here, they are not able to destroy their own habitat. It is destroyed by public structures, which most often do not heed the calls of citizens. Therefore, it cannot be said that the environment has been transferred into the possession of some people and is their property. You can squander your property! The natural environment destroyed in some local place on the planet is a threat to the entire population of the Earth.

So, a person cannot use the environment as his property, being himself a part of the natural environment. A citizen is not able to sufficiently damage his environment, but society is able to do this without his knowledge and consent. Arbitrary and complete use of natural environmental resources is practically impossible. However, every state needs a Law on Environmental Protection. Our state adopted the Law of the RSFSR in 1963"On nature conservation" . With government reforms, it became obsolete by 1985. In its place, the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation adopted on December 19, 1991 the Law of the Russian Federation “On environmental protection" . Before this we did not have a common law
in the field of environmental protection.

The 1991 Law was characterized by the following main features:

1. This is a comprehensive, leading legislative act of direct action. It performs three tasks: a) preservation of the natural environment; b) preventing the harmful effects of economic activity on it; c) improvement and improvement of the quality of the environment. The direct effect of the law is expressed in the fact that its norms operate without additional acts - resolutions, instructions, regulations, etc.

2. The law defines the measure of a reasonable combination of environmental and economic interests with priority to the protection of human health. That is, maximum permissible standards for the impact of economic activities on the environment are established, the excess of which creates a danger to human health.

3. The law formulates the environmental requirements of humans, as a species, to sources of harmful effects on the natural environment.

4. The central theme of the law is the person, the protection of his life and health from the adverse effects of the external environment. That is, ultimately, this is a law about human protection. A person is considered in two aspects: as a subject influencing the environment and bearing responsibility for the consequences of his actions; and also as an object of influence, endowed with rights and guarantees for compensation for harm caused.

5. The mechanisms for implementing the provisions of the Law are indicated. They consist of incentives for environmental protection combined with administrative and legal measures against violators. Measures of such influence are economic mechanisms for protecting the natural environment: environmental assessment, environmental control, powers to limit, suspend, terminate the activities of environmentally harmful objects, administrative, criminal liability, compensation for damage caused by violation of the law, environmental education and training.

According to the text of the Law, nature and itswealth are national heritage of peoples Russia, natural their basis sustainable socio-economic development and human well-being. This should not be understood as the ability of the peoples inhabiting the country to arbitrarily and fully use all the natural resources of their territory, hiding behind the slogans of national interests or acute political moments experienced by society.

The law contained 15 sections divided into 94 articles.

On December 20, 2001, the State Duma adopted the Federal Law “ On environmental protection."

It has changed little in terms of volume and contains 14 chapters divided into 84 articles.

To the first chapter The law still includes general provisions. It outlines the tasks of environmental legislation of the Russian Federation, consisting of regulating relations between society and nature in order to preserve natural resources and the natural environment in the interests of present and future generations of people.

At the beginning, the basic concepts are given: environment, natural environment, components of the natural environment, natural object, natural-anthropogenic object, anthropogenic object, natural complex. In addition, the quality of the environment is determined: favorable environment, negative impact on the environment. It also defines natural resources, environmental pollution and standards for its quality, as well as monitoring, control in the field of protection, environmental audit, as well as environmental damage, environmental risk, and the concept of environmental safety is given. The latter, however, like many other concepts, was apparently defined without the participation of ecologists, so the ecological meaning remains not entirely clear.

It also formulates the basic principles of environmental protection that should guide any individual or legal entity in the country. Here are some of them:

respect for the human right to a healthy environment;

ensuring favorable conditions for human life;

scientifically based combinations of environmental, economic interests and social interests of man, society and the state in order to ensure sustainable development and a favorable environment;

responsibility of state authorities of the Russian Federation, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments for ensuring a favorable environment and environmental safety in the relevant territories;

payment for environmental use and compensation for environmental damage;

independence of environmental control;

presumption of environmental danger of planned economic and other activities;

mandatory environmental impact assessment when making decisions on economic and other activities;

In general, this chapter guarantees human rights to a favorable environment, ensuring favorable living conditions, as well as the responsibility of public authorities and the obligation to conduct a state environmental assessment. The priority of preserving natural ecological systems is also stipulated. An obligation is being introduced to participate in environmental protection activities of government bodies of the Russian Federation, constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, public and other non-profit associations of legal entities and individuals.

The last article in this chapter lists environmental protection objects. These are lands, subsoil, soils, surface and underground waters, and, in addition, atmospheric air, the ozone layer of the atmosphere
and near-Earth space. Of living nature, these are forests
and other vegetation, animals and other organisms and their genetic fund.

Natural ecological systems, natural landscapes and natural complexes that have not been subject to anthropogenic impact are subject to priority protection.

Objects included in the World Cultural Heritage List and the World Natural Heritage List are subject to special protection.
as well as state natural reserves, including biospheres, state natural reserves, natural monuments, national natural and dendrological parks, botanical gardens, health resorts and resorts, other natural complexes, ancestral habitats, places of traditional residence and economic activity of indigenous minorities peoples of the Russian Federation, objects of special environmental, scientific, historical, cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health and other valuable significance, the continental shelf and the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation, as well as rare or endangered soils, forests and other vegetation, animals and other organisms and their habitats.

In the second chapter are given fundamentals of environmental management. Here in with chapters from 5 to 10 regulate the powers of state authorities and local self-government in the field of relations related to security, and the delimitation of these powers.

In the third chapter stipulates the rights and obligations of citizens, public and other non-profit associations in the field of environmental protection. Here, Article 11 again declares the right of citizens to a favorable environment, and lists the rights of citizens to create public associations, send appeals to authorities, take part in meetings and rallies, put forward proposals and make complaints, and file lawsuits. They are obliged to do relatively little: to preserve nature, treat it with care and comply with the law.

Article 12 regulates the participation of organizations in environmental activities, and the latter, 13, article This chapter stipulates a system of government measures to ensure the rights to a favorable environment.

IN fourth chapter The law, as in the previous one, proposes economic mechanisms for protecting the natural environment, their tasks, planning and accounting of resources. Limits on the use of natural resources, payment for the use of resources, environmental insurance, environmental funds and economic incentives for environmental protection are also determined here. Chapters 14 to 18 discuss in detail methods of economic regulation, federal programs in the field of environmental development, and business activities carried out for the purpose of environmental protection.

In the fifth chapter the standardization of the quality of the natural environment is determined. It's no secret that the current natural environment is often so polluted that it negatively affects all living things. First of all, it highlights the requirements for the development of regulations in the field of environmental protection. All standards for maximum permissible doses and levels of contamination, as well as environmental requirements for products are discussed in this section in articles 19 to 31.

Chapter Six consists of only two articles and contains a description of the environmental impact assessment procedure and the procedure for conductingenvironmental assessment. Its goals have been defined, and such an examination is made mandatory when making any business decisions. The objects of state environmental impact assessment, the mandatory nature of public environmental impact assessment are considered, and both the responsibility for failure to comply with the requirements of the assessment and the responsibility of experts are determined.

Most voluminouschapter seven The law defines environmental requirements for the placement, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning and operation of enterprises, structures and other facilities. Here are the rules for the storage, use and destruction of chemical, biological, industrial and household waste, and the protection of the Earth's ozone layer. This chapter contains articles 32 to 56; at the end it stipulates the possible suspension of activities if they are carried out in violation of the requirements specified in this chapter.

IN eighth chapter in just one article the procedure for establishing environmental disaster zones is described and environmental emergencies are considered. The criteria by which territories are identified as zones of environmental emergency and zones of environmental disaster are identified, and measures to eliminate such zones and methods of financing these expensive measures are provided.

Special ninth chapter The law focuses attention on natural objects under special protection. It describes the protection measures and its legal regime, the natural reserve fund of the Russian Federation, state natural reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, national parks and natural monuments. Rare and endangered species of organisms and green areas around cities and towns are also subject to special protection. .

State nature reserve is considered a natural complex intended for the conservation or reproduction of certain types of natural resources in combination with the limited and coordinated use of other types of natural resources.

National natural parks are called specially protected natural complexes withdrawn from economic use that have ecological, genetic, scientific, environmental-educational, recreational significance, such as typical or rare landscapes, habitats for communities of wild plants and animals, places of recreation, tourism, excursions, and education of the population .

Natural monuments Individual unique natural objects and natural complexes are considered that have relict, scientific, historical, environmental and educational significance and require special protection by the state.

Around cities and industrial towns there aresuburban greens zones , including forest-park protective belts, as territories that perform environmental protection (environment-forming, ecological), sanitary, hygienic and recreational functions.

It should be noted that all provisions regarding these territories, protected species of organisms and green areas surrounding human settlements are similar to those long ago adopted in almost all enlightened countries, regardless of their economic level.

IN tenth chapter Article 63 describes state environmental monitoring. The procedure for its organization is established by the government of the Russian Federation, the results are also used by the government. The availability of these results to citizens is not specified in the article.

Chapter Eleven The law is devoted to environmental control over the state of the environment. Its tasks and significance are explained, the hierarchy of the control service is introduced - state, industrial, public. Of course, state control officials had significantly more rights than public control organizations. Public control in this chapter, consisting of 6 articles, is allocated only two positions in article 68.

Instead of a special section devoted to environmental education and education of the country's citizens, two separate chapters appeared.

Chapter Twelve regulates scientific research in the field of environmental protection. Its only article lists only possible purposes for which scientific research can be conducted. So this chapter turned out to be significantly shortened in comparison with the previous law .

The new chapter that appeared in this version of the Law is Chapter 13, is devoted to the basics of the formation of environmental culture. It is presented in four articles, and since only they in the text of the Law are related to environmental education and environmental educational activities, we will present the entire chapter.

Article 71. Universality and complexity of environmental education.

In order to form an environmental culture and professional training of specialists in the field of environmental protection, a system of universal and comprehensive environmental education is being established, which includes preschool and general education, secondary vocational and higher vocational education, postgraduate vocational education, professional retraining and advanced training of specialists, as well as dissemination of environmental knowledge, including through the media, museums, libraries, cultural institutions, environmental institutions, sports and tourism organizations.

Article 72. Teaching the basics of environmental knowledge in educational institutions.

1. In preschool educational institutions, general education institutions and educational institutions of additional education, regardless of their profile and organizational and legal forms, the fundamentals of environmental knowledge are taught.

2. In accordance with the profile of educational institutions providing professional training and advanced training of specialists, the teaching of academic disciplines on environmental protection, environmental safety and rational use of natural resources is provided.

Article 73. Training of heads of organizations and specialists in the field of environmental protection and environmental safety.

1. Heads of organizations and specialists responsible for making decisions when carrying out economic and other activities that have or may have a negative impact on the environment must have training in the field of environmental protection and environmental safety.

2. Training of heads of organizations and specialists in the field of environmental protection and environmental safety, responsible for making decisions when carrying out economic and other activities that have or may have a negative impact on the environment, is carried out in accordance with the law.

Article 74 . Environmental education.

1. In order to form an environmental culture in society, cultivate a caring attitude towards nature, and rational use of natural resources, environmental education is carried out through the dissemination of environmental knowledge about environmental safety, information about the state of the environment and the use of natural resources.

2. Environmental education, including informing the population about legislation in the field of environmental protection and legislation in the field of environmental safety, is carried out by government bodies of the Russian Federation, government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies, public associations, the media, and also educational institutions, cultural institutions, museums, libraries, environmental institutions, sports and tourism organizations, and other legal entities.

Thus, unlike the previous law, the new one has significantly strengthened the state component and no longer stipulates in such detail the rights of citizens and their priority. Despite the fact that information support for citizens in the field of environmental quality has been left in place, the role of the Government of the Russian Federation in organizing a system of universal and continuous environmental education for all citizens of the country has been completely excluded. This should have been carried out by specially authorized state bodies of the Russian Federation, providing the population with environmental information and participating in the organization of universal continuous environmental education and training. In republics, autonomous regions and districts, in territories, regions and local governments, the organization of general environmental education, upbringing and enlightenment was required by law as an essential attribute of environmental protection. Unfortunately, very little remains of these provisions, which has made it possible since the adoption of this new law to practically curtail the teaching of ecology in educational institutions. We will return to this topic in Chapter 13 of the Law.

Chapter fourteen The law deals with liability for environmental violations. First of all, the types of such liability are listed. This provides for disciplinary, material, and administrative liability. There is also an article on criminal liability for environmental crimes. It is stipulated that disputes in the field of environmental protection are resolved in court in accordance with the law.

The obligation to fully compensate for damage to the environment and the procedure for compensating for damage caused by violation of environmental legislation are stipulated. In addition, compensation for damage caused to the health and property of citizens as a result of violation of the law is provided, as well as requirements to limit, suspend or even terminate the activities of persons carried out in violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection.

In the fourteenth chapter The law discusses compensation for damage caused by environmental violations. It is expected that such damage will be compensated in full in the form of adequate material compensation, or in kind, in the form of restoration of the natural environment. Options for compensation for damage caused by a source of increased danger to the health of citizens or their property are considered, and methods of claims to stop environmentally harmful activities are discussed.

Provided in fifteenth chapter Law and international cooperation in the field of environmental protection. It is stated here that the Russian Federation carries out international cooperation in the field of environmental protection in accordance with generally accepted principles and norms of international law .

Unfortunately, the definitions of specially protected areas have been removed from the Law. We provide these definitions from the text of the previous Law. Here they are: " State natural reserves natural complexes (land, subsoil, water, flora and fauna) that have environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance, as standards of the natural environment, are considered to be permanently withdrawn from economic use and not subject to withdrawal for any other purposes, especially protected by law , typical or rare landscapes, places where the genetic fund of plants and animals is preserved.”

There, scientists conducting such developments were provided with government support, and they were members of expert councils, giving opinions on environmental assessments of projects, and participating in solving practical problems of rational environmental management and the formation of an environmental culture in society. And, what is especially important, they were personally responsible for the scientific results of their developments.

Environmental offenses were listed in the text of the previous Law, here are some of them:

— non-compliance with standards, norms and other environmental quality standards;

- pollution of the natural environment and resulting harm to human health, flora and fauna, property of citizens and legal entities;

— damage, damage and destruction of natural objects, including natural monuments, depletion and destruction of natural reserve complexes and natural ecological systems;

- violation of the established procedure or rules for the extraction, collection, procurement, sale, purchase, acquisition, exchange, shipment, import and export abroad of objects of flora and fauna, products from them, as well as botanical, zoological and mineralogical collections;

— exceeding established standards for maximum permissible levels and concentrations of harmful substances;

— untimely or distorted information, refusal to provide timely, complete and reliable information about the state of the natural environment and radiation situation.

Unfortunately, they are omitted from the text of the Law, but we recall them from the text of the previous Law. These principles boil down to the following:

- every person has the right to life in the most favorable environmental conditions;

— every state has the right to use the natural environment and natural resources for the purposes of development and meeting the needs of its citizens;

— the environmental well-being of one state cannot be ensured at the expense of other states or without taking into account their interests;

— economic activities carried out on the territory of the state must not cause damage to the natural environment both within and outside its jurisdiction;

— any types of economic and other activities whose environmental consequences are unpredictable are unacceptable;

— control must be established at the global, regional and national levels over the state and changes in the natural environment and natural resources based on internationally recognized criteria and parameters;

— free and unhindered international exchange of scientific and technical information on environmental problems and advanced environmental technologies must be ensured;

— states must provide assistance to each other in environmental emergencies;

— all disputes related to environmental problems must be resolved only by peaceful means.

These fundamental principles of international cooperation are most often violated under the pretext of national interests or state secrets.

According to the Constitution, every citizen has the right to favorable environmental conditions. At the same time, there is an obligation to preserve nature and take care of its riches. Natural resources act as the basis for sustainable development and the life of all peoples of Russia. Legal regulation of the sphere of nature protection is carried out by the relevant Federal Law.

Law "On Environmental Protection": general information

The normative act establishes the principles in accordance with which the protection of nature is carried out. The legal framework of the document ensures balance in solving socio-economic issues, preserving favorable environmental conditions, biological diversity and resources to meet the needs of present and future generations, and monitoring the implementation of environmental legislation. The normative act regulates the relations formed in the process of carrying out economic and other activities related to the impact on nature.

Principles

The Federal Law “On Environmental Protection” defines general requirements for entities conducting economic and other activities that have an impact on nature. The functioning of enterprises and the work of citizens must be carried out in accordance with the following principles:

Objects to be protected

Their list is established by the 7th Federal Law (Federal Law “On Environmental Protection”). Objects subject to protection from depletion, pollution, damage, degradation, destruction and other negative impacts of economic or other activities include:

Special categories

The Law of the Russian Federation “On Environmental Protection” establishes a list of objects subject to priority protection. These include ecosystems, natural complexes and landscapes that have not been subject to anthropogenic influence. The Law “On Environmental Protection” also defines the category of objects subject to special protection. This list includes:

• state reserves, wildlife sanctuaries;
• botanical gardens;
• natural monuments;
• dendrological and national parks;
• health-improving and resort areas;
• permanent habitat for small indigenous peoples.

In this category, the Law “On Environmental Protection” includes objects included in the World Heritage List, as well as those having special historical, cultural, scientific, recreational, aesthetic or other valuable significance, endangered and rare soils, forests and other vegetation, animals and other organisms and their habitats.

Citizens' rights

The Federal Law "On Environmental Protection" was adopted in pursuance of the Constitutional provisions relating to the field of environmental safety. In this regard, the normative act spells out the rights of citizens in this area. In particular, the Law “On Environmental Protection” establishes that every Russian can send requests to state, regional or local authorities, organizations and officials in order to timely receive complete and reliable data on the state of nature in the territory of their residence. Citizens also have the right to become familiar with information about environmental safety measures. The Law “On Environmental Protection” allows the formation of public associations and other non-profit structures (foundations, etc.) to carry out activities related to the protection of nature. Citizens can participate in demonstrations, processions, rallies, picketing, referendums, collecting signatures for adoption of petitions on environmental issues, as well as in other actions that do not contradict regulations. The Law “On Environmental Protection” provides for the right of private individuals to file claims for compensation for damage to nature.

Responsibilities

In accordance with the law, citizens must:

1. Protect natural resources.
2. Save the environment.
3. Comply with other environmental requirements.

Interaction with government agencies

Citizens have the right to put forward proposals to carry out an environmental assessment and take part in it in the prescribed manner. Private individuals can assist local, state or regional authorities in resolving environmental issues. The Law “On Environmental Protection” provides for the right of any citizen to contact authorized structures with statements, complaints and proposals regarding the protection of nature.

In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, everyone has the right to a favorable environment, everyone is obliged to preserve nature and the environment, to take care of natural resources, which are the basis for sustainable development, life and activities of peoples living on the territory of the Russian Federation.

This Federal Law defines the legal basis of state policy in the field of environmental protection, ensuring a balanced solution of socio-economic problems, preserving a favorable environment, biological diversity and natural resources in order to meet the needs of present and future generations, strengthening the rule of law in the field of environmental protection and ensuring environmental safety.

This Federal Law regulates relations in the sphere of interaction between society and nature that arise during the implementation of economic and other activities related to the impact on the natural environment as the most important component of the environment, which is the basis of life on Earth, within the territory of the Russian Federation, as well as on the continental shelf and in the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation.

Chapter I. General provisions

Article 1. Basic concepts

This Federal Law uses the following basic concepts:

environment - a set of components of the natural environment, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects, as well as anthropogenic objects;

components of the natural environment - earth, subsoil, soils, surface and underground waters, atmospheric air, flora, fauna and other organisms, as well as the ozone layer of the atmosphere and near-Earth space, which together provide favorable conditions for the existence of life on Earth;

natural object - a natural ecological system, natural landscape and their constituent elements that have preserved their natural properties;

natural-anthropogenic object - a natural object changed as a result of economic and other activities, and (or) an object created by man, possessing the properties of a natural object and having recreational and protective significance;

anthropogenic object - an object created by man to meet his social needs and does not have the properties of natural objects;

natural ecological system - an objectively existing part of the natural environment, which has spatial and territorial boundaries and in which living (plants, animals and other organisms) and non-living elements interact as a single functional whole and are interconnected by the exchange of matter and energy;

natural complex - a complex of functionally and naturally interconnected natural objects, united by geographical and other relevant characteristics;

natural landscape - a territory that has not been changed as a result of economic and other activities and is characterized by a combination of certain types of terrain, soils, vegetation, formed under the same climatic conditions;

environmental protection - the activities of state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, public and other non-profit associations, legal entities and individuals, aimed at preserving and restoring the natural environment, rational use and reproduction of natural resources, preventing negative the impact of economic and other activities on the environment and the elimination of its consequences (hereinafter also referred to as environmental activities);

environmental quality - the state of the environment, which is characterized by physical, chemical, biological and other indicators and (or) their combination;

favorable environment - an environment whose quality ensures the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems, natural and natural-anthropogenic objects;

negative impact on the environment - the impact of economic and other activities, the consequences of which lead to negative changes in the quality of the environment;

natural resources - components of the natural environment, natural objects and natural-anthropogenic objects that are used or can be used in economic and other activities as sources of energy, production products and consumer goods and have consumer value;

use of natural resources - exploitation of natural resources, their involvement in economic turnover, including all types of impact on them in the process of economic and other activities;

environmental pollution - the entry into the environment of a substance and (or) energy, the properties, location or quantity of which have a negative impact on the environment;

pollutant - a substance or mixture of substances, the quantity and (or) concentration of which exceeds the standards established for chemical substances, including radioactive substances, other substances and microorganisms and has a negative impact on the environment;

standards in the field of environmental protection (hereinafter also referred to as environmental standards) - established standards for environmental quality and standards for permissible impact on it, the observance of which ensures the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems and preserves biological diversity;

environmental quality standards - standards that are established in accordance with physical, chemical, biological and other indicators for assessing the state of the environment and, if observed, ensure a favorable environment;

standards of permissible impact on the environment - standards that are established in accordance with the indicators of the impact of economic and other activities on the environment and in which environmental quality standards are observed;

standards of permissible anthropogenic load on the environment - standards that are established in accordance with the magnitude of the permissible cumulative impact of all sources on the environment and (or) individual components of the natural environment within specific territories and (or) water areas and, when observed, ensures the sustainable functioning of natural environmental systems and conserve biological diversity;

standards for permissible emissions and discharges of chemical substances, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms (hereinafter also referred to as standards for permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms) - standards that are established for economic and other entities in accordance with the mass indicators of chemical substances, including including radioactive and other substances and microorganisms that are allowed to enter the environment from stationary, mobile and other sources in the established mode and taking into account technological standards, and subject to compliance with which environmental quality standards are ensured;

technological standard - a standard for permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms, which is established for stationary, mobile and other sources, technological processes, equipment and reflects the permissible mass of emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms into the environment per unit of output;

standards for maximum permissible concentrations of chemical substances, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms (hereinafter also referred to as standards for maximum permissible concentrations) - standards that are established in accordance with the indicators of the maximum permissible content of chemical substances, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms in the environment and non-compliance with which may lead to environmental pollution and degradation of natural ecological systems;

standards of permissible physical impacts - standards that are established in accordance with the levels of permissible impact of physical factors on the environment and, subject to which, environmental quality standards are ensured;

limits on emissions and discharges of pollutants and microorganisms (hereinafter also referred to as limits on emissions and discharges) - restrictions on emissions and discharges of pollutants and microorganisms into the environment established for the period of environmental protection measures, including the introduction of the best existing technologies, in order to achieve environmental standards;

environmental impact assessment - a type of activity to identify, analyze and take into account the direct, indirect and other consequences of the environmental impact of a planned economic and other activity in order to make a decision on the possibility or impossibility of its implementation;

environmental monitoring (ecological monitoring) - a comprehensive system of monitoring the state of the environment, assessing and forecasting changes in the state of the environment under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors;

state environmental monitoring (state environmental monitoring) - environmental monitoring carried out by state authorities of the Russian Federation and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

control in the field of environmental protection (ecological control) - a system of measures aimed at preventing, identifying and suppressing violations of legislation in the field of environmental protection, ensuring compliance by economic and other entities with requirements, including standards and regulatory documents, in the field of environmental protection environment;

requirements in the field of environmental protection (hereinafter also referred to as environmental requirements) - mandatory conditions, restrictions or a combination of them imposed on economic and other activities established by laws, other regulatory legal acts, environmental regulations, state standards and other regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection ;

environmental audit - an independent, comprehensive, documented assessment of compliance by a business entity and other activities with requirements, including standards and regulatory documents, in the field of environmental protection, requirements of international standards and preparation of recommendations for improving such activities;

best existing technology - technology based on the latest achievements of science and technology, aimed at reducing the negative impact on the environment and having a set period of practical application, taking into account economic and social factors;

environmental harm - a negative change in the environment as a result of its pollution, resulting in the degradation of natural ecological systems and depletion of natural resources;

environmental risk - the likelihood of an event occurring that has adverse consequences for the natural environment and is caused by the negative impact of economic and other activities, natural and man-made emergencies;

environmental safety is the state of protection of the natural environment and vital human interests from the possible negative impact of economic and other activities, natural and man-made emergencies, and their consequences.

Article 2. Legislation in the field of environmental protection

1. Legislation in the field of environmental protection is based on the Constitution of the Russian Federation and consists of this Federal Law, other federal laws, as well as other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation adopted in accordance with them.

2. This Federal Law is valid throughout the Russian Federation.

3. This Federal Law applies on the continental shelf and in the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation in accordance with international law and federal laws and is aimed at ensuring the conservation of the marine environment.

4. Relations arising in the field of environmental protection as the basis for the life and activities of peoples living on the territory of the Russian Federation, in order to ensure their rights to a favorable environment, are regulated by international treaties of the Russian Federation, this Federal Law, other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

5. Relations arising in the field of protection and rational use of natural resources, their conservation and restoration are regulated by international treaties of the Russian Federation, land, water, forestry legislation, legislation on subsoil, wildlife, and other legislation in the field of environmental protection and natural resource management.

6. Relations arising in the field of environmental protection, to the extent necessary to ensure the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population, are regulated by legislation on the sanitary and epidemiological well-being of the population and legislation on health protection, otherwise aimed at ensuring a favorable environment for humans legislation.

Article 3. Basic principles of environmental protection

Economic and other activities of government bodies of the Russian Federation, government bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies, legal entities and individuals that have an impact on the environment must be carried out on the basis of the following principles:

respect for the human right to a healthy environment;

ensuring favorable conditions for human life;

scientifically based combination of environmental, economic and social interests of man, society and the state in order to ensure sustainable development and a favorable environment;

protection, reproduction and rational use of natural resources as necessary conditions for ensuring a favorable environment and environmental safety;

responsibility of state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments for ensuring a favorable environment and environmental safety in the relevant territories;

payment for environmental use and compensation for environmental damage;

independence of control in the field of environmental protection;

presumption of environmental danger of planned economic and other activities;

mandatory environmental impact assessment when making decisions on economic and other activities;

mandatory state environmental assessment of projects and other documentation justifying economic and other activities that may have a negative impact on the environment, create a threat to the life, health and property of citizens;

taking into account the natural and socio-economic characteristics of territories when planning and implementing economic and other activities;

priority of conservation of natural ecological systems, natural landscapes and natural complexes;

the permissibility of the impact of economic and other activities on the natural environment based on the requirements in the field of environmental protection;

ensuring a reduction in the negative impact of economic and other activities on the environment in accordance with standards in the field of environmental protection, which can be achieved through the use of the best existing technologies, taking into account economic and social factors;

mandatory participation in environmental protection activities of government bodies of the Russian Federation, government bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies, public and other non-profit associations, legal entities and individuals;

conservation of biological diversity;

ensuring integrated and individual approaches to establishing requirements in the field of environmental protection for economic and other entities carrying out such activities or planning to carry out such activities;

prohibition of economic and other activities, the consequences of which are unpredictable for the environment, as well as the implementation of projects that may lead to the degradation of natural ecological systems, changes and (or) destruction of the genetic fund of plants, animals and other organisms, depletion of natural resources and other negative changes environment;

respect for everyone's right to receive reliable information about the state of the environment, as well as the participation of citizens in making decisions regarding their rights to a favorable environment, in accordance with the law;

liability for violation of environmental legislation;

organization and development of the environmental education system, education and formation of environmental culture;

participation of citizens, public and other non-profit associations in solving environmental problems;

international cooperation of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection.

Article 4. Environmental protection objects

1. Objects of environmental protection from pollution, depletion, degradation, damage, destruction and other negative impacts of economic and other activities are:
land, subsoil, soil;

surface and groundwater;

forests and other vegetation, animals and other organisms and their genetic fund;

atmospheric air, the ozone layer of the atmosphere and near-Earth space.

2. Natural ecological systems, natural landscapes and natural complexes that have not been subjected to anthropogenic impact are subject to priority protection.

3. Objects included in the World Cultural Heritage List and the World Natural Heritage List, state natural reserves, including biosphere reserves, state natural reserves, natural monuments, national, natural and dendrological parks, botanical gardens, health-improving areas and resorts, other natural complexes, ancestral habitats, places of traditional residence and economic activity of indigenous peoples of the Russian Federation, objects of special environmental, scientific, historical, cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health and other valuable significance, continental shelf and exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation, as well as rare or endangered soils, forests and other vegetation, animals and other organisms and their habitats.

Chapter II. Fundamentals of environmental management

Article 5. Powers of state authorities of the Russian Federation in the field of relations related to environmental protection

The powers of government bodies of the Russian Federation in the field of relations related to environmental protection include:

ensuring the implementation of federal policy in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation;

development and publication of federal laws and other regulatory legal acts in the field of environmental protection and control over their application;

development, approval and ensuring the implementation of federal programs in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation;

declaration and establishment of the legal status and regime of environmental disaster zones on the territory of the Russian Federation;

coordination and implementation of environmental protection measures in environmental disaster zones;

establishing a procedure for state environmental monitoring (state environmental monitoring), forming a state system for monitoring the state of the environment and ensuring the functioning of such a system;

establishing a procedure for exercising state control in the field of environmental protection, including at facilities of economic and other activities, regardless of the form of ownership, under the jurisdiction of the Russian Federation, facilities that contribute to transboundary environmental pollution and have a negative impact on the environment within the territories of two and more than subjects of the Russian Federation (federal state environmental control);

establishment of federal executive bodies exercising public administration in the field of environmental protection;

ensuring environmental protection, including the marine environment on the continental shelf and in the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation;

establishing procedures for managing radioactive waste and hazardous waste, monitoring the provision of radiation safety;

preparation and distribution of an annual state report on the state and protection of the environment;

establishing requirements in the field of environmental protection, development and approval of regulations, state standards and other regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection;

establishing a procedure for determining the amount of payment for emissions and discharges of pollutants into the environment, waste disposal and other types of negative impact on the environment;

organization and conduct of state environmental assessment;

interaction with constituent entities of the Russian Federation on environmental issues;

establishing a procedure for limiting, suspending and prohibiting economic and other activities carried out in violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection, and their implementation;

organization and development of the environmental education system, formation of environmental culture;

providing the population with reliable information about the state of the environment;

formation of specially protected natural areas of federal significance, natural world heritage sites, management of natural reserves, maintaining the Red Book of the Russian Federation;

maintaining state records of objects that have a negative impact on the environment and their classification depending on the level and volume of negative impact on the environment;

maintaining state records of specially protected natural areas, including natural complexes and objects, as well as natural resources, taking into account their environmental significance;

economic assessment of the impact of economic and other activities on the environment;

economic assessment of natural and natural-anthropogenic objects;

establishing a procedure for licensing certain types of activities in the field of environmental protection and its implementation;

implementation of international cooperation of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection;

exercise of other powers provided for by federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation.

Article 6. Powers of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field of relations related to environmental protection

The powers of government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field of relations related to environmental protection include:

determination of the main directions of environmental protection in the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, taking into account the geographical, natural, socio-economic and other characteristics of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

participation in the development of federal policy in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation and relevant programs;

implementation of federal policy in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation in the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, taking into account their geographical, natural, socio-economic and other features;

development and publication of laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection, taking into account the geographical, natural, socio-economic and other characteristics of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, monitoring their implementation;

development and approval of regulations, state standards and other regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection, containing relevant requirements, norms and rules not lower than those established at the federal level;

development, approval and implementation of target programs in the field of environmental protection of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

implementation of environmental and other measures to improve the state of the environment in environmental disaster zones on the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

organization and implementation, in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation, of state environmental monitoring (state environmental monitoring), formation and ensuring the functioning of territorial systems for monitoring the state of the environment in the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

state control in the field of environmental protection (state environmental control) over objects of economic and other activities, regardless of the form of ownership, located on the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, with the exception of objects of economic and other activities subject to federal state environmental control;

economic assessment of the environmental impact of economic and other activities;

bringing the perpetrators to administrative and other types of liability;

filing claims for compensation for environmental damage caused as a result of violation of environmental legislation;

formation of specially protected natural areas of regional significance, management and control in the field of protection and use of such areas;

organization and development of the environmental education system and the formation of environmental culture in the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

restriction, suspension and (or) prohibition of economic and other activities carried out in violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection, within the limits of their powers in the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

providing the population with reliable information about the state of the environment in the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

keeping records of objects and sources of negative impact on the environment in the territories of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

maintaining the Red Data Book of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation;

implementation of environmental certification;

regulation of other issues in the field of environmental protection within the limits of its powers.

Article 7. Powers of local government bodies in the field of relations related to environmental protection

The powers of local governments in the field of relations related to environmental protection are determined in accordance with federal laws.

Article 8. Executive authorities exercising public administration in the field of environmental protection

1. State administration in the field of environmental protection is carried out by federal executive authorities authorized in the manner established by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Federal Constitutional Law “On the Government of the Russian Federation”.

2. State authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that carry out public administration in the field of environmental protection are determined by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Article 9. Division of powers in the sphere of relations related to environmental protection between state authorities of the Russian Federation and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation

1. The division of powers in the sphere of relations related to environmental protection between state authorities of the Russian Federation and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is carried out by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws, as well as agreements on the delimitation of jurisdiction and powers between state authorities of the Russian Federation and government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

2. Agreements between federal executive authorities and executive authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation on the transfer of part of the powers in the field of relations related to environmental protection, including in the field of state environmental assessment of objects subject to mandatory state environmental assessment conducted at the level of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, are concluded in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws.

Article 10. Management in the field of environmental protection carried out by local government bodies

Management in the field of environmental protection is carried out by local government bodies in accordance with this Federal Law, other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, charters of municipalities and regulatory legal acts of local government bodies.

Chapter III. Rights and obligations of citizens, public and other non-profit associations in the field of environmental protection

Article 11. Rights and obligations of citizens in the field of environmental protection

1. Every citizen has the right to a favorable environment, to its protection from negative impacts caused by economic and other activities, natural and man-made emergencies, to reliable information about the state of the environment and to compensation for damage to the environment.

2. Citizens have the right:

create public associations, foundations and other non-profit organizations carrying out activities in the field of environmental protection;

send appeals to state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies, other organizations and officials to receive timely, complete and reliable information about the state of the environment in their places of residence, measures to protect it;

take part in meetings, rallies, demonstrations, processions and picketing, collection of signatures for petitions, referendums on environmental issues and other actions that do not contradict the legislation of the Russian Federation;

put forward proposals to conduct a public environmental assessment and participate in its conduct in the prescribed manner;

contact state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments and other organizations with complaints, statements and proposals on issues related to environmental protection, negative impacts on the environment, and receive timely and reasonable responses;

3. Citizens are obliged:

preserve nature and the environment;

treat nature and natural resources with care;

comply with other legal requirements.

Article 12. Rights and obligations of public and other non-profit associations carrying out activities in the field of environmental protection

1. Public and other non-profit associations carrying out activities in the field of environmental protection have the right:

develop, promote and implement, in the prescribed manner, programs in the field of environmental protection, protect the rights and legitimate interests of citizens in the field of environmental protection, and involve citizens on a voluntary basis in activities in the field of environmental protection;

at the expense of own and borrowed funds, carry out and promote activities in the field of environmental protection, reproduction of natural resources, and ensuring environmental safety;

provide assistance to state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments in resolving environmental protection issues;

organize meetings, rallies, demonstrations, processions and picketing, collect signatures for petitions and take part in these events in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, make proposals for holding referendums on environmental issues and discussing projects related to environmental protection;

contact state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies, other organizations and officials to receive timely, complete and reliable information about the state of the environment, measures to protect it, circumstances and economic facts and other activities that pose a threat to the environment, life, health and property of citizens;

participate in the prescribed manner in making economic and other decisions, the implementation of which may have a negative impact on the environment, life, health and property of citizens;

contact state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments and other organizations with complaints, statements, claims and proposals on issues related to environmental protection, negative impacts on the environment, and receive timely and reasonable responses;

organize and conduct, in the prescribed manner, hearings on the design and placement of facilities, economic and other activities of which may harm the environment, create a threat to the life, health and property of citizens;

organize and conduct public environmental assessments in accordance with the established procedure;

submit to the state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local self-government bodies, and the court of appeal for the cancellation of decisions on the design, placement, construction, reconstruction, operation of facilities, the economic and other activities of which may have a negative impact on the environment, on the limitation, suspension and termination of economic and other activities that have a negative impact on the environment;

bring claims to court for compensation for environmental damage;

exercise other rights provided for by law.

2. Public and other non-profit associations, when carrying out activities in the field of environmental protection, are required to comply with requirements in the field of environmental protection.

Article 13. System of state measures to ensure rights to a favorable environment

1. State authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies and officials are obliged to provide assistance to citizens, public and other non-profit associations in the implementation of their rights in the field of environmental protection.

2. When locating objects whose economic and other activities may cause harm to the environment, the decision on their placement is made taking into account the opinion of the population or the results of a referendum.

3. Officials who prevent citizens, public and other non-profit associations from carrying out activities in the field of environmental protection, exercising their rights provided for by this Federal Law and other federal laws, other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, are held accountable in the prescribed manner.

Chapter IV. Economic regulation in the field of environmental protection

Article 14. Methods of economic regulation in the field of environmental protection

Methods of economic regulation in the field of environmental protection include:

development of state forecasts of socio-economic development based on environmental forecasts;

development of federal programs in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation and target programs in the field of environmental protection of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

development and implementation of environmental protection measures in order to prevent harm to the environment;

establishing fees for negative impacts on the environment;

establishing limits on emissions and discharges of pollutants and microorganisms, limits on the disposal of production and consumption waste and other types of negative impact on the environment;

conducting an economic assessment of natural objects and natural-anthropogenic objects;

conducting an economic assessment of the impact of economic and other activities on the environment;

providing tax and other benefits when introducing the best existing technologies, non-traditional types of energy, using secondary resources and recycling waste, as well as when implementing other effective measures to protect the environment in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation;

support for entrepreneurial, innovative and other activities (including environmental insurance) aimed at environmental protection;

compensation in accordance with the established procedure for environmental damage;

other methods of economic regulation to improve and effectively implement environmental protection.

Article 15. Federal programs in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation, target programs in the field of environmental protection of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and measures for environmental protection

1. In order to plan, develop and implement environmental protection measures, federal programs in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation and target programs in the field of environmental protection of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are being developed.

The procedure for the development, financing and implementation of federal programs in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation is established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

The procedure for the development, financing and implementation of target programs in the field of environmental protection of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is established in accordance with the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

2. The development of federal programs in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation and target programs in the field of environmental protection of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is carried out taking into account the proposals of citizens and public associations.

3. Planning and development of environmental protection measures are carried out taking into account state forecasts of socio-economic development, federal programs in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation, target programs in the field of environmental protection of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation on the basis of scientific research aimed at solving problems in the field environmental protection.

4. Legal entities and individual entrepreneurs carrying out economic and other activities that have a negative impact on the environment are required to plan, develop and implement environmental protection measures in the manner prescribed by law.

Article 16. Payment for negative impact on the environment

1. Negative impact on the environment is subject to payment.

The forms of payment for negative environmental impact are determined by federal laws.

2. Types of negative impact on the environment include:

emissions of pollutants and other substances into the air;

discharges of pollutants, other substances and microorganisms into surface water bodies, underground water bodies and drainage areas;

pollution of subsoil and soil;

disposal of production and consumption waste;

environmental pollution by noise, heat, electromagnetic, ionizing and other types of physical influences;

other types of negative impact on the environment.

3. The procedure for calculating and collecting fees for negative impacts on the environment is established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

4. Payment of the fee specified in paragraph 1 of this article does not exempt economic and other business entities from carrying out environmental protection measures and compensating for environmental damage.

Article 17. Business activities carried out for the purpose of environmental protection

1. Business activities carried out for the purpose of environmental protection are supported by the state.

2. State support for business activities carried out for the purpose of environmental protection is carried out through the establishment of tax and other benefits in accordance with the law.

Article 18. Environmental insurance

1. Environmental insurance is carried out in order to protect the property interests of legal entities and individuals in the event of environmental risks.

2. In the Russian Federation, compulsory state environmental insurance may be carried out.

3. Environmental insurance in the Russian Federation is carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Chapter V. Standardization in the field of environmental protection

Article 19. Fundamentals of regulation in the field of environmental protection

1. Standardization in the field of environmental protection is carried out for the purpose of state regulation of the impact of economic and other activities on the environment, guaranteeing the preservation of a favorable environment and ensuring environmental safety.

2. Standardization in the field of environmental protection consists of establishing standards for environmental quality, standards for permissible impact on the environment when carrying out economic and other activities, other standards in the field of environmental protection, as well as state standards and other regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection .

3. Standards and regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection are developed, approved and put into effect on the basis of modern achievements of science and technology, taking into account international rules and standards in the field of environmental protection.
Standardization in the field of environmental protection is carried out in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

Article 20. Requirements for the development of standards in the field of environmental protection

Development of standards in the field of environmental protection includes:

carrying out research work to substantiate standards in the field of environmental protection;

establishing the grounds for developing or revising standards in the field of environmental protection;

monitoring the application and compliance with environmental standards;

formation and maintenance of a unified information database of standards in the field of environmental protection;

assessment and forecasting of environmental, social, economic consequences of the application of standards in the field of environmental protection.

Article 21. Environmental quality standards

1. Environmental quality standards are established to assess the state of the environment in order to preserve natural ecological systems, the genetic fund of plants, animals and other organisms.

2. Environmental quality standards include:

standards established in accordance with chemical indicators of the state of the environment, including standards for maximum permissible concentrations of chemicals, including radioactive substances;

standards established in accordance with physical indicators of the state of the environment, including indicators of levels of radioactivity and heat;

standards established in accordance with biological indicators of the state of the environment, including species and groups of plants, animals and other organisms used as indicators of environmental quality, as well as standards for maximum permissible concentrations of microorganisms;

other environmental quality standards.

3. When establishing environmental quality standards, the natural features of territories and water areas, the purpose of natural objects and natural-anthropogenic objects, specially protected areas, including specially protected natural areas, as well as natural landscapes of special environmental significance are taken into account.

Article 22. Standards for permissible environmental impact

1. In order to prevent the negative impact on the environment of economic and other activities for legal entities and individuals - users of natural resources, the following standards for permissible impact on the environment are established:

standards for permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms;

standards for the generation of production and consumption waste and limits on their disposal;

standards for permissible physical impacts (amount of heat, levels of noise, vibration, ionizing radiation, strength of electromagnetic fields and other physical impacts);
standards for permissible removal of components of the natural environment;

standards for permissible anthropogenic load on the environment;

standards for other permissible impacts on the environment when carrying out economic and other activities, established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation for the purpose of environmental protection.

2. Standards for permissible environmental impact must ensure compliance with environmental quality standards, taking into account the natural features of territories and water areas.

3. For exceeding the established standards of permissible impact on the environment, subjects of economic and other activities, depending on the harm caused to the environment, are liable in accordance with the law.

Article 23. Standards for permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms

1. Standards for permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms are established for stationary, mobile and other sources of environmental impact by economic and other activities based on standards for permissible anthropogenic load on the environment, environmental quality standards, as well as technological standards.

2. Technological standards are established for stationary, mobile and other sources based on the use of the best existing technologies, taking into account economic and social factors.

3. If it is impossible to comply with the standards for permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms, limits on emissions and discharges may be established on the basis of permits valid only during the period of environmental protection measures, the introduction of the best existing technologies and (or) the implementation of other environmental projects, taking into account the phased achieving established standards for permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms.

Establishing limits on emissions and discharges is permitted only if there are plans to reduce emissions and discharges agreed upon with the executive authorities exercising public administration in the field of environmental protection.

4. Emissions and discharges of chemical substances, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms into the environment within the established standards for permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms, limits on emissions and discharges are allowed on the basis of permits issued by executive authorities exercising public administration in the field of environmental protection.

Article 24. Standards for the generation of production and consumption waste and limits on their disposal

Standards for the generation of production and consumption waste and limits on their disposal are established in order to prevent their negative impact on the environment in accordance with the law.

Article 25. Standards for permissible physical impacts on the environment

Standards for permissible physical impacts on the environment are established for each source of such impact based on standards for permissible anthropogenic load on the environment, environmental quality standards and taking into account the influence of other sources of physical impacts.

Article 26. Standards for permissible removal of components of the natural environment

1. Standards for permissible withdrawal of components of the natural environment - standards established in accordance with restrictions on the volume of their withdrawal in order to preserve natural and natural-anthropogenic objects, ensure the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems and prevent their degradation.

2. Standards for the permissible withdrawal of components of the natural environment and the procedure for their establishment are determined by the legislation on subsoil, land, water, forestry legislation, legislation on wildlife and other legislation in the field of environmental protection, natural resource management and in accordance with the requirements in the field of environmental protection, protection and reproduction of certain types of natural resources established by this Federal Law, other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection.

Article 27. Standards for permissible anthropogenic load on the environment

1. Standards for permissible anthropogenic load on the environment are established for subjects of economic and other activities in order to assess and regulate the impact of all stationary, mobile and other sources of impact on the environment located within specific territories and (or) water areas.

2. Standards for permissible anthropogenic load on the environment are established for each type of impact of economic and other activities on the environment and the total impact of all sources located in these territories and (or) water areas.

3. When establishing standards for permissible anthropogenic load on the environment, the natural features of specific territories and (or) water areas are taken into account.

Article 28. Other standards in the field of environmental protection

For the purpose of state regulation of the impact of economic and other activities on the environment, assessment of environmental quality in accordance with this Federal Law, other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, other standards in the field may be established environmental protection.

Article 29. State standards and other regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection

1. State standards and other regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection establish:

requirements, norms and rules in the field of environmental protection for products, works, services and relevant control methods;

restrictions on economic and other activities in order to prevent its negative impact on the environment;

the procedure for organizing activities in the field of environmental protection and managing such activities.

2. State standards and other regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection are developed taking into account scientific and technical achievements and the requirements of international rules and standards.

3. State standards for new equipment, technologies, materials, substances and other products, technological processes, storage, transportation, use of such products, including after their transition to the category of production and consumption waste, must take into account the requirements, norms and rules in field of environmental protection.

Article 30. Licensing of certain types of activities in the field of environmental protection

1. Certain types of activities in the field of environmental protection are subject to licensing.

2. The list of certain types of activities in the field of environmental protection subject to licensing is established by federal laws.

Article 31. Environmental certification

1. Environmental certification is carried out in order to ensure environmentally safe implementation of economic and other activities on the territory of the Russian Federation.

2. Environmental certification can be mandatory or voluntary.

3. Mandatory environmental certification is carried out in the manner determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.

Chapter VI. Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Expertise

Article 32. Conducting an environmental impact assessment

1. An environmental impact assessment is carried out in relation to planned economic and other activities that may have a direct or indirect impact on the environment, regardless of the organizational and legal forms of ownership of the subjects of economic and other activities.

2. An environmental impact assessment is carried out when developing all alternative options for pre-project, including pre-investment, and project documentation justifying the planned economic and other activities, with the participation of public associations.

3. Requirements for environmental impact assessment materials are established by federal executive authorities exercising public administration in the field of environmental protection.

Article 33. Environmental expertise

1. An environmental assessment is carried out in order to establish compliance of the planned economic and other activities with requirements in the field of environmental protection.

2. The procedure for conducting environmental impact assessment is established by the federal law on environmental impact assessment.

Chapter VII. Requirements in the field of environmental protection when carrying out economic and other activities

Article 34. General requirements in the field of environmental protection during the placement, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning, operation, conservation and liquidation of buildings, structures, structures and other objects

1. Placement, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning, operation, conservation and liquidation of buildings, structures, structures and other objects that have a direct or indirect negative impact on the environment are carried out in accordance with the requirements in the field of environmental protection. At the same time, measures should be taken to protect the environment, restore the natural environment, rational use and reproduction of natural resources, and ensure environmental safety.

2. Violation of requirements in the field of environmental protection entails the suspension of the placement, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning, operation, conservation and liquidation of buildings, structures, structures and other objects as prescribed by executive authorities exercising public administration in the field of environmental protection environment.

3. Termination in full of placement, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning, operation, conservation and liquidation of buildings, structures, structures and other objects in case of violation of requirements in the field of environmental protection is carried out on the basis of a court decision and (or) arbitration court .

Article 35. Requirements in the field of environmental protection when placing buildings, structures, structures and other objects

1. When placing buildings, structures, structures and other objects, compliance with the requirements in the field of environmental protection, restoration of the natural environment, rational use and reproduction of natural resources, ensuring environmental safety, taking into account immediate and long-term environmental, economic, demographic and other consequences must be ensured. operation of these facilities and compliance with the priority of preserving a favorable environment, biological diversity, rational use and reproduction of natural resources.

2. The choice of locations for buildings, structures, structures and other objects is carried out in compliance with the requirements of the law in the presence of a positive conclusion of the state environmental assessment.

3. In cases where the placement of buildings, structures, structures and other objects affects the legitimate interests of citizens, the decision is made taking into account the results of referendums held in the relevant territories.

Article 36. Requirements in the field of environmental protection when designing buildings, structures, structures and other objects

1. When designing buildings, structures, structures and other objects, standards for permissible anthropogenic load on the environment must be taken into account, measures to prevent and eliminate environmental pollution must be provided, as well as methods for disposing of production and consumption waste, resource-saving, low-waste, non-waste and other best methods must be used. existing technologies that contribute to environmental protection, restoration of the natural environment, rational use and reproduction of natural resources.

2. It is prohibited to change the cost of design work and approved projects by excluding from such work and projects planned environmental protection measures during the design of construction, reconstruction, technical re-equipment, conservation and liquidation of buildings, structures, structures and other objects.

3. Projects for which there are no positive conclusions of the state environmental impact assessment are not subject to approval, and work on their implementation is prohibited from being financed.

Article 37. Requirements in the field of environmental protection during the construction and reconstruction of buildings, structures, structures and other objects

1. Construction and reconstruction of buildings, structures, structures and other objects must be carried out according to approved projects that have positive conclusions of the state environmental assessment, in compliance with requirements in the field of environmental protection, as well as sanitary and construction requirements, norms and rules.

2. The construction and reconstruction of buildings, structures, structures and other objects are prohibited before the approval of projects and before the allocation of land plots in kind, as well as changes in approved projects to the detriment of requirements in the field of environmental protection.

3. When carrying out the construction and reconstruction of buildings, structures, structures and other objects, measures are taken to protect the environment, restore the natural environment, reclaim land, and improve territories in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Article 38. Requirements in the field of environmental protection when commissioning buildings, structures, structures and other objects

1. Commissioning of buildings, structures, structures and other objects is carried out subject to full compliance with the requirements in the field of environmental protection provided for by the projects, and in accordance with the acts of the commissions for the acceptance into operation of buildings, structures, structures and other objects, in which includes representatives of federal executive authorities exercising public administration in the field of environmental protection.

2. It is prohibited to put into operation buildings, structures, structures and other objects that are not equipped with technical means and technologies for the neutralization and safe disposal of production and consumption waste, neutralization of emissions and discharges of pollutants, ensuring compliance with established requirements in the field of environmental protection. It is also prohibited to commission facilities that are not equipped with environmental pollution control means without completing the work envisaged by the projects on environmental protection, restoration of the natural environment, land reclamation, and landscaping in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

3. Managers and members of commissions for the acceptance into operation of buildings, structures, structures and other objects bear, in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, administrative and other responsibility for the acceptance into operation of buildings, structures, structures and other objects that do not comply with the requirements of legislation in the field of environmental protection .

Article 39. Requirements in the field of environmental protection during operation and decommissioning of buildings, structures, structures and other objects

1. Legal entities and individuals operating buildings, structures, structures and other objects are required to comply with approved technologies and requirements in the field of environmental protection, restoration of the natural environment, rational use and reproduction of natural resources.

2. Legal entities and individuals operating buildings, structures, structures and other objects ensure compliance with environmental quality standards based on the use of technical means and technologies for the neutralization and safe disposal of production and consumption waste, neutralization of emissions and discharges of pollutants, as well as other the best existing technologies that ensure compliance with requirements in the field of environmental protection, carry out measures to restore the natural environment, reclaim land, and improve territories in accordance with the law.

3. Decommissioning of buildings, structures, structures and other objects is carried out in accordance with legislation in the field of environmental protection and in the presence of design documentation approved in the prescribed manner.

4. When decommissioning buildings, structures, structures and other objects, measures must be developed and implemented to restore the natural environment, including the reproduction of components of the natural environment, in order to ensure a favorable environment.

5. Repurposing the functions of buildings, structures, structures and other objects is carried out in agreement with executive authorities exercising public administration in the field of environmental protection.

Article 40. Requirements in the field of environmental protection during the placement, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning and operation of energy facilities

1. The placement, design, construction and operation of energy facilities are carried out in accordance with the requirements of Articles 34 - 39 of this Federal Law.

2. When designing and constructing thermal power plants, provision must be made for their equipping with highly effective means of purifying emissions and discharges of pollutants, the use of environmentally friendly fuels and the safe disposal of production waste.

3. When locating, designing, constructing, reconstructing, commissioning and operating hydroelectric power plants, the real needs for electrical energy of the relevant regions, as well as the features of the terrain, must be taken into account.

When placing these objects, measures must be taken to preserve water bodies, drainage areas, aquatic biological resources, lands, soils, forests and other vegetation, biological diversity, ensure the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems, preserve natural landscapes, specially protected natural areas and natural monuments, and also take measures for the timely disposal of wood and fertile soil layer when clearing and flooding reservoir beds and other necessary measures to prevent negative changes in the natural environment, preserve the water regime, providing the most favorable conditions for the reproduction of aquatic biological resources.

4. When locating, designing, constructing, commissioning and operating nuclear installations, including nuclear power plants, the environment must be protected from the radiation effects of such installations, the established procedure and standards for the implementation of the technological process, the requirements of federal executive authorities authorized carry out state supervision and control in the field of ensuring radiation safety, and also state regulation of safety in the use of atomic energy must be carried out, measures must be taken to ensure complete radiation safety of the environment and the population in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and generally accepted principles and norms of international law, training must be provided and maintaining the qualifications of nuclear installation workers.

5. The placement of nuclear installations, including nuclear power plants, is carried out if the projects and other supporting materials contain positive conclusions from the state environmental assessment and other state examinations provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation and confirming the environmental and radiation safety of nuclear installations.

6. Projects for siting nuclear installations, including nuclear power plants, must contain solutions to ensure their safe decommissioning.

Article 41. Requirements in the field of environmental protection during the placement, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning, operation and decommissioning of military and defense facilities, weapons and military equipment

1. The requirements in the field of environmental protection imposed upon the placement, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning, operation and decommissioning of buildings, structures, structures and other objects fully apply to military and defense facilities, weapons and military equipment, with the exception of emergency situations that impede compliance with environmental protection requirements.

2. The list of emergency situations that impede compliance with environmental protection requirements during the placement, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning, operation and decommissioning of military and defense facilities, weapons and military equipment is determined by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Article 42. Requirements in the field of environmental protection during the operation of agricultural facilities

1. When operating agricultural facilities, requirements in the field of environmental protection must be observed, measures must be taken to protect lands, soils, water bodies, plants, animals and other organisms from the negative impact of economic and other activities on the environment.

2. Agricultural organizations engaged in the production, procurement and processing of agricultural products, and other agricultural organizations, when carrying out their activities, must comply with requirements in the field of environmental protection.

3. Agricultural facilities must have the necessary sanitary protection zones and treatment facilities to prevent contamination of soil, surface and groundwater, drainage areas and atmospheric air.

Article 43. Requirements in the field of environmental protection during land reclamation, placement, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning and operation of reclamation systems and separately located hydraulic structures

When carrying out land reclamation, placement, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning and operation of reclamation systems and separately located hydraulic structures, measures must be taken to ensure water balance and economical use of water, protection of lands, soils, forests and other vegetation, animals and other organisms, as well as preventing other negative impacts on the environment when implementing reclamation measures. Land reclamation should not lead to environmental deterioration or disrupt the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems.

Article 44. Requirements in the field of environmental protection during the placement, design, construction, reconstruction of urban and rural settlements

1. When locating, designing, constructing, reconstructing urban and rural settlements, requirements in the field of environmental protection must be observed, ensuring a favorable state of the environment for human life, as well as for the habitat of plants, animals and other organisms, and the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems.

Buildings, structures, structures and other objects must be located taking into account the requirements in the field of environmental protection, sanitary and hygienic standards and urban planning requirements.

2. When planning and developing urban and rural settlements, requirements in the field of environmental protection must be observed, measures must be taken for sanitary cleaning, neutralization and safe disposal of production and consumption waste, compliance with standards for permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms, as well as restoration of the natural environment , land reclamation, landscaping and other measures to ensure environmental protection and environmental safety in accordance with the law.

3. In order to protect the environment of urban and rural settlements, protective and security zones are created, including sanitary protection zones, green areas, green zones, including forest park areas and other protective and security zones with a limited regime withdrawn from intensive economic use environmental management.

Article 45. Requirements in the field of environmental protection during the production and operation of automobiles and other vehicles

1. The production of automobiles and other vehicles must be carried out in accordance with environmental protection requirements.

2. Legal entities and individuals operating automobiles and other vehicles that have a negative impact on the environment are required to comply with standards for permissible emissions and discharges of substances and microorganisms, as well as take measures to neutralize pollutants, including their neutralization, and reduce noise levels and other negative impacts on the environment.

3. Relations in the field of production and operation of automobiles and other vehicles are regulated by law.

Article 46. Requirements in the field of environmental protection during the placement, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning and operation of oil and gas production facilities, processing facilities, transportation, storage and sale of oil, gas and their processed products

1. Placement, design, construction, reconstruction, commissioning and operation of oil and gas production facilities, processing, transportation, storage and sale of oil, gas and their products must be carried out in accordance with the requirements established by legislation in the field of environmental protection.

2. When locating, designing, constructing, reconstructing, commissioning and operating oil and gas production facilities, processing, transportation, storage and sale of oil, gas and their products, effective measures must be taken to clean up and neutralize waste from production and collection of oil (associated ) gas and mineralized water, reclamation of disturbed and contaminated lands, reducing the negative impact on the environment, as well as compensation for environmental damage caused during the construction and operation of these facilities.

3. Construction and operation of oil and gas production facilities, processing facilities, transportation, storage and sale of oil, gas and their processed products are permitted in the presence of projects for the restoration of contaminated lands in zones of temporary and (or) permanent land acquisition, positive conclusions of the state environmental assessment and other established legislation of state examinations, financial guarantees for the implementation of such projects.

4. Construction and operation of oil and gas production facilities, oil and gas processing, transportation and storage facilities located in water areas, on the continental shelf and in the exclusive economic zone of the Russian Federation are permitted subject to positive conclusions of the state environmental assessment and other state assessments established by law after restoration of contaminated lands.

Article 47. Requirements in the field of environmental protection during the production, handling and neutralization of potentially hazardous chemicals, including radioactive substances, other substances and microorganisms

1. The production and circulation of potentially hazardous chemical substances, including radioactive, other substances and microorganisms are allowed on the territory of the Russian Federation after the necessary toxicological, hygienic and toxicological studies of these substances have been carried out, the procedure for handling them has been established, environmental standards have been established and state registration of these substances in in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

2. The neutralization of potentially hazardous chemical and biological substances is carried out in the presence of design and technological documentation approved in the established manner in accordance with the law.

Article 48. Requirements in the field of environmental protection when using radioactive substances and nuclear materials

1. Legal entities and individuals are obliged to comply with the rules of production, storage, transportation, use, disposal of radioactive substances (sources of ionizing radiation) and nuclear materials, not to exceed the established maximum permissible standards for ionizing radiation, and if they are exceeded, immediately inform the executive authorities in in the field of ensuring radiation safety about increased levels of radiation dangerous to the environment and human health, take measures to eliminate sources of radiation contamination.

2. Legal entities and individuals who do not ensure compliance with the rules for handling radioactive substances and nuclear materials, as well as radioactive waste, bear responsibility in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

3. The import of radioactive waste and nuclear materials into the Russian Federation from foreign countries for the purpose of their storage or burial, as well as the flooding and sending of radioactive waste and nuclear materials into outer space for the purpose of burial are prohibited, except in cases established by this Federal Law.

4. Import into the Russian Federation from foreign countries of irradiated fuel assemblies of nuclear reactors for temporary technological storage and (or) their reprocessing is permitted if a state environmental assessment and other state assessments of the relevant project, provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, have been carried out, and a general reduction in risk is justified radiation impact and increasing the level of environmental safety as a result of the implementation of the relevant project.

Import of irradiated fuel assemblies of nuclear reactors into the Russian Federation is carried out on the basis of international treaties of the Russian Federation.

The procedure for importing irradiated fuel assemblies of nuclear reactors into the Russian Federation is established by the Government of the Russian Federation based on the basic principles of ensuring the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, environmental protection and economic interests of the Russian Federation, taking into account the priority of the right to return radioactive waste generated after reprocessing to the state of origin of nuclear materials or to ensure their return.

Article 49. Requirements in the field of environmental protection when using chemicals in agriculture and forestry

1. Legal entities and individuals are obliged to comply with the rules for the production, storage, transportation and use of chemicals used in agriculture and forestry, requirements in the field of environmental protection, as well as take measures to prevent the negative impact of economic and other activities and eliminate harmful consequences to ensure environmental quality, sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems and conservation of natural landscapes in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Article 50. Protection of the environment from negative biological impacts

1. The production, breeding and use of plants, animals and other organisms that are not characteristic of natural ecological systems, as well as those created artificially, are prohibited, without the development of effective measures to prevent their uncontrolled reproduction, a positive conclusion of the state environmental assessment, and permission from the federal executive authorities carrying out public administration in the field of environmental protection, other federal executive authorities in accordance with their competence and legislation of the Russian Federation.

2. When locating, designing, constructing, reconstructing, commissioning, operating and decommissioning hazardous production facilities, and using technologies associated with the negative impact of microorganisms on the environment, requirements in the field of environmental protection and environmental standards must be observed, including including standards for maximum permissible concentrations of microorganisms, state standards and other regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection.

3. Legal entities and individuals carrying out activities related to the possibility of negative impacts of microorganisms on the environment are obliged to ensure environmentally safe production, transportation, use, storage, placement and neutralization of microorganisms, to develop and implement measures to prevent accidents and disasters, prevention and liquidation consequences of the negative impact of microorganisms on the environment.

Article 51. Requirements in the field of environmental protection when handling production and consumption waste

1. Production and consumption waste, including radioactive waste, is subject to collection, use, neutralization, transportation, storage and burial, the conditions and methods of which must be safe for the environment and regulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

discharge of production and consumption waste, including radioactive waste, into surface and underground water bodies, into drainage areas, into the subsoil and onto the soil;

placement of hazardous waste and radioactive waste in areas adjacent to urban and rural settlements, in forest parks, resorts, medical and recreational areas, on animal migration routes, near spawning grounds and in other places where a danger to the environment may be created, natural ecological systems and human health;

burial of hazardous waste and radioactive waste in catchment areas of underground water bodies used as sources of water supply, for balneological purposes, for the extraction of valuable mineral resources;

import of hazardous waste and radioactive waste into the Russian Federation for the purpose of their disposal and neutralization.

3. Relations in the field of management of production and consumption waste, as well as hazardous waste and radioactive waste are regulated by the relevant legislation of the Russian Federation.

Article 52. Requirements in the field of environmental protection when establishing protective and security zones

1. In order to ensure the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems, the protection of natural complexes, natural landscapes and specially protected natural areas from pollution and other negative impacts of economic and other activities, protective and security zones are established.

2. In order to protect human living conditions, the habitat of plants, animals and other organisms around industrial zones and objects of economic and other activities that have a negative impact on the environment, protective and security zones, including sanitary protection zones, are created in neighborhoods , microdistricts of urban and rural settlements - territories, green zones, including forested parks and other zones with a limited regime of environmental management.

3. The procedure for establishing and creating protective and security zones is regulated by law.

Article 53. Requirements in the field of environmental protection during privatization and nationalization of property

During the privatization and nationalization of property, environmental protection measures and compensation for environmental damage are ensured.

Article 54. Protection of the ozone layer of the atmosphere

Protection of the ozone layer of the atmosphere from environmentally hazardous changes is ensured by regulating the production and use of substances that destroy the ozone layer of the atmosphere, in accordance with international treaties of the Russian Federation, generally recognized principles and norms of international law, as well as the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Article 55. Protection of the environment from negative physical impacts

1. State authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies, legal entities and individuals, when carrying out economic and other activities, are obliged to take the necessary measures to prevent and eliminate the negative impact of noise, vibration, electric, electromagnetic, magnetic fields and other negative physical impacts on the environment in urban and rural settlements, recreation areas, habitats of wild animals and birds, including their reproduction, on natural ecological systems and natural landscapes.

2. When planning and developing urban and rural settlements, designing, constructing, reconstructing and operating production facilities, creating and mastering new equipment, producing and operating vehicles, measures must be developed to ensure compliance with the standards for permissible physical impacts.

Article 56. Penalties for violation of environmental requirements

In case of violation of the environmental requirements provided for in this chapter, activities carried out in violation of these requirements may be limited, suspended or terminated in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Chapter VIII. Ecological disaster zones, emergency zones

Article 57. Procedure for establishing environmental disaster zones and emergency zones

1. The procedure for declaring and establishing the regime of environmental disaster zones is established by the legislation on environmental disaster zones.

2. Environmental protection in emergency zones is established by the federal law on the protection of the population and territories from natural and man-made emergencies, other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, laws and other regulatory legal acts of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Chapter IX. Natural objects under special protection

Article 58. Measures for the protection of natural objects

1. Natural objects that have special environmental, scientific, historical, cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health and other valuable significance are under special protection. To protect such natural objects, a special legal regime is established, including the creation of specially protected natural areas.

2. The procedure for the creation and functioning of specially protected natural areas is regulated by the legislation on specially protected natural areas.

3. State natural reserves, including state natural biosphere reserves, state natural reserves, natural monuments, national parks, dendrological parks, natural parks, botanical gardens and other specially protected areas, natural objects with special environmental, scientific, historical and cultural significance , aesthetic, recreational, health and other valuable values, form a natural reserve fund.

4. Confiscation of lands of natural reserve fund is prohibited, except for cases provided for by federal laws.

5. Lands within the boundaries of territories on which natural objects are located that have special environmental, scientific, historical, cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health and other valuable significance and are under special protection are not subject to privatization.

Article 59. Legal regime for the protection of natural objects

1. The legal regime for the protection of natural objects is established by legislation in the field of environmental protection, legislation on natural and cultural heritage, as well as other legislation.

2. Economic and other activities that have a negative impact on the environment and lead to degradation and (or) destruction of natural objects that have special environmental, scientific, historical, cultural, aesthetic, recreational, health and other valuable significance and are under special protection are prohibited .

Article 60. Protection of rare and endangered plants, animals and other organisms

1. In order to protect and record rare and endangered plants, animals and other organisms, the Red Book of the Russian Federation and the Red Books of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are established. Plants, animals and other organisms belonging to species listed in the Red Books are everywhere subject to withdrawal from economic use. In order to preserve rare and endangered plants, animals and other organisms, their genetic fund must be preserved in low-temperature gene banks, as well as in artificially created habitats. Activities leading to a reduction in the numbers of these plants, animals and other organisms and deteriorating their habitat are prohibited.

2. The procedure for the protection of rare and endangered plants, animals and other organisms, the procedure for maintaining the Red Book of the Russian Federation, the red books of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as the procedure for preserving their genetic fund in low-temperature gene banks and in artificially created habitats is determined by legislation in field of environmental protection.

3. Import into the Russian Federation, export from the Russian Federation and transit through the Russian Federation, as well as the circulation of rare and endangered plants, animals and other organisms, their especially valuable species, including plants, animals and other organisms falling under subject to international treaties of the Russian Federation, is regulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation taking into account the generally recognized principles and norms of international law.

Article 61. Protection of the green fund of urban and rural settlements

1. The green fund of urban and rural settlements is a set of green zones, including areas covered with trees and shrubs and areas covered with grassy vegetation, within the boundaries of these settlements.

2. The protection of the green fund of urban and rural settlements provides for a system of measures that ensure the preservation and development of the green fund and are necessary to normalize the environmental situation and create a favorable environment.

In the territories that are part of the green fund, economic and other activities that have a negative impact on these territories and interfere with their implementation of environmental, sanitary, hygienic and recreational functions are prohibited.

3. State regulation in the field of protection of the green fund of urban and rural settlements is carried out in accordance with the law.

Article 62. Protection of rare and endangered soils

1. Rare and endangered soils are subject to state protection, and for the purpose of their registration and protection, the Red Book of Soils of the Russian Federation and the Red Books of Soils of the Subjects of the Russian Federation are established, the procedure for maintaining which is determined by the legislation on soil protection.

2. The procedure for classifying soils as rare and endangered, as well as the procedure for establishing regimes for the use of land plots whose soils are classified as rare and endangered, are determined by law.

Chapter X. State environmental monitoring (state environmental monitoring)

Article 63. Organization of state environmental monitoring (state environmental monitoring)

1. State environmental monitoring (state environmental monitoring) is carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in order to monitor the state of the environment, including the state of the environment in the areas where sources of anthropogenic impact are located and the impact of these sources on the environment environment, as well as in order to meet the needs of the state, legal entities and individuals for reliable information necessary to prevent and (or) reduce the adverse consequences of changes in the state of the environment.

2. The procedure for organizing and implementing state environmental monitoring (state environmental monitoring) is established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

3. Information about the state of the environment, its changes, obtained during state environmental monitoring (state environmental monitoring) is used by state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments to develop forecasts of socio-economic development and adoption relevant decisions, development of federal programs in the field of environmental development of the Russian Federation, target programs in the field of environmental protection of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and measures for environmental protection.

The procedure for providing information on the state of the environment is regulated by law.

Chapter XI. Control in the field of environmental protection (ecological control)

Article 64. Tasks of control in the field of environmental protection (ecological control)

1. Control in the field of environmental protection (ecological control) is carried out in order to ensure that government bodies of the Russian Federation, government bodies of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies, legal entities and individuals comply with legislation in the field of environmental protection, compliance with requirements, including including standards and regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection, as well as ensuring environmental safety.

2. In the Russian Federation, state, industrial, municipal and public control is exercised in the field of environmental protection.

Article 65. State control in the field of environmental protection (state environmental control)

1. State control in the field of environmental protection (state environmental control) is carried out by federal executive authorities and executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

State control in the field of environmental protection (state environmental control) is carried out in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

2. The list of objects subject to federal state environmental control in accordance with this Federal Law and other federal laws is determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.

3. The list of officials of the federal executive body exercising federal state environmental control (federal state inspectors in the field of environmental protection) is established by the Government of the Russian Federation.

4. The list of officials of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation exercising state environmental control (state inspectors in the field of environmental protection of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation) is established in accordance with the legislation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

5. It is prohibited to combine the functions of state control in the field of environmental protection (state environmental control) and the functions of economic use of natural resources.

Article 66. Rights, duties and responsibilities of state inspectors in the field of environmental protection

1. State inspectors in the field of environmental protection, when performing their official duties within the limits of their powers, have the right, in the prescribed manner:

visit, for the purpose of inspection, organizations, objects of economic and other activities, regardless of the form of ownership, including objects subject to state protection, defense objects, civil defense objects, get acquainted with documents and other materials necessary for the implementation of state environmental control;

check compliance with regulations, state standards and other regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection, the operation of treatment facilities and other neutralizing devices, control means, as well as the implementation of plans and measures for environmental protection;

verify compliance with requirements, norms and rules in the field of environmental protection during the placement, construction, commissioning, operation and decommissioning of production and other facilities;

check compliance with the requirements specified in the conclusion of the state environmental assessment and make proposals for its implementation;

make demands and issue instructions to legal entities and individuals to eliminate violations of legislation in the field of environmental protection and violations of environmental requirements identified during the implementation of state environmental control;

suspend economic and other activities of legal entities and individuals if they violate legislation in the field of environmental protection;

bring to administrative responsibility persons who have committed violations of legislation in the field of environmental protection;

exercise other powers determined by law.

2. State inspectors in the field of environmental protection are obliged to:

prevent, identify and suppress violations of environmental legislation;

explain to violators of environmental legislation their rights and obligations;

comply with legal requirements.

3. Decisions of state inspectors in the field of environmental protection can be appealed in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

4. State inspectors in the field of environmental protection are subject to state protection in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.

Article 67. Industrial control in the field of environmental protection (industrial environmental control)

1. Industrial control in the field of environmental protection (industrial environmental control) is carried out in order to ensure the implementation in the process of economic and other activities of measures for environmental protection, rational use and restoration of natural resources, as well as in order to comply with requirements in the field of environmental protection, established by legislation in the field of environmental protection.

2. Subjects of economic and other activities are required to provide information on the organization of industrial environmental control to executive authorities and local government bodies, respectively, exercising state and municipal control in the manner established by law.

Article 68. Municipal control in the field of environmental protection (municipal environmental control) and public control in the field of environmental protection (public environmental control)

1. Municipal control in the field of environmental protection (municipal environmental control) on the territory of a municipal entity is carried out by local government bodies or bodies authorized by them.

2. Municipal control in the field of environmental protection (municipal environmental control) on the territory of a municipal entity is carried out in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and in the manner established by regulatory legal acts of local government bodies.

3. Public control in the field of environmental protection (public environmental control) is carried out in order to realize everyone’s right to a favorable environment and prevent violations of legislation in the field of environmental protection.

4. Public control in the field of environmental protection (public environmental control) is carried out by public and other non-profit associations in accordance with their charters, as well as by citizens in accordance with the law.

5. The results of public control in the field of environmental protection (public environmental control), submitted to the state authorities of the Russian Federation, state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local governments, are subject to mandatory consideration in the manner established by law.

Article 69. State registration of objects that have a negative impact on the environment

1. State registration of objects that have a negative impact on the environment is carried out for the purpose of state regulation of environmental activities, as well as current and long-term planning of measures to reduce the negative impact of economic and other activities on the environment.

2. State registration of objects that have a negative impact on the environment, as well as assessment of this impact on the environment, is carried out in the manner established by law.

3. Objects that have a negative impact on the environment and data on their impact on the environment are subject to state statistical registration.

Chapter XII. Scientific research in the field of environmental protection

Article 70. Scientific research in the field of environmental protection

1. Scientific research in the field of environmental protection is carried out for the purpose of social, economic and environmentally balanced development of the Russian Federation, creating a scientific basis for environmental protection, developing scientifically based measures to improve and restore the environment, ensuring the sustainable functioning of natural ecological systems, rational use and reproduction of natural resources, ensuring environmental safety.

2. Scientific research in the field of environmental protection is carried out for the purposes of:

development of concepts, scientific forecasts and plans for environmental conservation and restoration;

assessing the consequences of the negative impact of economic and other activities on the environment;

improving legislation in the field of environmental protection, creating regulations, state standards and other regulatory documents in the field of environmental protection;

development and improvement of indicators for comprehensive assessment of environmental impact, methods and methods for their determination;

development and creation of the best technologies in the field of environmental protection and rational use of natural resources;

development of rehabilitation programs for territories classified as environmental disaster zones;

development of measures to preserve and develop the natural potential and recreational potential of the Russian Federation;

other purposes in the field of environmental protection.

3. Scientific research in the field of environmental protection is carried out by scientific organizations in accordance with the federal law on science and state scientific and technical policy.

Chapter XIII. Fundamentals of the formation of ecological culture

Article 71. Universality and complexity of environmental education

In order to form an environmental culture and professional training of specialists in the field of environmental protection, a system of universal and comprehensive environmental education is being established, which includes preschool and general education, secondary, vocational and higher vocational education, postgraduate vocational education, professional retraining and advanced training of specialists, and also dissemination of environmental knowledge, including through the media, museums, libraries, cultural institutions, environmental institutions, sports and tourism organizations.

Article 72. Teaching the basics of environmental knowledge in educational institutions

1. In preschool educational institutions, general education institutions and educational institutions of additional education, regardless of their profile and organizational and legal forms, the fundamentals of environmental knowledge are taught.

2. In accordance with the profile of educational institutions providing professional training, retraining and advanced training of specialists, the teaching of academic disciplines on environmental protection, environmental safety and rational use of natural resources is provided.

Article 73. Training of heads of organizations and specialists in the field of environmental protection and environmental safety

1. Heads of organizations and specialists responsible for making decisions when carrying out economic and other activities that have or may have a negative impact on the environment must have training in the field of environmental protection and environmental safety.

2. Training of heads of organizations and specialists in the field of environmental protection and environmental safety, responsible for making decisions when carrying out economic and other activities that have or may have a negative impact on the environment, is carried out in accordance with the law.

Article 74. Environmental education

1. In order to form an environmental culture in society, cultivate a caring attitude towards nature, and rational use of natural resources, environmental education is carried out through the dissemination of environmental knowledge about environmental safety, information about the state of the environment and the use of natural resources.

2. Environmental education, including informing the population about legislation in the field of environmental protection and legislation in the field of environmental safety, is carried out by government bodies of the Russian Federation, government bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local government bodies, public associations, the media, and also educational institutions, cultural institutions, museums, libraries, environmental institutions, sports and tourism organizations, and other legal entities.

Chapter XIV. Responsibility for violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection and resolution of disputes in the field of environmental protection

Article 75. Types of liability for violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection

For violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection, property, disciplinary, administrative and criminal liability is established in accordance with the law.

Article 76. Resolution of disputes in the field of environmental protection

Disputes in the field of environmental protection are resolved in court in accordance with the law.

Article 77. Obligation to fully compensate for damage to the environment

1. Legal entities and individuals who have caused harm to the environment as a result of its pollution, depletion, damage, destruction, irrational use of natural resources, degradation and destruction of natural ecological systems, natural complexes and natural landscapes and other violations of legislation in the field of environmental protection are obliged reimburse it in full in accordance with the law.

2. Damage to the environment caused by a subject of economic and other activities, including the project of which has a positive conclusion from the state environmental assessment, including activities for the removal of components of the natural environment, is subject to compensation by the customer and (or) the subject of economic and other activities.

3. Damage to the environment caused by a subject of economic and other activities is compensated in accordance with the fees and methods for calculating the amount of damage to the environment approved in the established manner, and in their absence, based on the actual costs of restoring the disturbed state of the environment, taking into account the losses incurred, including lost profits.

Article 78. Procedure for compensation for environmental damage caused by violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection

1. Compensation for environmental damage caused by violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection is carried out voluntarily or by decision of a court or arbitration court.

Determination of the amount of damage to the environment caused by violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection is carried out based on the actual costs of restoring the disturbed state of the environment, taking into account the losses incurred, including lost profits, as well as in accordance with projects for reclamation and other restoration work, in their absence, in accordance with the rates and methods for calculating the amount of damage to the environment, approved by executive authorities exercising public administration in the field of environmental protection.

2. Based on a decision of a court or arbitration court, damage to the environment caused by a violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection can be compensated by imposing on the defendant the obligation to restore the disturbed state of the environment at his own expense in accordance with the restoration project.

3. Claims for compensation for environmental damage caused by violation of environmental legislation may be brought within twenty years.

Article 79. Compensation for harm caused to the health and property of citizens as a result of violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection

1. Damage caused to the health and property of citizens by the negative impact of the environment as a result of economic and other activities of legal entities and individuals is subject to compensation in full.

2. Determination of the scope and amount of compensation for harm caused to the health and property of citizens as a result of violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection is carried out in accordance with the law.

Article 80. Requirements for restriction, suspension or termination of activities of persons carried out in violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection

Requests for restriction, suspension or termination of activities of legal entities and individuals carried out in violation of legislation in the field of environmental protection are considered by a court or arbitration court.

Chapter XV. International cooperation in the field of environmental protection

Article 81. Principles of international cooperation in the field of environmental protection

The Russian Federation carries out international cooperation in the field of environmental protection in accordance with generally accepted principles and norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection.

Article 82. International treaties of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection

1. International treaties of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection, which do not require the publication of internal acts for application, apply directly to relations arising in the implementation of activities in the field of environmental protection. In other cases, along with the international treaty of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection, the corresponding regulatory legal act adopted to implement the provisions of the international treaty of the Russian Federation is applied.

2. If an international treaty of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection establishes rules other than those provided for by this Federal Law, the rules of the international treaty apply.

Chapter XVI. Final provisions

Article 83. Entry into force of this Federal Law

This Federal Law comes into force on the date of its official publication.

Article 84. Bringing regulatory legal acts into compliance with this Federal Law

1. From the date of entry into force of this Federal Law, the following shall be declared invalid:

Law of the RSFSR of December 19, 1991 N2060-I “On the protection of the natural environment” (Vedomosti of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Soviet of the Russian Federation, 1992, N10, Art. 457), with the exception of Article 84, which becomes invalid simultaneously with the introduction into force of the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offences;

Law of the Russian Federation of February 21, 1992 N2397-I “On Amendments to Article 20 of the Law of the RSFSR “On Environmental Protection” (Gazette of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation, 1992, N10, Art. 459);

Article 4 of the Law of the Russian Federation of June 2, 1993 N5076-I "On Amendments and Additions to the Law of the RSFSR "On the Sanitary and Epidemiological Welfare of the Population", the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Protection of Consumer Rights", the Law of the Russian Federation "On the Protection of the Natural Environment" "(Vedomosti of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation, 1993, No. 29, Art. 1111);

Federal Law of July 10, 2001 N93-FZ “On introducing amendments to Article 50 of the RSFSR Law “On Environmental Protection” (Collected Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2001, N29, Art. 2948).

2. Resolution of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR dated December 19, 1991 N2061-I “On the procedure for enacting the Law of the RSFSR “On Environmental Protection” (Gazette of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation and the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation, 1992, N10, Art. 458) loses force simultaneously with Article 84 of the RSFSR Law “On Environmental Protection”.

3. The President of the Russian Federation and the Government of the Russian Federation shall bring their regulatory legal acts into compliance with this Federal Law.

The president
Russian Federation
V. Putin

Legislation provisions in the field of environmental safety are aimed at preserving the environment and natural resources. This approach is due to the Constitution’s injunction that every citizen has the right to an environment favorable to life. The Russian Federation has several laws regulating environmental issues.

The environmental laws of the Russian Federation are aimed at protecting and ensuring the country's natural resources. The provisions of the legislation relate not only to the consequences of human activity. Requirements are established to eliminate man-made and natural disasters, as well as to minimize their damage to the environment.

To regulate the relevant provisions, a number of legal acts are in force in Russia. accepted July 19, 1995. The purpose of the document is to ensure the constitutional right of citizens to a favorable environment and prevent negative impacts. Federal Law 174 addresses the following issues:

• powers of the President of the Russian Federation, federal and regional authorities;
• conducting state environmental assessment;
• the rights of citizens and public organizations, as well as customers of documentation for the examination;
• financial support, international treaties;
• responsibility for violations of the law, as well as the procedure for resolving arising disputes.

Federal Law “On Production and Consumption Waste” 89 Federal Law adopted on May 22, 1998. It regulates issues of handling and disposal of waste that may cause harm to citizens or the environment. Possibilities for recycling and reuse are taken into account. The provisions of Federal Law 89 regulate the following aspects:

• powers of the Russian Federation, its regions and local governments;
• general requirements for waste management;
• standardization, state accounting and reporting system;
• economic regulation of the assigned tasks;
• regulation of actions aimed at handling municipal solid waste;
• system of state supervision over the implementation of regulations;
• responsibility for violations.

Regulates issues aimed at protecting the health of citizens and ensuring a favorable environmental situation for life. The document regulates the following legal norms:

• rights and obligations of citizens, individual entrepreneurs and legal entities;
• sanitary and epidemiological requirements for ensuring environmental safety and environmental protection;
• provision of preventive measures;
• state regulation of prescribed actions and organization of state federal supervision;
• liability for violation of prescribed standards.

Federal Law “On the Protection of Atmospheric Air” 96 Federal Law adopted on April 2, 1999 and regulates aspects related to the prevention of air pollution. This is due to the fact that, according to Federal Law 96, it is a vital component for human life, plants and animals. Based on this conclusion, legal standards for the protection of atmospheric air are established. They are expressed in the following provisions:

• formation of management in the field of atmospheric air protection;
• organization of relevant activities;
• state accounting of sources of harmful effects on the atmosphere;
• ensuring state supervision and economic mechanism for protection and regulation;
• rights of citizens and legal entities in the field of atmospheric air protection;
• liability for violation of this law;
• international treaties and cooperation of the Russian Federation.

The basic environmental law is Federal Law 7 “On Environmental Protection”. The document regulates general aspects related to environmental safety. Legal norms of interaction between society and nature that arise in the course of citizens’ economic activities are prescribed.

Description of the environmental law

The Federal Law on Environmental Safety of the Russian Federation “On Environmental Protection” was adopted on December 20, 2001. In structure, it consists of several chapters that combine thematic provisions of legislation on environmental safety. Federal Law 7 contains the following legal provisions:

• general provisions, regulating the basic concepts of the law and the legal principles on which it is based, categories of objects that negatively affect the environmental situation are also taken into account;
• fundamentals of environmental management– the powers of federal, regional and municipal government bodies, the delimitation of rights and the management system are determined;
• rights and obligations of citizens, public associations and legal entities prescribed in the context of the state system of measures to ensure environmental safety;
• principles of economic regulation are based on penalties for negative impacts and identification of persons obliged to regularly pay the appropriate fee; a control system and state support for activities aimed at ensuring environmental safety are also prescribed;
• regulation in the field of environmental protection– standards are determined for acceptable actions that violate the environment;
• environmental impact assessment and the procedure for conducting environmental impact assessment;
• environmental safety requirements when carrying out certain types of economic or other activities;
• procedure for establishing environmental disaster zones and emergency situations;
• accounting of natural objects, which are listed under special protection, their legal regime and measures aimed at their preservation;
• forest park green belts– their creation, placement of information about them, principles of protection;
• state environmental supervision the situation, the functioning of its unified system and provision fund;
• state environmental supervision - ensuring production and public control, accounting for facilities whose activities have a negative impact on the environment;
• determination of principles for conducting scientific research in ecology;
• fundamentals of the formation of ecological culture– measures aimed at education and enlightenment of citizens;
• liability for violations of the law– its types, the procedure for resolving disputes, compensation for damage caused and restrictions on the activities of relevant facilities;
• elimination of accumulated environmental damage– identifying it and organizing measures to eliminate it;
• principles of international cooperation Russian Federation on environmental safety issues.

IN final provisions Law 7 Federal Law includes instructions on its entry into force, as well as bringing other legislative acts into legal compliance. The law came into force on the day of its official publication - January 10, 2002. Since that moment, it has undergone a number of changes aimed at eliminating inaccurate wording and updating legal norms. The latest amendments were made in 2016.

Changes in environmental law

Changes to the environmental law “On Environmental Protection” were last introduced in 2016. The amendments were introduced by various documents on April 5, June 23 and July 3. The general list is determined by the following changes:

• V Articles 1, 19, 29 and 70 after the words " documentation" the words " were added , federal rules and regulations"in the appropriate cases;
• article 78 the Law on Ecology was supplemented with clause 2.1 on accounting for the costs of eliminating damage to the environment;
• was added chapter 14.1 on damage control damage to the environment, corresponding amendments were also made to Articles 1, 5.1, 28.1 and 65;
• to the environmental law Chapter 9.1 on forest-park green belts was introduced, the wording of Article 44 was additionally adjusted, and paragraphs 4-7 were added to Article 68 on the ability of citizens to assist government services in ensuring environmental safety;
• to point 1 Article 50 a paragraph has been added on the prohibition of growing plants and animals with genetically engineered material, with the exception of scientific research work and examination.

The Federal Law “On Environmental Protection”, adopted on January 10, 2002, is a systematized, comprehensive legal act in the field of environmental protection. It regulates basic social relations in the field of environmental management and environmental protection.

General characteristics of the law

This law determined the main tasks and mechanism for regulating relations in the sphere of interaction between society and people. He laid the foundations for the progressive development of environmental legislation as legislation of a new generation. This law is characterized by the following features:

The law is a comprehensive normative act regulating environmental relations in general without differentiation by individual natural objects. It formulates the main provisions that make it possible to prevent harm to the environment and ensure compliance with environmental requirements.

These include: the creation of an economic mechanism for environmental protection, regulation of state environmental assessment, liability for environmental violations.

The law is a basic normative act, the provisions of which are developed and specified in other acts of environmental legislation. Certain sections of this law subsequently became the basis for the development of other federal laws and other regulations of environmental legislation.

The law establishes the priority of protecting human life and health from the adverse effects of the environment. Protecting the natural environment is not an end in itself; the main goal is to prevent the harmful effects of the environment on the human body. From this point of view, the main legal institutions of environmental protection operate. In particular, human health is the main criterion when establishing environmental standards.

cultural and economic interests of society. The principle of the relationship between environmental and economic interests of society is fundamental in the concept of sustainable development, formulated at the UN conferences in 1972 and 1992. In our legislation this principle is reflected in such a compromise formulation

The law establishes a system of economic incentives for environmental protection activities in combination with administrative and legal measures.

This combination allows, on the one hand, the state to control the activities of natural resources users, since natural resources are the property of the entire society, on the other hand, the introduction of market mechanisms creates the prerequisites for the rational use of natural resources.

The law consists of a preamble, 16 chapters and 84 articles.

Regulatory acts on rational environmental management

As noted above, among the laws that regulate environmental legal relations, two groups can be distinguished: environmental and natural resource.

Natural resource regulations regulate social relations that develop in the sphere of rational use of certain types of natural resources and natural objects: land, subsoil, water, forests, atmospheric air, wildlife, specially protected areas.

The group of federal laws, which are fundamental regulatory acts, includes the following: Land Code of the Russian Federation, Law of the Russian Federation “On Subsoil”, Water Code of the Russian Federation, Forestry Code of the Russian Federation, Federal Law “On the Protection of Atmospheric Air”, Federal Law of March 14, 1995 No. 33-FZ “On Specially Protected Natural Areas”, Federal Law “On Wildlife”.

These regulations are characterized by the presence of some common features.

1. Natural resources may be in different forms of ownership, but they are a specific object of ownership.

Significant, from the point of view of legal regulation, is the content of the concept of “protection and rational use of a natural resource”. What qualities of a natural resource are priority? For example, water can be used for drinking, for household needs, as a shipping route, etc. If water is used as a shipping route, its purity is not critical. The legislation determines that the priority quality of water is its suitability for drinking, i.e.

purity.

Compliance with any instructions is impossible without responsibility. A rule of law is not a recommendation, but a command, behind which stands the authority of the state.

These legislative acts provide for liability for violation of relevant legislation (land, water, forestry, etc.), and measures of liability may have their own specific features.

Let's take a closer look at the two main natural resource federal laws. Land Code

regulates relations in the field of use and protection of water bodies (water relations) in order to ensure the right of citizens to clean water and a favorable water environment. These goals are achieved through the following activities:

maintaining optimal conditions for water use, the quality of surface and groundwater in a state that meets sanitary and environmental requirements;

protection of water bodies from pollution, clogging and depletion;

preventing or eliminating the harmful effects of water, as well as preserving the biological diversity of aquatic ecosystems.

The Water Code of the Russian Federation provides for the following responsibilities of water users: rational use of water bodies; prevent violation of the rights of other water users, as well as

causing harm to human health and the environment; prevent deterioration of the quality of surface and ground waters, habitats of flora and fauna; inform government authorities about emergencies and other emergency situations affecting the condition of water bodies.

The Water Code of the Russian Federation stipulates that “persons guilty of violating the water legislation of the Russian Federation bear administrative and criminal liability in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation” (Article 130). If damage is caused to a water body, the persons responsible for this are obliged to compensate for the damage.

Self-test questions

Describe the main stages of the formation of Russian legislation.

Give a general description of the Federal Law “On Environmental Protection”.

What social relations are regulated by natural resource regulations?

Give a description of the Land Code of the Russian Federation.

Give a description of the Water Code of the Russian Federation.

What responsibilities of land users are provided for by the Land Code of the Russian Federation?