How to do punctuation analysis of a sentence. What is punctuation parsing? Teacher's explanations, samples and examples of analysis

Punctuation analysis is one of the oral reviews of lessons. This is a test of knowledge of the rules and regulations of punctuation marks. Analysis, by analogy with others, has an order. The complexity depends on intonation features, the number of grammatical bases, and ways of expressing minor members. Let's see how do punctuation analysis of a sentence.

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What is punctuation parsing

Punctuation analysis is carried out according to a certain algorithm, but you should start with an understanding of the differences between analyzes that are similar in content:

• punctuation;
• syntactic;
• graphic.

Punctuation studies rules for arranging punctuation symbols in the Russian language. A generally accepted scientific concept is punctuation marks.

Syntax looks inside the semantic unit of the text and involves parsing it into major and minor members. Two branches of linguistics, syntax and punctuation, do not exist separately.

You can understand why there is a period or a comma only by understanding the structure of the syntactic structure. Graphic analysis shows how words, members of a sentence, their type and method of expression are related to each other.

Performing punctuation parsing is built on the basis of the assignment. Options for tasks that occur more often:

1. Parsing the finished text with the signs already placed.
2. Explanation of their setting.

Difficulties arise in any variant. Sometimes a task is added: draw a diagram. It helps you spot errors: missing or extra commas. The order of punctuation analysis:

1. Number each punctuation character.
2. Find a rule that explains the placement of a sign at the end of a sentence.
3. Explain the sign that combines parts if you are parsing a complex sentence (SP).
4. Find rules for symbols inside a simple sentence (SS).

Punctuation of the end of a speech unit

Punctuation marks that complete the semantic unit of the Russian language, depends on the type of statement:

• narration;
• question;
• exclamation;
• understatement.

In a narrative statement, simple or complex, there is a period at the end. In case of reticence, incompleteness of thoughts, understatement - ellipsis. Questions require posing an interrogative?. When an emotional background appears in speech – ! exclamations.

Punctuation at the end of a sentence can be combined:

• ? — !;
• ? — …;
• ! — …

Such variants and combinations are more often found in poetic works and artistic tests.

Punctograms PP and SP

In a simple speech construction there are various signs. You can consider the basic rules for setting them up.

The dash should be placed:

1. Between the main members, when they are expressed by one independent part of speech: nouns (in Im.pad.), cardinal numerals.
2. Between the subject and the predicate, when one member of the sentence is an indefinite form, and the other is a noun (in Im.pad.).
3. Before the index fingers: this, here.
4. Between the subject (noun) and the predicate (cardinal number). And vice versa.

Attention! A dash occurs in incomplete constructions when one of the main members is missing. The missing word can be mentally pronounced from the understanding of the first part.

Punctuation in the presence of homogeneous members

Commas are required:

• between homogeneous words, if they are listed without conjunctions.
• before adversative conjunctions;
• with repeated conjunctions (after each homogeneous part).
• pair connection (between pairs).
• before the second part of the double conjunctions.

There is no need to put commas, if homogeneous concepts are connected by meaning, are an integral expression, or with the following construction:

• [Ο yes (= "and") Ο].
• [Ο and Ο].

Semicolon; is necessary if the homogeneous members are not single words, but common ones, already separated inside by commas.

Sometimes a generalizing concept appears before homogeneous enumerations; then, in addition to commas, you will need to put a colon or a dash, both symbols. You can see in the diagrams how they should be installed:

• [Θ: Ο, Ο, Ο].
• [Ο, Ο, Ο - Θ].
• [Ο, Ο, Ο, Ο, Ο - in a word, Θ].
• [Θ: and Ο, and Ο, and Ο - ...].

Highlighting direct speech in writing

A special spelling of the Russian language is adopted for formatting of the speaker's speech. Direct speech is one of the difficult topics. There is a combination of several symbols: quotation marks, colons, commas, periods and others used to complete speech constructions. It all depends on the place of direct speech (P) in relation to the words of the author (A, a):

1. At the beginning: A: “P!”; A: “P?”; A: "P".
2. At the end: “P” - a.; "P!" - A.; "P?" - A.
3. In the center: “P, – a, – p.”

The use of quotations in written speech follows the rules established for direct speech.

Punctograms of the Russian language

The most common punctuation symbol in Russian linguistics is the comma. What rules will have to be explained during punctuation analysis:

• isolation of minor members: additions, definitions, applications, circumstances;
• clarifying members;
• highlighting comparisons and phrases;
• constructions with the conjunction “how”;
• addresses, introductory words, interjection expressions.

Punctuation analysis a complex expression begins with a clarification of the form:

• coordinating connection of parts;
• subordinate;
• without the help of unions.

Punctuation analysis of a sentence diagram and example

[Pierre, 1 (who knew) 2 that she was very stupid, 3 with a strange feeling of bewilderment and fear, sometimes attended her evenings and dinners, 4 where politics, 5 poetry and 6 philosophy were discussed.7]. (L. Tolstoy)

Explanation of the rules for placing signs complex sentence:

7 – Point. The purpose of the statement is narrative, non-exclamatory in intonation and represents a complete thought. The explanation excludes the possibility of others: ?, …, !

1,2 – a comma connects parts of a complex structure: type – complex. Three subordinate clauses: who knew that she was very stupid, where it was said.

1 – a comma separates the subordinate clause “who knew”.

2 – completes the subordinate clause.

3 – continuation of the main main part.

4 – beginning of the third subordinate clause.

5- comma for homogeneous additions “about politics, poetry and philosophy.”

6 – no emphasis required: there is a conjunction “and”.

[But before, in all acts of self-sacrifice, she joyfully realized 1 that she, 2 sacrificing herself, 3 thereby raised her worth in the eyes of herself and others and became more worthy of Nicolas, 4 (whom she loved most in life); 5 but now her sacrifice had to consist in 6 giving up that 7 which for her was the whole reward of the sacrifice, 8 the whole meaning of life]. 9 (L. Tolstoy)

A period is the end of a declarative sentence.

The beginning of the subordinate clause. There are 4 subordinate clauses in total.

2, 3. Participial phrase.

3.Continuation of the subordinate clause.

Beginning of the second clause.

5. Semicolon. A combination of two sentences, the first part of which has a large number of punctuation marks.

The beginning of the subordinate clause.

The beginning and end of the subordinate clause.

Clarification.

Attention! An example analysis shows that one sign can be explained by several rules, but some of them are applied only under one specific condition.

The order of punctuation analysis of a simple sentence

You can perform punctuation parsing as follows:

The student loved all academic subjects: 1 mathematics, 2 literature, 3 history.4

Explanation:

4 – Point. The statement is narrative.

1 – Colon. A generalizing phrase comes before a group of homogeneous complements.

2-3 – Commas. Homogeneous additions are connected using intonation, without conjunctions.

Sample analysis plan:

1. Write out a proposal.
2. Explain the ending sign.
3. Find and highlight the grammatical basis.
4. Explain the reasons for setting the symbols.
5. Make a diagram.

How to disassemble complex design:

1. Write out a proposal.
2. Explain the final sign.
3. Highlight grammatical basics.
4. Explain the reasons for the need for signs between parts.
5. Explain each sign in the PP.
6. Create a graphic diagram.

Examples of how to do punctuation analysis of a sentence:

I rang the bell, 1 the door opened, 2 but no one was visible behind it.3

Explanations:

3 – Period, narrative sentence.

1 – comma between PP.

2 – comma before the adversative conjunction “but”, between two simple ones.

The teacher gave instructions to Andrey, 1 because he was sure 2 that he could do such a thing, 3 he would do an excellent job 4 and 4 present the result, 5 without violating the deadlines. 6

6 is a period, because the purpose of the statement is storytelling.

1 – beginning of the first subordinate clause.

2 - the beginning of the second subordinate clause.

3 – differentiation of homogeneous subordinate clauses.

4 – signs are not needed, homogeneous predicates are connected by the conjunction “and”.

Example of punctuation analysis of a sentence

Punctuation, what it is, how to do punctuation work

Conclusion

Punctuation analysis requires knowledge of the rules and the ability to see the structure of the text. Each character needs to be explained from the position of the structure of the speech unit. What does it mean to perform punctuation analysis? Explain to yourself and the examiner the correctness of the choice of punctogram.

In studying punctuation analysis, it is important to highlight the basic principles:

• search for grammatical basis;
• search for participial or adverbial phrases;
• search for introductory structures.

We suggest you familiarize yourself with the main steps in the algorithm for punctuation parsing a sentence:

• First of all, you need to pay attention to the punctuation mark at the end of the sentence. By whether there is a period, a question mark or an ellipsis at the end of a sentence, the reader determines the emotional coloring of the statement. It is necessary that the student can explain in detail and clearly why this particular punctuation mark was chosen.
• The next step is to determine the construction of the sentence. The number of punctuation marks depends on whether the sentence in front of us is simple or complex. In order for students to easily distinguish a simple sentence from a complex one, they must be able to independently determine not only the grammatical basis of the sentence, but also the type of subordinate clause.
• Next, you should analyze the functions of each punctuation mark; We remind you that they can be dividing and highlighting.

Students should understand the difference in the use of separators and emphases.

TO distinguishing signs should include dashes, colons, commas, quotation marks and parentheses. With their help, isolations, definitions and generalizations, etc. are highlighted.

TO separators include comma, semicolon, dash, colon. Signs are intended to separate homogeneous members of a sentence, parts of a complex sentence, etc.

• Immediately before punctuation analysis, teachers recommend analyzing the sentence by composition with the obligatory highlighting of the grammatical basis, homogeneous parts of the sentence, definitions and circumstances.
• A graphical diagram of a sentence, compiled on the basis of analysis of the sentence by composition, will significantly simplify punctuation analysis.
• The final point is punctuation analysis.

Examples

We propose to consolidate the information received in practice. Students need to have an accurate understanding of what the teacher is asking of them, so it is important to provide them with a sample review.

Example 1

[A trapezoid of sunlight was pushed into the opening of the half-open window], 1 (the upper corner of which touched the edge of the mirror cabinet).(D. Rubina)

• Grammar basics: trapezoid pushed in, angle touched.
• The main clause and subordinate clause are separated by a comma.

[The boys looked at each other and, 1 |without taking their eyes off me|, 2 began to slowly and carefully back away]. (K. Paustovsky)

• Grammar basis: the boys looked at each other and began to back away.
• There is a period at the end of the sentence because the sentence is declarative and represents a complete statement.
• The participial phrase is highlighted in the sentence with two commas.

|Straining and turning purple|, 1 (the sun plopped down behind the village cemetery), 2 (and after me the blue twilight swirled across the brushwood). (M. Sholokhov)

• Grammar basics: the sun flopped down, twilight swirled.
• There is a period at the end of the sentence because the sentence is declarative and represents a complete statement.
• There are two punctuation marks in the sentence. In the first case, a comma separates two homogeneous gerunds, and in the second case, a comma separates parts of a complex sentence.

It is worth summing up. If a student is able to remember this simple algorithm, then he will master the punctuation parsing of a sentence to perfection.

What is punctuation analysis and how to do it, believe me, very urgently!?

1. 
   
   

   
   

2. Perform punctuation analysis - this means explaining the punctogram (graphically + analysis).
   An example of parsing a sentence according to the model adopted in school practice:
   1. Write a sentence, underline the paragraph.
   2. Briefly formulate the punctuation rule for this case (for this you should perform graphic work characteristic of a punctogram: emphasize grammatical basics, highlight a number of homogeneous parts of the sentence, etc.)
   3. Draw an outline of the sentence, including a non-graphic indication of the need for punctuation (or absence).

   By nature shy and timid, she (subject) was annoyed (predicate) with her shyness.

   Scheme: / isolated definition /, subject predicate.
   Characteristics: simple, complicated by a separate definition related to the personal pronoun.

3. Thank you
4. Perform punctuation analysis - this means explaining the punctogram (graphically + analysis).
   An example of parsing a sentence according to the model adopted in school practice:
   1. Write a sentence, underline the paragraph.
   2. Briefly formulate the punctuation rule for this case (for this you should perform graphic work characteristic of a punctogram: emphasize grammatical basics, highlight a number of homogeneous parts of the sentence, etc.)
   3. Draw an outline of the sentence, including a non-graphic indication of the need for punctuation (or absence).

   By nature shy and timid, she (subject) was annoyed (predicate) with her shyness.

   Scheme: / isolated definition /, subject predicate.
   Characteristics: simple, complicated by a separate definition related to the personal pronoun.

5. 
   

   Explanation of punctuation marks

   10 a comma separates a separate definition, expressed by a participial phrase and standing after the word being defined

6. Punctuation analysis of a sentence
   Sentence punctuation scheme
   1. Name and explain the punctogram at the end of a sentence (period, question mark, exclamation mark, ellipsis, combination of characters).

   2. Name and explain punctograms at the level of a complex sentence (punctuation marks between simple sentences within a complex sentence).

   3. Name and explain punctograms at the level of a simple sentence.
   Sample punctuation analysis of a sentence

   Having asked (which one is more quiet), Pierre climbed onto the horse, grabbed the mane, 4 pressed the heels of his inverted legs to the horse’s belly and, 5 feeling (that his glasses were falling off) and (that he was unable to take his hands off the mane and reins), galloped after the general, 9 exciting the smiles of the staff ^ who were looking at him from the mound. (L. Tolstoy)

   Explanation of punctuation marks

   1. Period at the end of the sentence; a period is placed at the end of the sentence, since it is a declarative, non-exclamatory sentence that contains a complete message.

   2. Punctuation marks between parts of a complex sentence; This is a complex sentence with three subordinate clauses:

   1 and 2 commas highlight the subordinate clause within the main one;

   6 and 8 commas highlight subordinate clauses within the main clause;

   7, a comma is not placed, because homogeneous subordinate clauses are connected by a single connecting conjunction and;

   3. Punctuation marks between similar parts of a sentence; separation of circumstances and definitions:

   3 and 4 commas separate homogeneous predicates connected without a union;

   5, a comma separates a separate circumstance expressed by a single gerund;

   9, a comma separates a separate circumstance expressed by an adverbial phrase;

7. Punctuation analysis - explanation of the conditions for placing punctuation marks.
   (grammatical, semantic...)
8. I don't know
9. Perform punctuation analysis - this means explaining the punctogram (graphically + analysis).
   An example of parsing a sentence according to the model adopted in school practice:
   1. Write a sentence, underline the paragraph.
   2. Briefly formulate the punctuation rule for this case (for this you should perform graphic work characteristic of a punctogram: emphasize grammatical basics, highlight a number of homogeneous parts of the sentence, etc.)
   3. Draw an outline of the sentence, including a non-graphic indication of the need for punctuation (or absence).

   By nature shy and timid, she (subject) was annoyed (predicate) with her shyness.

   Scheme: / isolated definition /, subject predicate.
   Characteristics: simple, complicated by a separate definition related to the personal pronoun.

10. Sample punctuation analysis of a sentence

    Having asked (which one is more quiet), Pierre climbed onto the horse, grabbed the mane, 4 pressed the heels of his inverted legs to the horse’s belly and, 5 feeling (that his glasses were falling off) and (that he was unable to take his hands off the mane and reins), galloped after the general, 9 exciting the smiles of the staff ^ who were looking at him from the mound. (L. Tolstoy)

    Explanation of punctuation marks

    1. Period at the end of the sentence; a period is placed at the end of the sentence, since it is a declarative, non-exclamatory sentence that contains a complete message.

    2. Punctuation marks between parts of a complex sentence; This is a complex sentence with three subordinate clauses:

    1 and 2 commas highlight the subordinate clause within the main one;

    6 and 8 commas highlight subordinate clauses within the main clause;

    7, a comma is not placed, because homogeneous subordinate clauses are connected by a single connecting conjunction and;

    3. Punctuation marks between similar parts of a sentence; separation of circumstances and definitions:

    3 and 4 commas separate homogeneous predicates connected without a union;

    5, a comma separates a separate circumstance expressed by a single gerund;

    9, a comma separates a separate circumstance expressed by an adverbial phrase;

    10, a comma separates a separate definition, expressed by a participial phrase and standing after the word being defined.

11. I didn't understand a bit
12. Instructions
    1
    Start analyzing the sentence by explaining why a particular punctuation mark (period, exclamation point, question mark, ellipsis, etc.) was chosen at the end of the sentence. To do this, it is necessary to determine the purpose of the statement in the sentence and its emotional connotation.
    2
    If a sentence contains a complete message, then it is declarative. If something is asked, then the sentence is interrogative, and if there is an incentive to action, a request or order, then it is motivating. Exclamatory intonations require an exclamation point. When speech is interrupted by a pause or there is an understatement in it, then an ellipsis is added.
    3
    Next, determine whether the sentence structure is simple or complex. If the sentence is complex, find out how many parts it consists of and what is the connection between them - coordinating, subordinating, conjunction or non-conjunctive. This way you can explain the reason for choosing the characters that separate all these parts.
    4
    Analyze the functions of punctuation marks in a simple sentence or marks in each part of a complex sentence in turn. Find and explain the highlighting and separating signs in a sentence or its parts.
    5
    Emphasizing or emphasizing marks (comma, dash, colon, double signs - brackets, quotation marks) are used to highlight components that complicate a simple sentence. These are introductory words, phrases and sentences, addresses, homogeneous members of a sentence, separate definitions or applications, circumstances and additions, clarifying and explanatory members of a sentence.
    6
    Separating or dividing marks are used to separate homogeneous members of a sentence in a simple construction or to separate simple sentences in a complex one (comma, semicolon, dash, colon).
    7
    If the sentence contains direct speech, find and highlight the words of the author and, in fact, the direct speech itself, which can be in any position before the author’s words, after them, or interrupted by them. Remember that if direct speech occurs before or after the author's words, four punctuation marks are placed (to display the construction of direct speech). If direct speech is interrupted by the words of the author, the law of seven is observed, that is, seven punctuation marks in the display of direct speech.
    8
    To facilitate punctuation analysis of a sentence, complete its punctogram graphically. If your sentence contains several paragraphs, explain each of them separately.
    9
    Emphasize the grammatical basics, highlight homogeneous parts of the sentence. Draw an outline of the sentence, making a graphic designation of places where punctuation marks are necessary.
13. Perform punctuation analysis - this means explaining the punctogram (graphically + analysis).
    An example of parsing a sentence according to the model adopted in school practice:
    1. Write a sentence, underline the paragraph.
    2. Briefly formulate the punctuation rule for this case (for this you should perform graphic work characteristic of a punctogram: emphasize grammatical basics, highlight a number of homogeneous parts of the sentence, etc.)
    3. Draw an outline of the sentence, including a non-graphic indication of the need for punctuation (or absence).

    By nature shy and timid, she (subject) was annoyed (predicate) with her shyness.

    Scheme: / isolated definition /, subject predicate.
    Characteristics: simple, complicated by a separate definition related to the personal pronoun.

14. parse the proposal
15. pygakpgFCPA
16. It is necessary to explain why this or that punctuation mark is in this place
    For example: I drink. We need to explain why there is a dot there.
17. It will be easier and clearer to simply underline all commas and periods (exclamation mark! or question mark?).
    And that's it.

This task tests the ability to conduct punctuation analysis of a sentence complicated by introductory constructions. Introductory words are words or
combinations of words with which
the speaker expresses his attitude towards
what he says:
Of course, we didn’t count all the ducks that were shot.
got it. Vladimir, to the great
to Yermolai’s surprise, he didn’t shoot at all
Great. Ermolai shot, as always,
victorious. As usual, I -
Badly.

Introductory words have different meanings:

Varying degrees of confidence (more or less)

Message source

The order of thoughts and their connections

Notes on ways to formulate thoughts

An appeal to the interlocutor in order to attract his attention to what is being communicated

Introductory sentences are used in the same function as introductory words. Introductory sentences can be impersonal, vaguely personal

10. Pay attention!

11. Word however

12. Word however

13. The word is finally

14. The word in general

15. The word means

16.

17. Features of punctuation marks for introductory words.

18.

19.

20.

21. Punctuation marks in introductory sentences

22. Commas highlight introductory sentences in the following cases:

23. Commas highlight introductory sentences in the following cases:

24. Difference between introductory words and sentence members

25.

26. Place punctuation marks, indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas.

27. Place punctuation marks, indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas.

28. Place punctuation marks, indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas.

29. Place punctuation marks, indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas.

30. Place punctuation marks, indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas.

31. Place punctuation marks, indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas.

Punctuation analysis of a sentence is quite easy to do if you know the scheme and master the basic rules of grammar. Essentially, this language analysis is based on finding and explaining the use of certain punctuation marks using knowledge of syntax.

Parsing scheme

There are differences between the analysis of simple and complex sentences, but the algorithm of actions itself remains the same. To understand how to do punctuation analysis, you need to know in what order to carry it out.

1. Place numbers above all punctuation marks.
2. Explain the sign (punctuation) that comes at the end. This can be a period, exclamation point or question mark. Ellipses are used less frequently.
3. Analyze for the presence of commas or dashes. If the sentence is complex, talk about the use of punctograms, which together make up the construction.

How to do proper parsing

When you have all the numbers entered, we proceed directly to the analysis. To properly explain the use of a mark at the end of a sentence, you need to determine the purpose of the statement and its overall emotional tone. A period is added to show a complete thought. Such a sentence is called a narrative sentence. If the goal is to ask a question, there will definitely be a question mark at the end, and if this is an order or an incentive to action, an exclamation mark is placed after the last word, and the sentence itself is called an incentive. If the thought is not completed or requires a long pause, an ellipsis is added at the end.

We determine the construction of the sentence. To explain the choice of signs in a complex statement, determine how many parts it consists of and how they are related to each other. The connection can be coordinating, subordinating, conjunction or non-conjunction.

In simple sentences we explain the functions that this or that sign performs. Commas or dashes can be used to highlight inserted words or phrases, addresses, separate definitions and applications, as well as clarifying terms designed to attract the reader’s attention.

Also, a comma separates homogeneous members. The author's direct speech also requires commas and dashes.

At the end of the analysis, it is preferable to draw a diagram that graphically displays the places where certain punctuation marks are placed.

Let's give an example of parsing a complex sentence. Based on it, you can analyze the simple one.

Talk about the grammatical functions of signs.

Of course, (1) the modern Russian language is different from the one (2) spoken and written by Pushkin, (3) Gogol, (4) Karamzin and Turgenev. (6)

• 6 - a period at the end of a declarative sentence with a complete thought.
• 2 is a comma between parts of a complex sentence and separates the subordinate part from the main part.
• 1 - a comma separates the introductory word from the rest of the sentence.
• 3, 4 - signs separate homogeneous members, in this case the subjects, which are connected without union.

As we can see, it is quite easy to perform punctuation analysis of a sentence, but for this you need to be able to analyze the structure of the construction and explain the use of punctuation marks from a grammatical point of view. Therefore, it is worth studying not only the rules of writing, but also being able to divide words in a sentence into members.