History of the Kostroma region. History and modernity

Foundation of the city. XII century - first half of the XIII century.
Kostroma is an ancient city located 360 kilometers northeast of Moscow. The Volga divides Kostroma into 2 parts, giving the city special beauty and originality.

The foundation of Kostroma dates back to the middle of the 12th century. Then an active struggle between Rus' and Volga-Kama Bulgaria began for the trade route along the Volga. This forced the Volga region settlements to be strengthened, and a fortress was built in Kostroma, as in a number of other places.

There is no consensus on its original location. Some researchers believe that the city was founded on the high right bank of the Volga, on the site of the modern village of Gorodishche, and moved to the left bank after Batu’s devastation. Others believe that from the very beginning Kostroma was built on a hill at the confluence of the Sula River with the Volga, which is confirmed by archaeological excavations carried out repeatedly here. There is enough reason to believe that the center of ancient Kostroma was located at the intersection of modern Ostrovsky Street with Pyatnitskaya Street. Kostroma was founded in 1152 by Yuri Dolgoruky as an outpost of the northeastern borders of Russia. The legend about the founding of the city, recorded and published in the middle of the 19th century, says that Yuri Dolgoruky and his army arrived in these places surrounded by forest wilds to protect merchants and trade people from bandit raids.

There are several interpretations of the city's name. Some researchers believe its origin is from the Finnish word “kostrum” - “fortress”, a fortified place. Others associate it with the ancient “round dance”, called Kostroma, which has existed since pagan times in Rus' in those areas where flax was cultivated. The holiday in honor of the deity of Kostroma, who personified the life-giving forces of spring, occupied a prominent place in the ritual games in honor of the sun god Yarila. Kostroma was depicted by a smartly dressed doll made of twigs and straw. Games were held in her honor, and at the end of the celebration the doll was drowned in water or burned at the stake. Some authors propose a different version: the name comes from the timber harvested in winter on the banks of rivers in large “bonfires”, rafted in the spring from Buysky and Kostroma counties.

Kostroma was first mentioned as a significant settlement in the Resurrection Chronicle in 1213 in connection with a description of the struggle between the sons of Prince Vsevolod the Big Nest. Grand Duke Vsevolod III, when dividing the lands between his sons, gave the Vladimir throne to the youngest of them, Yuri, while the eldest Konstantin received Rostov and five other cities: Beloozero, Ugliche Pole, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Galich Meryazhsky.

In 1237-1238, Kostroma was captured and plundered by the Tatar-Mongols, but was revived: the Kostroma Kremlin was erected and in 1246 the Kostroma appanage principality was formed, which later became part of the possessions of Moscow. In 1272, after the death of Grand Duke Yaroslav Yaroslavovich, by right of seniority Vasily, Prince of Kostroma, ascended the grand-ducal throne, but did not change his place of residence, and Kostroma until 1276 inclusive became the capital of the Grand Duchy of Vladimirovsky, the political center of North-Eastern Rus'.

In the XIII-XIV centuries, fortified monasteries appeared around Kostroma, protecting the approaches to the city: Ipatievsky and Nikolo-Babaevsky.

In the 60-70s of the 13th century, mass protests of Russian people against the Tatar yoke began. In 1272, the Kostroma residents defeated a detachment of Tatar tribute collectors on the shore of the lake, which later received the name “Saint” (now Nekrasovskoye).

The second half of the 14th century was of particular importance in the fate of the Kostroma land, when in 1364 Kostroma and the Kostroma Principality became part of the Russian centralized state headed by Moscow. And already in the battle on the Kulikovo field in 1380, Kostroma warriors fought in the army of Dmitry Donskoy under the command of governor Ivan Rodionovich Kvashnya.

Throughout the XIV-XV centuries, the well-fortified city repeatedly served as a refuge for the family of the Grand Duke of Moscow. In 1382, during the invasion of Moscow by Khan Tokhtamysh, Prince Dmitry Donskoy, together with his entire family, fled outside the city walls, and in 1408, his son Vasily Dmitrievich found refuge here during the invasion of Russian lands by Khan Edigei.

Despite great difficulties - wars and feudal strife - over time the city grew and developed. There is only indirect but eloquent data about its size and number of inhabitants. Thus, during the fire of 1413, 30 churches burned down in Kostroma: this gives an idea of ​​the number of parishes, and therefore the number of city residents.

After the fire of 1416, the city fortress was moved from the banks of the Sula River down the Volga to a high hill where the Central Park is currently located. By that time, the old fortress had become insufficiently reliable: for example, it could not protect the inhabitants from the attack of the Novgorod ushkuiniks in 1375, who sailed on 70 boats and plundered the city. In the new place, high ramparts were poured, walls made of oak were erected, and fourteen battle towers were placed on them. The central part - the “old city” - was surrounded by Kostroma residents on three sides with an earthen rampart, and on the fourth side it was protected by the Volga. From the base of the shaft to the top of the wall the height was 10-12 meters. The total length of the wall of the “old city” reached one kilometer. On the outer wall, deep ditches filled with water protected the approaches to the rampart and to the walls of the fortress. Three drawbridges led across the ditches into the fortress at the northern (Spassky), southern (to the Volga) and eastern (from the Debris) gates.

The presence of such fortifications helped Kostroma survive another civil strife of 1425-1253 over the great reign in Moscow.

In the 1470s, an event occurred that affected the culture and artistic life of Kostroma. The Kostroma army under the command of Prince Daniil Kholmsky took part in the campaigns of the Moscow Prince Ivan III against Novgorod. Some of the noblest Novgorod families, when settling in the cities of the Moscow principality, were sent to Kostroma, so in the future the culture of Kostroma became associated with Novgorod art.

Wooden and then stone structures were erected by the hands of ancient craftsmen. Stone construction began in Kostroma from the middle of the 16th century - with the emergence of the Ipatiev and Epiphany monasteries, as well as the Assumption and Trinity Cathedrals in the center of the old city.

From the second half of the 15th century, Kostroma became an important stronghold in the fight against the Volga khanates: a military outpost was created here.

At the end of the 60s of the 15th century, an enemy detachment found itself near Kostroma. Defeated in a battle on the immediate approaches to the city, he retreated to the mouth of the Unzha. During the raid of 1517, the Kostroma residents also experienced the bitterness of defeat, and two years later, in a new bloody battle on the banks of the Volga below Kostroma, they defeated the invading Tatar detachment. The invaders were defeated near Plyos and Galich during the next raid in 1540.

With the annexation of the Volga khanates to Russia, devastating raids on the cities of the Upper Volga region ceased. There was a free route along the Volga along its entire length, which contributed to the development of Kostroma and the growth of its trade relations. In the 16th century, Kostroma became one of the centers of handicraft production. Carpenters, soap makers, tanners, blacksmiths, and gunsmiths produced enough products both for local consumption and for sale to various regions of the country. Kostroma merchants also sold fish, furs, and salt within the country, and in the countries of the East (through Astrakhan) and in Western Europe (through Arkhangelsk).

The first decade of the 17th century brought the difficult trials of the “Time of Troubles” to the Russian people. In 1608, Polish troops approached the city and occupied it, but the townspeople rebelled. The city changed hands several times. The Poles were finally expelled in 1609 under the leadership of governor Davyd Zherebtsov, but supporters of False Dmitry II took refuge behind the walls of the Ipatiev Monastery. On the night of September 24-25, natives of the Kostroma settlement Nikolai Kosygin and Konstantin Mezentsev dug under the fortress wall of the monastery from the north and blew it up with a gunpowder charge. Both daredevils died, but detachments of attackers burst into the gap and defeated the enemy.

In the fall of 1612, the Kostroma residents rebelled against the traitorous governor, who did not allow the Nizhny Novgorod militia into the city, opened the fortress gates and sided with Kuzma Minin and Dmitry Pozharsky.

Soon after the expulsion of the interventionists, Kostroma turned out to be the center of events that had nationwide significance. In 1613, the Zemsky Sobor decided to elect to the kingdom the nephew of Tsar Ivan the Terrible's first wife Anastasia - Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov, whose residence at that time turned out to be the Ipatiev Monastery. The delegation came here to hand over the ruined state to the young king.

At the same time, the peasant of the Kostroma province, Ivan Susanin, a native of the village of Domnino, accomplished his feat. The Polish detachment, sent to capture the newly elected tsar, made its way through a remote forest road, lost its way and ended up in the village of Derevische, where they met Ivan Susanin, who led the enemies into impenetrable thickets and himself died at their hands.

The intervention caused heavy damage to the Russian state, and after the expulsion of the interventionists, cities and towns were not immediately rebuilt. Kostroma, which was also badly damaged, did not soon, but confidently grew stronger. The growth of the city and its population in the 17th century is evidenced by the following data: in 1614 there were only 312 households in Kostroma, in 1634 – already 1633 households, in 1646 – 1726 and in 1650 – 2086 households. Up to 600 artisans worked in the city, and in the middle of the 17th century, Kuznetskaya, Kirpichnaya, Yamskaya, and Rybnaya settlements appeared, the very names of which spoke about the main occupations of their inhabitants.

In the first half of the 17th century, the trade center of Kostroma was formed. According to data for 1734, meat, flour, salt, Kalash, icon, iron, fur coat and other trading rows already had 739 places.

By the middle of the 17th century, Kostroma, in terms of its economic importance, became the third city of Muscovite Rus' after Moscow and Yaroslavl. Kostroma merchants traded with the East and West. Of the Kostroma crafts, soap-making, linen and leather-making were especially famous. Economic development had a beneficial effect on the development of the city, turning it into one of the centers of Russian culture.

The Kremlin (Old and New Town) remained the compositional center of old Kostroma. The development of the territory of the Old Town was cramped and consisted of wooden buildings, typical of Russian cities of that time. The voivode's courtyard, the voivode's office, a guard hut, the sovereign's granaries and a forge were built here. In the Old Town there were also many wooden churches and two stone cathedrals - the Assumption and the Trinity.

Artistic crafts flourished in the city. In the Ipatiev Monastery there was an icon painting school founded under the Godunovs. Seventy Kostroma icon painters, according to documents from the Armory Chamber, were summoned to Moscow by royal decree to perform sovereign work.

The Kostroma region was one of the centers of jewelry art. Little historical information about Kostroma silversmiths has been preserved. A reliable source of information is the signed works of Kostroma jewelers of the 17th – early 18th centuries, which are available in the collections of the Kostroma Architectural Museum-Reserve, the State Historical Museum and the Armory Chamber.

In Kostroma, traditions of unique artistic wood carving were passed down from generation to generation, all types of patterned weaving developed, and embroidery became an integral part of folk art; chain stitch embroidery became widespread.

Throughout the 18th century, Kostroma continued to develop as an industrial, commercial and political center of a vast region. In 1778 it became a provincial town. Here, in the middle of the 18th century, the first linen factory of the merchants Uglechaninov with five hundred machines was built, and already in the 1790s there were five cloth factories, one of which was later co-owned by P.MM. Tretyakov. By the end of the 18th century, Kostroma ranked first in Russia in textile production. There were 18 brick factories in the city, a bell foundry of the merchant Sintsov, and a tile factory founded around 1781. At the end of the century, the first printing house opened in Kostroma.

The last third of the 18th century was a time of major urban planning events due to the emergence of provincial institutions. In 1767, the city was visited by Empress Catherine II, who gave the city a coat of arms depicting the Tver galley, on which she traveled along the Volga. A commission was created in St. Petersburg, which initially dealt with the planning of St. Petersburg and Moscow, and then began to develop master plans for all provincial cities. The final plan of Kostroma was approved in 1781. It had a clearly defined center, from which the main streets branched off in a radial direction. The main axis of the plan is perpendicular to the river embankment and passes through the center of the square. When building according to the new plan, corner plots were first allocated for stone houses to fix the direction of the streets. The fan-shaped layout of the city did not allow the construction of houses on these sites according to standard rectangular plans. The so-called “tested” designs were reworked, resulting in the houses receiving an individual look. The most interesting ones were included in the list of architectural monuments reflecting different styles.

It took several decades to implement it. The great fire of 1773 greatly changed the appearance of the city. All the wooden buildings of the old city, as well as the New one, and nine parish churches burned down. Only the stone buildings in the Ipatiev and Epiphany monasteries, the Trinity Cathedral and the Church of the Resurrection on Debra have survived. According to the new master plan, it was decided not to restore the Kremlin, but to allocate part of the Kremlin territory for boulevards.

True, during this period the economic development of the province left much to be desired. Thus, in 1770, there were 5 cloth factories in Kostroma; in 1792, in the Kostroma province, in addition to 22 linen factories, there were 78 more factory establishments of various types. By 1810, only 10 linen enterprises remained, and by the early 50s of the 19th century, only one manufactory of the merchant Kolodkin survived.

The city developed rapidly in the 19th century. In terms of urban population, Kostroma ranked 39th among 50 provincial cities of European Russia and surpassed Ryazan, Tver, and Kaluga in the number of inhabitants.

The population growth was due to influx from outside. But researchers note that in Kostroma, a city with a developed textile industry, there was a natural population decline in the 60-70s. Subsequently, starting from the 90s, a slight natural increase in population is planned.

The abolition of serfdom in 1861 led to rapid economic growth associated with the development of the textile industry in the Kostroma province. By the beginning of the 20th century, the flax industry in the Kostroma province had risen to one of the first places among the provinces of European Russia.

The growth and mechanization of the factory industry was accompanied by the concentration of production. In 1858, in the Kostroma province there were 553 factories and plants, producing products worth 7.2 million rubles; in 1908, the amount of production of enterprises only subject to the supervision of the factory inspection reached 104 million rubles.

The largest and fastest growing enterprise was the flax spinning and weaving factory of the Tretyakovs, Konshin and Kashin, opened in December 1866 under the company “Partnership of the Great Kostroma Linen Manufactory”.

There were the Opalikha flax spinning and weaving factory of Brunov in the city of Kostroma with 260 workers and the Chernorechensk flax spinning mill of Simonova with 132 workers; Bryukhanov's flax spinning and weaving factory in Nerekhta with 1,407 workers; the paper weaving factory of Savelyev and Kozhin in Nerekhta with 488 workers; paper spinning and weaving factory of the Belgian Anonymous Society in Kostroma with 1609 workers.

According to their structure, Kostroma factories mainly belonged to enterprises that produced products in a finished form for the consumer. In addition to sales within the country, the canvas found wide sales in European markets.

The growth of industry was facilitated by the development of waterways in the province. In the fifties of the 19th century, most of the largest joint-stock shipping companies of the Volga River and its shipping tributaries arose. At the beginning of the 60s, about 220 steamships sailed along the rivers of the Volga basin. The Volga water main, with the development of the shipping company, provided Kostroma manufacturers with cheap delivery of raw materials from distant areas and sales of products to the Nizhny Novgorod Fair, the Caucasus, Persia and other distant markets.

In 1887, the Nerekhta-Kostroma railway was built through the territory of the province, and in 1906, the Northern Railway.

A characteristic feature of the development of the factory industry was the extremely uneven distribution of enterprises throughout the province. The overwhelming majority of factories and factories were concentrated in the southwestern districts of the province - Kostroma and Nerekhta, Kineshma and Yuryevets. Moreover, factories were located not only in cities, but also in factory villages. In addition, the development of industry was one-sided, mainly due to textile production, which predominated in the province.

Despite the developed river transport infrastructure, there were no highways that would connect remote settlements with each other and with economic centers. The provincial center of Kostroma itself was cut off from the country's railway system: the railway was only extended to the right bank of the Volga. It was necessary to build a railway bridge across the Volga and lay railway tracks further - through Kostroma to Galich.

Along with the textile industry, woodworking developed quite quickly in the Kostroma province. The first steam sawmill in the province, Linev, arose in Kostroma in 1859. But until the end of the 19th century, manual labor predominated in sawmilling. Two reel-turning factories were engaged in mechanical processing of wood in the province - in Kostroma and in Sudislavl, serving their textile factories. Only towards the end of the 19th century, in connection with large housing construction, a number of factories for mechanical sawing of timber appeared in Kostroma.

The development of the sawmill industry in the northern districts began especially quickly after the construction of the Vologda-Vyatka Railway in 1906, which made it possible to put into operation the enormous forest wealth of the north of the province, remote from the rafting rivers. Along this road from 1901 to 1912. 15 sawmills opened. All sawn material was exported to the ports of the Baltic Sea, from where it was transported abroad by steamship (to England, Belgium, etc.).

The development of industry basically did not change the agrarian nature of the province's economy. According to the 1897 census, 79.5% of the population was engaged in agriculture in the province.

The area of ​​arable land invariably decreased in the post-reform years. Compared to 1860, by 1912 it had decreased by 12%. Not all fields were sown: wastelands and under-seeding, especially in the winter field, on average reached 11% of the total arable area.

In terms of productivity, the Kostroma province occupied one of the last places among other provinces. The peasants only had enough bread until mid-winter. Many peasants lived from hand to mouth. Gross income from agriculture was low. The main income came from field farming, including flax and potatoes. Infertile lands and the risky nature of farming in the Kostroma province were among the reasons that led to peasants leaving to work in the cities. At the beginning of the 20th century, the development of urban life in Russia increased the retreat to various construction trades. Carpenters, painters, and concrete workers found increasing demand for labor in the cities. Industrial waste was sent primarily to Moscow and St. Petersburg, then to Siberia and the lower provinces, and finally to local factories and factories.

The consequences of the civil war had a detrimental effect on the socio-economic and political life of the Kostroma province. The gross output of Kostroma factories and factories in 1921 compared to 1913 decreased by 70%, the number of workers decreased by 30%.

Until 1918, the Kostroma province was divided into 12 districts: Buysky, Varnavinsky, Vetluzhsky, Galichsky, Kineshma, Kologrivsky, Kostroma, Makaryevsky, Nerekhtsky, Soligalichsky, Chukhlomsky and Yuryevetsky. In 1918, the newly formed Koverninsky district was added to them, most of which consisted of volosts that moved away from Makaryevsky district. The new district was approved only at the provincial level.

The largest and truly historical construction project for Kostroma residents of the first five-year plan was the construction of a railway bridge across the Volga, the vital necessity of which for the city arose at the end of the last century in connection with the appearance of the Nerekhta-Kostroma railway in 1887.

Kostroma residents made a request to the country's top leadership to build a railway bridge in December 1927. And on March 1, 1932, the Severnaya Pravda newspaper enthusiastically reported in an editorial: “A new victory has been won. On the night of February 28-29, at 2:30 a.m., the left-bank and right-bank parts of the bridge were closed...”

The main construction project of the second five-year plan remained the flax mill under the system of engineer I. D. Zvorykin. In 1937, the mill reached its designed capacity.

Thus, in the 1920-1930s. The Kostroma region has not made a breakthrough in its development. The textile and wood processing industries remained the dominant industries in the economy. Agriculture, which was traditionally weak, not only did not strengthen, but was decimated during collectivization and dispossession. Kostroma never turned into a university center, despite the creation of a textile institute in the 1930s.

In April 1929, by the decision of the XVIII Provincial Congress of Soviets, the Kostroma province was transformed into the Kostroma district of the Ivanovo industrial region.

Due to the complexity of managing the scale of the Ivanovo industrial region, in March 1936 it was divided into two - Ivanovo and Yaroslavl.

The region was given a certain chance in 1944, when the Kostroma region was formed. The region's territory did not include the most developed southern parts of the former Kostroma province - Kineshma, Yuryevets, Varnavin, Vetluga, but the territories of the former Vologda province - Pyshchug, Pavino, Vokhma, Bogovarovo, which made up the northeastern outskirts of the Kostroma region, were annexed.

In 1965, the construction of a pedestrian bridge across the Volga River began in Kostroma, which was launched in 1970. In Kostroma, in 1986, a pedestrian bridge across the Kostroma River was put into operation.

The Kostroma region is not one of the major machine-building centers of Russia, and yet the machine-building complex plays a significant role in the region. In 1993, more than 30% of all industrial workers in the region were here. For the needs of the textile industry, there are the Tekstilmash plants (spinning, winding machines), Tsvet (equipment for dyeing and finishing fabrics), Krasnaya Mayovka (carding, needle and strip sets), for the woodworking industry - the Kodos plant ( woodworking machines).

After the collapse of the USSR in 1991, Russia, and with it the Kostroma region, experienced all the difficulties of the transition from a planned to a market economy. Broken production connections led to a decline in industrial production in 1994 by 43.2% compared to 1991. At the same time, the decline to a greater extent affected precisely those sectors on which the Kostroma economy rests: the textile industry, mechanical engineering, woodworking.

The material was prepared by Natalia Kondrana.

History of Kostroma

Kostroma is an ancient Russian town located about 360 kilometers North-East from Moscow. The origin of the town"s name is not very clear and there are two major suppositions concerning the name. According to one of those, the name "Kostroma" is a derivation from the Finnish-Hungarian word "kostrum" which means "a fortress or castle". The other story connects the town"s name to an old heathen dancing ritual in which a huge straw doll, which was said to impersonate the awakening of forces of nature in the spring, was used in a ceremony of sacrifice. The straw doll which in fact was called "kostroma" played the role of symbolic sacrifice to the heathen Sun deity Yarila. The doll would be either set on fire or drowned in the river. Echoes of that ritual can be still found during Shrovetide festivities.

Among Russian towns, big and small, which located in the huge territory around Moscow, Kostroma is easily recognizable because of its unique character, architectural and spiritual. It"s mostly due to the slowly flowing waters of the magnificent Volga, which divides the town into almost equal parts, right and left bank Kostroma, and partly because some of the oldest architectural masterpieces, monasteries and churches, survived throughout the hardest times in Russian history when too much of its heritage was mercilessly destroyed. Also, the historical buildings of the center of Kostroma was the time, dating to the 18th and 19th centuries add a lot to the integrity of the town's image.

According to the research of V.Tatishev, a 19th century historian, Kostroma was founded by Grand Duke Yury Dolgoruky of Suzdal. The first ever mention of Kostroma dates back to 1213 and can be found in one of the ancient manuscripts. That same year the town was burnt down when the bloody and devastating feud between Duke of Rostov and Duke of Vladimir erupted. The men, Konstantin and Yury, were brothers and their feud was a thing all too common in those days. If the names of the aforementioned dukes was associated in the town"s history with destruction, then Duke Vasily Yaroslavich is to be remembered for one thing which in the church history and the history of the country is considered to be rather miraculous. In fact, one of the most revered objects in the history of the Russian Orthodox Church was found by Duke Vasily under mysterious circumstances. It was the Icon of Our Lady, which came to be known as the Feodorovskaya Icon of the Holy Virgin, that was found by the Duke during one of his hunting adventures in the forests surrounding Kostroma. The Icon can be seen these days in the town"s main cathedral and attracts thousands of pilgrims arriving from all over Russia. Sometimes, on very important religious occasions the Feodorovskaya Icon is taken to Moscow and other Russian towns, so many more believers can come to the Icon to pray.

1613 turned out to be an enormously important year in the history of Russia. That year is also special for Kostroma as in 1613 the future of the Russian monarchy was being decided in Ypatievsky monastery, just outside city limits. It was the time marked in history as the times of Great Turmoil. In Moscow, the Zemsky Sobor, the most representative council in those day comprised of important aristocratic families, was to make the final decision on who was to become the next Czar of Russia. Mikhail Feodorovich Romanov turned out to be the most likely candidate and so a delegation from the Zemsky Sobor was sent to Kostroma with one mission - persvade the young Romanov (he was only sixteen at the time) to accept their offer. In fact, the decision was to be made by his mother Marfa, serving as a nun in one of the monasteries there. Those days are also associated with the heroic story of Ivan Susanin, a peasant from the village of Domnino who according to a legend volunteered to show a Polish regiment the way to the place where Mikhail Romanov lived. But Susanin's plan was to lead the enemies away from the right path in the forest into the wilderness where they"d get lost and perish. Which he succeded to do but at the cost of his own life. And that military regiment was not just a group of stray officers and soldiers, their aim was to kill the young Romanov which was believed to be the one who could in the future create a strong and independent monarchy in Russia. Early in spring 1613 Marfa gave her consent, it all took place in the Trinity Cathedral of the Ipatyevsky monastery, and on March 19th Mikhail

Romanov departed for Moscow to become the first Czar of the Romanov Royal dynasty. Thus a very special place was secured fir Kostroma in the history of the Royal family.

Also, the fast development of trade between the Kostroma merchants and various countries both in Europe and the Orient helped to establish the town's high economic status and by mid-17th century it was ranked among the most important trading centers of Central Russia.

The location of the town on the hilly banks of the Volga were used as an artistic asset by the architects in their efforts to create a highly recognizable image of the city. In those days it was the church buildings which were the main architectural attractions of any Russian town. So, by the end of the 17th century Kostroma could proudly boast of five monasteries and 35 churches. Most of the were built on donations from the local rich merchants.

The year 1767 proved to be also very important in creating much of today's look of Kostroma. Empress Yekaterina the Second visited the town that year while on a boat trip down the Volga. As a reward for the exceptional hospitality of the citizens she granted the town its coat of arms, the City Emblem which survived to this day. Its main feature was the ship on which the Empress was traveling. She also ordered to officially establish Kostroma as the administrative center of the province and personally designed the city development plan. .

Unfortunately, many of the most ancient buildings failed to survive throughout the long centuries tainted by all sorts of social and political turmoil.

Up to the mid-seventeenth century nearly all Kostroma churches were made of wood, but soon, by the end of that century more and more churches were being built of stone, so that by the middle of the 19th century stone church buildings completely replaced the old wooden ones. The Kostroma Kremlin also underwent radical changes. The fire of May 18th 1773 completely destroyed the interior of the Assumption Cathedral (the Feodorovskaya Icon and ten other icons were saved), some other churches, including the Trinity Cathedral, and all wooden buildings perished in the fire. Soon after the disaster the process of the reconstruction of the Kremlin was underway: firstly, the Assumption Cathedral was totally rebuilt, then the new Epiphany Cathedral was built in 1776 - 1791. All new private, non-church houses were to be placed outside the Kremlin, thus turning the Kostroma Kremlin into a solely religious center.

The tragic events of the early 20th century brought dramatic changes to every sphere of life. The church was under constant vicious attacks from the militantly atheist Bolshevik government. So, the Feodorovskaya Icon, due to its importance both to the Orthodox and the Royal history of Russia was to the militant atheist just another object of Faith they wanted to destroy.

In 1922 the Soviet government started the campaign of confiscating the Orthodox church treasures, with its main interest in gold, silver and precious stones. The campaign with its aim of improving the country's poor financial status turned into officially authorized looting of churches. Nearly all golden and silver decorative objects were confiscated from the Kostroma Assumption and the Epiphany cathedrals, including the latest golden riza of the Feodorovskaya Icon. ..

Nowadays, the impressive territory formerly occupied by the Kostroma Kremlin is part of the city"s Central Park bordering on the lovely and pleasantly green in the summertime Chaikovsky street, which goes up from the river bank to the historical center of Kostroma. At the very beginning of the street, on a hill, there"s the so-called "Ostrovsky"s Summerhouse", overlooking the embankment, which is usually crowded with people on warm and sunny summer days. The summer house got its name after AN Ostrovsky, a great playwright who's just considered to be the father of classic Russian school of drama writings. The Kostroma Theater also bears his name and not surprisingly many of the plays of its repertoire were written by Ostrovsky. Back to the summer house: some of its features you can see in old original photographs differ from the look of today as it was rebuilt with some alternations in 1956.

The afore-mentioned Chaikovsky street is not only one of the most picturesque in town, but some of the buildings located there deserve special attention. Among them the rounded house facing the embankment and formerly belonging to the Assumption cathedral, that house is the first important work by the then chief architect of the province Petr Ivanivich Furtsev.

There"s another house there, 11 Chaikovsky street, which has a life-story of its own. Designed by Karl Claire and built around 1788, the house was bought by the wife of general Korniliv in 1817. General P.Kornilov took part in the Patriotic war of 1812 as a brigade commander and entered the ranks of war heroes. The house belonged to the Kornilov family until the very end of the 19th century. The elder son of the general married Anna Gotovtseva, a lady not only exceptionally beautiful, but possessing a wonderful poetic talent. She even corresponded with Alexander Pushkin, their correspondence covered professional poetic issues, a fact that can be interpreted as an acknowledgment of her gift by the great poet In addition to that other prominent poets of that period devoted to them. poems to the beautiful lady. In 1836 she adopted a twelve year old nephew, Yulia Zhadovskaya who lost her parents about that time. Yulia also became a successful writer and poet, some of her novels enjoyed considerable popularity. And poems were often used by serious composers when they were in the mood of writing songs, among those big names was M.Glinka, one of the founder figures in creating truly Russian school of composing.

9 Chaikovsky street, another building which can tell a number of interesting stories. Originally built in 1788, in 1815 it became property of D. Kozlovsky, the then marshal of the local gentry. His wife, Praskovya, was born into a peasant family and was mostly known for the fact that she became godmother of the great writer Feodor Dostoyevsky. In turn, D. Kozlovsky was known to be the proto-type for "Duke K.", one of the characters in Dostoyevsky's story "The Uncle's Dream". Some stories of Russian cinema industry are also rooted in the Chaikovsky street. M. Trofimov was one of the pioneers of film-making in this country. Better known as the founder of the Russ Film Factory in Moscow, he was also responsible for building the locally famous cinema in Kostroma which he named "The Modern Theatre". But, like many buildings in those days, it was made of wood and, despite its historic value, it was demolished in the 1960s. Back to the Russ Film Factory: although most of the films made there were shot either in the studios or in the nearby Moscow streets, some scenes were shot on location in Kostroma, the Chaikovsky street including.

The left side of the street is occupied by the town"s Central park. It consists of a number of lanes crossing each other. 1913 was the year of the Romanovs Royal Family 300th anniversary and for the occasion of the Emperor"s visit the local The authorities made plans for re-novating the park and, most importantly, decided to build a huge monument commemorating the event. According to the original intentions the basis of the monument and its whole structure had to be embellished with numerous figures of all the Czars and Queens of the dynasty. Also, some important non-royal historical personalities had to be included in the composition. But, with the actual monument being erected, the additional sculptures were never to be installed because the 1917 changed revolution everything to the point of absurdity sometimes. Nikolai the Second, the last Czar in the dynasty, was present at the ceremony of opening the actual process of the monument"s construction, but instead years later the sculpture of Lenin was placed on top of the monument thus turning it into one of the most paradoxically unique historical monuments in history.

The main street of Kostroma is called Sovietskaya Street, which betrays the fact that its not the original name and was given to the street after 1917. True, the original name was different, it was called the Rusina Street. The beginning of its story dates back to the 14th century. According to an ancient manuscript a regiment of boyars were on their way to Moscow, they were traveling from a South-Western part of Russia to continue service in the capital. Some of the boyars preferred to stay in Kostroma, and as the people of their own region were called the Rusins ​​it is believed that the name of the town"s main street originates from that. We do not know now how exactly the street looked in those old days as what we might call the modern face of the street started to take shape in the late 18th century. The Soviet (Rusina) street now stretches from the historical center of the town to the square near the Railway Terminal At its very. beginning, in the center of town the street borders on two squares. One of which, Soviet Square, is surrounded by mostly 19th century buildings, some of the were administrative ones housing, for example, the City Duma (the main local legislative body) . Also, the neighboring Trade Rows were built _in the early 19th century, and architecturally they did complement the overall image of the town's center. These words also can be justly applied to the guest room houses on the opposite side of the square. Architecturally they are in some ways, not literally though but mostly in spirit, a mirror image of the more impressive buildings on the other side.

There are also small public gardens on each side of the square, one of which has a fountain that works, due to Russian weather conditions, only in summertime when the place is usually occupied by locals, old and young, walking or just sitting on the wooden benches Recently, the look of the Soviet square underwent some alterations and a new monument was added to the architectural ensemble - the one dedicated to the Duke Yury Dolgoruky, who is considered by historians the founder of Kostroma.

You walk just a short stretch of Soviet street and enter another square - the Susanin Square. In the history of small town planning in old Russia it was rather unique. As it became the starting point in the overall plan of the town"s development designed and approved in 1871. The streets of the town were to stretch from the focal point - the square - like rays. In fact, the town began its really new life as it had been totally devastated by the fire of 1773. The streets in the new Kostroma, stretching from the square were given the names of Empress Yekaterina the 2nd - Yekaterininskaya street, and her son, the would-be Emperor Pavel, and also Yekaterina's grandchildren Alexander, Konstantin, Maria and Elena.

The earliest building to appear in that square was the building of the Administration of the Province (1806-1808) designed by the architect A.Zakharov. The house was built in the traditional classical style prevailing in most of administrative buildings of the time. It served the purpose of creating an imposing impression as something representing authority in the province. It so happened that these days the building has not lost its administrative importance as it houses the office of Mayor of Kostroma. By the way, originally in those old days the square was meant to be a territory for exclusively administrative buildings and as it would often happen that original intention was dumped soon as apartment houses started to appear in the area.

The house in the so-called palace style was built in 1819-1824 for General S.Borshov, known for his courage during the Patriotic War of 1812. It was the only dwelling house of the palace style in Kostroma and its front-side stands out due to the eight-pillar portico. After the end of the Patriotic war the owner, General Borshow, became a senator and spent most of his time in the capital. So he and his family would rarely visit the house, although some of their relatives enjoyed staying there from time to time. One of the most frequent visitors was the general's nephew Natalya Borshova, a student of the famed Smolny Institude, she would regularly come to stay in her uncle's house between 1820 and 1930. Both Natalya and the general's daughter Alexandra were well known in St.Petersburg high society for their wit and beauty, and both were immortalized in the portraits by two of the finest painters of the period D.Levitsky and A.Venet-sianov. Anyway, as the house no longer served as the family nest for the Borshov"s, it was sold in 1849. The new owner, APervushin, started with a complete renovation of the building before turning it into a profitable hotel venture - Hotel London. Among the most famous guests that stayed there in the years to follow were members of the Royal Family and prominent figures of the Arts world.

In 1824 - 1827 the two most important architectural pieces were added to the picture of the town center. Both were designed by the local architect P.Fursov and became finishing masterstrokes of the architectural ensemble. Those were the Fire Watch Tower and the guard-house. Apart from significant artistic value of their architecture those were of enormous practical importance. In the first place, Kostroma like many Russian towns with a lot of wooden houses suffered serious fire damage. And secondly, both seriously and ironically, the guard-house was absolutely necessary as the town garrison was impressive in number by then and its officers were rather infamous for drinking and wild behavior.

As originally the square was intended as merely a parade-ground, no trees were planted there at the time. The monument to Ivan Susanin was placed in the middle of the area in 1851. Its author, V.Demut-Malinovsky, created a two-figure composition united by the pillar as its central part. He put a bust of the young Mikhail Fomanov on top of it with kneeling figure of Ivan Susanin at the base. During the Soviet period of history the monument was dismantled and a new one was built not far from the location of the original. It presents an imposing standing figure of the bearded peasant hero facing the Volga.

Both to the left and right of the Susanin monument we can see the two trade rows originally called the Red Rows and the Big Flour Rows. Those were intended as market places with a lot of place for separate shops and stalls. Interestingly, the territory where the Trade Rows were built in 1791-1796 had long been used as an open air market place by the locals and today the rows house numerous shops, cafes and a museum. The Big Flour Rows, as they were known in those days, is now the biggest food market-place of the town.

As we know several streets of the town start from the central square stretching like rays from that one focal point. One of these streets is Symanovsky street where the famous Bogoyavlensky-Anastasyin Monastery is situated. Its Epiphany Cathedral is the main church of Kostroma and also the office of the highest church authority in the province - the Kostroma Eparchy. We already told you the tragic story of the destruction of churches, including the Kostroma Kremlin, by the Bolsheviks in the 1920ies and 1930ies.

The Revival of Russian Orthodox Church began in 1988 with the celebration of Russia's 1000 years Christian history. It all positively affected both the nation and the destiny of the Sacred Icons of the Orthodoxy. In 1990 the first religious procession in decades took place in Kostroma. It was on August 29th 1990, the day of the Feodorovskaya Icon miraculous apparition, when thousands of believers walked from the Resurrection Cathedral all the way to the Saviour Cathedral on Zaprudny, which mark the true revival of that annual tradition.

On August 18th 1991 the Feodorovskaya Icon was moved to the newly restored Bogoyavlensky-Anastasyin Cathedral, which received the status of the Kostroma Eparchy"s main cathedral.

In May 1993 the Patriarch of The Russian Orthodox Church Alexy The Second paid his first ever visit to Kostroma, and it was on the 9th of May 1993 when the Patriarch conducted the service in the Cathedral, the first Patriarch service in the history of the oldest Kostroma cathedral. The Patriarch's second visit to Kostroma coincided with the Eparchy's 250th Anniversary in July 1994.

Starting from March 27th 1995 many of the priests who lost their lives in the decades after the Bolshevik revolution have been canonized Holy Martyrs of the Church, and those canonization services took place exactly on that day March 27th - the day of celebrating the Feodorovskaya Icon.

The main cathedral of the Kostroma Eparchy, where the Feodorovskaya Icon is placed, is part of the Bogoyavlensko-Anastasyin women's monastery. The monastery was founded in 1426 by Reverend Nikita Kostromskoy, who was a close and relative spiritual disciple of Reverend Sergy Radonezhsky and, after a lengthy period of atheistic reign, the monastery and monastic life were restored in 1990. Now, for more than ten years a girls" orphanage has been working at the monastery (30 girls are now living and studying there). Another girls" orphanage was opened at the Trinity monastery in Nerekhta, another sign of monastic revival in the Kostroma province. The nuns of the Bogoyavlensko-Anastasyin monastery, under the guidance of the mother superior Innokentya, have been registering all miracle-making and healing cases which happened after praying before the Feodorovskaya Icon since 1991. It should be noted that high on the list of the Icon's wonder-making faculties are those in connection with giving birth and bringing up children, and generally righteous family living.

In one of the streets, which stretch from the town"s central square one can see quite an ordinary house with the plaque betraying really outstanding historical importance of the place - it says Feodor Volkov, to whom belongs the honor of being the founder figure of Russian theater, was born there. Then, not far from that place another street leads you to the Arts Museum, The Gentry Assembly and the town's theater. It should be noted that both the Arts Museum and the Gentry Assembly house are an outstanding collection of works of art, as both buildings are parts of the Museum. Sometimes it"s being called "the Romanov museum", or "former Romanov museum" because it actually was built for the 300th Anniversary of the Romanov Royal family. The design of the building was officially approved by the Emperor Nikolai the Second, who was also present at its opening ceremony in May 1913. Originally in the museum's possession were historical document, archaeological pieces, a number of paintings by local artists and some donated by the St. Petersburg Arts Academy. Also, an important part of that small initial collection were the 16th-18th century icons, one of which, the magnificent "Apocalypse", is said to be a gift to the Bogoyavlensky monastery from none other than Ivan The Terrible.

In the early 20th century there were about 1712 gentry families in the Kostroma province, otherwise known as "gentry family nests", with

Their own traditions, life-style and culture. An integral part of that life-style was fascination with fine-arts, painting, which helped to build up size-" able collections of family portraits.

The portraits presented in this exhibition have various origins, some of them were aquired from country estates of the province, where they originally belonged to the aforementioned family portrait galleries. Among them "Portrait of the Zverev Brothers", "Portrait of the forester Nazorov", "MA Levashova". Some other works in this exhibition arrived from the State Museum Fund.

These examples of the early 19th century portrait painting show a wide range of artistic level: from amateur efforts by provincial self-taught artists to the academic splendour of F.N. Riss and A. A. Rizzoni.

Nearly all portraits of this collection poses this chamber, intimate quality, as they were created for family use only. Children, men and women, civil and military persons - all were portrayed in the interior of their homes, sometimes with added landscape motifs. Significantly, most of those artists concentrated their efforts on the inner characteristic features of their models.

In those old days the gentry country estates were scattered all over the Kostroma province territory, amidst virginally beautiful landscapes and the life of the people there developed in close harmony with nature. All those feelings can be traced in the quiet, chamber landscapes of Russia, Crimea and Europe by such artists as Aivazovsky, Bogolyubov, Levitan and Polenov.

The House of the Kostroma Gentry Assembly was opened in the winter of 1839. Then it was Pavlovskaya street, now Prospect Mira. Before the building was bought by the Gentry Assembly, it belonged to the salesman family of the Durygins, who in their turn had bought it from the Uglichanovys.

The idea to find a suitable house for the Assembly belonged to the then Marshal of the Kostroma Nobility Sergei Kupreyanov. He also supervised the fund-raising process which resulted in more than impressive sum in those times - 47,000 roubles. But a lot was yet to be done, as the building was in urgent need of complete restructuring. That task was delegated to the talented architect Maxime Prave, and by the end of 1838 the building was in its full new splendour ready to welcome the members of the Gentry Assembly.

The territory of the first floor was devoted to office rooms and the so-called "deputy" hall. The hall was decorated with coats of arms of all 12 districts of the Kostroma province.

It should be noted that the main feature dominating the picture of the first floor was the cast-iron staircase designed by M.Prave and Stepan Dmitriev and cast in Yaroslavl.

The second floor was originally occupied by larger rooms and halls for all kinds of official and festive gatherings.

The big hall, which could well fall under the description of the concert hall, was the most important feature of the Assembly"s interior. It got the name "white hall" for the fact that the walls were decorated with artificial marble slice in its color to ivory.

At the back of the part of the hall which was used as a concert stage a bay was made in which a portrait of the Emperor was placed. The whole huge task of decorating the hall was fulfilled by Pankraty Andreyev, from the Chentsy village, and most of the plastering work was done by Sergei Shutov from another Kostroma village - Ovechkino.

At one time the big reception-room was called Yekaterina"s hall because of the Empress"s portrait placed in that room. The reception-room was linked to two smaller rest-rooms.

The top, third floor housed eight office rooms used by the gentry marshals, and later some of them were re-planned to be turned into the billiards room and another - a tea-room.

The above mentioned early paintings are an important part of the museum"s collection, but among really most important works we should name the 1910s-1920s avangarde paintings and the collection of paintings, drawings, sculptures and literary works by Yephim Chestnyakov, a unique phenomenon in Russian arts history. Born into a peasant family in the late 19th century he showed early interest in painting, an activity if not frowned upon but certainly not respected in the hardworking peasant community Yephim Chestnyakov attempted to trips to St. Petersburg to study painting in. the early 20th century, around the time World War One erupted. Some of the well-known artists of the time whom he met in St. Petersburg noted that the young newcommer from the farmlands was not only talented, but also highly original, and predicted him great future. Reality was different though, and Yephim had to return to his home village Shablovo to take care of his elderly parents and younger sisters. However, he continued to work in painting and other arts and, although in oblivion, created an impressive and unique body of works, most of which belong now to the Kostroma Arts Museum collection.

The Drama Theatre, one of the oldest in Russia, is in the same street, next to the Gentry Assembly. It was built on donations of a successful fund-raising campaign and was opened in 1863. Originally it was built in the architectural style known as classicism, but throughout decades of all sorts of embellishments became much more eclectic combining a number of architectural styles.

In 1923 the Kostroma Theater was name after the great Russian playwright Alexander Ostrovsky. And it "s the only theater in Russia where at different periods of its history every play by the A. Ostrovsky was staged. In the archives of the theater one can find a lot of interesting notes about outstanding actors who would appear on its stage, and also the great playwright himself used every opportunity to oversee rehearsals of his plays.

Let"s go back now to the central square of Kostroma and travel down another streets which starts from there. It"s the Textilshik Avenue that leads to, or, to be more precise, is the beginning of the Factory District of the town, which appeared on the map due to neccesity caused by the fast growth of Kostroma, so that the Development Plan of 1781 soon became outdated. A new district comprised mostly of factories and workers" hostels was added to it and, considering the industry development rate, it promised to soar even bigger. Although the first textile mills appeared in Kostroma only in the second half of the 18th century, and those were not really big, by mid 19th century they grew in number impressively and those were already large powerful factories.

For example, the now existing New Kostroma Textile Mill was founded about that time, and its production facilities allowed it by the end of the 19th century to produce more textile than the total output of all Swedish, Dutch and Danish textile mills of the time. It is a widely known fact, that one of the factory's coowners Pavel Tretyakov spent the fantastic sum of one and a half million rubles to found the Moscow Tretyakov Gallery, but not everyone knows, that a third of that sum he received from his Kostroma textile business.

The industrial development of the area led to a growing number of the so-called workers" villages with kindergardens, hospitals, schools and a public library. Also, a house for cultural activities was built called the People"s House. Later, in the first decades of the Soviet era, Kostroma was, in the industrial development plans on the Soviet government, one of the most important textile cities of the USSR. So, new and even bigger textile mills were built nearby the famed New Kostroma Textile Mill.

Going further down the Textilshik Avenue we come to the banks of the Kostroma river which flows into the Volga. Just across the Kostroma river you"ll see one of the most important historical and tourist attractions of Kostroma - The Ipaty monastery.

Here"s an extract from the French writer ADumas travel notes of 1858 titled "From Paris To Astrakhan":

"As soon as the ship stopped we jumped into a boat and quickly reached the river bank... Then we used a horse-driven droshky to go up the hill-Russia has monasteries, it has, just like Switzerland, its own mountains, there are lakes in Russia, like those in Finland, and even volcanos like those of Italy. There comes a moment when all those mountains, lakes and volcanos become something very common in the ranks of your memory and, although so many people still come to see them, you stop writing about them.

But don"t get nervous, dear reader, I"m not about to describe here all Russian monasteries, the Ipaty monastery including.

But, when it comes to the Romanov Royal family connection, that"s a completely different matter which highly deserves to be mentioned...

He (Mikhail Romanov - ed.) was in Kostroma when received the news of being elected to the throne. The family house where he lived at the time is still there and well-preserved. Russians, to whom it"s a revered object of historic pride, always advise foreigners to go there and have a look at it.

As for Susanin (a visit to his monument was number three on our sightseeing must list), the mere fact of the monument"s existence is a sign of true respect for a common man."

The Ipaty Monastery"s location at the confluence of the Kostroma and Volga rivers on the Eastern borders of ancient Russia and the protection it received from the Godunovs, powerful Kostroma landowners, and later the Romanovs, were the two decisive factors in its origins.

The genealogy of the Godunovs and 16th century legends ascribe the foundation of the monastery to Tatar murza (chieftain) Chet who was believed to adopt Christianity under the name of Zakhari and enter the service of Moscow"s Grand Duke Ivan Kalita. According to academician Veselovsky "s discoveries the monastery was founded in the 13th century. In the 13th century Kostroma was ruled by Vasily Yaroslavich, brother of Alexander Nevsky. As the legend goes, Vasily Yaroslavich founded the Monastery of the Saviour in Zaprudnya on the other side of the Kostroma river and also built a number of churches in Kostroma.

The Ipaty Monastery, located on an important trade route, was an impregnable fortress. Initially, the monastery had sturdy oaken walls, but nothing has survived of its early structures. And only a fairly eloquent picture of the monastery's history can be traced in 6the architecture, literature and art of the late 16th century.

The layout of its grounds reflects two principal stages in the development of the Ipaty monastery: the building of the architectural ensemble, later known as the Old Town, by the Godunovs in the period of 1560-1605 and the New town in the mid-17th century. The Godunovs also constructed mid-17th century. The Godunovs also constructed stone cathedrals - the summer Cathedral of the Holy Trinity and the winter (heated) Nativity of the Virgin Cathedral, the belfry, the prior"s residence, the monks" cells and other domestic buildings as well as the monastery"s impregnable walls with towers protecting it. The churches and cathedrals of that period had not survived, many other buildings were rebuilt later and the walls and towers of the monastery underwent reconstruction for defense purposes - they were made higher Today, some of the buildings dating. from the Godunov period are being restored with the view of making them as close to the original as possible.

The structures of that period have beautifully decorated walls,small windows and vaulted ceilings. The all possess that wonderfully unique look of early Russian architecture.

The monastery's prosperity was largely based on the lavish donations by the Godunovs in the form of land, villages and money. The Ipaty Monastery became the owner of a priceless collection of icons, embroidery and manuscripts richly decorated with fine miniatures, thanks to the patronage of Boris Godunov's uncle D.I.Godunov. Many of the unique manuscripts and chronicles have been preserved intact in the monastery's library, including one of the most ancient chronicles - the Ipatyev Chronicle - which is kept in the Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences.

Later, the Romanovs were granted possession of the monastery and its lands as a reward for being exiled there by the Godunovs after falling out of favor with the latter. It also served a shelter for them during the Times Of Turmoil, that"s why the ceremony of electing Mikhail Romanov to the throne took place in the Monastery"s Trinity Cathedral in March 1613. The Ipaty Monastery enjoyed the Royal patronage for the following three hundred years.

It became an important ecclesiastical administrative body managing the Kostroma diocese. The second stage of the monastery's development began in the second quarter of the 17th century when its territory was doubled with the construction of the New Town in 1642-1645.

The walls and towers of the New Town were built by Andrei Andreyev Kuznets, a truly talented builder and architect from Kostroma. This part of the monastery is more symmetrical in its layout which made it much easier to defend it from the enemies. The special row of portholes in the walls enhanced the monastery's defense capacity. The New Town reflects the general trend in fortress building of that period of Russian history. In tune with the tastes of the period the decor of the edifices becomes more elaborate, adding elegance and beauty all of its own. Over the main gate in the central part of the west wall facing the Moscow road is the Green Tower deriving its name from the green tiling of its roof and erected in 1642-1645 to commemorate the coronation of Mikhail Romanov. It was through this gate that the procession of the newly-elected monarch passed on its way to the crowning ceremony in Moscow in 1613.

The new Trinity Cathedral constructed in 1652 is of the "posad" type of churches found in the Volga area; it has five cupolas and porches on three sides, is lavishly decorated outside and wonderfully spacious inside. A tall bell-tower with a tent-shaped roof was added to the old belfry of the Godunov period. By the mid-17th century the architectural complex of the monastery was mostly completed, although further construction work continued for several centuries.

One of the main attractions of the Ipaty Monastery are the frescoes in the Trinity Cathedral painted by the famous Kostroma artist Gury Nikitin and his team of icon-painters. The frescoes are executed in the highest traditions of early Russian art, combining epic spirit with a new deeply humanistic interpretation of the Biblical texts. The frescoes and the cathedral's majestic interior are perceived by the viewer as an integral whole. They are really fascinating in color, combining golden, blue, emerald green, pink and white in perfect harmony. They are also remar-kable for the expressive quality of their individual compositions and their mellowly flowing lines. The painters who decorated the cathedral made an inscription on one of its walls, its concuding words are: We have wrought this iso-graphic creation for the spiritual enjoyment of all people for all time.

In 1958, the Kostroma History and Architecture Museum was set up in the monastery grounds. The museum includes the nearby church of St. John the Theologian (1681-1686) and the chapel from the Nekrasovo village (the first quarter of the 18th century), decorated with frescoes depicting events from the history of Kostroma. It also comprises the open-air Museum of Folk Architecture, which exhibits the most valuable specimen of civil and ecclesiastical architecture collected from all over the Kostroma province.

The open-air museum was opened in 1960, and since the it became one of the favorite places around the monastery's territory not only with tourists but people from Kostroma. It offers a unique opportunity to travel back in time to Russia's past due to the fact that those peasant houses, both simple and those belonging to rich peasants, were restored for the finest detail.

According to historical documents one of Kostroma"s most ancient streets is the street with the name "Nizhnyaya Debrya", which stretches along the bank of the Volga. One of the most beautiful churches of the town is located in that street and its story deserves to be told.

In fact, there were two churches in that street, the Ressurection-on-the-Debra church and the Holy Sign church. Both represent the finest examples of Russia"s 17th century church architecture. Anyway Jet"s go back to those old when Kyrill Isakov, a rich merchant, after making the largest initial donation days began a fund-raising campaign in order to get funds for building a new church. What followed may be considered just an interesting legend, but who knows these days what was true and what was imaginary embellishment of it. Anyway, Kyrill Isakov had partners in England from whom he bought dye for his own textile business. One day he discovered that in one of the barrels which was supposed to contain dye there was something different and apparently heavier. It turned out that the barrel was full of gold coins. He reported back to his English partners and asked what was their idea about the treasure"s origin and whether he had to send it back. The legend goes that both sides agreed on using the gold for good Christian purposes.

Suburban churches in Russia were always different from monastic churches in some aspects. In the first place instead of austere monastic style those suburban churches were noted for brighter and more festive colors both in their interior and exterior. The Ressurection-on-the-Debra church is a fine example of those qualities too, especially the front wall of the church and the main gate called the Holy Gate.

The interior of the church is exceptional for the fact that some of the original frescoes survived, they were executed in 1650-1652 by the Kostroma painter V.Zapokrovsky. Some historians also think that another set of frescoes, those in the side-chapel, belong to the legendary church artist Gury Nikitin and were painted around 1670. So, those oldest frescoes all date back to the 17th century, but most of the church interior was painted much later, in the 19th century. The Iconostasis of the Ressurection church was also assembled in the 19th century, but as it often happened some of the few surviving earlier icons were used in its composition. In our case its the icons in the top row of the iconostasis, those were created in the 17th century. It"s true that today"s look of the Iconostasis owes a lot to the huge amount of restoration work that was done at various periods, the most important restoration project was fulfilled in the 1960-1970ies. The neighboring belfry which is now in all its original glory is,in fact, not the 19th century original,which was destroyed in the 1930ies. It was completely rebuilt by the architect L.Vasyliev with full respect for the original design.

Natural resources of the Kostroma province have always been considered something of a national treasure, there are more than two thousand areas, big and small, which received the status of natural reserves and are under the protection of the Government. The relatively favorable ecological situation in the province exists due to the fact that the development of the region throughout the decades has been more agriculture oriented than industrial. Some of the smaller towns on the map of the province are also of significant interest from historic and cultural point of view. On top of the list are Galich, Soligalich, Nerekhta and Chukhloma.

Die Geschichte der Kostroma

Kostroma eine sehr interessante Stadt der "Der Goldene Ring Russlands". Die Reise durch das Gebiet wird Sie sehr beeindrucken:malerische Landschaften, Kultur-und Geschichtsdenkmaler, wunderbare Vorbilder der Volkskunst sind unvergesslich. Das Land von Kostroma ist sehr eng mit vielen bekannten Kulturschaff en den verbunden: Wolkow E, dem Grunder des russischen nationalen Theaters, Pissemski A.F., Ostrowski A.N., Nekrassow N.A., Potekhin A.A., Rozanow W.W., Rozow W.S.- den Klassiken der nationalen Literatur; Kustodijew B.M. einem von den gro?ten Malern des Silbernen Jahrhunderts; Florenski P.A. - einem Religionsphilosophen, der in den sowjetischen Folterkammern umgekommen ist; Solzhenitzin A.I.dessen Bucher jetzt in der ganzen Welt bekannt sind.

Im Laufe der langen Zeit wurden in Kostroma und seiner Umgegend Traditionen gepflegt, die fur die gesamte altrussische Kultur und Kunst charakteristisch waren. Hier sind eigenartige und hochwertige Baudenkmaler, schone Erzeugnisse der Schmiedekunst und der Holtzschitzerei erhalten geblieben.

Falls Sie bisschen Zeit haben werden, dann besuchen Sie auch die Umgebungen der Stadt und die Dorfer Krassnoje und Sidorowskoje, Siedlung Sudisslawl, den Museums-Gutshof Schelikowo. Die Geschichte von diesen Orten tief im Altertum wurzelt: man erwahnt sie schon in den Quellen der 16-17 Jahrhunderten.

WANDERN SIE Die Grunen Kleinen Stra? En Entlang und Betrachte nicht nur einige denkmaler (Epiphanias-Kirche des 16. Jahrhunders in Krassnoje Christe-Werklarungs Kir Che Des 18. Jahrhunders in Sudisslawl), Sondern Auch Die Gebaude, Die Sie Umschlie? En: Holzhauser mit der Spitzenholzschnitzerei der Fenstereinfassungen oder Steinhauser mit durchbrochenen Schmiedevordachern uber den Turen. Und dann sehen Sie ganz plotzlich eine besondere Welt der raffinierten alten Zeiten.

In Schelikowo dem Gutshof von A.N.Ostrowski werden Sie bezaubernde Natur des Berendej "s Zarenreiches, die der bekannte Dramaturg im Stuck ,Schneewittchen" besungen hat, genie?en. Wahrend der Besichtigung des Interieurs des Gutshofes, erleben Sie auch eine echte Atmosphare des 19.Jahrhunderts. Im Literaturmuseum erzahlt man Ihnen uber den kunstlerischen Schaffensweg des Dramaturgen, uber das ewige Leben von seinen Werken.

Man meint, dass Kostroma in der Mitte des 12. Jahrhunderts gegrundet wurde. In jene Zeit fiel der Beginn eines aktiven Kampfes des Ru?es gegen die Wolga - und Kamabulgarien um den Wolgaer Handelsweg. Dieser Umstand veranlasste die Befestigung von russischen Ansiedlungen an der Wolga; eine Festung wurde auch an Stelle der heutigen Stadt Kostroma erbaut. Ausgrabungen bekraftigen, dass die Stadt am linken Wolga Ufer, am Zusammenfluss von der Wolga und Kostroma, stand.

Die Legende der Stadtgrundung wurde in der Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts veroffentlicht. In der Legende hei?t es, das der Furst Juri Dolgoruki, der mit seinem Heer an die Wolga gekommen war, um die Handelsleute von rauberischen Uberfallen zu schutzen, lieft dort die Stadt Kostroma entstehen.

Es gibt mehr als eine Erklarung den Namen der Stadt. Einige Untersucher meinen, dass er aus dem finnischen Wort "kostrum", das "eine Festung" bedeutet, stammt. Die anderen aber finden, dass der Name mit dem "Khorowod"-volkstumlichen Reigenspiel unter dem Namen Kostroma, der in den Flachsregionen des heidnischen Ru?es sehr verbreitet war, verbunden ist. Datenaufzeichnungen uber die ursprungliche Ansiedlung sind sehr armlich. Kostroma wurde zum ersten Mai in der Woskresenskaja Chronik in 1213 erwahnt. 1237-1239 besiegten und verwusteten Kostroma mongolisch-tatarische Truppen der Goldenen Horde, danach aber wurde die Stadt aus den Ruinen wiederaufgebaut. Man hat den Kostromaer Kreml gebaut und 1246 wurde das Kostromaer Lehnsfurstentum entstanden. Durch au?ere Uberfalle und feudale Kriege wurde die Stadt wiederholt niedergebracht; deshalb sind hier fast keine alteren kulturellen Denkmaler erhalten geblieben. Bekannt sind die wundertatige Verfahrensikone der Gottesmutter Fjodorowskaja aus dem 13 Jahrhundert, die sich heute in der Epiphanias-Kathedrale befindet und die Vitenikone des heiligen Nikolaus (jetzt im Russischen Museum im St.Petersburg) sowie einige

Kleinplastiken und Haushaltsartikel, die bei archaologischen Ausgrabungen auf dem Stadtgebiet gefunden worden sind. Aber auch diese wenige Raritaten berechtigen zur Schli?folgerung, dass bereits damals Kostroma uber begabte Meister verfugte, die hohe kunstlerische Traditionen geschaffen hatten, welche in der Folgzeit gepflegt und weiterentwickelt wurden. Das auf einer wichtigen Handelstra?e der 15-16 Jahrhunderten gelegene Kostroma entwickelte sich zu einem bedeutenden Gewerbe - und Handelszentrum und wurde am Ende des 16. und in der ersten Halfte des 17. Jahrhunderts zu einer der gro?ten russischen Stadte.

Die von Waldern umgebene Stadt wurde aus Holz gebaut und oft von Gro?feuern heimgesucht. Nach der Feuersbrunst von 1413 wurde der Kostromaer Kreml an einem anderen, hoher gelegenen Ort am Wolgaufer errichtet. Der Kreml bestand aus der Himmelfahrt Kathedrale des 16. Jahrhunderts und der Epiphanias-Kathedrale mit dem Glockenturm (18Jh.), zwei Wohnhausern und der Einfriedung mit den Heiligen Toren. Die Epiphanias-Kathedrale mit dem Glockenturm hat der Baumeister Stephan Worotilow gebaut. Man konnte den Kreml vom Fluss weit von der Distanz sehen und auf die Weise einerseits dekorierte er die Stadt und anderseits war Architekturleitmotiv des Stadtzentrums und Stadtsymbol.

1934 wurde den Kreml von Bolschewiken vernichtet (mit der Ausnahme von zwei Wohnhausern). Start des Kremls gibt es jetzt dort einen Park, dort auf der Grundung des fur Romanows vorgesehenen Denkmals, der Grunder des Sowjetischen Staates Lenin steht.

Heute lasst sich das fruhere Stadtbild von Kostroma kaum rekonstruieren. Recht seltene Manuskripte und Zeichnungen des 17.Jahrhunderts geben uns Aufschluss uber eine aus Holz gebaute Stadt mit zahlreichen Zeltdach - und Viereckkirchen, dicht an einander gelegenen Stra?en und kleinen Holzbrucken uber Bache und Schluchten.

Die polnische Intervention des Anfangs des 17.Jahrhunderts hat die Stadt Kostroma sehr negativ beeinflusst. Mit der Zeit ist auch Heldentat von Iwan Sussanin verbunden. Der Wiederaufbau der Stadt begann nach der Vertreibung von Feinden.

In der Mitte des 17 Jahrhunderts gewann Kostroma neben seiner wirtschaftlichen Rolle im Moskauer Staat auch als ein Zentrum des kunstlerischen Schaffens Bedeutung an. Besonders bekannt wurden Baumeister, Ikonenmaler, Gerber, Schmiede, Silberschmiede und Leinenweber. Das Kostromaer Leder wurde ausgefuhrt. Rohleinen, Waagen und Schlosser waren auch au?erhalb der Stadt wohl bekannt. Kostromaer Bauleute und Steinmetze wurden gern am Bau von Palasten und Kathedralen in Moskau und anderen russischen Stadten eingeladen.

Besonders bekannt waren Kostromaer Freskenmaler, die sich durch gro?artige Ausmalungen von Kathedralen wanden in Moskau und Jaroslawl, Pereslawl-Zalesski und Suzdal hervor taten.

Aus dem 17.Jahrhundert stammen solche bekannte Baudenkmaler von Kostroma wie Dreifaltigkeits-Kathedrale des Ipatjew Klosters, Auferstehungs-Kirche-im-Walde, Johannes des Theologen Kirche in Bogoslowskaja sloboda, Elias-Kirche und Himmelfahrt-Kirche in der Melnich ni Gasse.

Die Auferstehungs-Kirche im Walde ist nur das schonste alte Gebaude in Kostroma, sondern auch ein wunderbares Muster der Possadkathedralen Russlands des 17.Jahrhunderts. Die Einwohner der Stadt nahmen an dem Bau der Kathedrale sehr aktiv teil.

Die allgemeine Architekturkomposition der Auferstehungs-Kirche im Walde ist ziemlich konventionell, aber Details und das kunstlerische Dekor um verleihen eine Eigenart dem Gebaude. Die Kirche ist ein bezeichnendes Beispiel der Synthese der Kunste als kunstreiche Freskomaler, Stein- und Holzschnitzer, Schmiede gleichzeitig zusammen mit Baumeister-Maurern arbeiteten. Der offenherzige Glauben inspirierte ihre Arbeit und schaffte eine einmalige Architektursymphonie der Formen und Farben, die harmonisch und freudig lautet. Zeltdachformige Aufientreppen fuhrten in die Galerie vom Norden, Westen und Suden. Genau so wurden auch Holzkirchen im alten Russland gebaut. 1871-1873 wurde die Kirche wesentlich umgebaut. Wahrscheinlich gehort die au?ere rustikartige Damesteinbemalung der Kathedrale zu dieser Zeit auch. Die aus weitem Kalkstein und mit Schnitzwerk verzierten Portale der Hauptkirche erfreuen das Auge. Besonders interessant und kompliziert sind Reliefs der Heiligen Toren der Kathedrale. Die Darstellungen von Lowen, Einhorn und Sirene-Vogel sind sehr meisterhaft geschnitzt und Sinn voll. Besonders ausfallend sind auch Phonix-Vogel und graue Eule, als zwei mogliche Variationen des menschlichen Lebens, dargestellt.

Die Fresken der Dreiheiligen-Kapelle (die Kapelle ist Basilius dem Gro?en, Johannes Chrysostomos und Gregor dem Theologe gewidmet), an den westlichen und sudlichen Wanden der Galerie und im Trommel des Hauptraums sind besonders beachtenswert. Die Fresken in der Galerie stellen meistens Szenen der Apokalypse dar und jene in der Dreiheiligen-Kapelle sind dem qualenden Tod von Aposteln und der Hagiographie von Basilius dem Gro?en gewidmet.

Andere Possadkathedralen des 17.Jahrhunderts der Stadt Kostroma sind wesentlich weniger dekoriert.

1778 wurde Kostroma zur Hauptstadt eines gro?en Gouvernements. In diesem Zusammenhang begann man in der Stadt mit dem Bau von neuen Amtsgebauden. Auch baute man gleich wesentlich mehr Steinhauser.

Die Bautatigkeit wurde nach dem 1784 beschlossenen Generalplan gefuhrt. Die vorteilhafte und wohluberlegte Stadtplanung sowie der Umstand, dass bei der riesigen Feuersbrunst, die ganze innere Stadt

niedergebrannt war, trugen mit dazu bei, dass die Vorhaben von Urhebern des neuen Entwurfs fast vollig verwirklicht wurden.

Ein klares hufeisenformiges Schema liegt dem neuen Plan zugrunde. Der zentrale Platz der Stadt 1st zur Wolga hingeoffnet und alle Stra?en gehen facherformig von ihm aus. Die Gebaude wurden in jenen Jahren nach Planen gebaut, die bereits mit Erfolg in der Praxis erprobt worden waren. Zuerst entstanden die Eckzonen, um die Stra?enrichtungen zu bestimmen. Die gro?e Zahl unregelma?iger Bauabschnitte erforderte die Anderung der meisten zwar erprobten, aber einheitlich aufgestellten Plane. Kostroma gewann dabei aber nur, denn viele Wohnhauser wurden nach individuellen Losungen gebaut, gewannen dadurch an Ausdruckskraft und Originalitat und blieben bis heute als wertvolle Baudenkmaler erhalten.

Das Gebaude des Romanows" Museums (Pr. Mira, 1) besetzt dabei einen besonderen Raum. Das Gebaude ist ein markantes Vorbild des Jugendstils "a"la russe" und wurde ab Anfang als Museumsgebaude gebaut. Es wurde am 19.Mai 1913 zum 300 jahrigen Jubilaum von Romanows geoffnet. Nikolaus II. war auch dabei. Heute sind im Gebaude Ausstellungen und Fonds des Kunstmuseums der Stadt. Dort kann man die Bilder von N. Gontscharowa (,Jungfrau am Tier"), R. Falk (,Ein Landschaft im Hof ​​0, N. Kuprejanow(,Ritter" 1915, "Z a r David" 1915), J. Tschestnjakow(, Gro?zugiger Apfel "1968,Ein Fest des allgemeinen Wohlstands" 1968 und Tonfiguren) u.v.a.sehen.

Das Stadtzentrum sieht sehr harmonisch und einheitlich aus. Ostrowski A., der in Kostroma zum ersten Mai 1848 war, schrieb in seinem Notizbuch: "Unser Hotel steht am Platz, der grandios ist." Die heutige Adresse ist Prospekt Mira, 1(das ehemalige Haus von Rogatkin und Botnikow, 1810).

P. Fursow verbrachte nach der Kunstakademie seine besten schopferischen Jahre in Kostroma. Er baute hier die Gebaude, die heute zum Goldenen Fond der Architektur gehoren: vor allem den Feuerwehrturm und die Hauptwache am Hauptplatz. Die beiden sind echte Kunstwerke, die den Hauptplatz in ein herrliches Bauensemble verwandelten.

Es bestand immer ein lebhafter Handelsverkehr in Kostroma und so baute man hier viele kleine und gro?e Geschafte in Linien: Mehl-, Genruse, Fischreihen und Galerien. Schon im 17. Jahrhundert gab es in der Stadt 21 Handelsreihen mit 714 Holzgeschaften.

Der Baukomplex der Handelsreihen der Stadt Kostroma ist das gro?te Handelszentrum Russlands des 19. Jahrhunderts, das bis heute erhalten geblieben ist. Ein typisches Geschaft des Kaufmanns liegt der Galerien zugrunde: im Erdgeschoft handelte man, oben und im Keller war der Lager. Die Schonen Reihen handelten mit Stoffen, Schuhen und Galanteriewaren, folglich waren dort die Geschafte kleiner als in den Mehlhandlerreihen aber in den beiden Fallen entsprach jedes Geschaft einem Bogen der Galerie. Jedes Geschaft hatte einen separaten Eingang und ein Schaufenster mit Einfassungen.

Im Hof ​​von Schonen Reihen befanden sich gewohnlich offenere Verkaufsstande und kleine Holzbuden mit Galanteriewaren.

1828 bat Baukomission des Gouvernements den Kaufleuten Steingeschafte statt alten Holzbuden zu bauen. P. Furssow war der Autor des Projekts. Man beendete den Bau (mit der Ausnahme von zwei Gebauden mit Gu?eisenpfeilern) in 1830.

Im Kontrast zu der gro?artigen Paradenarkade des Hauptgebaudes stellen die Galerien der Kurzwarenhandlung ziemlich niedrige Kollonaden vor.

Die Mehlhandlerreihen handelten mit Mehl, Getreide, Viehfutter und dem traditionellen Kostromaer Flachs en gros und en detail. So sind hier die Geschafte wesentlich gro?er.

Ostlich von Schonen Galerien finden Sie Tabakreihen (1822), die vom W.P.Stassow, der ein markanter Architekt des 19.Jahrhunderts war, gebaut wurden. Das Gebaude zeichnet sich durch die Feinheit der Aufbaulosung.

Parallel mit der sudlichen Fassade der Schonen Galerien stehen Pfefferkuchenreihen, die neben der Boschung am Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts gebaut wurden.

Naher zur Wolga befinden sich auch Kleine Mehlhandlerreihen des 19. Jahrhunderts.

Hinter den Kleinen Mehlhandlerreihen stehen vier Gebaude der Fischreihen und ostlich von Tabakreihen sind Olgalerien vom Architekten Metlin N. (1809).

Vom bestimmten Interesse fur die Besucher der Stadt ist auch das Gebaude der ehem. Gouvernementsbehorde (Sowjetskaja Str. 1, heute sind hier das Rathaus und Duma der Stadt). Das Gebaude wurde nach dem "erprobten" Entwurf des Architekten Zakharow A. unter Kontrolle von Metlin N. am Anfang des 19 Jahrhunderts gebaut. Das Gebaude wurde aber mehr als einmal umgebaut.

Eines des wichtigsten Denkmalern des Kirchen - und staatlichen Lebens der Stadt ist das Dreieinigkeits-Ipatjew Kloster (1918 von Bolschewiken geschlossen und vernichtet).

Im 13 Jahrhundert als eine Festung am Zusammenfluss der Kostroma und der Wolga entstanden, stellt das Kloster ein kompliziertes Bauensemble dar, in dem Bauwerke aus dem Ende des 16. bis zum letzten Viertel des 19. Jahrhunderts erhalten sind. Im 16.Jahrhundert bluhte das Dreieinigkeits-Ipatjew Kloster dank reichen Gaben, im Besonderen seitens des Adelgeschlechts Godunow. Viele Grundstucke, Tausenden Bauern,

Schiffstransporten und Geschaften gehorten dem Kloster. Allein aber nicht nur die Wirtschaft sondern vor allem der geistliche Status bestimmte das ganze Leben des Klosters. Au?erdem war das Kloster fur Godunows ein Beweis (fast eine Legende), dass sie zu einem Adelgeschlecht gehorten und treue Christen waren.

Nicht zufallig auch wurden gleich nach dem Sturz von Godunows die neue Zarendynastie Romanow zu Patronen des Klosters. Die Mutter vom Mikhail -ersten Zaren aus Romanows war eine gro?e Landbesitzerin im Gebiet Kostroma. Am Anfang 1613 wohnte sie mit dem Sohn im Kloster. Hierher kam auch die Botschaft der Standeversammlung aus Moskau um Mikhail zu bitten den Zaren zu werden.

In der Sakristei des Dreieinigkeits-Ipatjew Klosters wurden wertvolle Kunstschatze aufbewahrt. Die Klosterbibliothek besa? unikale Handschriften und Wiegendrucke, darunter die bekannte Ipatjewskaja Chronik eine Abschrift der "Erzahlung von den vergangenen Jahren", eines der altesten schriftlichen Quellen des Kiewer Ru?es der 9-12 Jahrhunderten. N.Karamzin der bekannte russische Histonker fand die Chronik hier 1814.

Der alteste Teil des Dreieinigkeits-Ipatjew Klosters ist die Altstadt, die seit seiner Grundung besteht. Am Ende des 16.Jahrhunderts wurden die ursprunglichen Holzwande durch die Steinmauern mit Turmen ersetzt und im 17 Jahrhundert uberbaut. In den 40er Jahren des 17 Jahrhunderts gliederte sich an die Westmauer der Altstadt die so genannte Neustadt an. Fruher langs der Mauern zogen sich Graben, die im IS.Jahrhundert nachdem das Kloster seine Bedeutung als Festung bereits eingebu?t hatte, zugeschuttet wurden.

Den Mittelpunkt des Ensembles bildet die Dreieinigkeits-Kathedrale. Das erste steinerne

Kathedralgebaude war 1558 entstanden. Es hatte Anfang 1649 infolge einer Explosion stark gelitten und wurde 1652 wiederaufgebaut. Die Architektur der neuen Kathedrale war unter dem Einfluss von Nikon Reform.

Ein gro?artiges Denkmal der alten Kunst ist die Wandmalerei der Kathedrale, ausgefuhrt 1685 von Kostromaer Ikonenmalern unter der Leitung der bekannten Monumentalmaler des II Jahrhunderts Guri Nikitin und Sila Sawin. Die Fresken der Dreieinigkeits-Kathedrale des Dreieinigkeits-Ipatjew Klosters sind eines der besten Werke dieser Maler. Die Bilder sind farbenreich, sie zeichnen sich durch eine feine und sichere Linienfuhrung aus; die Composition weist zahlreiche genrehafte Details auf, und die dargestellten Personen sind realistisch aufgefasst. Interessant sind die architektonischen Details in der malerischen Wiedergabe von Palasten und anderen Bauwerken. Die Kunstmaler hatten gleichsam ein langes Leben ihrer Schopfung vorgesehen, indem sie diese mit folgender Aufschrift versehen hatten:"Zum Betrachten und geistigen Vergnugen fur alle auf ewige Zeiten. Amen.u

Den funfreihigen vergoldeten Ikonostas, ein Muster der Kunst des IS.Jahrhunderts, erhielt die Kathedrale in den Jahren 1756-1758. Die Arbeit leiteten die Holzschnitzer Pjotr ​​Solotarjow und Makar Bikow. Besonders wertvoll sind die Ikonen der drei oberen Reihen.

Westlich von der Kathedrale, am Hauptplatz, steht der Glockenturm.

Neben der westlichen Mauer der Altstadt nordlich von den Toren, die auf das Gelande der Neustadt fuhren, befinden sich die Kammern von Bojaren Romanows. Ursprunglich war das Gebaude fur Monchszellen vorgesehen.

Alexander II besuchte das Kloster 1858. Befehlsgema? des Zaren musste man das Gebaude umbauen, um es fur die Zaren auch geeignet wurde. Die Rekonstruktion des Gebaudes in Traditionen des 17. Jahrhunderts machte Architekt F.Richter.

Langs der Klostermauern liegen verschiedene Wirtschafts- und Wohngebaude, darunter das schlichte Dormitorium und der Erzbischofspalast. Das letzt genannte Gebaude wurde infolge der Launen von Erzbischofen und Baukunstmode mehrmals umgebaut. An den Klostermauern entsteht heute ein Freilichtmuseum der volkstumlichen Holzbaukunst. Sein Ziel ist die Aufbewahrung und Exposition einzelner eigenartiger ziviler und sakraler Bauten, die alte Architektur sowie die fruhere Lebensweise in den Dorfern um Kostroma charakterisieren. Vom besonderen Interesse ist die holzerne Gottesmutter-Kathedrale(1522) aus dem Dorf Kholm. Sie ist somit das alteste Gebaude im Gebiet Kostroma. Ihre kompositionelle und bauliche Losung zeugt von gro?artigem Konnen ihrer Erbauer.

Die Kirche aus dem Dorf Fominskoje wird sie auch sehr beeindrucken. Sie stellt ein Gotteshaus mit einem Glockenturm lieber dem Refektorium dar. Auch eine durch ihre Schlichtheit auffallende Kapelle, sieht als ein Haus aus dem Marchen aus und ist aber ihrer Architektur nach den alteren Bauwerken nah.

Nach dem Besuch des Klosters und des Museums der Holzbaukunst gehen Sie bisschen die alten Straften der Bogoslowskaja und Andrejewskaja sloboda entlang spazieren. Sie werden dort auch Hauser mit pittoresken Balkons, Fenstereinfassungen und Fensterladen mit marchenhaften Drachen und wunderbaren Blumen sehen. Im Zentrum der Bogoslowskaja sloboda steht die Kirche von Johannes Theologen.

Und man kann hier nur schwer vorstellen, dass jenseits der Kostroma eine gro?e moderne Industriestadt mit ihrem regen Lebenstempo liegt.

Kostroma

La ville de Kostroma excite un interet enorme a celui qui desire prendre connaissance des villes de l "ancienne Russie, unies dans le fameux "anneau d"or". Le voyage a travers la province donne des impressions inoubliables: des paysages pittoresques, des monuments historiques et culturels, de beaux modeles de l "art populaire. La region de Kostroma est etroitement liee aux noms des grands hommes de la culture russe: du fondateur du theater national F.Volkov, des grands ecrivains classiques A.Pissemski, A.Ostrovski, N.Nekrassov, du philosophe religieux P.Florenski peri en prison sovietique, de A. Soljenitsyne dont les ceuvres sont connus dans le monde entier, du grand peintre B.Koustodievetc.

Durant les siecles a Kostroma se formaient les traditions artistiques qui caracterisaient la culture russe. Ici on a conserve des monuments originaux d"architecture, des modeles du forgeage et de sculpture en bois.

Les tourists sont ravis de visiter les environs de la ville: les bourgs Krasnoie-na-Volgue, Soudislavle et Sidorovskoie, la propriete Chtchelykovo. L"histoire de ces lieux vient du fond des temps et ils sont mentionnes dans les documents dates du 16-17 siecles. Les rues vertes abritent un monde d"autrefois, recherche et delicieux: de remarquables monuments, tels que l"eglise de l "Epiphanie (les.) a Krasnoie-na-Volgue ou la cathedrale de la Transfiguration du Sauveur a Soudislavle, des petites maisons en bois decorees de dentelle en bois, ou des maisons en pierre aux porches forges.

Les visiteurs de Chtchelykovo, propriete du grand dramaturge russe A.Ostrovski, sont charmes de la nature du “royaume de Berendey”, reconstituee dans la piece “Snegourotchka” (la fille de neige). Le musee invite a faire connaissance de la vie et de l"ceuvre de l"ecrivain dont les pieces ecrites au 19 s. sont toujours tres populaires.

La fondation de Kostroma eut lieu au milieu du 12 siecle, a l "epoque de la lutte acharnee pour la voie fluviale, contre la Bulgarie de Volga, ce qui contribua au renforcement des etablissements le long de la Volga; plusieurs forteresses furent construites, Kostroma y compris. La ville fut fondee sur une colline de la rive gauche, tout pres de l"embouchure d"une petite riviere nommee Soula.

La legende de la fondation de la ville parle du prince Youri Dolgorouki (le surnom qui signifie "aux longs bras"). La drougine du prince vint dans ce pays boise et marecageux en 1152 pour proteger les negociants souffrant des brigands.

Il existe quelques versions interpretant le nom de la ville. Certains chercheurs croient qu"il provient du mot ougrien "kostrum", ce que veut dire "forteresse sur l"eau". D"autres supposent que le sens est lie a une coutume paienne des tribus peuplant les rives de la Volga et surtout de la Kostroma (l"affluent de la Volga qui porte le meme nom que la ville), et dont l"occupation essentielle etait la cultivation du lin.

Pour la premiere fois la ville de Kostroma est mentionnee dans la chronique de Voskressensk en 1213 en rapport de la lutte entre les fils du prince Vsevolode Bolchoie Gnezdo (“un grand nid”). En 1237-1238 Kostroma fut occupee et saccagee par des Tatares, mais reconstruite apres. En 1246 apparut la principaute de Kostroma qui entra plus tard dans la Grande principaute de Moscou. Aux annees soixante du 13 s. commenca la lutte contre le joug des Tatares. En 1272 les Kostromiens remporterent une

victoire sur un detachement des Tatares pres du lac Sviatoie (Sacre) non loin de Kostroma.

La ville qui etait plusieurs fois ruinee par des troupes ennemies et des guerres intestines, plusieurs fois brulee, ne possede presque point d "anciens monuments de culture. On ne revele ici que quelques icones de l"epoque, telle que l"icone de la Sainte Vierge Feodorovskaia (dans la cathedrale de l"Epiphanie), datee de 13s., l"icone du 14s. "L"hagiographie de Saint-Nicolas" (exposee dans le Musee Russe a Saint-Petersbourg), de petits objets ceramiques trouves au cours des fouilles sur le territoire de la ville, aussi que des objets domestiques. P

our tant ces revelations prouvent l"existence a l"epoque d"une quantite d"artisants de talent qui creerent des traditions artistiques developpees ensuite dans la region.

Grace a sa situation geographique favorable sur les voies commerciales animees, Kostroma devient aux 15-16 ss. un center important de commerce et d"artisanat, a la fin du 16- debut du 17 s. une des plus grandes ville de la Russie.

Situee dans la region boisee, la ville etait construite en bois. Des incendies frequentes considerees comme des cataclysmes reduisaient la ville en cendres. La chronique annonce qu"en 1413 a Kostroma 30 eglises ont brule; un nombre pareil temoigne des dimensions significants de la ville.

Apres l"incendie, le kremlin de Kostroma fut reconstruit sur une place plus elevee d"ou on voyait mieux le fleuve. L'ensemble architectural du kremlin comprenait les cathedrales de la Dormition (16 s.) et de l'Epiphanie (18 s.), un clocher, deux maisons d'habitation et l'enceinte avec la Porte Sainte. Le kremlin bien visible de loin, dominait la ville qu"il ornait beaucoup etant une sort de sa carte de visite. En 1934 sous le pouvoir sovietique, le kremlin de Kostroma fut cruellement aneanti. A sa place on installa un parc avec une statue du fondateur du premier etat socialiste V.Lenine, erigee sur le piedestal destine a y mettre un monument a l "honneur du tricentenaire de la maison des Romanov (le projet qui ne fut jamais realise).

Aujourd"hui il est difficile dejuger sur l"image de l"ancienne Kostroma. Les documents et les dessins rares presentent une silhouette bizarre d"une ville en bois aux plusieurs eglises placees etroitement parmi des batiments, aux rues suivant librement le relief, aux Ponts de bois traversant des ravins et des rivieres.

L"envahissement polonais du debut du 17 s. aggrava la situation de Kostroma. En 1608 les citoyens se revolterent contre les envahisseurs; la milice de ville rejoignit le regiment du prince Dmitri Pojarski. C"est a cette epoque-la qu" un paysan nomme Ivan Soussanine accomplit son exploit: il sauva la vie de son seigneur Mikhail Romanov mais il fut assassine par les Polonais.

Les envahisseurs chasses, on commenca a reconstruire la ville. Vers le milieu du 17 s., Kostroma devint un central important economique et culturel. On appreciait beaucoup la maitrise des macons, des peintres d'icones, des forgerons, des tisseurs, des peaussiers, des argenteurs. La region exportait surtout des peaux, des toilets, des cadenas fabriques a Kostroma. Les macons kostromiens batirent pas mal de cathedrales et de palais dans la capitale et dans d'autres villes.

Mais les peintres d"icones de Kostroma etaient les plus connus. On retrouve leurs ?uvres dans des cathedrales de Moscow et de Yaroslavle, de Souzdale et de Pereslavle-Zalesski... L"ecole de la peinture d" icones de Kostroma atteignit son apogee aux 17-18 ss. On retrouve a Kostroma quelques tres connues baties a cette periode, telles que la cathedrale de la Sainte Trinite dans le monastere de Saint-Ipatius, l "eglise de la Resurrection (Voskressenia-na-Debrie), l"eglise de Jean Chrysostome, du prophete Elie, de la Trasfiguration du Sauveur, de l"Ascension de Christ.

L"eglise de la Resurrection c"est l"exemple de l"eglise bourgeoise construite avec des subventions des citoyens qui donnerent non seulement leur argent mais aussi leur foi inebranlable a une vie harmonieuse qu"on ne revele qu"en religion.

Malgre l"architecture traditionnelle de l"eglise, les details architecturaux et le decor lui donnent un aspect extraordinaire. Batie en 1652, elle sert de modele de la synthese des arts car on y admire l"ceuvre des peintres d" icones, le travail des sculpteurs en pierre et en bois, des graveurs et des forgerons: c"est une vraie symphonie des formes et des couleurs.

Les trois porches de l"eglise menant sur la galerie sont couverts de coupoles en pyramide ce qui est tres typique pour les eglises en bois de la region. L"aspect primordial de l"eglise fut encore plus traditionnel, mais en 1871-1873 la Resurrection-sur-Debria eut une reconstruction significant. On suppose que c"est a cette periode-la qu"elle fut peinte en echiquier. Au-dessus de la Porte Sainte on voit un lion, un narval et un oiseau mythique Sirine. Faits avec une maitrise, les animaux ont le sens religieux et en meme temps realisent les idees des artistes d "autrefois sur la beaute. On remarque surtout un hibou se dechirant la poitrine, et un phenix au visage d" une fille, deux versions de la vie humaine.

L "attention des visiteurs et des paroissiens attirent les fresques de la chapelle des Trois Saints, sur les mur sud et ouest de la galerie et dans le tympan central. Les sujets dont le principal est l" Apocalypse, sont tires de la Bible. Les peintures de la chapelle presentent la mort de martyr des apotres et les episodes de l"hagiographie de Basile le Grand.

D "autres eglises de la ville baties aux annees quatre-vingt du 17 s. sont plus simples.

En 1778 Kostroma deviant center d"une vaste province. On batit dans la ville des nouveaux batiments administratifs formant la place centrale dont le nom actuel est Soussaninskaia. Le nombre des maisons en pierre s"accroit. En 1784 on approuva le plan general de la partie centrale de la ville detruite par une incendie affreuse de 1773. Avec ce plan, la ville a un nouvel aspect architectural “en eventail”; les rues des directions radiales "coulent" vers la place centrale ayant la forme de fer a cheval, l "axe principal traversant le beau milieu de la place, est perpendiculaire au quai de la Volga.

La disposition “en eventail” ne permettait guere la construction des maisons typiques; des projets-types furent transformes et toute maison fut batie selon un projet individuel. Des maisons angulaires marquerent les directions des rues. Actuellement on trouve a Kostroma des maisons presentant des differents styles qui sont de vrais monuments architecturaux.

Un batiment pareil qu"on considere comme un monument d"architecture d"autrefois se trouve sur l"avenue de la Paix. C "est un vrai modele du style moderne russe (architecte N. Gorlitsyn). Destine a etre musee de la dynastie tsariste, il fut inaugure le 19 May 1913 par l" empereur Nicolas II pendant la celebration du tricentenaire de la dynastie. Actuellement c "est le musee des Beaux-Arts. Les expositions presentent les tableaux de N. Gontcharova (“Vierge sur un fauve”, 1915), R. Falk (“Paysage de la cour”, 1915), N. Koupreianov (“ Les chevaliers”, 1915, “Le tsar David”, 1915), E. Tchestniakov (“Une pomme abondante”, 1968, “La fete de la prosperite totale”, 1968, des jouets en terre).

Certaines maisons en bois excitent un grand interet, par exemple, la maison qui appartenait aux nobles kostromiens Chipov (rue Voikov). Batie en style "empire" au 19 s., elle surprend par l"elegance du portail a six colonnes, les proportions classiques et le decor de l"interieur font preuve de la maitrise de l"architecte.

L"impression tres favorable donnent des maisons avec des mansardes qui etaient tres typiques pour la ville du 19 s. et qui existent encore.

Le center de la ville presente l"ensemble architectural acheve. Etant pour la premiere fois a Kostroma, le grand dramaturge russe A.Ostrovski nota dans son journal: “La place avec l"hotel ou Ton est descendu, est parfaite!” Ostrovski visita Kostroma plusieurs fois et il descendait toujours a l "hotel "Russie" donnant sur la place centrale (la maison de Rogatkine et Botnikov, 1810).

L'ensemble architectural du center de la ville se formait pendant presque un demi-siecle et doit sa creation aux plusieurs architectes parmi lesquels il faut mentionner avant tout S. Vorotilov(la fin du 18 s.) et P.Foursov, architecte de province en 1822-1831. de guet et le Corps de garde. Batis sur la place centrale de la ville aux années vingt du 19 s., ils sont en harmonie avec tous les batiments de l "ensemble architectural dont les essentiels sont les Galeries de commerce.

La ville faisait toujours le commerce anime, et des boutiques nombreuses furent placees en rangees qui portaient les noms selon les marchandises qu"on y vendait: rangee de la farine, des legumes, du poisson, rangee des laptis (chaussures traditionnelles des Russes faites en ecorce de tilleul ou de bouleau).

A nos jours l "ensemble les Galeries de commerce de Kostroma restent un des plus grands centers commerciaux batis en Russie au 19 s. Son edification dura des design d"annees a partir de la fin du 18 s. A cette epoque-la apparurent la Belle Galerie ou on vendait des tissus, des chaussures, des fourrures, des bijoux etc., et la Grande Galerie de la Farine. Le principe structural de toutes les galeries est le meme: construites en forme de rectangle, les galeries sont entourees d "arcades, chaque arc correspondait autrefois a une entree dans la boutique (actuellement les magasin sont reconstruits et sont beaucoup plus vastes qu"a l" epoque), les salles de vente se situent au rez-de-chaussee, les bureaux dans le grenier et les depots dans le sous-sol.

Dans la cour de la Belle Galerie il y avait autrefois des echoppes avec des menus objets de mercerie. En 1828 elles furent remplaces par les Galeries des Boutiques (de Menus objets). Plus basses et un peu plus lourdes que la Belle Galerie, elles ont le caractere plus intime et contrastent a la pompe monumentale du batiment principal donnant sur la place centrale.

Dans la Grande Galerie de la Farine on vendaiit en gros et aux details la farine, du fourrage, du lin etc. Les magasins de cette galeries sont plus vastes. La forme des entrees un peu archaique et les murs laconiques donnent l"impression de majeste de l"edifice.

Dans la cour de la galerie depuis deux cent ans existe un marche ou les paysans proposent des fruits et des legumes cultives dans la region.

Aux annees trente du 19 s. sont baties la Petite Galerie de la Farine, la Galerie de Poisson; face du cote ouest de la Belle Galerie apparait la Galerie de Tabac, tres elegante, construite par le fameux architecte dul9s.VStassov.

Batie au debut du 19s., la Galerie du Pain d"epice est parallele a la facade nord de la Belle Galerie. L"edifice est construit en terrasse sur une pente, c"est pourquoi sa hauteur est 5 meters du cote de facade et 10 metres du cote inverse. La galerie est flanquee de petites chapelles tres jolies.

Le batiment de la Mairie excite un grand interet. Bati au debut du 19s. par l "architecte de province N.Metline d"apres le projet du celebre architecte A.Zakharov, il possede une belle entree ornee de colonnes blanches. La porte principale donne sur la Belle Galerie, tandis que traditionnellement elle devrait donner sur la place.

Le monastere masculin de Saint-Ipatius (ferme et devaste par des bolchevistes) jouait un role tres important dans la vie de l "etat russe. Fonde a la fin du 13 s. au confluent de la Volga et de la Kostroma par un prince tatare Tchet, d "ailleur converti, le monastere se presente comme l" ensemble des batiments des styles et des epoques differents.

Au 16 s., grace aux dons riches, surtout des boyards Godounov qui etaient des descendants de Tchet, le monastere s"epanouit et se developpe vite. De nombreuses proprietes lui appartiennent, aussi que des milliers de paysans, des passages a travers la Volga et la Kostroma, des ateliers et des echoppes. Le monastere gardait le temoignage du droit des Godounov sur le trone russe, les preuves de l "anciennete et de la noblesse de la famille, de leur fidelite a l "orthodoxie.

Apres le renversement des Godounov le monastere est sous la protection de la nouvelle dynastie tsariste, celle des Romanov. La nonne Marthe, mere du premier tsar de la dynastie, provenait d"une famille riche des boyards kostromiens et possedait de vastes proprietes dans la province. Au debut de 1613 elle vint au monastere avec son fils. Au mois de mars de 1613 y arrive une deputation de Moscou pour annoncer que le jeune Mikhail etait elu le tsar russe.

Mais bien entendu que la vie religieuse fut principale pour des freres. La sacristie du monastere enfermait de nombreux joyaux, et la bibliotheque contenait des manuscrits uniques et des premies livres imprimes parmi lequels la fameuse “Chronique de Saint-Ipatius” revele en 1814 par le celebre ecrivain et historien russe N. Karamzine.

L "ancienne partie du monastere, la Vieille Ville, existe des la fondation. A la fin du 16 s. la muraille et les tours faites en gros briques remplacerent celles de bois. Aux années quarante du 17 s. du cote ouest on installa la Nouvelle Ville.

L'enceinte du monastere fut jadis entouree de fosses. La construction des murs et des tours correspondait aux regles de fortification du 16 s. ce qui faisait le Saint-Ipatius une citadelle imprenable.

Dans l"ensemble des batiments du monastere la place centrale est a la cathedrale de la Sainte Trinite faite en pierre pour la premiere fois en 1558. Au debut de 1649 l"edifice fut detruit par l"explosion de la poudre stockee dans le sous- sol. En 1652 l "eglise fut reconstruite et eut l" aspect actuel.

La cathedrale est bien monumentale d"apres ses formes et tres laconique en ce qui concerne des details. La facade nord donnant sur la place centrale du monastere est la plus riche en decor. Le porche donne l"idee d"une maison des boyards dit “terem”, le toit le couvrant repose sur des piliers en forme de cruche; le decor de la galerie couverte entourant la partie centrale ayant la forme d"un cube, donne a la cathedrale l"aspect bien expressif.

L"esprit religieux de l"epoque exprime dans la peinture de la cathedrale faite en 1685 par l"equipe des peintres d"icones de Kostroma sous la direction des peintres celebres Gouri Nikitine et Sila Savine. Les fresques de la cathedrale de la Trinite sont considerees comme un chef-d"?uvre, elles sont tres abondantes en teints, le dessin surprend de son elegance et l"exactitude des lignes, les compositions sont tres riches en sujets et tres detaillees. Les portraits sont tres naturels. Les detailles architecturaux des palais et des maisons ou se deroulent les evenements presentes sont tres interessants.

En creant ce chef-d"ceuvre, les peintres ont prevu sa longue vie durant les siecles et ont introduit les paroles suivantes dans la bande annaliste separant le niveau inferieur ornemental des fresques: "On a fait cette peinture pour l"imagination artistique et le Plaisir des descendants, a tout jamais, amen."

L "iconostase doree a cinq niveaux est le modele de sculpture en bois du 18 s. Elle est fabriquee par des sculpteurs en bois sous la direction de P. Zolotarev et M. Bykov. Les icones placees dans trois niveaux superieurs sont les plus precieuses.

Vers l "ouest de la cathedrale, sur la place centrale de la Vieille Ville, se trouve le clocher. Au 17 s. il possedait 19 cloches, grandes et petites, et une horloge a carillon. En 1852 les escaliers en bois furent remplaces par Ceux en pierre, les arcades furent partiellement murees. Pres du mur est de la Vieille Ville se trouve le palais des boyards Romanov.

Pendant la visite de l "empereur Alexandre II en 1858, on ordonna faire ce batiment covenable pour la residence tsariste. La reconstruction “au gout du 17 s.” fut accomplie par l"architecte F. Richter. Enl863 le palais eut son aspect actuel. Le long de l"enceinte sont situes de plusieurs edifices a destination administrative, menagere et residentielle, tels que le Corps de logis des freres et l"Archeveche comprenant les appartements du superieur, des eglises domestiques et le parloir. A la proximite du monastere se trouve le musee ethnographique ou l"on peut voir des monuments d"architecture en bois et des objets de la vie quotidienne des paysans. Les charpentiers de la province etaient tres connus de leur maitrise. Les monuments sont transportes de differents coins de la region. L "eglise de la Transfiguration arrivee du village Spass-Veji, etait un des meilleurs monuments d"architecture en bois, malheureusement brulees en 2003. Les Bains transportes de Jarkis, mis sur les pelots a cause des inondations frequentes. L"eglise de la Sainte Vierge du village Kholm datant de 1552 est le plus vieux edifice de la province. L"eglise venue de Fominskoie est le modele de batiment de culte d"une composition compliquee: son clocher est monte sur le refectoire. Une petite chapelle de la region de Tchoukhloma batie aux années soixante du 19 s.

En visitant le faubourg Bogoslovskaia dans les environs du monastere on admire une jolie eglise de Jean Theologie construite en 1681-1687. Dans le faubourg Andreevskaia appartenant jadis au monastere se dresse l "eglise de la Dormition de la Sainte Vierge faite en 1798. On retrouve ici des maisons aux jolis balcons, aux chambranles et aux volets sculptes en bois, des portes avec des statues des dragons et des plantes mystiques. Alors il est presque impossible de s"imaginer que tout en face, sur l"autre rive, il y a une ville industrialelle avec ses rythmes modernes.

Municipal educational institution

Susaninskaya secondary school

Didactic materials for the course history of the Kostroma region.

Student population: 6-9 grades

history teacher 1st category

Ershova Natalya Nikolaevna.

Susanino 2014

Content

Explanatory note.

1.1.Relevance – page 2.

1.2. The purpose and objectives of this work are p.2.

1.3. Prospects and results of the work - pp. 3-4.

Methodology for using didactic materials for the course on the history of the native land.-page 5

Subject sheets.

3.1.6 grade. Final work on the course history of the Kostroma region. – pp. 6-7.

3.2. 7th grade. Russia in the 17th-18th centuries. Final work Kostroma region 17-18 centuries. pp.8-10

3.3. 7th grade. The culture of our region in the second half of the 18th century.-p.10

3.4. 8th grade. Kostroma region in the 19th century.–pp. 11-17

3.5. 9th grade. Kostroma region. Educational cards.-pp.18-32

3.6. Game for 6th grade students “Sweet Side” - pp. 33-36

3.7. Olympiad in local history. History of the Kostroma region. Grades 7-9.-pp.37-39

References. pp.-41-42

EXPLANATORY NOTE.

It is known that “local history” comes from the word “to know,” that is, to know one’s small homeland, its nature, history, economy, way of life, traditions, and so on.

Love for the Motherland begins with a deep feeling of attachment to our father’s land, where we were born, grew up, and took our first steps into the world. Interest in one’s small homeland, its past, present and future contributes to the formation of the personality of a citizen, a patriot, and a conscious perception of national and universal values. In modern conditions of the onset of mass Western culture, turning to native roots and national origins is becoming particularly relevant.

It is impossible to raise real citizens - patriots of your homeland without studying history. That is why there is currently an increased interest in studying the native land, its history, culture, and traditions.

1.1.Relevance and pedagogical feasibilityThis work on historical local history is determined by the following factors:

There are insufficiently developed methodological aids for conducting classroom extracurricular activities in history and local history

the work on studying the history, culture, customs and traditions of one’s small Motherland and its nature is not systematized (it is inappropriate to limit oneself to a story, conversation, demonstration, “one-time” excursions to a museum and a reserve);

The joint historical and local history activities of the school with the museum, libraries, and other organizations of the city are not sufficiently coordinated.

The Kostroma and Susaninsky regions are rich in interesting history and original culture, unique natural and geographical features that provide extensive opportunities for conducting local history work..

1.2.Purpose:

Systematize the accumulated material on the course of the history of the Kostroma region.

Tasks:

Educational:

to form students’ ideas about the historical past and present of our village; about personalities who left a noticeable mark on history; about the contribution that compatriots made to the historical and cultural heritage of the village, city, region, country;

to instill in younger schoolchildren the skills of search activity: to teach to observe and describe facts, to systematize the collected material, to arrange it;

Educational:

develop communication skills and abilities in the communication process, teach to work in groups, coordinate activities, teach analysis and self-analysis:

promote the development of mental processes: imagination, memory, thinking, speech;

expand the historical and environmental horizons of students;

Educational:

contribute to awakening interest and respect for the historical, cultural and natural values ​​of the city;

cultivate the ability to build positive interpersonal relationships with peers and high school students;

promote the formation of a socially active, moral personality with civic consciousness.

1.3. As a result of working with thematic sheets, students are expected to formationuniversal learning activities(personal, regulatory, cognitive, communicative), allowing to achieve subject, meta-subject and personal results.

Upon reaching personal results The student will have the following:

The student’s internal position is at the level of a positive attitude towards school, family, society, orientation towards the meaningful aspects of school and social reality;

cognitive interest in new material and ways to solve a new problem;

focus on understanding the reasons for success in extracurricular activities, including self-analysis and self-monitoring of results, and analysis of the compliance of results with the requirements of a specific task;

the foundations of a person’s civil identity in the form of awareness of “I” as a citizen of Russia, a sense of belonging and pride in one’s Motherland, people and history, awareness of a person’s responsibility for general well-being, awareness of one’s ethnicity;

moral orientation of both one’s own actions and the actions of those around them;

knowledge of basic moral norms and orientation towards their implementation, development of ethical feelings as regulators of moral norms;

empathy as understanding people's feelings and empathizing with them;

foundations of ecological culture: acceptance of the value of the natural world, willingness to follow the norms of behavior in nature in one’s activities;

a sense of beauty and aesthetic feelings based on familiarity with the culture of the city and region.

Upon reachingmeta-subjectThe student’s results will be the following:UUD ( regulatory, cognitive, communicative ):

Regulatory universal learning activities

The student will learn:

plan your actions in accordance with the task and the conditions for its implementation;

take into account established rules in planning and controlling the solution method;

carry out final and step-by-step control based on the results;

evaluate the correctness of the action at the level of adequate assessment of the compliance of the results with the requirements of the given task;

adequately perceive the suggestions and assessments of teachers, comrades, parents and other subjects;

distinguish between the method and the result of an action.

The graduate will have the opportunity to learn:

in collaboration with the teacher, set new learning objectives;

show cognitive initiative in collaboration with other subjects of socialization;

evaluate the correctness of tasks and make the necessary adjustments to its implementation.

Cognitive universal learning activities

The student will learn:

search for the necessary information to complete tasks using additional literature, media, encyclopedias, reference books (including electronic, digital), and Internet information;

record selective information about yourself and the world around you, including using ICT;

express speech orally and in writing;

analyze, compare and classify topics or phenomena, establish cause-and-effect relationships;

carry out an advanced search for information using library resources and the Internet;

record, record information about the world around us using ICT;

select the most effective ways to solve problems depending on specific conditions;

carry out synthesis as the composition of a whole from parts, independently completing and completing the missing components;

build logical reasoning, including establishing cause-and-effect relationships.

Communicative universal learning activities

The student will learn:

adequately use speech means to solve various communicative problems, construct a monologue statement, master the dialogical form of speech;

allow for the possibility that people have different points of view and focus on the position of the partner in communication and interaction with them;

take into account different opinions and strive to coordinate different positions in cooperation;

formulate your own opinion and position;

negotiate and come to a common decision in joint activities, including in situations of conflict of interests;

ask questions necessary to work together with partners;

adequately use speech to plan and regulate their activities.

The student will have the opportunity to learn:

take into account and coordinate the positions of other people in cooperation;

take into account different opinions and interests and justify your own position;

understand the relativity of opinions and approaches to solving a problem;

argue your position and coordinate it with the positions of partners in cooperation when developing a common solution in joint activities;

promote conflict resolution based on taking into account the interests and positions of all participants;

accurately, consistently and completely convey to the partner the necessary information as a guide for constructing actions;

exercise mutual control and provide the necessary mutual assistance in cooperation;

adequately use speech means to effectively solve a variety of communicative tasks.

2. Methods of using didactic materials for the course on the history of the native land.

To teach the children, didactic materials were created, which I use in my work. I called them thematic sheets; they were developed based on the textbooks that I use in history lessons of my native land.

(Buldakov K.A. Kostroma region. Yaroslavl. 1992; History of the Kostroma region 20th century. Edited by V.R. Veselov. Kostroma. 1997)Since there are no new textbooks for this course, you have to use various suitable materials and, based on it, create one that is adapted for a modern school. Due to the fact that the volume of material to study is very large, I had to reduce the material from the textbooks and, with the help of reference words, monitor the students’ work in the lesson. The guys, working with these thematic sheets, study the text, analyze it, take notes, draw up a plan, answer questions and be sure to write down supporting words (gaps in the text) - this gives me the opportunity to check whether the student has worked through the entire text. Based on these thematic sheets, I organize my work in the lesson; for each thematic sheet you can choose many different types of tasks (independent and together with the teacher). These thematic sheets can be used in lessons on the Kostroma Region course (grades 6-9).

In addition to class activities, I also conduct extracurricular work on this course. Local history olympiads and extracurricular activities (games) are held. This also makes it possible to expand students’ knowledge of the history of their native land and arouse interest in the history of their small homeland. In addition, a lot of research is being carried out; students create their own history of their native land, and this solves the main problem of motivating students. If the child is interested in the lesson, he will be able to do a lot on his own.

3. Topic worksheets.

6th grade.

3.1. Kostroma region, 6th grade. Final repetition.

Fill in the blanks.

1.Primitive people appeared _________________of our country, when ice covered vast areas of Europe and Asia

2. __________ ___________ and _______________________ played a significant role in their lives.

3. In the lower reaches of the Kostroma River, near Galich, near Lake Chukhloma, sites of aliens from the east, from the Kama basin, tribes of __________________________ were discovered.

4. The _________ tribe was first mentioned in written sources of the 6th century AD. (merya) p.6

5. Along with primitive agriculture, hunting and fishing, the Meryans began to gradually develop ___________ and ____________ with the neighboring Mari tribes, known in the chronicles as the Cheremis.

6.After the death of Vsevolod Yaroslavich (1093), the Rostov land passed into the possession of his son Vladimir Monomakh. By this time, along with Rostov, _______________ begins to move into one of the first places.

7. Under Monomakh, wider development of the lands of the _____________________ region began.

8.With feudal fragmentation, the _____________ _ _________________ principality became the strongest.

9. Its rulers began to be called ___________________.

10.Under Yuri Dolgoruky, ________________ was founded in 1152.

11.The name of the city suggests that there was an ancient settlement in this place, named after the pagan deity of spring -____________________.

12. According to legend, a large detachment of Mongols, having brutally dealt with Yaroslavl, returned to the Golden Horde through Kostroma. The Kostroma residents came out to meet them and, in a stubborn battle near a lake not far from the city, won a victory and freed the prisoners. The lake, on the shores of which the battle took place, according to religious tradition began to be called “_____________________”.

13. Yaroslav’s youngest son ______________ became the first prince of the Kostroma principality.

14. Vasily Kostroma sought to strengthen his position in Veliky Novgorod and secure the borders of the principality from invasion by ___________ ________________.

15.In the 14th-15th centuries. large ____________ of Kostroma and Galician boyars grew, the possessions of ___________.

16.Feudal exploitation of the dependent peasantry on the part of the spiritual and secular feudal lords of the region intensified. The peasants paid ____________ in kind and performed numerous _________________work.

17.The leading fishery in the region has become ____________.

18. Increasing oppression and the deterioration of the position of artisans led to the fact that in 1315, 1316 and 1320 large veche anti-feudal ___________________ took place in Kostroma, as well as in Rostov and Yaroslavl..

19.The development of the economy, crafts and trade required the unification of Russian lands and dictated the fight against foreign rule. The city of ________________ stood at the head of this movement.

20. The victory on the Kulikovo Field was of great importance for the liberation of Rus', but the yoke did not ________________. It came at a high price. Sources do not say how many ordinary soldiers lost their lives in this bloody battle; they only report that ________ Kostroma _________ died.

21. The new ruler of the Golden Horde, Khan Tokhtamysh, made a surprise attack on Moscow in 1382.

Dmitry Donskoy with small forces retreated first to Pereslavl, and then to ______________.

22. Detachments of Kostroma and Galicians took an active part in the campaign of Ivan 3 to Veliky Novgorod in 1478. The Kostroma residents acted under the command of Prince ____________ _____________, and the Galicians under the command of _____________ __________________.

23. Particularly large owners in our region were the monasteries - Trinity-Sergius, __________________, ______________________ (Chukhloma), _________________ (Obnorsky). p. 17

24. A prominent role in the government of Ivan 4 in the first years of his reign was played by a Kostroma nobleman

____________________.

25.In the first half of the 16th century. About ten large raids of the Kazan Tatars hit our region. To protect against them, new strongholds were built - ______________ (1536), and _______________ (1546).

26. At the end of the 13th and beginning of the 14th centuries. On the spit at the confluence of the Volga and Kostroma, a _____________________monastery was founded.

27.Initially, all the buildings and walls of the monastery were ______________________.

28.In the first half of the 15th century. in Posad (now the center of Kostroma) a _____________________monastery was founded.

29. In the year ______________, the construction of the stone Epiphany Cathedral began in the monastery, following the model of the Moscow Assumption Cathedral.

30.The first stone tent church in the region was built in the village of _____________ in the year ___________.

7th grade.

3.2. Russia in the 17th-18th centuries. Final work Kostroma region 17-18 centuries. 7th grade (no answers)

Fill in the blanks.

1.After the death of Ivan the Terrible and his son Fyodor, ____________ ___________ became the tsar of the Russian state

2. He became a protégé of the Polish lords and the Catholic Church. It was ______________ _____________.

3. In the summer of 1608, False Dmitry 2 created a military camp near Moscow in the village of________________.

4. After the liberation of the capital, a Zemsky Sobor was convened, at which on February 21, 1613. ____________ ______________ ____________________ was elected the new Tsar of Russia.

5. Separate ____________ detachments roamed the territory of the vast Zamoskovny region up to the Volga. In the winter of 1612-1613, one of these detachments reached almost ______________, but not far from it they lost their way. The Poles detained a peasant from the village of ____________________, Kostroma district

And they demanded to take them to the right road to his native village. Saving his native places from ruin, and his fellow countrymen and relatives from inevitable cruel reprisals, ____________ decided to destroy the detachment at the cost of his own life. He led _________________ into impenetrable forest wilds. When the deception was revealed, the enemies killed __________________________.

The bright image of a simple patriotic peasant attracted the attention of poets, artists, and musicians. He was sung by the revolutionary poet _____________________. His feat found a vivid artistic embodiment in the first Russian folk heroic opera ____________________. In the center of the city of Kostroma, on the high bank of the Volga, a wonderful monument was erected with a simple, moving inscription: _____________________________________________________________________________________

6.Choose the correct answer from those proposed.

1. In terms of the number of craft population, Kostroma ranked 3rd in Russia, second only to

a) Moscow and Tver

b) Vladimir and Nizhny Novgorod

c) Moscow and Yaroslavl

2.Kostroma were famous in Moscow

a) leather, soap, locks

b) butter, milk

c) towel, paper

3. Kostroma merchants traveled through Astrakhan to

a) to Europe

b) to Persia

c) to Greece

4. A _______________ trading compound was opened in Kostroma.

a) English

b) Spanish

c) Portuguese

5. In the 17th century in Molvitin and 36 villages it appeared and became widespread

a) leatherworking

b) cap fishing

c) fishing

6. Kostroma merchants went to the fair with soap, wooden utensils, cloth, canvas, sturgeon

a) to Makaryev

b) to Veliky Ustyug

c) to Moscow

7.But the situation of the working people remained difficult. Devastation also affected our region. In 1649, an uprising of the poor peasants of __________________ Posad broke out.

8. From the second half of the 17th century. There are noticeable changes in the cultural development of our region. The fortress walls of the _______________________ monastery were restored and built.

9.The most remarkable architectural monument of Kostroma was the church ______________ __ ____________, built in 1652.

10. Kostroma residents were talented painters, famous in many cities of Russia: LIST who you know_________________________________________________________________________________

11. In the 17th century, the Kostroma chronicle ___________ ___________________ was created, which made extensive use of legends, especially in the struggle of the Russian people against the Tatars.

12. During the Northern War, our region allocated food, funds, and people for the needs of the army. Many peasants were involved in the construction of the fleet. The son of a Kostroma nobleman ____________ _______________ __________________ was especially famous at that time.

13.In the first half of the 18th century. Significant changes have taken place in the economic development of our region. Handicraft processing enterprises grew especially rapidly.

14. At the ______________ and ____________________ fairs, Kostroma merchants and wealthy peasants traded in canvas, leather, wax, soap, fish and other goods.

15. In 1719, a new division of the country into 11 provinces was carried out. Each province was assigned certain cities and towns. The Kostroma province included: __________, ____________, ____________, __________ and ____________

16. In 1722, the first state digital school opened in Kostroma. somewhat later, in 1727. such a school arose in ______________

17. In the second half of the 18th century, new features began to clearly appear in the economy of the region associated with the formation of a capitalist structure in the country. Kostroma merchants traded in St. Petersburg. Moscow. lard, hemp, __________ ________________ exported abroad.

18. In 1778 _________________ ___________________ was formed

19. The coat of arms of the city of Kostroma remained the one that was approved by Catherine in 1767 during her visit to our city. It depicted the royal galley_____________________

20. The first baptism of fire in the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791 was received by a young officer, Kostroma ___________ ____________ ________________

3.3. 7th grade. The culture of our region in the second half of the 18th century.

1. In the second half of the 18th century, in our region, as in Russia as a whole, a certain upsurge in the development of culture was planned. In 1786 The main public school was opened in Kostroma, where only children studied _________________________

2.But the vast majority of the region’s population still remained ______

3.In 1793 The first printing house was opened in Kostroma, during the existence of which only

4. The censorship oppression of the emperor ___________ ___________ led to the closure of the printing house in 1796.

5. A wonderful Russian mechanic was _______________ ________________ _________________ Kostroma, the son of a serf. In 1782, he came to St. Petersburg on foot and became an apprentice to a carpenter.

6.He invented several machines of original design: _____________, ____________, special water _____________

7.In 1781 a general city development plan was adopted __________________

8.At the end of the 18th century. __________________ and ________________ rows, many noble and merchant mansions were built in the city

9. In the city of Kostroma, into a poor merchant family, a great Russian actor was born, the founder of the Russian theater _____________ ______________ ___________________

10. In Yaroslavl in 1750 he created the first public _____________

11. One of the representatives of advanced socio-political thought in Russia was the Kostroma nobleman _____________ _______________ ____________________ (1738-1816)

12. A.N. Radishchev dedicated his wonderful work “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow” to his friend ________________ ________________ _________________ and tried to send it to Berlin, where Kutuzov was at that time.

Answer the questions.

1.What do you know about Fyodor Grigorievich Volkov? p.41

2.Who created the first comic opera in Russia? p.43

3.Why were Polenov’s views progressive for their time? p.42

3.4. 8th grade.

Kostroma province in the 19th century.

Topic No. 1.

Participation of Kostroma residents in the Patriotic War of 1812.

Fill in the missing words.

The beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812 and our region.

On June 24, 1812, Napoleon with a huge army crossed the borders of Russia. The Patriotic War of 1812 began.

As part of Barclay’s army, de Tolly fought, commanding a squadron, __________________. In Bagration’s army, he bravely acted, commanding a brigade, the Galician ________________. On August 5, 1812, ____________________ took part in a fierce battle. On July 29, 1812, at a general meeting of the nobility of the province, held in Kostroma, a decision was made to form ___________________________ Kostromichi on the Borodino field.

After leaving Smolensk, the Russian army began to retreat along the road to Moscow.

Early in the morning the Battle of Borodino began, one of the bloodiest battles of that time “_____________” Napoleon himself called it. Our fellow countryman _____________________________________ especially distinguished himself here.

The stubborn battle ended late in the evening. The French were forced to retreat to their original positions. M.I. Kutuzov, waiting for the promised reserves, prepared to continue the battle the next day. But, having not received reinforcements, he was forced to retreat to _________________. After a military council in _________________, the commander-in-chief made a decision about leaving the capital without a fight.

Participation of Kostroma residents in the counter-offensive and expulsion of the enemy from Russia.

The development of the partisan movement around Moscow, the enemy’s difficulties in replenishing his army with manpower, equipment and food led to the fact that Napoleon was forced to leave the city devastated by the fire. On October 7, 1812, the French army moved along ________________________ to the rich southern regions of the country. No. M. I. Kutuzov The main forces blocked her path in the area of ​​________________________. A fierce battle unfolded. The city changed hands 8 times. Our fellow countryman ___________________________ distinguished himself in this battle. Foreign campaigns and the defeat of Napoleonic France.

In Paris, the commander of one of the regiments of the Kostroma militia, S.P. Tatishchev, presented Alexander 1 with the keys to the Glogau fortress, which capitulated on March 29, 1814. After an unsuccessful attempt to seize power and a new defeat at Waterloo, Napoleon was exiled to a remote island ________________ The long wars ended with the final ______________________ of Napoleonic France.

Topic No. 2. The noble stage in the liberation movement of Russia and the Kostroma region.

After the Patriotic War __________, the liberation movement intensified in the country. Peasant unrest intensified at this time, and uprisings occurred in the army and military settlements. The leadership of the movement for the elimination of the autocratic-serf system was taken into their own hands by representatives of the advanced Russian _______________. They began to create secret revolutionary organizations. The first organization was “______________________”, founded in ________. One of its leaders was Mikhail Aleksandrovich______________, who owned an estate in Kologrivsky district, where he often visited.

The struggle between the moderate and radical groups of the “Union of Salvation” led to its dissolution and the creation of a new organization “________________”._____________________ continued to be an active member of it.

After the dissolution of the “Union of Welfare”, in order to free ourselves from unreliable, wavering members, the two largest organizations were created - “____________” and “_______________” societies.” Members of the “Northern Society” were also Kostroma nobles Fyodor Vasilyevich ___________________ and Nikolai Alekseevich__________, who joined the society shortly before the uprising.

On the morning of December 14, ________. On the day of the oath to the new Emperor Nicholas 1, the Decembrists led the rebel troops to Senate Square in St. Petersburg.

Taking advantage of the indecisiveness of the Decembrists and their mistakes in organizing the uprising, Nicholas 1 brutally dealt with the participants in the movement. Five of the most prominent Decembrists were hanged, many were sentenced to hard labor and exile. The Decembrists of Kostroma were also subjected to repression. ___________________ and N.P. Okulov were sentenced to eternal hard labor, demoted to the ranks of soldiers and exiled to the Caucasus. In 1826, he was sentenced to 8 years of hard labor with subsequent settlement in Siberia________________. Together with him, his wife N.D. Fonvizina, née Apukhtina, was in exile Leaving her children at home, she, along with the other wives of the Decembrists, shared all the hardships and hardships of exile.

Topic No. 3. Socio-economic development and class struggle in the first half of the 19th century. Our region on the eve of the fall of serfdom.

In the first half of the 19th century. In the economic development of the country, the contradiction between the old feudal-serf relations and the growing new capitalist productive forces was clearly defined. In our province, as in other provinces, small-scale (handicraft) and ____________________ production has become widespread. If in 1801 There were 22 manufactories in the province, then in 1839 there were already 77 of them. In the 30s of the 19th century. Steam engines began to be installed at enterprises. It began____________________ ___________________. The largest enterprises in the city of Kostroma were then the textile factories _______________, Bryukhanova, Zotov, and the machine-building plant ____________. The growth of industry and an increase in product output led to the further development of ____________. Canvases, various types of linen and cotton fabrics, leather goods and other goods were on sale. There was a significant increase in ______________ and merchant capital.

In the first half of the 19th century. Major peasant unrest swept the province. The uprising of the serfs of Griboedova in ____________ ________________ in 1817-1819 was especially significant. Despite stubborn resistance, the uprising was suppressed.

Along with the landowners, _________________peasants also took part in the class struggle. They opposed the growing extortions, arbitrariness and embezzlement of the local authorities. The largest uprising of this category of serfs occurred in the Kolshevsky volost of the Kineshma district in the spring of 1825. The most significant uprising in the province was the uprising of appanage peasants in the Urensky volost of Varnavinsky district in 1830-1831. The uprising was led by an energetic and courageous leader, peasant N.F.________________. The frightened government sent units from Kostroma, Yaroslavl, Vladimir and Vologda to pacify the unrest. The punitive forces brutally dealt with the participants in the movement.

In 1827 An attempt was made to create a secret revolutionary circle in _______________. The investigation established that the circle had its members in Yaroslavl and Kostroma. In 1830, “__________________ ___________________” became quite widespread. In the 40s of the 19th century. A revolutionary-democratic ideology began to take shape in Russia. The secret revolutionary circles of this time set themselves the task not only of __________ ____________ _____________ _____________. but also the struggle for the transformation of society on fair social principles. These were precisely the tasks that the circle of Petrashevites set for themselves, of which Kostroma resident Alexey Nikolaevich _______________________ was a member.

In an atmosphere of growing internal contradictions and conflicts in ______, the Crimean War began. Russia had to fight not only with Turkey, but also with such advanced countries of Western Europe, but also with such advanced countries of Western Europe as ________ and _________. The government was forced to begin creating militias. In May 1855, the training of militia soldiers began. Among the heroic defenders of ________________ there were many Kostroma citizens: Admiral F.D. Bartenev, Lieutenant A.M. Korin, military doctor V.S. Kudrin. Admiral Nakhimov’s adjutant was ______ _________ ________, who came from the nobles of Makaryevsky district. The officers of the Black Sea Fleet, the Buoy nobles Mikhail Alexandrovich and Pavel Alexandrovich __________________, took an active part in the Crimean War.

Topic No. 4. Culture of the Kostroma region in the first half of the 19th century.

Kostroma scientists made their contribution to the development of science and technology. An outstanding researcher of the Far East was our fellow countryman Gennady Ivanovich____________. Fascinated by the idea of ​​​​exploring the Amur, he carried out the famous Amur Expedition (1850-1855) on the military transport “Baikal” and proved that the mouth of the Amur is accessible to sea vessels, and _______________ is an island. A part of the strait between Sakhalin and the mainland, a cape in this strait and a city on Sakhalin are named after Nevelskoy. A widely known scientist, geographer and statistician was Konstantin Ivanovich ________________ (1789-1865). He was born in Chukhloma district.

His research in the field of __________________ and statistics was of particular value. Pavel Alekseevich _________________ (1816-1886) was a talented self-taught inventor. P.A. Zarubin invented several unique instruments: for measuring the depth of the sea, determining the speed of a ship, automatically recording the ship’s path on a map, and others. He was also involved in issues of aeronautics, and the development of a project for an underwater ship.

Russian literature also achieved great success during this period. In the village of Ramenye, Chukhloma district, Alexey Feofilaktovich ___________________ (1821-1881) was born into a poor noble family. In the stories “The Mattress”, “The Rich Groom”, in the stories “Fanfaron”, “The Old Lady”, he masterfully portrayed the provincial nobility, showing all the emptiness and squalor of their everyday life. The work of the famous poetess Yulia Valerianovna ______________ (1824-1883) is closely connected with our region and Kostroma. The poems of Yu.V. Zhadovskaya were distinguished by their special lyricism and deep emotionality. Some of them were set to music.

In the Kostroma province, as in other provinces of Russia, the overwhelming majority of the population remained _______________. On the basis of the main public school, the provincial ___________ _______________ in Kostroma was formed in 1804. In 1857, the provincial _______________ gymnasium. Mainly children _______________ studied in the gymnasiums. On the basis of parish schools in county towns, county schools began to be created, which were an advanced type of primary school.

Great successes were achieved in the development of architecture, painting, and music. Construction began in provincial cities. In the center of the city, next to the Red and Flour Rows, the following buildings were built: the government building (1809),____________________ (1826), the fire tower (1826), ____________ ________ (1822), the mansion of General Borshchev (1830).

A remarkable painter, whose work began in the 40-50s of the 19th century, was Evgraf Semenovich___________. The famous artists brothers Grigory and Nikanor___________ were natives of the Kostroma province.

A noticeable mark in the development of musical art was left by the work of our fellow countryman Ivan Alekseevich Rupin (1792-1850). After completing his musical education in Moscow and St. Petersburg, he became a famous composer, performer and collector of folk songs.

Topic 5. Bourgeois reforms of the 60-70s of the 19th century. Revolutionary movement of the 50-60s of the 19th century.

After the Crimean War at the end of the 50s of the 19th century. There was a tense situation in the country that threatened to end with a _________________explosion. In the Kostroma province, where quitrent service prevailed, quitrent payments, in-kind fees and government __________ increased sharply. The situation of working people in factories and factories worsened. In 1860, at the __________ and ________ factories in Kostroma, 388 boys and girls, mainly from the burghers and landowner peasants, worked at the ages of 8 to 15 years. The growth of the revolutionary movement forced the government to abolish ________ _________ “from above” and begin preparing the reform. On the eve of its implementation, in the Kostroma province there were 4,439 landowner estates, in which about 620,000 serfs lived. On July 3, 1858, the Kostroma Noble Provincial Committee was formed to develop a reform project. The committee was supposed to develop the conditions for the “liberation” of the peasants. Having visited Kostroma in August 1858, _________ ___approved the activities of the committee. The development of the project and the discussion of the peasant issue were carried out in strict secrecy. At the end of December, the project was developed, and the provincial committee ceased its work on January 15, 1859.

Based on the projects of the noble provincial committees, a consolidated project was developed by the government. After consideration in the State Council, the “Regulations” on the abolition of serfdom were signed _____ ______1861 by Alexander 2.

In most cases, landowners, by redistributing land, pushed peasants onto inconvenient, sandy, swampy lands.

Immediately after the promulgation of the Manifesto, temporarily obliged peasants began to submit numerous _________ about the reduction of quitrent, corvee, and the allocation of land. From April 1861, open protests began in the province ______________. From mid-March to mid-May 1861, _______peasant unrest occurred in the Kostroma province. In total, they involved about 15 thousand serfs peasants In seven cases, military commands were introduced into the estates of von Mengden, Eichler, Tolstoy, Zhemchuzhnikov, Figner, Chelishcheva and Smetskaya to suppress disobedient peasants.

Topic 6. Economic development in the second half of the 19th century. Participation of Kostroma residents in the Russian-Turkish war.

The reform of 1861, despite the preservation of the remnants of serfdom after its implementation, created conditions for a more rapid development of __________________ relations in agriculture and industry. As in other regions of Russia, in the Kostroma province the main land fund after the abolition of serfdom remained in the hands of _______________. But by the end of the 19th century. they sold most of their land to merchants and the wealthy elite of the village. Noble land ownership was actively supplanted by ___________________ and kulak landownership. __________________ of the village increased significantly. Redemption payments, labor, ______________ forced a significant part of the peasants to engage in trades, crafts, and go to work in ________________, Moscow and other cities of the empire. The enterprising rural bourgeoisie began to create cheese, starch, syrup and other ____________________ in the province.

The leading place in the region belonged to ____________________ enterprises. In 1866, the flax weaving factory of the Tretyakovs, Konshin and Kashin was founded in Kostroma under the company “Partnership of the New Kostroma Linen Manufactory.” The flax spinning and weaving factory of the brothers________________, founded in 1859, became a large enterprise in the city of Kostroma. The construction of the _____________-Kostroma road in 1887 was of great importance in strengthening ties between our region and other regions of the country.

After the defeat in the Crimean War, tsarism, using the sympathy of the southern Slavs for Russia, sought to restore its influence on ____________. Turkey, incited by England, refused Russia’s proposals for a peaceful resolution of the conflict. In the summer of 1877, the __________________-________________ war began.

On July 6, together with other units, he took part in the first assault on the __________ and Kostroma regiment. Kostroma residents also took part in the subsequent attacks and blockade of Plevna. Russia's victory in the Russian-Turkish war had a huge positive significance for the _____________ peoples in their liberation from the Turkish yoke. In March _________, Kostroma solemnly welcomed the participants in the Turkish war. On this occasion, a triumphal arch was built on Molochnaya Hill, decorated with eagles and large Gergiev crosses.

Topic No. 7. Revolutionary struggle in the 70s and early 90s of the 19th century. The beginning of the proletarian stage of the liberation movement.

Under the influence of the peasant peasant movement in the 60-70s of the 19th century. _______________ emerged in the revolutionary struggle. Its main participants at this stage were the revolutionary ________________. Among the representatives of the populist movement were Kostroma residents. A fairly prominent place in the socio-political struggle was occupied by Bartholomew Aleksandrovich ________________. An active participant in “Narodnaya Volya” was Varvaoa Vasilievna Shulepnikova. Pyotr Grigoryevich _____________________, a famous Russian revolutionary, author of the proclamation “Young Russia”, written by him in 1862, was also associated with Kostroma. Despite constant surveillance, P.G. Zaichnevsky created a revolutionary circle in Kostroma from advanced youth, skillfully directed propaganda. One of the leaders of the populist movement, Vera Ivanovna ______________, was also in our province for some time, exiled here after serving a prison sentence.

In 1873, a strike broke out at the Mikhin flax spinning factory in the city of Kostroma. The impetus for it was the decision of the owners of the enterprise to carry out work on the holiday of the first of January. Many workers of the neighboring __________________ plant joined the strike. At the request of the owners of the enterprise, the governor called in the troops to suppress it. The workers submitted to force and stopped the strike. But the entrepreneurs were forced to satisfy the demands of the workers - the administration recognized the first day of January as a day off, and work at the enterprise, as well as at other factories, from January 2. In 1878, a strike at the Shipov machine-building plant. In connection with Because the workers had not been paid wages for two months, they refused to continue work. The strike ended in a clash between the workers and the police. In connection with the reduction in prices, on November 22, 1887, there was unrest among factory workers _______________. The most active participants in the strike were fired from the enterprise.

The industrial boom not only did not improve the situation of workers, but also led to an even greater strengthening of ____________________, and the _______________ movement intensified. In 1897, there were 8 strikes, in which 8.5 thousand people took part.

Revolutionary _________________ in Kostroma began to emerge in the late 80s and early 90s of the last century. The creation of the first of them is associated with the activities of the People's Will member M. Sabunaev, exiled from St. Petersburg for revolutionary work. But the circle did not last long. It was crushed by the police and had a noticeable influence on did not provide workers. In the 90s, there was a circle headed by Kravchenko, Shirsky, Ermolaev. In 1894, workers began to be attracted to the circle, among whom were Simanovsky, Garanin, Alekseev. At the beginning of 1896, mechanic D.A. Semenov created a circle in Kostroma, which included workers Kochergin, Barabanov, Sokolov and others. The circle set as its task _______________ social democratic ideas among the population and especially factory workers. Since the fall of 1897, Kostroma residents established contacts with St. Petersburg, where the founder of the circle D. Semenov went. Illegal _____________ began to arrive in Kostroma, new circles appeared.

Subject. No. 8. The culture of our region in the second half of the 19th century.

In Kostroma there were men's and women's gymnasiums, a district school and three parish schools. In these six educational institutions of the city, 760 people studied in 1871. In addition, there were two more educational institutions that trained church ministers: a theological seminary with 355 students and a theological school, in which 222 people studied. In 1873, a real school with a technical focus was opened, in In 1894, with funds bequeathed by ___________________, a technical school with 240 students. New schools began to be created in district towns. In Kologriv and Chukhlom, lower agricultural schools were opened with funds from the same Chizhov. But the development of schools was extremely slow, the vast majority of the population of the region remained illiterate .

A significant place in the development of education in Russia at the end of the 19th and 20th centuries was occupied by the activities of Ivan Dmitrievich _____________ (1851-1934). The Kostroma residents also made a well-known contribution to the development of scientific knowledge in Russia. A major researcher of the countries of the Middle East was a native of our region, Porfiry_______________ He traveled to Palestine, Syria, Egypt, Asia Minor. He made interesting ethnographic observations and generalized them in his research. An associate of Admiral G.I. Nevelsky was Nikolai Konstantinovich __________________. He was enlisted in the Amur expedition. Exploring Sakhalin, he mapped part of the coast of this island, discovered a large coal deposit, participated in the construction of the Nikolaev port and was its first commander.

Folk themes, the life and way of life of the Russian peasantry fill the works of progressive writers of this time. The “best ethnographer-fiction writer”, Sergei Vasilyevich __________________ (1831-1901), also turns to folk themes. He traveled a lot. He traveled around central Russia, the North. He visited Amur region, Ukraine, Belarus. Based on the rich material collected, he wrote a number of essays about the life and everyday life of the peasantry, the situation of exiles and the state of prisons. Many works by a native of Kineshma, Alexei Antipovich Potekhin (1829-1908), are devoted to criticism of bureaucrats, money dealers, and the writing off of the plight of the Russian peasantry. The best of his dramatic works reveal the life and situation of the peasantry from a humanistic perspective. The work of Nikolai Alekseevich ___________________ is closely connected with our region. He visited Kostroma, stayed in one of the hotels on Susaninskaya Square, and gave an interesting description of the city. Many of the events described by him in the wonderful poem “Who Lives Well in Rus'” took place in the Kostroma province.

The great Russian playwright Alexander Nikolaevich _______________________ first went to the Kostroma province to the estate recently purchased by his father ________________ in 1848. Here, inspired by the nature and life of the region, his wonderful works “The Snow Maiden” were created, which is based on his fairy tale “The Snow Maiden”, which was based on fairy-tale motifs about the land of the Berendeys, rituals and Russian folk songs taken from Kostroma reality.

The main theme of Russian fine art, as well as literature, was the people. The advanced direction of critical __________________________ was finally established in the development of Russian painting.

9th grade.

3.5. 9th grade. Kostroma region. Educational cards (for students)

Fill in the words in place of the blanks.

Topic No. 1. Kostroma region by the beginning of the 20th century.

1.socio-economic development.

The population of the province in 1897 was 1 million 429 thousand 228 people(). More than 41 thousand inhabitants lived in Kostroma.().

At the head of the province was ____________. The governor was subordinate to the Minister of Internal Affairs, and through him - ____________. The police authorities of cities and counties were subordinate to him. Administratively, the province was divided into 12 ___________. In each county there was a district police officer, who was in charge of the local police. According to data for 1901. , the most numerous class was _____________________ (93.8%). The bulk of the inhabitants of the province were employed in agriculture. The main grain crop in the province was rye. In addition to food crops, flax crops were widely spread, which were sold to local factories. The insufficiently fertile land produced low harvests. In terms of grain yield, the province occupied one of the last places in Russia. The bulk of the peasants were in _________________. The body of the peasant government of the community was the rural assembly. At the beginning of the 20th century, the issue of the peasants' provision became more acute ____________________.

The peasants were forced to engage in _____________. In the Nerekhta district, weaving of linens became widespread. Among the peasants of the Makryevsky district, the production of household furniture and utensils became widespread. ____________ the craft developed in the village of Molvitin, Buisky district. Vs. Krasnoe-on-Volga and surrounding villages continued to develop ______________ trade .The most widespread in the Kostroma province was dry farming. Peasant ________________, low level of agricultural technology, the severity of redemption payments and taxes, the decline of many landowner farms, the conservatism of the government's agrarian policy, the remnants of serfdom led to stagnation. The size of the sown areas and the number of livestock are decreasing. The need for imported goods is increasing. bread. Their grain reserves were often only enough for six months. Against the backdrop of the _________________ crisis, the growth of industry was especially noticeable. Features of the industry here were the widespread development of textile production for the processing of cotton and flax. The development of the economy in the province was inextricably linked with the state of transport and road work. Our region was one of the most forested areas of the country: over 60% its territory was occupied by forest. The forest went abroad, primarily to _____________ and Belgium.

2. Culture and life of Kostroma residents.

In the post-reform period, there was a noticeable increase in education in the region. The problem of _____________ remained acute. There was not a single university in the province, there were only six secondary educational institutions with fewer than 2 thousand students. Under the auspices of _____________, the number of parochial schools grew. Better quality the level of education was in zemstvo primary schools. Zemstvo authorities paid special attention to providing education to the children of workers and peasants, providing them with material assistance, paying scholarships to people from the poorest strata of the population. Back in 1872. By decision of the provincial zemstvo assembly, the Kostroma zemstvo school for rural teachers was opened, which until its closure in 1889. She trained many teachers for elementary schools in the province.

Books and newspapers increasingly penetrated into the middle class, workers' homes, and peasant huts. In 1897, the zemstvo created the Kostromich book warehouse, which sold a variety of literature at affordable prices. A huge role was played by the activities of _________________ (a native of Soligalichsky district), who went through a difficult journey from 13 -th boy, who went to work in Moscow, to a major book publisher in Russia.

At the expense of a nobleman, ____________________ was opened back in 1857. There is a women's gymnasium in Kostroma. Kostroma resident ___________________ made a significant contribution to the cultural life of the region. He bequeathed his six-million-dollar inheritance to be used for the development of vocational education in the Kostroma province.

Charitable donations were also directed to the needs of healthcare, which, like education, was poorly financed from the state treasury. Kromezemsky, in the province there were 31 factories, 3 prisons and 3 private hospitals. There were 18 pharmacies, including 3 in Kostroma. There were not enough ________________, paramedic personnel.

By the beginning of the century, Kostroma local history had considerable scientific achievements in the study of the history, culture, and nature of the region.

Folk songs and tales, wedding rituals, collective feasts and celebrations, traditions of clothing and life, etc. were distinguished by the originality of local customs and high artistry. The cheerfulness of the peasant worldview is clearly reflected in the paintings of an original artist from near Kologriv ___________________ Along with traditional customs, new attributes were included in the life of Kostroma residents. Kostroma was built according to a single plan. Until 1913 There was no electric lighting in Kostroma.

The city water supply did not fully meet the needs of the residents. Part of the population took water from the ___________________ and Kostroma rivers and wells.

The clothing of the urban public was extremely heterogeneous. By the costume of a city dweller one could judge not only his financial status, but also his affiliation with a certain ______________________.

In 1890 The first children's music school was opened in Kostroma. _____________________ worked in the city.

3. Socio-political life.

The processes of degradation of local management and land ownership, the growth and strengthening of the third estate could not but affect the composition and activities of local authorities.

_____________________ is strengthening among the peasantry. Prosperous kulak farms that buy or lease land plots are becoming stronger.

At the same time, in the conditions of the post-reform period ___________________ the mass of peasant farms. Up until 1905. ______________ were subjected to corporal punishment and remained the most powerless class in the empire.

In terms of the number of workers, the Kostroma province ranked 6th in the country. The main reason for ___________________ workers was their difficult situation.

In 1901 The social democrats of Kostroma, Vladimir, Ivanovo-Voznesensk and Yaroslavl are uniting in the “Northern Workers' Union”. To strengthen their influence among the Kostroma workers, the Bolshevik leadership sent ___________________ to Kostroma. An alternative to the left radical movement of the social democrats were the liberal ideas of reforming the autocratic system and developing the country along the ______________________ path.

The failures of the Russian army in the war with ____________________ further complicated the situation in the country. The year 1905 was on the threshold.

Topic No. 2. Kostroma province in the 20th century.

1.During the years of the first Russian revolution.

In the spring and summer of 1905 __________________ was on the rise. The workers of Kostroma were greatly impressed by the general Ivanovo-Voznesensk strike. On July 2, the workers of the New Kostroma ____________manufactory went on strike. As a result of the active work of the Workers' Council in the city, freedom of speech, meetings, rallies was introduced, and demands were made for an 8-hour working day and an increase in wages. On October 19, there was a ____________________ pogrom in Kostroma, there were many casualties. After October 17, 1905. Throughout Russia there is a process of education and legalization of political _____________. At this time, large parties of the liberal bourgeoisie - ____________ and Octobrists are emerging. Activities to revive _______________ workers' deputies were at the center of revolutionary work in Kostroma. There was no armed uprising in Kostroma, although the situation became tense in December to the limit.

In the province, 19 cases of seizure of _______________ lands, 35 forest cuttings, numerous cases of weeding and unauthorized mowing on noble estates were registered. Participation of parties in elections to the ________________ Duma, instructions to deputies, demands from the Duma to make certain decisions, despite the limited powers of this body, were generally an important factor in the formation of _________________________________ in Russia.

2. During the inter-revolutionary period.

Mass protests by peasants, active discussion of the __________________ issue in the State Duma set the government the task of finding ways to solve it. The government’s new agrarian course was associated with the name of a prominent statesman, Chairman of the Council of Ministers __________________. He was a strong supporter of the fight against _____________________. A number of Kostroma revolutionaries were sent into exile and hard labor.

Since the spring of 1907, the process of ____________________ transformations has been underway in the Kostroma province. According to the reform, each peasant received the right to leave the community and secure land in _____________________. The bulk continued to live in rural ________________. The habits and traditions of the peasant took precedence over innovations. By 1911. The population of the province was 1 million 767 thousand 431 people (there were more men). The cultural life of the region developed. In preparation for the 300th House of __________________, the streets and squares of the city were landscaped and decorated with green spaces. A unique image of the spiritual life of the Kostroma peasant of the beginning of the century, his an optimistic perception of the world was created by an original artist _________________. At the end of 1913. He comes from St. Petersburg and finally settles in his native village of ________________ Kologrivsky district.

1914 dramatically changed the course of life in Kostroma. Active patriotic activities were launched by the Orthodox __________________. In the first three months of the war alone, about 40 thousand Kostroma residents were mobilized into the army. The war significantly worsened the living standards of Kostroma residents. Basic food products _____________________ several times. Bread prices increased by 2.5 times; for meat - 3 rubles, for butter and sugar - 4.5 rubles; for potatoes - 6 rubles. Costs for housing increased three times, six times for shoes. The __________________ economic situation intensified the struggle of workers for their rights in life. This struggle was led by textile workers in Kostroma. The country was plunging into the abyss of an economic and political crisis.

3. Events of 1917.

The revolutionary crisis, aggravated during the world war, in February 1917. Resulted in ______________________. In Kostroma, on February 28, a Provisional Revolutionary Committee was created in the city. On the initiative of the cadets, another government body was created. On March 2, ___________________ of public security was formed. The same committees, local bodies of the Provisional Government, were created in all counties. Activities intensified Soviets in the province. The bulk of the peasants had little land, the issue of _________________ came to the fore in the activities of local committees of different political parties. The parties also had different attitudes towards resolving the issue of war and peace. The growth of influence of __________________ was confirmed by the elections of the city government of Kostroma, held at the end of June 1917. At the beginning of January 1918. Rallies were held in Kostroma in defense of the ____________________ assembly. The Constituent Assembly, which opened on January 5, 1918 in __________________________, was held in an emergency situation. The Bolshevik leadership decided to dissolve the Constituent Assembly. January 9, 1918 A meeting of the Kostroma City Duma was held, at which vowels Ogorodnikov and Yatsunsky spoke out with a strong condemnation of the dispersal of the meeting and the execution of civilians. Following the example of Petrograd, the Kostroma Bolsheviks acted radically. March 26, 1918 At a meeting of the Council of Workers' Deputies, without much thought, a decision was made to ____________________ the City Duma and replace it with a municipal department of the Council. In February 1918, an anti-Soviet rebellion broke out in __________________, and in March in _____________________. The tragic flames of the ______________________ war flared up.

4.During the years of the civil war.

The _________________________ party became the leading force in the defense of Soviet power in the center and locally. 7 party mobilizations took place in the province, 6 of them to the front, where more than 300 communists were sent. ______________________ was focused on military tasks. In 1918. There were 160 enterprises in the province. Many of them were _______________________, and some did not work due to lack of raw materials and fuel. Industrial management was strictly centralized. The policy of “war communism” made it possible to put many enterprises at the service of the front. Communist communists were a manifestation of labor activity in the rear ______________________.The first subbotnik in the province took place on June 22, 1919. At the railway depot of the Bui station, during which workers were repairing steam locomotives. Subbotniks provided assistance to the front and helped overcome economic devastation in the rear. The Kostroma province was a consuming province, it needed the import of up to 4 million pounds of bread per year from producing provinces, it was not exempt from ________________________. The procurement of grain in the province and beyond was carried out by __________________. Although the Kostroma province was not the scene of battles for regular armies, nevertheless, the civil war in its various forms took place here as well. This is evidenced by ____________________ uprisings and rebellions. The situation in Kostroma became especially aggravated in mid-June 1918, when a counter-revolutionary conspiracy was discovered in the city. The conspirators sought the restoration of the monarchy in the person of ____________________. June 29, 1918 Gubcheka uncovered an officer conspiracy in Kostroma. This conspiracy was part of the planned anti-Soviet protests in the Upper Volga region. Anti-Soviet protests by peasants in the fall of 1918 took place in a number of volosts of Nerekhta, Makaryevsky, Kologrivsky and Soligalichsky districts. They broke out in connection with _______________________ in the army, the requisition of bread and horses. The revolution opened wide access to workers and peasants on November 8, 1918. The grand opening of the Kostroma State University took place, where workers and peasants were admitted without entrance exams. The university initially included natural sciences, humanities and forestry faculties, and later a pedagogical department and a department of the medical faculty. The life of the Kostroma province during the civil war was complex and contradictory.

5. During the recovery period.

The consequences of the civil war had a detrimental effect on the socio-economic and political life of the Kostroma province. The gross output of Kostroma factories and factories in 1921 Compared to 1913 _______________ by 70%, the number of workers decreased by 30%. The sown area and grain yields decreased almost twice as much as before the pre-war period. There are now only 8 counties left in the Kostroma province. 10th Congress of the RCP(b), held in March 1921. Having adopted a resolution to replace ______________________ with a tax in kind, he laid the foundation for the New Economic Policy (NEP). The implementation of the NEP was complicated by ____________________, which covered the provinces of the Volga region, Ukraine and the North Caucasus with a population of more than 30 million people. During the years of the NEP, _______________________ provinces began. Cooperation developed. In 1925 .the first regular _______________ "Kommunalnik" was launched through the streets of Kostroma. The NEP brought wealth and prosperity to some, but threw others to the sidelines of life. ______________ grew. A labor exchange was opened in Kostroma. When organizing assistance to the famine-stricken of the Volga region, special commissions confiscated church and monastic values. Only in the ___________________ monastery and cathedral of Kostroma, more than 74 pounds of gold, 36 pounds and 30 pounds of silver, 1286 pieces of diamonds, 328 diamonds, 1000 pearls and other valuables were seized. Under the guise of organizing relief for the famine-stricken in certain counties, a company began to close churches and monasteries .From 1922 to 1923, the number of public education institutions in the Kostroma province ____________________by almost 25%. Many teachers who had not received their salaries for six months were forced to look for another job. The ideological orientation was marked by massive _______________. In the Kostroma province in the 1920s. More than 30 titles of various periodicals were published. Theatrical life of Kostroma was active in the 20s. In connection with the 100th anniversary of the playwright, on April 13, 1923, by the decision of the People's Commissariat of Education, the Kostroma City Drama Theater was given the name ________________________. The local history movement is intensifying.

Topic No. 3. Our region in the pre-war period (in the 1920s - June 1941).

1. Socio-economic development of the region: difficulties, contradictions, results .

In accordance with the resolution of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of October 8, 1928. Instead of 7 counties and 60 volosts, a new division into 19 districts was introduced. And on January 14, 1929. The Kostroma province was reorganized into a district, the Kostroma district became part of the created ___________________ industrial region, and ____________________ became part of the Nizhny Novgorod region. 14 districts were included in the Kostroma district. With the formation in 1936. Yaroslavl Region included areas of the former Kostroma Okrug. The largest and truly historic construction project of the first five-year plan for Kostroma residents was the construction of a railway bridge across ___________________, the vital need of which for the city arose at the end of the last century in connection with the appearance of the ____________________-Kostroma railway in 1887 In 1929, preparatory work began on the construction of the railway bridge. February 29, 1932 The bridge was built.

Other new buildings of the five-year plan were also vitally important for the economy of the region. In addition to the already mentioned industrial facilities, the construction of a sand-lime brick plant began. Since 1930, the construction of a flax mill of the engineer _____________________ system has been in full swing. The movement for shock labor has become widespread. Rationalization and invention activities at enterprises have intensified .An integral part of the Stakhanov movement was work to improve the technical level of production. ___________________ schools of craftsmen, production and technical courses were created, classes were conducted on the technical minimum, etc. For each excavator from the USA, the state paid 140 thousand rubles in gold. According to the state order, by November 7, 1933. The first excavator was manufactured. From 1929 to 1935. There was a __________________ system for food and industrial goods. The rise in prices outpaced the growth of wages. Significant damage to the economy and the moral atmosphere in work collectives was caused by the increasing _________________ against economic managers, individual workers, and engineering and technical personnel. The region's agriculture developed even more contradictorily. Cooperation was going on ____________ .In the process of organizing collective farms, the principle of voluntariness was violated, unhealthy competition developed, and the tendency to create collective farms of giants grew. The big tragedy of the Russian village was the policy of "___________________, carried out on the basis of continuous collectivization. Anti-Soviet sentiments and political protests in the village grew. But a considerable part of the peasants voluntarily to the collective farm, seeing in them a peasant community, collective labor, equality and mutual assistance. Work was carried out to increase the ____________________ level of agricultural production and train collective farm personnel. The level of material security of rural and urban residents remained low.

2. Drama of socio-political life.

With the growth of people’s labor activity, their social and political activities intensified. Kostroma Komsomol members and pioneers took an active part not only in all spheres of _____________ life in their region, but also in the most important all-Union political and labor actions. Mass political _______________ did not bypass the Kostroma region. First of all The ________________ population was subjected to massive repressions. Excesses in the politics of _________________________ provoked a lot of anti-Soviet sentiment in the village, especially among women who actively opposed the closure of churches, the socialization of personal farmsteads, etc. The _________________________ structure of the population changed. The growth of the _____________ class is the most intense (up to 30 thousand by 1937). Life in the provinces was losing its leisurely rhythm. ____________________ events also actively invaded it.

3. Spiritual life of the Kostroma province.

Issues of the spiritual development of Soviet society in the pre-war years are __________________ in Russian literature. The debatability of the problem is largely due to the difficulty of its research. The main direction of the state’s cultural policy in the pre-war years was the struggle to ensure a universal ________________ population. Only in 1926-1927. About 1.5 thousand Kostroma residents were taught to read and write. Since the fall of 1928. On the initiative of _________________, a “cultural campaign” for universal literacy began. To provide universal education with teaching staff, in addition to Kostroma, it was opened in 1932. Pedagogical school in Sharya, and then in ________________. By the end of the 30s, the problem of achieving mass literacy of the population was basically solved. In 1932, a _______________________ institute was opened in Kostroma, which was initially called a flax university. A thirst for knowledge and culture was a characteristic feature mass consciousness, the entire spiritual life of those years. Books and ________________, print and radio became powerful means of introducing the broad masses to the achievement of civilization.

Literary and creative life in the region was active. Its centers were writers' associations at the editorial office of the newspaper ________________, the central library, literary groups at the House of the Red Army and workers' clubs. The core of the "cultural revolution" was ___________________ - a revolution aimed at establishing communist ideology in the mass consciousness , to form a “new man.” A notable event in the ideological life of Kostroma residents was the opening of a new city park on May 1, 1928. Monument ____________________. The sculpture of the leader, made according to the design of E. Ivanov and D. Shvarts, was installed on a pedestal built for the monument to the 300th House________________. Local history organizations were closed. In 1929 A planned campaign began to close churches in our region. The __________________-Unzhensky Monastery was closed. In 1929, 114 bells (weighing more than 100 tons) were removed in Kostroma, 14 churches were closed. In the early 30s, over 30 Kostroma churches were destroyed and blown up. The anti-church pogrom was accompanied by mass __________________ against the clergy. The tendency towards class denial of the “old” culture was also manifested in the policy towards the intelligentsia. The official _________________state policy was extremely contradictory, including both the light of enlightenment and the dark shadows of barbarism and lack of spirituality. During the years of the first five-year plans not only the economic, military and political potential of the _________________ country is laid. At this time, the spiritual sources of mass heroism and courage of that generation were formed, which had to defend the honor and independence of the Motherland in mortal combat with the enemy.

Topic No. 4. Kostroma region during the Great Patriotic War (June 1941-1945)

1. Kostroma residents defended their homeland.

Already in the first months of the war, the ________________ region turned out to be front-line. To lead the defense of Kostroma and the creation of combat formations, a city defense committee was formed. To protect enterprises and institutions, fighter _________________ were organized. The formation of the people's ________________ began. From the fall of 1941. Universal compulsory ________________ education of the population was introduced. During 1941-1945. From the Kostroma region, about 260 thousand people were drafted into the active army, which accounted for 25% of its entire population. On the very first day of the war, the 49th and 18th rifle divisions, which arrived on the western border after the end of battles with __________________. One of the first, June 24-28, 1941, the 118th Infantry Division formed in Kostroma was sent to the front. In August 1941. Kostroma residents escorted the 285th Infantry Division, formed within a month, to the front. In October 1941, the formation of the 328th Infantry Division was completed. It participated in the counteroffensive under __________________. A significant event in the life of our region was the formation in the fall of 1941. _____________ communist division. The total number of the division was about 12 thousand people. The combat exploits of the division's fighters were inspired by the care of their fellow countrymen, who sent new reinforcements, food, warm clothes and heartfelt letters. A memorable event in the life of the 234th division was their stay in it in the summer of 1943. Front-line brigade of artists of the Kostroma Drama Theater named after A.N. Ostrovsky. During the war years, Kostroma became not only a place for the formation of military units and formations, but also a major center for officer training. Kostroma land gave a wonderful galaxy of prominent military leaders who occupied senior command positions: twice Heroes of the Soviet Union, Marshal, Minister of Defense ___________________ and Chief Marshal of Aviation _______________________; Heroes of the Soviet Union - Army General ________________--, Fleet Admirals N.I. Vinogradov and N.I. Smirnov, as well as Admiral ___________________. Total losses losses in the Kostroma region - more than 115 thousand people. For military feats, more than 70 thousand Kostroma residents were awarded military orders and medals. Thirty of our fellow countrymen became full holders of the Soldier's Order of Glory. More than 160 Heroes of the Soviet Union were given by the Kostroma land. What are the origins of mass heroism? During the years of Soviet power, many ordinary people began to live better, gained access to education, culture, and other social benefits. There was faith in their better future. Help from the rear to the front was also of great importance. ________________ are talking about this from the front.

2.Help the front.

The Kostroma plant_____________________, which received No. 773, began to produce bombs and mines. Plant No. 9, evacuated to Kostroma from Rzhev, manufactured shell casings._____________________ the plant gave the navy more than 120 minesweepers during the war years. Nerekhta plant No. 533 produced aircraft fuses bombs. In Kostroma and regional centers, shoe and clothing factories, industrial plants, artels, and workshops produced leather and felted shoes for the army, sewed uniforms, underwear, short fur coats, hats, camouflage robes, overalls, helmets, mittens, and duffel bags. During the war years, the importance of transport increased. The railway stations of Kostroma, Sharya, ____________ Bui and others worked at maximum capacity. The military base created in __________ increased the supply of ammunition to the army. The forestry and woodworking industries, the products of which were of great defense importance, were further developed. Thousands of workers and collective farmers from Kostroma and the region’s regions were mobilized to _____________ front. Wartime laws were harsh. They did not allow evading labor mobilizations or performing poorly. For the construction of _______________ equipment, Kostroma residents contributed more than 92 million rubles to the defense fund. Over the years, almost 350 were collected, manufactured and sent to the Red Army in the region thousand warm things. The Galicians alone sent 14 wagons of gifts to the front. More than 10 thousand children arrived in our region - ________________. Education in August 1944 had a positive effect on increasing assistance to the front, for the life of the region. ______________ area.

Topic No. 5. Kostroma region in the post-war period (1945-mid-1950s)

1. Socio-economic development of the region.

More than 50 thousand Kostroma residents died at the front, about 11 thousand died from wounds and diseases, 51 thousand went missing. Over 800 people died in captivity. 230 Kostroma residents gave their lives in battles for their homeland. The war caused enormous damage to the _____________ country. State a task of particular importance for Kostroma residents was food assistance __________________. The fall in the level of textile production in Ukraine, Belarus and other regions, the increased demand for fabrics in the country objectively determined increased demands on the work of Kostroma residents _________________---. During 1946-1950. reconstruction of the _________________________, Krasnayamayovka, Krasin, ship-mechanical plants was carried out. The first stage of the ______________________ house-building plant, with a capacity of 200 thousand square meters, produced products. meters of housing per year. The first post-war five-year plan envisaged restoring the sown areas to pre-war sizes, raising the fallen level of the flax plant, strengthening the __________________ base, and expanding the technical park in the countryside. By the end of 1950. In the region, the pre-war level of sown areas was basically achieved, and the number of livestock exceeded the figures of 1940. The achievements of the first five-year plan after the war were the foundation for further growth in industrial production. The Rabochiy Metallist plant mastered the production of the new E-801 excavator. In 1951-1955 . A technical reconstruction of the timber industry was carried out. During the years of the first five-year plan, the construction of the Kostroma-______________ railway, which began before the war, was completed. Since 1954. Regular air traffic began along the Vokhma-_____________ line. The food industry of the region has also achieved noticeable success. Mechanized cheese and butter factories were put into operation in the _________________, Orekhovsky, Galich districts, potato peeling factories in the Ostrovsky and Vokhoma districts, a pasta factory in __________________, a carbonated water workshop in Buya etc.

Gradually, with great difficulty, people's lives improved. In 1947, the ______________ system was abolished. The mortality rate of the population decreased. The construction of a medical town ______________hospital began.

2. Social, political and cultural life of Kostroma residents.

In 1949 The MGB Directorate for the Kostroma Region carried out ___________ of a number of former prisoners of war. Again, as in the 30s, one careless word or gesture could become a reason for accusations of anti-Soviet agitation. A powerful network of political education is being developed, which includes hundreds and thousands of different circles , political seminars, school leaders. In the 1954/55 academic year. 600 lectures were given on the history of the CPSU, Marxist-Leninist philosophy and political economy. The death of __________________ received a deep resonance in the life of Kostroma residents. A gradual turn towards _______________ begins. Social activity of the population is growing. The authority of party and Komsomol organizations is preserved. A bright page in the history of the Komsomol in the 50s This was his participation in the development of ________________ lands. At this time, the authority of Kostroma universities grew. In 1946. In connection with the 125th anniversary of the birth of N.A. Nekrasov, the teacher's institute was given the name of the great poet, whose life was connected with the history of our region, by government decision. A __________________ institute was opened on the basis of the teachers' college. The total number of their students by 1950 was: It consisted of 623 people, of which 355 were trained as teachers. In 1953. The first graduation from the pedagogical and the last teacher's institutes took place. In 1949. On the basis of the agricultural technical school, the agricultural institute ____________________ was organized. Work continued to complete the transition to seven-year universal education. In 1955, students studied in educational institutions of the region. Over 170 thousand people

In the post-war years, traditions of physical education and sports work developed. _____________________-amateur activities developed. Concern for the life, study and recreation of children grew. On January 1, 1949, there were 257 pioneer squads in the region, uniting 52,582 children. Over 40 __________________ camps operated. Literary revival - creative activity. In 1946 The Kostroma bookstore opened __________________. The Kostroma __________________ worked fruitfully. In September 1945. The first regional art _______________ was held in the art gallery of the local history museum, at which 170 works by 20 authors were presented. Many performances of the drama theater were devoted to the military-patriotic theme. Under Archbishop ________________, who ruled the Kostroma diocese in 1946-1952. A number of surviving temples in the area were reopened.

Topic No. 6. Kostroma region in the second half of the 1950s-mid 1960s.

1. Socio-political and economic development.

The course of the 20th Congress of the CPSU towards the democratization of Soviet society was positively manifested in the life of the Kostroma province. Consideration of cases on _________________________ was carried out in the 50s, as a rule, on the initiative of the victims themselves or members of their families. In preparation for the 6th World ______________ of youth and students, 15- June 16, 1957 There is a regional youth festival in Kostroma, which was attended by over two thousand delegates from the districts.

The first detachment of volunteers, consisting of 120 people, was sent to build the __________________ hydroelectric power station. The pioneers planted 7 thousand trees and shrubs, collected 500 tons of scrap metal, etc.

In the Kostroma Economic Administrative Region it was formed by the decision of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR in July 1957. 142 industrial enterprises were transferred under its leadership. At this time, the tasks were set to complete the construction of the __________________ plant and the reconstruction of the "Working Metalist" factories, mechanical.named after Krasin, textile and other enterprises in the region. Kostroma residents, like all citizens of the USSR, received the launch in 1957 with great enthusiasm. The world's first artificial __________________ Earth, a feat of Yu. Gagarin in April 1961. The industry of the region exceeded the planned targets for 1959, 1960 and 1961. Since the summer of 1960, schools of excellence began to be created on collective and state farms of the region. Schools of excellence played an important role in promoting excellence regional exhibition of achievements of __________________ economy. Since the late 50s, production ____________________ began to emerge. But the inconsistency and lack of thoughtfulness carried out by the country's leadership negatively affected the course and nature of the socio-economic development of all regions of the country, including the Kostroma province.

2 Culture, everyday life.

After the 20th Congress of the CPSU there were _________________tuition fees in high schools, technical schools and universities. December 24, 1958 The Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted the Law on strengthening the connection between ________________ and life, according to which seven-year schools were reorganized into eight-year polytechnics, and the secondary school became until 1964. Eleven years old. Over the years of the seven-year plan, more than 90 schools were built in the Kostroma region. The connection between education and work on the farm and in the field contributed to the retention of graduates in the countryside. ___________________ and regional correspondence schools and counseling centers were opened for young people in remote towns and villages. One of the first departments in the country for training senior _____________________ with higher pedagogical education was opened at the Pedagogical Institute. Since 1959. In accordance with the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, ______________________ of the agricultural institute took place. The center of its educational and scientific base became the breeding plant "__________________". Construction of a complex of educational and production buildings began. July 3, 1961 By decision of the secretariat of the board of the Union of Writers of the RSFSR, a regional writers' organization was created in Kostroma. ________________ life was also meaningful. It was opened on Komsomolskaya Street in Kostroma on November 6, 1958. Bronze bust-monument to twice hero of the Soviet Union ___________________. In 1959. In the _________________ park, a monument was erected to Kostroma workers shot by gendarmes during the strike of 1915. A year later, in the village of _________, the grand opening of the Alley of Heroes took place - bronze monuments - busts of twice the heroes of Socialist labor. Unceremonious interference in church life intensified again. During the years of the seven-year plan in the region 65 cultural and educational institutions were opened, including Houses of Culture in Ney and Krasny, a wide-screen cinema in _________________, a cinema in _________________, a stadium in _______________, a music school and a regional philharmonic in Kostroma, etc. Amateur artistic activities gained a large scale. The population of the region was 15 January 1959 921.2 thousand people including 171.7 citizens lived in Kostroma. In 1963, the construction of the ______________-Kostroma gas pipeline was completed. In 1959-1965. 420 km of paved roads were built and reconstructed, including Nerekhta-Kostroma, _______________-Chukhloma, Sudislavl-Ostrovskoye-Kady, etc. The work on radio connection of populated areas has basically been completed.__________________crisis of 1962-63. led to long lines for bread, and dissatisfaction with the country's leadership among the population grew.

Removal of _____________________ from power in October 1964 They were generally received quite calmly in the Kostroma province.

Topic No. 7.

Kostroma region in the mid-1960s - mid-1980s.

1 Economics and politics.

The usual campaign “for a worthy meeting” of the 23rd Congress of the CPSU, which adopted the directive tasks of the Eighth Five-Year Plan (1966-1970), was actively going on. 22 Kostroma residents took part in the work of the congress, including the chairman of the collective farm 12 October_____________________ and others. Traditional competitions for the successful implementation of the Five-Year Plan received additional scope in connection with the preparations unfolding throughout the country for the 50th of October (1967) and the 100th anniversary of the birth of V.I. Lenin (1970). The Kostroma industry fulfilled the plan for the first year of the five-year plan by 103%, producing 11 million in excess of the planned output .rub.________________ fulfilled annual plans for the sale of grain, potatoes, flaxseeds to collective farms and state farms in the region. During the Eighth Five-Year Plan, large industrial facilities were built in the region: Kostroma State District Power Plant, ____________ bridge across the Volga, factories of woodworking machines and automatic lines, _____________________ in Kostroma, lime plant in Soligalich and others. The products of Kostroma enterprises enter the world market. In 1967. The ______________________ mechanical engineering plant exported its products to 17 countries. Metalworker's excavators were sent to 28 countries. On March 25, 1965, a regional meeting of school graduates who remained to work in the countryside was held in Kostroma. The first student _________________ detachments began to form. Work was purposefully carried out on the military-patriotic education of youth. On campaigns to places of military glory since 1967. 60 thousand young Kostroma residents took part. 120 obelisks and monuments to those killed in the Great Patriotic War were erected, over 400 museums and rooms of military glory were opened. ____________ connections of Kostroma residents expanded. Many delegations, mainly from socialist countries, came to Kostroma. In connection with the deployment at the beginning In the 60s, on the territory of the area of ​​intercontinental ballistic missiles, Kostroma was a ______________________ city for foreign tourists. The military contingent significantly increased the city's population. In the area of ​​​​Nikitskaya Street, a microdistrict of military personnel and their families quickly grew. Enterprises of the military defense complex were built. Kostromskoe received the status of a university military school of chemical defense. The Afghan tragedy did not spare Kostroma residents either. 1,151 people took part in the hostilities in ____________________, 49 of them died, more than 60 became disabled. The largest construction projects in the Ninth Five-Year Plan (1971-1975) were the ____________________, auto repair, and Tekstilmash factories. , CHPP-2, Manturovo Biochemical Plant, etc. Envoys of the Kostroma Komsomol worked on the construction of the Kama Automobile Plant in Tatarstan, on metallurgical construction sites in Kursk, Lipetsk, Cherepovets, on the construction of the Baikal-Amur Mainline and in other regions of the country. During this period, the authority of the party and Soviet bodies fell. The growth of _________________consumer goods, especially food products. "Sausage" buses, trips to ___________________ for food became a strong attribute of the life of Kostroma residents.

2.Cultural life of Kostroma residents.

The ___________________________ system in the region developed in a meaningful way. Work was carried out to complete the transition to ________________ secondary education. In addition to day schools, a network of ________________ and correspondence education was developed. In the region there were 39 schools for workers and 5 schools for rural youth, a regional correspondence school with district branches and counseling centers. In 1966 The pedagogical institute opened, and then the faculty of ____________________ languages. Young specialists, especially in rural areas, were not always provided with the necessary conditions for work. From 1975 to 1979. 150 young rural teachers left the Kostroma region. The first festival of performances based on the works of ____________________ took place in April 1979. In these years, Dedkov’s innovative literary critical works were published in central publications. An association of young writers ____________________ was created. In 1966. The regional museum of fine arts received its first visitors. The joy of the finds did not free us from bitter thoughts about the long lack of demand for artistic treasures. Paintings by Grigory Ostrovsky, portraits of the 18th century - the first half of the 19th century. They were discovered behind a dusty cabinet in the Soligalich Museum. Paintings by Efim ________________ had to be collected piecemeal in the houses of residents of the village of Shablovo not far from ____________________. A notable fact of artistic culture in the Kostroma province was the regional exhibition “Earth and People” (1973), where about a hundred were presented authors of creative works of painting, graphics, decorative and applied arts. In 1967. The opening of the monument to Ivan ____________________ took place in Kostroma. A branch of the regional museum-reserve was opened in Vnerekhta (1975), in Krasnoye - the Museum of Jewelry and Folk Applied Arts (1983). Emotional milestones in the life of Kostroma youth of those years were the regional art festivals “Young to Young” , KVN, etc. In 1974 A ___________________ movement opened in Kostroma, and since 1983 The movement of electric trains Yaroslavl-Kostroma began in 1972. A cardiological sanatorium began to operate"________________At the recreation center in Malyshkovo it was opened in 1985. Sanatorium _________________ - for parents with children. The increase in crisis phenomena in the public life of the country was also manifested in the cultural sphere.

Topic No. 8. Kostroma region in the mid-1980s and early 1990s.

1. The contradictory nature of social development.

The ____________________ policy, due to its unpreparedness, acquired a contradictory character from the very beginning.

1. _____________________ public life began

2. Glasnost was gaining real strength

3. the ___________________ mechanism was started

4.steps were taken towards defusing __________________ tensions

5. The mass _____________________ victims of political repression began again (work was underway to prepare the regional Book of Memory of the Victims of Political Repression).

6.Acquired my legal rights ___________________.On the eve of the millennium of the baptism of Rus', bell ringing was allowed.

7.Elections on an alternative basis contributed to strengthening the authority of local councils, to which the initiative began to pass ________________.

A mass exit from the ranks of the CPSU has begun. New political _____________________ are being formed. Attempts are being made to reform the Komsomol. Representatives of the Popular Front and opposition political groups often came to Kostroma. The Kostroma organization ____________________ of the Russian Party was created. In March 1990. Elections of people's deputies of the RSFSR were held, Kostroma residents took an active part in the referendum on the fate of the USSR, which took place on March 17, 1991. Of the total number of voters 592,721, 475,273 people took part in the voting. 376,075 people voted for the preservation of the Union, 90,480 people were against. On June 12, 1991, presidential elections were held RSFSR, 49.8% of Kostroma residents voted for ___________________ (much less than in Russia as a whole. The increase in the Yeltsin-Gorbachev confrontation reflected the struggle of various political forces in society. The contradictions and inconsistency of the “perestroika” policy were most painfully manifested in the system of socio-economic relations. In 1986-1990, a robotic complex was put into operation at the Automatic Lines Plant, a mechanical building at the Motordetal plant, a diesel locomotive repair shop and a new airport in Sharya were put into operation, serial production of products began at the radio instrument plant, and the _________________bridge across the Kostroma River was opened. ,the first stage of the publishing and printing enterprise “Kostroma” was commissioned, etc.

Already by January 1, 1990. In the Kostroma region, 757 cooperatives were registered. Negative processes in the regional economy were gaining momentum. Labor ___________________ and interest in work were falling. The volume of agricultural production was declining, and farms did not receive proper material support. The shortage of food products was growing. The ________________ crisis was deepening. The policy of “perestroika” was being implemented contradictorily "and in the cultural sphere. Since 1989. The monthly _______________________ began to be published in 1987. A regional branch of the Russian Cultural Foundation was created. In the schools of the region, a differentiated approach to teaching was consolidated, and the creative initiatives of teaching staff were developed. In the 1991/92 academic year, lyceum and gymnasium classes were opened in 34 and 15 schools. One of the first to receive the status of classical __________________________28 school.

The moral and psychological atmosphere in society became more complicated. The events of August 1991, the subsequent dissolution of the USSR, the resignation of ___________________ were met in the Kostroma province, as well as in other regions of the country, with ambiguity. Contrary to the initial plans, the policy of ________________ did not strengthen, on the contrary, it undermined the CPSU from within, exposing the bureaucratic the degeneration of its leadership personnel. In accordance with the Presidential Decree _________________, the activities of the CPSU on the territory of Russia were suspended. Its property was ______________________. The split in society deepened.

(Practical work with documents pp. 192-196 tables, their analysis)

Topic No. 9. Kostroma region at the end of the 20th century.

1. Socio-political and socio-economic life of Kostroma residents.

The participation of Kostroma residents on April 25, 1993 in the All-Russian referendum on constitutional reform and _________________ to the president again confirmed a certain balance of opposing political forces. 57% of those who voted expressed confidence in the president ________________. At the same time, 38% voted for early presidential elections. December 12, 1993 In a complex socio-political and moral-psychological atmosphere, _________________ took place in the Federation Council and the State Duma. At the same time, _______________________ passed on the adoption of a new Constitution. The largest number of votes in the region for elections to the State Duma were collected from party lists by representatives of the LDPR - 23.7%. The Kostroma single-mandate constituency was won by the opposition candidate, professor at the Agricultural Institute, Doctor of Economic Sciences _____________________. The heads of the regional and city administration ______________ and B.K. Korobov were elected to the Federation Council. ______________ was elected head of self-government in 1995. By mid-90s x in the Kostroma region over 70 public organizations, parties and movements operated. The events in Chechnya caused particular concern among Kostroma residents. Only in the period from December 1994. Until February 1995 In military operations in _____________, 13 Kostroma military personnel were killed and 50 people were injured.

The economic crisis deepened. On January 1, 1994. There were ________________527 enterprises in the region, including 347 in 1993. Only 8% of industrial enterprises retained the status of state-owned enterprises. The decline in production could not be slowed down. In the development of ________________ economy there was no such clear drop in the level of production. General negative trends in the development of the regional economy did not excluded individual achievements in the activities of certain economic entities. In 1995. The __________________ plant in Kostroma was put into operation, production capacity was increased at CHPP-2, ATS-5, the Sharya bakery, about 100 km of roads were built, direct foreign economic relations were carried out by 89 enterprises and organizations in the region, products were exported to 34 foreign countries, etc. _______________ situation. As of October 14, 1996, the wage arrears in the region amounted to 200 billion rubles. As of January 1, 1996 More than 30 thousand unemployed were officially registered in the region. At the next elections, Kostroma residents supported _________________ (42.3% versus 40.3%). The Kostroma region continued to remain ___________________, and the debt from the federal budget was growing all the time. In the election of the head of the regional administration, the candidate from the people's patriotic bloc _________________ won a convincing victory. At the referendum, the majority of Kostroma residents spoke out against the construction of a nuclear power plant.

2. Culture, demographic situation in the region.

Overcoming growing material and financial difficulties, the _________________ system developed. There was no decrease in the number of secondary schools. In the 1994/95 academic year. there were 555 secondary schools in the region, with a total of 105,107 students. The development of artistic culture did not stop. In the summer of 1993, the international historical and artistic festival ____________ was held in Kostroma. Historical and local history work in the region was filled with new content. A notable event in its cultural life was the release in 1992 The first issue of the magazine ____________________. From September 1, 1995. In the schools of the region, _________________ programs in history, biology and other subjects were introduced, aiming students at an in-depth study of the historical, cultural, natural and other features of their native land. In 1992. In the __________________ monastery, under the direction of director Yu. Solomin, the filming of the feature film “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign” took place. In the spiritual life of the Kostroma province, the role of the Orthodox _____________ increased. sex, individualism, lack of spirituality - characteristic signs of the ______________ 90s - were widely reflected in the life of the Kostroma province. Drunkenness, drug addiction, child homelessness, crime took on a ______________ character. The number of crimes related to the illegal trade of ____________ grew. The network of preschool institutions was steadily declining. The population of the region was constantly ________________ Thus, the 90s passed under the sign of a deep crisis that gripped all spheres of public life. Kostroma residents looked closely into your future with anxiety and hope.

3.6. "SWEET SIDE"

Extracurricular activity for 6th grade students.

Target:to acquaint students with the events of the historical past of our region and thereby arouse interest in the history of our small Motherland - Susanino.

Tasks:

cultivate a caring attitude towards the historical past;

to form the civic position of students.

develop group work skills.

Lesson form. A game with elements of a virtual excursion.

Organizational moment.

Conversation with children.

My small Motherland (you can use a presentation or video about P. Susanin)

Leading. The Motherland is not only our state, it is the house and yard where you spent your childhood, it is the school to which you came for the first time with flowers, joyful and excited. Everyone has their own Small Motherland.

Let's look at your drawings on the theme “My Small Motherland”

Students tell what they drew and why.

Host: How happy we are with you. After all, we have a Motherland, one for everyone and everyone has their own. We have inherited it from many generations and we must pass it on to our children. Let's think about what concrete deeds we can express our love for our Motherland. What can we do to confirm these simple and at the same time lofty words: “I love my Motherland, my native land?”

Children's answers: Take care of nature, study well, do not break trees, feed the birds in winter, do not litter at school and on the street, treat each other with respect, etc.

Leading. It is from such simple and accessible things that love for the Motherland is formed - our great country, where everyone has their own favorite, cherished corner that will always live in our hearts. Many people’s favorite corner of Russia is captured in photographs.

Let's look at these pictures. (presentation)(video Eyes of Russia)

Children, holding the edge of the thread, pass the ball to each other and call each other by an affectionate name. After the circle has formed, the teacher says: “We have a strong circle. Here you and I are one big strong and friendly family. We live together, study together, celebrate common holidays together, speak the same language, live on the same planet. Do you know the name of our planet?(Our planet is called Earth) . What can we, its inhabitants, be called?(We can be called earthlings) . What is the name of our country?(Our country is called Russia) . The inhabitants of our country are called...?(Russians) . We live in a beautiful village called...?(Susanino). And you and I –...?(Susaninians) . That's what, guys, it turned out - that you and I have one common homeland. Let's curl up and tell you how you understand the word “Motherland”. (Children's sayings and reading poems by heart).

1st:Old yard, young birches,

Round dance of curly poplars,

This is all my country, Russia,

Sweet image of my Motherland.

2nd:Cornflowers are like blue eyes

They look, smiling, along the path

And golden wheat braids

Braided into sheaves in the fall.

3rd:Chime of Valdai bells

Heard in the murmur of the stream

And at early dawn at the outskirts

The trills of a nightingale are heard.

4th:And in winter it sparkles and sparkles

Snow like a wedding veil.

And nothing in the world compares

White trunk groves are beautiful!!!

In the middle of Mother Russia,
Like a tower in a fairy tale,
There are golden domes on the churches,
In the lace carvings of the house.
Our little homeland
You are not so small:
All Russian history
You were able to contain it.
Image of the Blessed Virgin Mary
The ancient city was protected.
The Kremlin on the river is majestic
He fought back all enemies.

Ancient, new city of Kostroma,
Berendey of the kingdom of the tower,
Kostroma and Volga have a conversation
About forests, fields, space.
The years are passing, time is running out,
We are getting old, but our native land
In the soul and heart only with those
Who is proud of his region, his country.

Rules of the game: “Sweet side”

It is necessary to divide the children into 2 teams. Whoever scores the most points wins the game, if an equal number of points is scored, then... a creative task. (Tell a poem about the Motherland, about Susanin... who is better?) For incorrect behavior during the game, the judges can take away points (tokens). The game will be judged by high school students who will give a virtual tour.

5 tests await us today. Well then, GOOD GOOD!

1. Guess the street in the village.

2.Crossword mania.

3.Collect a picture.

4.Swamp!

5.Ancient riddles.

Description of tasks.

1. Guess the street in the village.

Listen carefully to the task, I will ask each team one question, and if the team answers correctly, it receives one token; if the team finds it difficult to answer, the opposing team has the right to answer.

1. This street was named after the astronaut who was the first to go into outer space. All the houses on this street were built by the military, and most often it was the military personnel who received apartments here. On this street there is kindergarten No. 5, shops, our school, a cultural center, etc.

(Leonova street)

2. The name of the street is possibly associated with the holiday... the day of international solidarity of workers who fought for peace and justice. In addition to the hat artel, there was also a sewing artel named after the First of May in the village. It produced more than a million rubles in military products during the Great Patriotic War.

3. The street received its current name under Soviet rule. “The council is an elected body of state power,” as it is written in the dictionary. This means we can assume that immediately after the Great October Revolution, the Council of Workers' Deputies was located on our street in one of the merchants' houses. House No. 9, located on this street, before the revolution belonged to the hat maker Alexander Grigorievich Smirnov and his sons. A long time ago, this street was called Ponomarevskaya. On this street there are buildings of the fire department and state insurance.

(Sovetskaya Street)

4. For a long time, a wooden Old Believer church stood on one of the hills. Then a cinema was built on this site. In the early sixties, houses began to be built on the site of potato plots. On this street, where the church used to stand, there is a spring. The water is clear, cold, and warm in winter. And the street was named in honor of the national hero of the Kostroma land.

(Ivan Susanin Street)

5. The Red Army was formed in 1918, in the same year, on February 23, it defeated the enemies of Soviet power. In 1925 A new law on universal duty was passed. In the thirties of the twentieth century, the then Molvitinsky district military registration and enlistment office was formed. In 1939. the village was renamed Susanino. And although we no longer have a military registration and enlistment office, the army changed its name, but the memory cannot be erased and the name of the street is still the same. How?

(Krasnoarmeyskaya street)

6. This street is named after a German revolutionary politician. Before the revolution, the street was called Dolgaya. In the center, where the street begins, there are many old houses. The famous hat makers Sutyagins and Osipovs lived in these houses.

(Karl Marx Street)

7. This street is located at the lowest point on the southern side of the hill on which Susanino is located. The street is located next to the river, Volozhnitsa. This river originates from an underground spring in a ravine near the village of Fedyaevka, and then flows into the Shacha river. The length of this river is only 19 km. “Volozhnitsa” is a Slavic name, not very common in our places. Therefore, it is not difficult to guess...that the street is called....

(Rechnaya street).

8. This street is named in memory of our fellow countryman, poet and revolutionary Ivan Stepanovich (Loginov). During the Great Patriotic War, he volunteered to go to war and died defending the besieged city of Leningrad. In the 70-80s of the 20th century, it was named after this man this street, previously in its place there was a vacant lot and potato plots. Houses on this street were built for workers of a hat factory. There is a lot of greenery outside.

(Loginova Street).

9. From an article in the newspaper (author Savelyeva F. dated February 27, 2003) “It was a long time ago, old-timers remember that they went to work at the flax plant, at Zagotskot, and just to the potato plots along the Volzhnitsa River: there was a wasteland here .

And gradually a whole street with good-quality houses grew up in this place. This street is located south of the center of the village. Hence its name...probably...!?

(South street)

10. There are no mountains on this street, but it is the furthest one on the northern side from the center of the village. Further there is a lowland, and our hillside is also steep. Not far from this street flows the Shacha river, “SHA” and “CHA” are practically the same and also: river, spring, water, source. Since the houses were built on the border of the top and the slope of the hill on which the village of Susanino itself is located... they decided to name the street...

(Gornaya Street)

11. Before the revolution, this street was called Nikolskaya, because the Nikolskaya Church stood there. Where house No. 38 is now, the hat maker Grigory Aleksandrovich Chichagov once lived, and the street was named after the wife of V.I. Ulyanov (Lenin) Nadezhda Konstantinovna.

(Krupskaya Street)

2 Crossword.

It is necessary to solve the CROSSWORD. (See Appendix to the game)

3 Collect the picture and tell us what you know about what is shown on it.

Children need to collect cut up pictures (1-3 are at the discretion of those conducting this game, the pictures can be dedicated to our village)

4 Swamp (instead of physical education)

Children, each from the team, need to cross the swamp, two cardboard boxes are placed on the floor and, moving them alternately, they need to go the specified distance. Is it faster?

5 Riddles.

Riddles about the realities of Russian life.

Wooden house, shutters on it,
Russian village outside his window. (Izba)

Pechkin had a great-great-grandfather,
He used to carry mail in the old days.
He was racing along the road in a cart.
What was his name? (Coachman)

Name the boyar's house:
There are carved platbands,
There are also turrets on it
And the porches are painted. (Terem)

In winter, when there is snow
The cart doesn't roll
The horse was harnessed to them.
What were they called? (Sled)

He hugs the cast iron
And he takes it out of the oven.
And then he will get back into action
Next to the poker. (Grab)

A fur coat was made from sheepskin
And they were very pleased
After all, he’s not afraid of frost,
The one who puts on a fur coat. (Sheepskin coat)

The cradle hangs in the hut,
The baby is sleeping soundly in it. (Cradle)

In every big city
We will find him among the churches.
What is the name of the main temple
You have to answer. (Cathedral)

This cake is baked once a year.
And they take it to the church to the priest.
He will become after consecration
For the Orthodox, a treat. (Kulich)

He sounds solemn.
Everyone stands up in greeting.
The main song of the country
We all must respect. (Hymn)

Summing up.

The jury's word.

Watch the video The road to the temple.

See Appendix.

3.7. Olympiad in local history.

Explanatory note.

The questions and tasks of the Olympiad reflect the school history course. In the course of completing the tasks of the Olympiad, participants can use their knowledge in other subjects of the Basic Curriculum, helping them to deeply and comprehensively reveal the proposed questions and tasks.

The following provisions are fundamental when determining the content of the Olympiad tasks:

-priority of considering the history of Russia with the inclusion of issues on the regional component

-attention to the history of culture, the history of everyday life

Goal: to arouse students’ interest in the history of their small homeland.

Objectives of the Olympiad:

-promotion of civic and patriotic education of students;

-stimulating students' interest in studying the history and history of their native land;

-propaganda of scientific historical knowledge;

- assistance in identifying students who show interest and special abilities in studying history;

The Olympiad is held among students in grades 7-8-9 of secondary schools in the region.

Dates of the Olympiad_________________________________________________________________________________________.

The Olympiad in Local History is held for 1 lesson (40 minutes.)

Part 1. History of the Kostroma land in the 11th-16th centuries.

Monument to Yuri Dolgoruky in Kostroma.

1024

The chronicles mention the Minsk Settlement (the territory of the modern Kostroma region).

1152

Date of foundation of the city of Kostroma by the Rostov-Suzdal prince Yuri Dolgoruky (according to historian V.N. Tatishchev).

1159

Date of foundation of the city of Galich (according to historian V.N. Tatishchev).

12th century

The first Orthodox churches and monasteries were founded in the Galich side. Abraham of Galich, a student of Sergius of Radonezh, founded the Novozaozersky monastery on the shores of Lake Galich and laid the foundation for the Gorodetsky monastery.

1213

The first chronicle news about Kostroma. The Rostov prince Konstantin attacked Kostroma: he burned it, and took the inhabitants into captivity.

1214

The first mention of Nerekhta was in the “Chronicle” of the Pereslavl-Suzdal Monastery.

1218

1238

The defeat of Kostroma by Batu's detachment.

The first mentions in the chronicles of Galich Mersky.

The lands of the modern Neya region are part of the Galich Principality.

1241

The first Kostroma prince Vasily Yaroslavovich “Mizinny” was born

1242

According to legend, the village of Georgievskoye (Egoryevskoye) was founded.

1247

Galich is the capital of an independent appanage principality.

Kostroma is the capital city of an independent appanage principality.

Mid 13th century

Construction of the first fortress in Kostroma. The appearance in Kostroma of the miraculous icon of the Feodorovskaya Mother of God.

1255

At the age of 30, the first Galich prince Konstantin Udaloy, the son of the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, died.

1260

The Church of the Savior on Zaprudna was built in the city of Kostroma.

Early 60s 13th century

The battle of the Kostroma people, led by Prince Vasily Yaroslavich, at the Holy Lake with the Horde detachment.

1265

Wedding in Kostroma in the cathedral church in the name of the Great Martyr Fyodor Stratilates of the first prince of Kostroma Vasily with the daughter of the Lithuanian prince Vitovt.

Last quarter of the 13th century

Founding of the Ipatiev Monastery by the Kostroma patrimonial lord Zacharias, the ancestor of the Saburovs, Godunovs, Velyaminovs-Zernovs.

1276

Prince Vasily Yaroslavich of Kostroma died and was buried in the church in the name of the Great Martyr Fyodor Stratilates.

1293

Reign in Kostroma of the son of the Great Prince of Vladimir Dmitry Alexandrovich Ivan, grandson of Alexander Nevsky.

14th century

The spiritual will of Grand Duke Semeon the Proud mentions the Obnorskaya volost with the village of Sandogora.

In various documents there is a mention of salt pans and salt production on the territory of the modern Soligalichsky district.

1304

The ancient cathedral church in the name of the Great Martyr Fyodor Stratilates in Kostroma burned down.

1328

Kostroma with Novgorod the Great was given to Ivan Danilovich Kalita according to the division of the grand-ducal territory made by Khan Uzbek.

1330

The Local Council of Northeastern Bishops was held in Kostroma under the leadership of Metropolitan of All Rus' Theognost.

1335

The Resurrection Monastery was founded, which became the center of the settlement Sol Galitskaya (Usolye, Soligalich).

1352

At the crossroads of the trade routes Kineshma - Galich and Kostroma - Unzha - Vyatka, the village of Semyonovskoye (now the village of Ostrovskoye) was formed.

1355

The Abrahamievo-Gorodetsky Chukhloma Monastery was founded.

1360

“Congress on Kostroma” of Russian princes, led by the Grand Duke of Vladimir Dmitry Konstantinovich and Ambassador Zhukotinsky from the Horde on the capture of Novgorod robbers and stopping their robberies on the Volga.

The fortified city of Sudislavl was mentioned for the first time in documents.

1362

Kostroma is part of the territory of the Great Vladimir and Moscow principalities that merged under Prince Dmitry Ivanovich (Donskoy).

Mention of Nerekhta in the “Life” of St. Pachomius of Nerekhta, who founded in the 14th century. Trinity-Sypanov Monastery.

1364

Pestilence (plague) in Kostroma.

1380

The Kostroma army, under the command of governor Ivan Rodionovich Kvashnya, participates in the Battle of Kulikovo.

1381

Chukhloma is mentioned for the first time in chronicle sources.

1382

The Great Moscow Prince Dmitry Donskoy took refuge in Kostroma during Tokhtamysh’s invasion of Moscow.

1386

The Kostroma army takes part in the campaign of the Grand Duke of Moscow Dmitry Donskoy against Novgorod the Great for robbery committed by ushkuyniki in Kostroma and Nizhny Novgorod in 1375.

1389

After the death of Dmitry Donskoy, his second son Yuri became the founder of the second dynasty of Galich princes.

1390

Zheleznoborovsky Monastery was founded.

15th century

On the territory of the future Kadyya, a valuable product is mined - salt.

The documents indicate the villages of Kulikovo, Nikolskoye, Moskovsky Pochinok, Poddubnoye, Ondreevskoye on Sendeg.

1408

The Great Moscow Prince Vasily Dmitrievich took refuge in Kostroma during the invasion of Edigei.

Grand Duke Vasily gave Nerekhta to his wife Sofya Vitovtovna.

1413

The first Kostroma Kremlin burned down at the confluence of the Kostroma and Sula rivers into the Volga.

1414

The campaign of the Galich prince Yuri against the Nizhny Novgorod princes, for the victory over them from the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily he receives the vast possessions of Vyatka, which was annexed to the Galich principality.

1416

Construction of a new fortress in Kostroma on the high bank of the river. Volga.

1420

A pestilence in Kostroma, which devastated the area to such an extent that the grain remained unharvested in the fields.

1422

Famine in Kostroma. A shackle of rye, consisting of four quadrangles, was equivalent in price to a pound of silver (about two rubles).

1425–1462

Ivan Ivanov is the governor of the city of Kostroma.

1425

An icon of the Mother of God appeared to the boyar Ioann Ovin.

1425–1453

The struggle of the Galich princes for the Moscow throne was not successful.

1428

In the village of Soltanovo there is an inn and a shop.

1433

Moscow Prince Vasily the Dark transferred part of the lands near Kostroma to his uncle, Prince Yuri Dmitrievich of Galich, in exchange for a great reign.

1435

The first mention in the chronicles of the Ipatiev Monastery. “On the Cape of St. Hypatius” a peace agreement was concluded between Grand Duke Vasily Vasilyevich and the Galician Prince Vasily Yuryevich.

1439

The Monk Macarius of Unzhensky founded the monastery.

1446

The mother of Grand Duke Vasily (the Dark), Sofya Vitovtovna, was exiled to Chukhloma.

1448

The first Moscow Metropolitan, independent of the Patriarch of Constantinople, was Jonah, a native of the village of Odnoushevo, which is “12 miles from Soligalich.”

1450

A pestilence devastated the town of Chukhlomu.

1452

Grand Duke Vasily the Dark comes to Kostroma in force, having learned about Dmitry Shemyaka’s campaign against Ustyug the Great.

1461

Afanasy Nikitin follows the city of Kostroma, traveling “across three seas.”

1463

The village of Yakovlevskoye near Kostroma is mentioned for the first time.

1467

Voivode of Kostroma - Ivan Vasilyevich Striga-Obolensky.

1468

To Kostroma, as well as to other cities, the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan Vasilyevich sent an outpost and “ordered to sit under siege, to stay away from Kazan.”

1470

The oldest church in the region was built in the village of Tikhon and a monastery. (According to the chronicle of the Krestogorsky Monastery - extracts by V. Afanasov and N. Lyapugin, 1969) According to the famous local historian D.P. Dementyev, the most ancient churches in Zavetluzhye and in the entire region are the churches in the village of Kazhirovo: Epiphany and St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. (The monastery was founded in 1423)

1486

By order of Grand Duke Ivan III, the Galich lands were divided into sieges: Sol Galitskaya, Chukhlomskaya, Sudaiskaya, Parfenyevskaya, Kologrivskaya and Unzhenskaya. At the center of each is a fortified city.

1489

In Kostroma, Novgorodians evicted from their lands received estates from Grand Duke Ivan Vasilyevich.

1493

Kostroma burned down on Palm Saturday.

1498

In the charter of Ivan Sumarokov to Grand Duke Dmitry the village of Karavaevo is called.

16th century

According to documents, the village of Molvitino is known as the center of the local iron ore industry (Andob swamp ores).

The territory of today's Sharya district is included in the Vozdvizhensky, Troitsky, and Bogoroditsky camps of the Unzhensky siege.

1505

Grand Duke Vasily Ivanovich granted the Nyomdu volost to feed F.M. Gorin.

1512

Semyon Fedorovich Alabyshev serves as governor of the city of Kostroma. Kostroma burned down - the Kremlin and all the suburbs.

1521

The defeat of the Mongol-Tatar detachment near Soltanov and Kotkishev.

By order of Ivan III, the Parfenyevskaya fortress was founded.

1522

The Makariev-Unzhensky monastery and the city of Unzha are protected from the Tatar raids.

1525–1545

Defense of Galicians from enemy attacks. Princely feuds.

First quarter of the 16th century.

The city of Kady was founded as a defense point of the Moscow State for protection from the Kazan Tatars.

1536

Attack of the Kazan Tatars on the Kostroma volosts. Princely voivode Pyotr Vasilyevich Zasekin Motley died defending the outpost.

The mother of the young Grand Duke Ivan IV the Terrible, Elena Glinskaya, founded the “fortification-fortress, Bui-town on Koreg”.

The battle of the Russians with the Tatars on the Kus River.

The first mention of Kologriv places in the chronicle (Shishkilevo, near the old town of Kologriv).

16th century, first third

A fortress with an earthen rampart was erected in Sol Galitskaya.

1540

The Kazan Tatars were rampant near Kostroma.

1542

The Annunciation Church was founded in Buya; later it became known as the cathedral church.

A fortress is being built in Sudai for defense against the Kazan Tatars.

1549

Kostroma governor Zakhary Petrovich Yakovlev defeated a detachment of Kazan Tatars on Gusevoye Field near the Yazovka River, between Kostroma and Galich.

First half of the 16th century

To protect against attacks by the Kazan Tatars in the upper reaches of the river. In Unzhi, the Kologriv fortress was built (the exact date of the city’s founding is unknown, local history literature indicates 1525).

Mid 16th century

One of the ancient villages on the territory of the modern Antropovsky district - Palkino, belonged to the boyar family of the Godunovs.

1551

Tsar of Moscow Ivan Vasilyevich (Grozny) set out on a campaign against Kazan. Kostroma was appointed as a gathering place for troops led by the governors - princes Gorbaty and Serebryany. Prince Mikhail Ivanovich Vorotynsky was sent by Ivan the Terrible to be the governor of the city of Kostroma.

1565

Some of the Germans captured in Yuryev were resettled to Kostroma by Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich (Grozny). They settled Gasheevka (German settlement) - modern Mayakovsky and Katushechnaya streets.

1569

Krasnoye became a palace village and was governed by the Prikaz.

1573

By order of Ivan the Terrible, the lands near Kadyi were demarcated and described by the scribes Naumov and Odintsov.

1579

Boyar D.I. became the owner of the village of Isaevo. Godunov. The village of Priskokovo and its villages were transferred to them to the Ipatiev Monastery.

1581

Tsar Ivan the Terrible granted the Chudov Monastery “Samin graveyard” (Samet village), “Shunga graveyard” and “Vezhi graveyard” (Spas-Vezhi village).

1585

Tsar Fyodor Ioannovich granted the village of Strelnikovo to the Ipatiev Monastery.

1589

The uncle of the future Tsar Vasily Shuisky, Prince Andrei Ivanovich Shuisky, was exiled to Bui, in whose fortress there was a disgraced prison. Since then, Bui has served as a place of exile for centuries.

1592

The Kazhirovskaya wooden church in the name of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker was assigned to the Ipatiev Monastery, and in 1717 - to the Varnavinsk Hermitage.

The stone tented Church of the Epiphany was built in the village of Krasnoye at the expense of the Godunov boyars.

1596

The documents mention the village of Ilyinskoye (modern Kostroma district).

1596–1597

The “Books of Letters” of the Kostroma district were compiled by scribes V.A. Velyaminov, F. Krivoborsky and P.D. Usov.

Late 16th - early 17th centuries.

The first mentions in written sources of the Ponazyrev villages of Vorobykha, Loshkarikha, Mundyr, Ploskovo, Gudkovo.

ADMINISTRATION OF THE KOSTROMA REGION
COMMITTEE FOR THE PROTECTION AND USE OF HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE

HISTORICAL TOWNS AND VILLAGES OF THE KOSTROMA REGION
KOSTROMA 2004

Edited by S.N. Konopatov
Authors:
T.V. Jensen
I.Yu.Kondratieva
L.I. Sizintseva
G.K.Smirnov
T.P.Sukhareva

When preparing articles about regional museums, materials kindly provided by museum staff were used; When describing the interiors of religious monuments, as well as in the article on the urban planning of Kostroma during the Soviet period, materials from S.S. Katkova were used.

Photo illustrations - G.M. Ivanov
Technical support - Yu.O.Garnov

© Committee for the Protection and Use of Historical and Cultural Heritage, 2004.
© G.M.Ivanov (photography), T.V.Jensen, I.Yu.Kondratieva, L.I.Sizintseva, G.K.Smirnov, T.P.Sukhareva, 2004

PREFACE

Historical cities and villages are the most valuable part of the cultural heritage inherited from previous generations. Samples of planning and development, architectural ensembles and individual monuments, archaeological sites and a cultural layer that stores unique scientific information about historical events, lost buildings, and the way of life of people - all this makes the settlement historical. Only love for the historical past and understanding of the enduring value of cultural heritage will help us preserve it and pass it on to subsequent generations.
This book is dedicated to 11 cities and villages of the Kostroma region included in the list of historical settlements of the Russian Federation. However, in the Kostroma region there are many other unique places that do not yet have the status of a historical settlement; among them are Parfenevo, Vokhma, Kady, Unzha, Sudai and others. Perhaps subsequent editions will be devoted to them.
The book consists of short essays introducing the reader to the history, architecture, and museums of historical settlements that are the centers of the administrative districts of the region. Most of them were traditionally the centers of the lands adjacent to them, so the book tells about their common historical fate, about the most significant architectural ensembles and monuments in the immediate vicinity of these settlements. At the end of the book there is an article about Kostroma architects, who worked for several centuries to create the unique appearance of the historical cities and villages of the region.
We hope that the book will be of interest to all those who value the history and culture of the Kostroma region, and will invite lovers of travel to the historical places of Russia on the road.

KOSTROMA REGION

The Kostroma region was formed by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on August 13, 1944 from a number of districts of the Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, Gorky and Vologda regions. The region is located in the north-central part of the East European Plain, in the upper Volga basin. It borders with the Vologda, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, Nizhny Novgorod and Kirov regions. Its area is 60.1 thousand square meters. km, population 737.5 thousand people. In the Kostroma region there are 24 districts, 12 cities, 8 workers' settlements, 274 rural administrations.
The main river is the Volga with the Gorky Reservoir, flowing in the southwestern part of the region, the largest rivers of the region flow into it: Kostroma, Unzha, Vetluga, which have numerous tributaries. In the western part of the region there are large lakes - Galichskoye (18x6 km) and Chukhlomskoye (8.6x7.2 km), connecting to the Kostroma River. Over 74% of the region's territory is covered by forests, coniferous trees predominate in the north, and deciduous trees in the southwest.
The Kostroma region is part of the Central Economic Region. The region has developed textile, forestry, woodworking, engineering, food and energy industries. Near Kostroma there is one of the largest hydroelectric power stations in Europe. The main direction of agricultural development is livestock farming. The territory of the region is crossed from west to east by the line of the Northern Railway; the railway connects Kostroma with the centers of the neighboring Yaroslavl and Ivanovo regions. The network of roads is extensive and ramified, among them are roads of national importance.
The Kostroma region within its modern borders includes the main part of the former Kostroma province, which existed from 1796 to 1917 in the Russian Empire and from 1917 to 1929 as part of the RSFSR. The province was formed instead of the Kostroma governorate, created in 1778 and for the first time covering the entire space occupied by the current region. Before the creation of the governorship, various administrative-territorial units existed in the region, the earliest of which are the Kostroma and Galich principalities, mentioned in chronicles in the 13th century. Evidence of the centuries-old history of the region is its rich and diverse historical and cultural heritage.
Currently, there are about 2,500 monuments in the region under state protection, reflecting various aspects of the social, industrial and cultural activities of the people who inhabited the region from the Mesolithic era to the present day. Of particular value are the ancient cities of the Kostroma region: Kostroma, Galich, Soligalich, Nerekhta, Chukhloma and others, which have preserved unique urban planning ensembles, numerous architectural and historical monuments, and natural landscapes. 11 settlements of the region are included in the List of historical settlements of the Russian Federation. Wonderful art and local history collections are kept in the region's museums, including 3 state museums with 19 branches and 6 municipal ones.

Galich, panorama of the city.

The city of Galich is located 124 km northeast of Kostroma, on the shore of the largest lake in the region, Galich Lake. This is one of the oldest cities in the region, founded in the 2nd half of the 12th century, during the reign of Yuri Dolgoruky. In 1246, Galich became the capital of an independent principality, which owned vast lands that make up a significant part of the modern region. In the history of Russia, Galich is most associated with the feudal war of the 1st half of the 15th century, after the turbulent events of which it was finally annexed to Moscow, becoming the center of the district. In 1709, Galich, together with other northeastern cities, became part of the Arkhangelsk province, in 1778 it became part of the Kostroma governorate, and then the province. Having become a county town, Galich received its own coat of arms: a military armature in a scarlet field with the cross of John the Baptist emerging from it.
During the 19th and 20th centuries. Galich developed as one of the region's large industrial centers. Currently, it is the center of a district of the Kostroma region with a population of 19.2 thousand people, one of the large cultural centers of the region. The city is distinguished not only by the integrity of its historical buildings, which are of significant historical and cultural interest, but also by the good preservation of elements of the pre-regular planning structure of the era of Ancient Rus'.

STORY

In old guidebooks about the city of Galich you can read: “None of the cities of the Kostroma province evokes as many historical memories as Galich.” And, indeed, ancient, gray-haired, ancient - all these epithets invariably come to mind when it comes to Galich, one of the earliest settlements in northeast Russia. This feeling of eternity is probably further enhanced by the ancient Galich Lake, on the banks of which the city is so picturesquely spread.
Galich lands have been developed by man since ancient times. Such ancient Neolithic sites were discovered here as, for example, Galichskaya (Hare Hill), based on the study of which, as well as other ancient settlements, experts identify a special Galich culture. On the high Turov Mountain, the famous Galich treasure was found - idols made of red copper, priestly tools, copper jewelry and other things that today can be seen in the Historical Museum in Moscow.
Before the start of Slavic colonization (10-11 centuries), the Finno-Ugric Merya tribe lived on the shores of Lake Galich, which has preserved a lot of evidence in local names, in legends, and in ancient settlements discovered here and studied by archaeologists. That is why the city itself, which was named after southern Galich (Volyn), was called Galich Mersky for a long time, and the Slavs called all the inhabitants of this region with one word, Chud. The memory of Chud and those times still remains in numerous names of populated areas, forests and wastelands: Chud, Chudtsa, Chudinevo, Chudikha.
The Russian historian Tatishchev attributed the founding of Galich to the 2nd half of the 12th century, to the time of the reign of Yuri Dolgoruky, who carefully strengthened the borders of the Rostov-Suzdal principality, and Galich was given special significance in this regard. It was called upon to play the role of an outpost of North-Eastern Rus' in the development of the North and Vyatka land. From indirect sources it is known that until the 19th century. The ancient Galich chronicle was preserved, which described the reign in Galich of three brothers, princes Simeon, Andrei and Fedor, who in 1170 fought with each other for the right to reign. Simeon, who defeated the brothers, erected the Church of the Holy Savior in the city. If this information is reliable, then already in the 2nd half of the 12th century. Galich was a well-fortified city with a suburb and churches. This information is confirmed by archaeological studies of Galich settlements.

From the historical and ethnographic description of Galich in 1871.

Galich is located on the southeastern shore of a large lake, at the very foot of the mountains that bend around it in an arc. If you drive from the Kostroma road, a beautiful panorama opens up to your eyes: the spikes of tall churches barely reach the tops of the lying mountains and picturesquely scattered towers, houses and shacks are reflected in the waters of the lake, the opposite shore of which closes the picture on the horizon with a blue ring of the surrounding mountains, where, occasionally, Rural churches flash by like white dots.
A rare feature of Galich and its environs are the hills lying to the right. The antiquity of some points on them extends back to pagan times. So: Poklonnaya Mountain, on the slope towards the lake, on the Arkhangelsk road, as legend says, was a sacred place for the Meryacha; there was an idol here, in which prayers and sacrifices were made to the idol “Yaril”. The Christian religion has supplanted idolatry, but the descendants of the Meryaches retain the memory of the tradition to this day, and express it with festive festivities on Poklonnaya Hill, where girls and women in their original costumes remember the old time with songs, round dances and games (on All Saints' Day in July). This celebration lasts three days and ends in another place, on the shore of a lake near Rybnaya Sloboda, where, according to legend, the idol of another “kupala” idol stood. Here residents gather to walk along the shore of the lake, ride boats and, finally, bathe and pour water on each other in memory of the god Kupala.
Fishing in the summer is done with nets and meshes, and in the winter using the well-known method of the Ural Cossacks. Old-timers say that Rybnaya Sloboda was founded by settlement at the behest of the Empress Catherine II, by families of Ural Cossacks, who were required for a more rational method of fishing in Lake Galich, where the abundance of fish, due to the large number of flowing rivers and enormous vegetation, almost does not decrease.
This can be explained (according to stories) by the name of the lake given by our ancestors, Nero - not from the name of the Roman ruler, but from the word neuron, i.e. no loss in fish. On the opposite shore of Lake Galich, opposite Poklonnaya Mountain, there is a cone-shaped hill called Turov Mountain (an ancient point from pagan times), on which, probably, there was also an idol among primitive peoples; Subsequently, there was the village of Mylnoye; it served as the favorite residence of the Galich princes, who spent time here engaged in animal and fish hunting.

(Shevyakov A. Galich // Galich region: Collective collection. Galich, 1995, p. 71.)

In Russian chronicles, Galich was first mentioned in 1238. In the Laurentian Chronicle, under this year, it was written that the Tatars came to Rus', captured everything along the Volga, and even as far as Galich Mersky. Batu’s troops, who approached Galich that year, saw an almost impregnable fortress - the so-called. Lower settlement, probably built in the middle of the 12th century. at the foot of the high Balchug hill. A few years later, in 1246, Galich became the capital of an independent principality, formed after the death of the Grand Duke of Vladimir Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. In the hierarchy of Russian cities of that time, Galich stood much higher than Moscow and Kostroma, since it was given as an inheritance to the fourth son of the prince, while Moscow and Kostroma were given to his younger sons.

Shemyakina Mountain and St. Nicholas Starotorzhsky Monastery, 19th century. 20th centuries

In the 13th-15th centuries. The Galich principality owned vast lands in the basins of the Galich and Chukhloma lakes, along the left bank of the Volga, the Kostroma River and its tributaries, along the middle and upper reaches of the Unzha and Vetluga rivers. Among the settlements of the principality of that time, Chukhloma and Sol Galitskaya, Unzha, which were quite rich and densely populated, are known. Galich was at that time one of the centers of defense of Russian lands. Trade routes between North-Eastern Russia, the North and Vyatka passed through it, so the city quickly grew rich, and therefore was subjected to Tatar raids more than once. Even the Ushkuiniki Novgorodians got here on fast boats to make money (1389).
In the 1st half of the 14th century. Galich, along with many other cities, was part of the so-called “fonts” of Ivan Kalita. The Galich princes continued to rule the principality, but lost their independence. For more than a century, Galich sought to free himself from Moscow rule at every opportunity. And in the history of Russia, Galich is most associated with the feudal war of the 1st half of the 15th century. After the death of the Moscow prince Vasily Dmitrievich, the Galich prince Yuri Dmitrievich did not recognize the Moscow system of succession to the throne, from father to son, and went to war against Moscow. After the death of Yuri Dmitrievich, the war was continued by his sons - Dmitry Shemyaka and Vasily Kosoy, so nicknamed because he was blinded in one eye by the Moscow prince. At this time, the second Galich fortress, the Upper Settlement, probably appeared at the very top of Balchug, since Galich became the center of the Moscow opposition. Dmitry Shemyaka organized a conspiracy against his cousin, Moscow Prince Vasily, and was proclaimed Grand Duke. By his order, Vasily was arrested and blinded in both eyes, which is why he remained in history as Vasily the Dark. However, a year after the overthrow, Vasily again ascended the throne. This war lasted a total of a quarter of a century, but in the end, victory remained with the Moscow prince. Shemyaka fled to Novgorod, where he was poisoned, and in 1450 Galich finally annexed Moscow, becoming the center of the district, which included the Sudayskaya, Chukhloma, Soligalichskaya, Parfenyevskaya, Kologrivskaya and Unzhenskaya sieges. To manage such a huge territory in Moscow, a special order was even created, called the Galich Chetya.
From this time on, legends and stories were preserved in Galich for a long time, for example, about the executions and cruelty of Shemyaka, about his greed. In Galich, a legend about a treasure that rests at the bottom of Lake Galich was passed on from mouth to mouth. They said that the treasures of Shemyaka lay there in the ship, but a terrible spell was placed on them. In order for a treasure to come out, you need to sacrifice 2 young men and 12 stallions and say: “12 young men for 12 stallions,” and when the victim goes into the lake, treasures will appear. They said that one Galich landowner was not stingy and decided to sacrifice 12 horses and 12 young men, but when they almost went under the water and the ships appeared, he remembered and regretted the good, shouting a curse: “Cursed you, treasure, from now on and forever.” . Others said that this treasure was more ancient, it was laid before the Galich princes and was cursed with a terrible spell: you had to bury your first-born son alive in the ground, and then 12 ships loaded with countless treasures would appear from the ground. And that the Galich prince Shemyaka, greedy for money, decided to get the treasure, did not spare his son. The ships began to appear from the water when he was burying his son, but the child’s mother came running and managed to pull him out of the hole, and the ships sank under the water in front of all the Galicians.

Earthen ramparts and ditches of the 3rd Galich fortress, 2nd half. 15th century

After joining Moscow, Galich became Moscow’s stronghold in the fight against the Kazan Tatars, so a third, more modern fortress was built in Galich. Galich retained its defensive significance until 1552, when the Kazan Khanate was annexed to Moscow. During the Time of Troubles, Galich found itself in the hands of the Poles, and a punitive detachment under the leadership of Lisovsky burned the city and completely destroyed it. The scribal book on the city of Galich testified to the plight of the city after the Polish devastation. About 350 households in Galich were recognized as poor, unable to pay taxes; most of the residents of these households “died or disappeared unknown from debts and poverty.” Of the 239 retail spaces, a fifth were empty.
Galich found itself in the center of the country, lost its defensive significance, but gradually grew stronger economically, since trade with Siberia passed through it. Galich traded with Arkhangelsk, Vyatka and Moscow, and later with St. Petersburg. From here there was trade in furs with Western Europe and Asia. From time immemorial people were engaged in fishing in Galich. The lake was home to ruffs, pike and bream, which were supplied in huge quantities to Kostroma and Moscow. This fishery was so important and profitable that it was regulated by various government charters and decrees. Fishermen gathered in artels and paid rent to the treasury. Over time, a special Rybnaya Sloboda arose in the city, the first mention of which dates back to 1626, but it existed much earlier. This fishery existed for centuries and retained its economic importance until the beginning of the Great Patriotic War.
Another trade that made Galich famous was leather production. Here they made suede from reindeer skins, which were brought from the North, and tanned the leather for boots and soles. This trade was ancient and over time it developed and strengthened so much that several fur and leather factories later appeared in small Galich. Galich was also famous for its masons. Here, very early on, bricks for construction began to be produced, and iron was smelted from local swamp ores.
There were 10 monasteries in medieval Galich and its immediate surroundings. Among them, the most ancient and significant were Spassky (1335), Paisiev Uspensky (Nikolaevsky) 1.5 versts from the city (mid-14th century), Avraamiev Zaozersky - one of the four monasteries founded by Abraham Chukhlomsky (14th century), and Nikolaevsky Starotorzhsky Monastery (15th century), which stood near the ancient settlement on the way to Rybnaya Sloboda. Over time, some of them disappeared, some turned into parish churches, but until the revolution of 1917, the Starotorzhsky and Paisievsky Assumption monasteries retained their special significance. The memory of St. Paisios is still celebrated in the city every year on June 5th.
By decree of Peter I in 1709, Galich, together with other northeastern cities, went to the Arkhangelsk province, after the establishment of the Kostroma governorate in 1778, and then the Kostroma province became a district city and received its own coat of arms: in a scarlet field there is a military armature with an outer her with the cross of John the Baptist. Since that time, the appearance of the city has changed, as it began to be built up according to a new regular plan.

The Galich district was the most noble in the entire province. Before the revolution there were about 300 estates here. Along Lake Galich and along the Veksa River, the estates ran one after another at a distance of no more than three kilometers. Many of them gradually passed into the hands of merchants and industrialists, rich peasants, but some, until the very end, retained the role of ancestral noble nests, given to their ancestors “for the great siege,” that is, for serving Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov during the Time of Troubles. Until the beginning of the 17th century. Most of the Galich lands were “black”, and the peasants did not know serf labor. After the Time of Troubles, many noble boyars received huge land holdings here. The Nelidovs, for example, owned dozens of estates and many hundreds of serfs. The Morozovs, Urusovs, Mstislavskys, Sheremetevs, Lermontovs, Katenins had large estates here. Over time, most of the estates became smaller and new owners appeared in them.Among the Galich nobility there were many people whose names left a significant mark on Russian history. In the Bogorodskoye estate, a few kilometers from Galich, lived Pavel Petrovich Svinin, a Russian writer and historian, publisher of the journal Otechestvennye zapiski. The famous writer A.O. Ablesimov came from a poor noble family. The fates of the writer Yu.N.Bartenev, the architect N.G.Bartenev, the names of the Decembrists Shcherbatov, Volkonsky, von Mengden and others are connected with this region. Many heroes of the War of 1812, Russian officers, and sailors are buried in Galich cemeteries.
Contemporaries noted that “Galich was famous for its capitalists, who carried on quite extensive trade with both capitals and the northern ports of the state. In 1812, there were 140 capitalists in Galich. Galich merchants sold large quantities to St. Petersburg, Moscow, Arkhangelsk and the Nizhny Novgorod fair: oil, lard, leather goods, and mushrooms, and received: wine, tea, sugar, cloth, calico and other necessities and luxuries...".
In the 1st half of the 19th century. Industrial enterprises appear in the city. In 1845, Galich merchants Vakorin and Redkin created a fur factory for processing squirrel skins, in 1852 the same Vakorin opened a factory for processing fox skins, and in 1854 - a glove factory.
Galich, like many cities of the forest Trans-Volga region, until the beginning of the 20th century. lay away from the railways. The opening of the railway revived Galich and its industrial development. The famous Russian book publisher Ivan Sytin, a native of the Kostroma region, especially advocated for the construction of the railway, believing that it was the railway that would help Galich turn into a large industrial center. At the beginning of the 20th century. in Galich there were four tanneries, the Arkhangelsk brewery, the Gromov distillery, three brick factories, a state-owned wine warehouse and other enterprises. Author of the description of Galich at the beginning of the 20th century. notes that “...among the impoverished neighboring counties: Chukhloma, Soligalich, Kologriv, Galich is the main center of production and trade. These counties are so closely connected with Galich that wholesale purchases necessary for trade are carried out here.”

After the revolution of 1917, Galich continued to develop as one of the region's major industrial centers. Based on pre-revolutionary enterprises and those created in the 1920-30s. Many modern industrial enterprises of the city arose from production cooperatives. In the post-war period, sewing and furniture factories and a metal products factory emerged; in 1961, the first Galich excavator was produced. Currently, the city of Galich is the center of the Galichsky district of the Kostroma region with a population of 19.2 thousand people. The largest enterprise in the city is the Galich Truck Crane Plant, which produces truck cranes and manipulators for the forestry industry. The Galich tannery, the Obuvshchik enterprise, and the Galich brick factory are also known. The city has several forestry and wood processing enterprises, a large poultry farm, a creamery, a distillery and others. This is one of the large cultural centers of the region, there is a Center for Culture and Leisure, a local history museum, art, music and sports schools, a pedagogical school, a state farm technical school, a vocational lyceum and a technical school.

From the notes of Avdotya Stepanovna Gulpinskaya. Gulpino estate, 1854

In the forested, most remote, northern part of Buevsky district, far from cities, in the Korezhskaya volost, named after the Korega River, in the villages of Kalinyevo, Dudin, Lemekhov, Golyavino, Kashkarov, Koshelev and many others, poor nobles live. These noble villages, or “estates,” as they are called, consist of two, three, or even six houses. There are no peasant households at all. Most of the houses are almost no different from peasant huts; only across the entryway there are gorenki, where nobles treat their guests on holidays. There are also decent houses with several neat and bright rooms. In these estates live noblemen of good families, for example: the Sologubovs, Nelidovs, Frenyevs, Putilovs, Travins, the princes of Synborovsky, who, however, have lost their principality since time immemorial, were the princes of Meshchersky and others.
They call themselves not by their last names, but by their estates. When a poor noblewoman, for example, Polypikova from Lemekhov or Grishina from Golyavin, comes to visit a rich neighbor, she orders herself to be reported as follows: “Lemekhovskaya Marya Nikitishna or Golyavinskaya Avdotya Petrovna has come.” Anyone who has a family or two (they call their ancestral serfs families) will never take up work, but lives with folded hands and says: “I am a master.” He who does not have a family, inevitably works himself: he plows, and mows, and chops wood. Having no means of education, they have become so coarse that it is a pity to look at them, but for all that they are proud and touchy. God forbid if in church the courtyard servant comes to the cross before the lady! If in winter you meet a gentleman in a light log, one horse, he will never give way: “I am a master myself; you have half the road, and I have the other!” It is a rare gentleman who lives in harmony with his wife. Returning from a drinking party with a neighbor, the master will almost always beat his wife, sometimes with a log. Poor ladies, as they are called, submit to their difficult lot and live in complete slavery. In the morning, after a noisy feast, the ladies, going to the river with buckets, ask each other:

- What is yours, did you come humble?

- Which! The adversary brought it in.

- And God has had mercy on me. I hid myself, but I heard: “I really won’t kill you, Katya, come out!” - and soon calmed down.

“Oh, my dears,” says the third lady with tears, “Do you know what my enemy did yesterday?” After all, he chopped up my new yellow cotton dress with an axe, and yet I took it for forty kopecks in banknotes from the mesheshnik.

(Gotovtseva M. Life and life on Koreg: Notes of Avdotya Stepanovna Gulpinskaya // Provincial House. Kostroma, 1996. No. 3. P. 53-54).

URBAN PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE

Galich - one of the most significant and picturesque historical cities in the region - is located 124 km northeast of Kostroma. It descends like an amphitheater along a steep slope to Lake Galich and stretches along it in a narrow strip. The city is distinguished not only by the integrity of its historical buildings, dating mainly to the 19th - early 20th centuries, but also by the good preservation of elements of the pre-regular planning structure of the era of Ancient Rus'.
Remains of the first Galich fortress from the mid-12th century. located north of the central part of the modern city, at the foot of Balchug Hill, also called Shemyakina Mountain. Closely adjacent to it is a second fortress from the late 14th - early 15th centuries. on top of the hill. Both fortresses had independent fortification systems, ditches and ramparts on which wooden walls rose. Additional protection was provided by natural ravines and a lake, along which a high wooden wall ran. Adjacent to the fortress from the side of the settlement was a trading market, which later received the name of the old trading market, hence the name of the one that arose here at the end of the 15th century. monastery - Starotorzhsky. The third city fortress, built in the 2nd half of the 15th century, is located much further south, on a flat coastal plain in a bend of the Keshma River. It was a platform surrounded by powerful earthen ramparts more than 5 meters high and ditches, and had wooden fortifications with 12 towers. In 1635, inside the fortress there were: the governor’s house, 6 monastic, 66 boyar and noble courtyards and 30 empty courtyards. On the settlement surrounding the fortress, there were another 95 courtyards and a vast trading area, to the north of the fortress, with many barns, taverns and shops, which stood in rows that had their own names: large, bread and kalash, pot, meat, fish, mitten and other. The settlement also housed forges, wax smelters, and mills. In the process of reconstructing the city on a regular basis, three fortresses became key elements of the layout of Galich, playing the same active role in it as the city’s temples, most of which were built in the pre-regular period.

Epiphany, 1680s (Podbelskogo St., 1)

The oldest surviving stone Galich church is the Church of the Epiphany (Podbelskogo St., 1), built in the 1680s. near the shopping area near the walls of the third fortress. In 1758, another (summer) Epiphany Church with a bell tower was built next to it, the volumetric composition of which brought it closer to the churches of Veliky Ustyug of the 18th century, and the unusual decorative decoration gravitated towards the forms of the 17th century. In the 2nd third of the 19th century. to the south of the temples, in the church fence, a one-story stone almshouse was built (Podbelsky St., 1 a). In the 1930s. The summer church was destroyed, and the end of the winter church was broken, new openings were made, since the building “was used for economic needs. During the restoration work of 1982-88, carried out by the Kostroma Restoration Workshop, the Church of the Epiphany was returned to its original forms. The facade decoration of this two-story, five-domed temple with a one-story refectory on the west is typical of the 17th century. - semicircular kokoshniks to complete the facades, various window frames, profiled cornices, semi-columns and other elements.

Church of the Epiphany. Fragment of the facade

In the 18th century In Galich and its environs, a unique local type of stone temple structure took shape and developed. Examples of churches that have survived to this day include Smolenskaya (Dolmatova St., 25), Tsarekonstantinovskaya (Krasnoarmeyskaya St., 10), Vasilyevskaya (Sverdlova St., 20) churches. At the end of the 18th century. There were 11 churches in Galich; of the several monasteries that existed before that time, only one has survived - Nikolsky Starotorzhsky. At this time, the first stone Epiphany Church began to be built there (not preserved). In its current form, the architectural ensemble of the monastery took shape in the 2nd quarter of the 19th - early 20th centuries, during a period of intensive stone construction, when the monumental Trinity Cathedral was erected in the classicist style with a large central drum carrying a dome (1839-59); one- and two-story cell buildings and service buildings located along the perimeter of the courtyard, among which the building from 1903 (architect N.I. Gorlitsyn) stands out with its elegant facade decoration in the Russian style; a brick fence with towers (only one north-western one has survived) and a three-tiered hipped bell tower in eclectic forms with the Holy Gate in the lower tier (1892-94, the upper tiers were lost).

Map of historical places and monuments of Galich. - 1. 1st city fortress (Lower settlement). 2. 2nd city fortress (Upper Settlement). 3. 3rd city fortress and Preobrazhensky and Blagoveshchensky cathedrals. 4. Rybnaya Sloboda with the churches of St. Basil the Great and the Introduction. 5. Shoksha. 6. St. Nicholas Starotorzhsky Monastery. 7. Central square with a guest courtyard. 8. Church of the Epiphany. 9. Residential house. 10. Theological school.

The general plan of the city, approved in 1781, largely followed the existing layout, thanks to which Galich retained its picturesqueness and integral connection with the landscape, inherent in ancient Russian cities. Work on the general plan of Galich continued for a number of years. At the first stages, the main place in the planning was given to a vast central square, located on the site of an ancient trade near the walls of the third fortress. On the general plan of 1780, it was a polygonal area in plan, from which radial streets fanned out. The main compositional axis of the plan was Proboynaya Street (now Lunacharsky), which ran along the shore of the lake, onto which small areas with parish churches located on them were “strung”.

Trinity Cathedral of the St. Nicholas Starotorzhsky Monastery, 1839-59.
View from Shemyakina Mountain (61 Lunacharskogo St.)

An additional compositional unit in the northern part of Galich was the Lower Settlement with the St. Nicholas Starotorzhsky Monastery located near it. It connected the northern outskirts of the city - Rybnaya Sloboda - with the central part.

Churches of the Presentation and St. Basil the Great, 2nd floor, 18th century. (Sverdlov St., 20)

On the confirmed plan of 1781. the number of radial streets decreased, the central square became rectangular, and was assigned the functions of an administrative and shopping center. Along the perimeter it was to be built up with stone buildings: in the eastern part - government buildings to accommodate government offices, in the northern and western parts - private ones with shops on the ground floor. On the territory of the third fortress, connected to the square by a bridge over the Keshma River, there was a city-wide cathedral. The urban areas south of the square were divided into rectangular blocks with the help of three longitudinal streets (one of which cut through the fortress) and three transverse ones. The prospects of the streets here were closed by temples, around which small squares were formed.
During further work on the general plan of Galich, which continued until the end of the 18th century, it was adjusted in accordance with the topography of the city and lost its ideal geometry. Compositional and functional accents were somewhat shifted towards the territory of the third fortress, which was reflected in the placement of county government offices here and the construction of an additional radial street extending from the fortress in the south-west direction. The square remained a shopping center with a stone guest courtyard located in its center. The implementation of the general plan was facilitated by the devastating fire of 1773, which destroyed most of the wooden buildings.
Further adjustments to the city's general plan took place already in the mid-19th century. The city grew significantly, new neighborhoods appeared to the south, east and west of the fortress. The bed of the Keshma River to the north-west of the fortress rampart was straightened and Tsarevskaya (Kostromskaya, now Lenin) street gained access to the square, becoming a busy city thoroughfare - the road to Kostroma began from there. Throughout the 19th century. On the main square and the territory of the fortress, the architectural ensemble of the center took shape - one of the most interesting urban planning ensembles of the Russian province. On the territory of the fortress next to the summer Transfiguration Cathedral of 1774 in 1808-15. The winter church of the Annunciation was erected.

Transfiguration Cathedral, 1774. Fragment of the facade. (Svobody St., 12)

The Transfiguration Cathedral, built under the influence of the architecture of Totma churches of the 18th century, despite the loss of its completion, the refectory and the bell tower, is of great interest for its unusual facade decor (curly finials made of hewn brick in the decoration of the windows). The Annunciation Cathedral is a monumental building in the style of late classicism with four-column Tuscan porticoes on all facades, originally ending with a five-domed structure (only the octagonal central chapter has survived). Near the cathedrals in the 1st half of the 19th century. two brick buildings of public places were built, which have survived to this day in a rebuilt form (merged in the 1950s). The zemstvo government was located in the two-story brick building located opposite from the Classical era.

Central square of Galich

On the square in the 1st third of the 19th century. A guest courtyard was built, consisting of four buildings in the Upper (at the foot of Poklonnaya Gora) and two buildings in the Lower Trading Rows.

Upper shopping arcades, 1820s.

The design of the Upper Rows was drawn up in 1820 by the Kostroma provincial architect N.I. Metlin, while the building of vegetable rows in Kostroma by the architect V.P. Stasov was taken as a model. After Metlin’s death in 1822, the project was corrected by P.I. Fursov, who replaced him as provincial architect, and in 1824 two incomplete squares of the Upper Rows were built, placed symmetrically relative to the compositional axis passing through the square perpendicular to the lake. Each of them consisted of a large U-shaped building with a passage in the center and a small L-shaped building, surrounded by galleries formed by a colonnade and pylons with arches.

Bottom rows, 1828-30. Portico

In 1828-30, probably according to the project of P.I. Fursov, rectangular in plan buildings of the Lower Rows were built, also located symmetrically relative to the compositional axis.
Throughout the 19th century. the central square was built up with representative public buildings and residential buildings, which also combined a public function - they housed shops, taverns, etc.

Residential house, beginning 19th century (Ledneva st., 2/11)

In the 1st half of the 19th century. two large buildings in the classicist style anchored the eastern border of the square: a two-story residential building with a mezzanine, decorated with a four-column portico (Ledneva St., 2), and the building of city government offices (Ledneva St., 1). In the southern part of the square, where two streets exit onto it, in the 1st quarter of the 19th century. Palilov's two-story house with a mezzanine was built (1 Svobody Street). The corner location of the house determined its complex spatial and planning solution.
Residential buildings also play a large role in the development of the initial section of Svoboda Street within the boundaries of the fortress. Built mainly in the 1st half of the 19th century. using exemplary projects, their architectural and artistic qualities differ significantly from the residential buildings of that time in other historical cities of the region. In the 2nd half of the 19th century. The ensemble of the square was supplemented by the fire tower building (Revolution Square, 7), located at the foot of Poklonnaya Gora. The expressive silhouette of this brick building with a wooden sentry post enriched the architectural landscape of Galich. A number of public and residential buildings were built on the square in the late 19th - early 20th centuries: the three-story building of the Gromov Hotel in eclectic forms, facing the square with its end (Svobody St., 2), the Zhilina house with shops on the lower floor (Kooperativnaya St. , 2), etc.

Theological school, 1st quarter. 19th century (Svobody St., 6)

Of all the streets of Galich, the most representative development was given to Uspenskaya (Svobody) and Proboynaya (Lunacharsky) - the two main thoroughfares of the city, connecting at the central square. In the neighborhoods closest to the center, their buildings are represented by two-story brick houses from the Classical era, built according to exemplary designs.

Residential house, con. 19th century Fragment of the facade (Gagarina St., 39)

Other streets are built up largely with wooden or half-stone one- and two-story houses of the 2nd half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. In the stone and wooden buildings of Galich during the eclectic period, classicist motifs predominate; a significant mark, especially in the wooden buildings of the city, was left by the Russian style.

Residential house, con. 19th century Fragment of the facade (Podbelskogo St., 19)

Residential house, con. 19th century Window casing (40 Lunacharskogo St.)

The Art Nouveau style is represented by isolated but expressive examples: the wooden and half-stone mansions of the Kalikin merchants (49 Svoboda St., 18 Lunacharsky St.), the Zhilina house with shops on the ground floor (2 Kooperativnaya St.).

Kalikin's house, beginning 20th century (Svobody St., 49)

At the beginning of the 20th century. the city again expanded its territory. To the south of the city limits, in connection with the construction of the railway, a station complex arose with a wooden station in simplified Art Nouveau forms, service buildings and a residential village for employees (Kasatkina Street). In the mountainous part of the city, on free territory, a large complex of state-owned wine warehouses is being built (Zavodskaya St., 12), and soon a workers’ settlement begins to form next to it. The urban area extends even more to the north, towards the village of Shokshe, located at the confluence of the river of the same name into Lake Galich. Since the late 1880s. Shoksha, in connection with the reconstruction of the tannery of the Kalikin brothers that had long existed here (Zavodskaya embankment, 10), began to be intensively built up not only with industrial buildings, but also with residential and public buildings (school, almshouse, etc.). During Soviet times, Shoksha was annexed to the city (1973). During the Soviet period, industrial and housing construction was carried out mainly on the outskirts of the city, with little impact on its historical part.
The city grew especially rapidly in the post-war period; new streets appeared, lined with one-story private houses or two-story houses with 8-12 apartments. An excavator factory settlement emerges, where first two-story brick and then five-story comfortable residential buildings are built. Several administrative and public buildings were built on the central square. Of these, the building of the city committee of the CPSU (now the district court - Revolution Square, 27 a) successfully fits into the architectural ensemble of the center. A great loss for the architectural appearance of Galich is the destruction of most of the religious buildings. Many surviving temples have lost their finishings and bell towers, which greatly impoverishes the panorama of the city.

ARCHITECTURAL ENSEMBLE OF THE ASSUMPTION PAISIEV MONASTERY

One of the oldest in the Kostroma region, the Assumption Paisiev Monastery is located on a high hill near Galich, in the former Uspenskaya Sloboda (now within the city limits - Uspenskaya St., 11).
It is clearly visible from the central part of the city (one of its main streets - Svoboda (formerly Uspenskaya) - is oriented towards it). In its current form, the ensemble was formed in the 17th-19th centuries. Around 1642, at the expense of boyar A.M. Lvov, the first stone building of the monastery was built - Uspensky cathedral. Soon another stone warm Trinity Church was built in the complex with the monastery refectory. At the end of the 18th century, the abbot's cells with a brick first and wooden second floors were built, which were rebuilt in the 19th century (now ruined in 1837-39). On the site of the southern porch of the cathedral, the chapel of St. Paisius was erected; at the end of the 19th century, other residential and utility buildings, as well as the brick fence with the Holy Gate, were not preserved. The Kostroma restoration workshop carried out conservation work.

Assumption Paisiev Monastery. Assumption Cathedral, 1640s. (Uspenskaya st., 11)

In 1989-93 The research design workshop of the association "Soyuzrestavratsiya" carried out research on the monastery complex and drew up a project for the restoration of the Assumption Cathedral (architect O.V. Pankratova); currently, restoration work is underway in the monastery, which has been revived since 1993. The central core of the ensemble is the Assumption Cathedral with an original design and planning solution, which played an important role in the formation of the distinctive features of the Kostroma architectural school of the 17th century. This is a two-pillar, five-domed, three-apse church with a chapel of St. Pachomius on the south, a porch on the west, and a hipped bell tower placed near the southwestern corner. The decoration of the building's facades is strict and concise. To the south of the cathedral is the Trinity Church with a refectory in its western part. Above the elevated central part, which had a number of false zakomaras at the end of the laconically designed facades, rose the now lost unusual three-domed crown of the temple. To the west of the temples there is an L-shaped rectory building, of which only the walls of the first floor have now been preserved, and to the north-west of it there is a cell building, the restrained nature of the forms of which organically includes it in the ensemble.

MUSEUM

The Galich Museum of Local Lore was opened on March 12, 1922. Work on collecting items for it back in 1918, at the request of the chairman of the Kostroma Scientific Society for the Study of the Local Region, a prominent Kostroma archaeologist, historian, local historian V.I. Smirnov, began to organize its young student I.V. Yablokov. With practically no money, he made multi-mile tours of ruined estates, examined closed churches and monasteries, and took out everything that was possible from there to the museum. It was thanks to him that the collections included books, documents, antiques, weapons, furniture, portraits depicting not only the owners of the estates, but also the courtyards. He caught a cold and died in 1924. The subsequent history of the museum is full of drama. Officially, it belonged to the Galich branch of the Kostroma Scientific Society, whose chairman was teacher V.V. Kastorsky, and V.I. Smirnov persuaded Kostroma resident T.V. Samoilova to accept the museum. However, not finding support in the city for her efforts to organize a museum, she was forced to leave, and another young student of V.I. Smirnov, P.A. Tsarev, was sent to Galich. He also complained about “the complete lack of support, initiative, any boldness - and this despite such financial opportunities.” However, after some time, P.A. Tsarev managed to awaken interest in local history work among the Galicians, and antiquities lover K.V. Palilov wrote to V.I. Smirnov: “Since the appearance of P.A. Tsarev in Galicia, our Museum and Department of Local History have positively and definitely revived. Having been in a lethargic state for a long time, now it’s as if he has resurrected - blossomed!.. And all this, dear Vasily Ivanovich, happened thanks to your art of choosing people worthy for the cause.”
Initially, the museum was located in the wing of the school, and in 1927 it moved to a stone building on Svoboda Street. A special section of the exhibition was dedicated to the county town. Along with this, historical-everyday, ethnographic, ancient Russian, natural history, prehistoric, historical-revolutionary, industrial-economic were discovered. They represented everything that ancient Galich is famous for - objects that told about the originality of its nature and history, representing the unique life of Rybnaya Sloboda, the unique costumes of Galician women.
The persecution that local historians suffered in the late 1920s also affected Galich. The exhibitions were subordinated to the general party scheme, and the main thing there was not originality, the “spirit of the place,” but the theory of formations. In 1930, the museum moved to a new, larger premises on the second floor of the former mansion of the mayor of the merchant I.M. Neshpanov (Lunacharsky St., 11), but local history research was curtailed, documents telling the history of museum objects were lost. Only recently have researchers begun to unravel the fate of collections and individual items.
In 1984, after restoration, the 17th century Church of the Epiphany was transferred to the museum for local history exhibition. in the city center, and in 1993 the nearby building of the former shops of the merchant Neshpanov, adapted in 1918-20. to locate the first power plant in the city (Podbelskogo St., 1). This made it possible to build nature and history departments and regularly change exhibitions. But in 2002, the temple was handed over to believers, and the museum was given both floors of house No. 11 on Lunacharsky Street, which is currently being restored. We can only hope that over time, Galicians and guests of the city will be able to appreciate the museum collection of one of the oldest cities in the Kostroma region.

Literature:
Sytin S. The ancient city of Galich, Kostroma province. M., 1905.
Nekrasov A.I. Antiquities of Galich Kostroma. Kostroma, 1926.
Tsarev P.A. Brief description of the Galich Museum of the local region. Galich, 1929.
Abaturov K., Ozerov A., Ryzhkov A. Galich. Yaroslavl, 1939.
Belov L., Kastorsky V., Sokolov N. Galich. Kostroma, 1959.
Tits A.A. On the land of ancient Galich. M., 1971. P. 7-50.
Belov L., Zubova V., Kastorsky V., Sokolov N., Shchegolev N. Galich. Yaroslavl, 1983.
Archeology of the Kostroma region. Kostroma, 1997. pp. 227-232.
Provincial house. Kostroma, 2000. No. 2.
Architectural monuments of the Kostroma region. Vol. 3: Galich and Galich districtn. Kostroma, 2001.