What is an Appeal?
Appeal- this is a word or combination of words that names the person (less often the object) to whom the speech is addressed. Addresses are the proper names of people, the names of persons by degree of relationship, by position in society, by profession, occupation, position, rank, by nationality or age, by relationships between people, etc.; names or names of animals; names of objects or phenomena of inanimate nature, usually personified in this case;
geographical names, etc. Don’t sing, mower, about the wide steppe / (Koltsov). Young mare, honor of the Caucasian brand, why are you rushing, daring? (Pushkin). O first lily of the valley, from under the snow you ask for the sun's rays (Fet). Sing, people, cities and rivers. Sing, mountains, steppes and seas (Surkov). Addresses are expressed by nouns in the nominative case or substantivized words. Sleeping in a coffin, sleep peacefully, enjoy life, living one (Zhukovsk i). Hello, in a white sundress made of silver brocade! (Vyazemsky). Well, you, move, otherwise I’ll hit you with the butt / (N. Ostrovsky).
Addresses are characterized by different types of intonation:
a) vocative intonation (pronouncing the address with increased stress and a higher tone, with a pause after the address). Guys! Forward on a sortie, follow me! (Pushkin);
b) exclamatory intonation (for example, in rhetorical appeal). Fly away, memories! (P u sh-k i n); c) intonation of introduction (lowering of voice, accelerated rate of pronunciation). Me, comrades. once (Panova).
Addresses can give an evaluative characteristic, contain an expressive coloring, and express the speaker’s attitude towards the interlocutor. Tell me, idiot, what is your excuse? (Fonvizin). Good, beloved, dear, we live far from each other (Shchipachev).
Appeals not circulated. Taste, father, excellent manner (Griboyedov). The requests are common. You are beautiful, fields of your native land (Lermontov). The appeals are homogeneous. Farewell, my comrade, my faithful servant, the time has come for us to part (Pushkin). Hello, sunshine and cheerful morning! (Nikitin).
Appeals-metaphors. Listen, cemetery of laws, as the general (Gorky) calls you. Reversal of etonymy. Where are you going, beard! They tell you that you are not allowed to let anyone in (G o-gol).
Appeals-periphrases. And you, arrogant descendants of famous fathers known for their meanness... You are hiding under the shadow of the law (Lermontov). Appeals-i r o n i i. Why, smart one, are you delirious, head? (Krylov).
Appeals-repetitions. O field, field, who strewn you with dead bones? (Pushkin). Rhetorical appeals. Make a fuss, bad weather, go wild, Mother Volga! (K o l-p o v).
Appeals-proverbs. Fathers, matchmakers, take it out, holy saints (Gogol). Folklore appeals. Forgive me, goodbye, dense forest, with the will of summer, with the winter blizzard! (Koltsov).
The appeals are archaic. Your courtyard is no wonder to me, prince (A.K. T o l s t o i).
Addresses are outside the grammatical connection (coordinating, subordinating) with the members of the sentence, however, in some cases, the grammatical form of the address influences the form of expression of the predicate, which creates an unusual coordination connection. So, in the sentence Where did you come from, lovely child? The neuter form of the predicate with the subject you cannot be explained by correspondence with the real gender of the interlocutor (cf.: Where did you come from, lovely boy? and Where did you come from, lovely girl?), but is a consequence of a kind of “coordination” with the address of the child. Wed. also: 1) Moscow, you were always in our hearts in days of danger and 2) Leningrad, you were a symbol of unyielding perseverance during the war.
An address is a word or phrase that names the person to whom we are speaking.
In the example: Moscow! How I love you! the address is the word Moscow.
Features of using proposals with appeals
The address is often expressed in the nominative case by a noun:
Are you very thoughtful, Alexander?
Less commonly, addresses are adjectives that have the meaning of a noun:
Take me back, beautiful, to the wide open space
The nominative case of address differs mainly from the nominative case of the subject in its intonation, where someone's name is used or a rise or fall in tone or tempo.
Let's compare: Petya will bring me a toy. - Petya, bring me a toy.
The appeal may be accompanied by words of explanation:
I will not forget your works, my dear.
When we address a speech not to one person, but to several, then usually an exclamation point or a comma is placed between the names of these persons and they are connected by a coordinating conjunction, for example:
Ivan and Peter, I will write letters to you.
Mother! Father! Run here quickly!
When speech has an intonation of excitement, the address may be repeated:
Oh, Vasya, Vasya, I miss you
The interjection particle o can also be used:
But I cannot, O enemies, I die.
Appeal is not part of the offer!
The address is never connected by any grammatical connections with any of the members of the sentence and therefore will never be its members.
Let's compare examples where in one of them the word mother is an address, and in the other it is a subject:
I love you, mother! - Mother speaks to me in a whisper.
Addresses in our speech have a special role, different from the role of sentence members: all sentence members always serve to express a certain thought, the most common task of address is often to force the interlocutor to listen to the speech. That is why addresses are very often names, nicknames, and so on:
Really, Svetlana Nikolaevna, do you want to leave us too?
Expressing feelings and emotions through messages
The address is also sometimes accompanied by an expression of affection, rage, love, etc. This attitude of the speaker towards the interlocutor is expressed mainly through intonation, suffixes, definitions and applications, for example:
Ivanushka, dear, don’t give it away, dear!
Neighbor, my dear, please eat!
Sometimes appeals can be expanded into often lengthy characteristics. In these cases, the address is repeated or changed and there may be several definitions with it. For example:
Friend of my harsh days, my decrepit dove, alone in the wilderness of the pine forests, you have been waiting for me for a long time.
Appeal is not always used only to certain persons; sometimes it can be used to inanimate objects in poetic speech: then it is one of the techniques of personification.
Thank you, dear beauty, for your healing space! Friend of idle thoughts, my inkwell, I have adorned my monotonous age with you.
Note. We often express rage, regret, love or indignation at a person with a nickname, name, title, etc. in an appropriate tone. This is how sentences called vocative are obtained. They should not be confused with appeals.
Let's give an example:
Voinitsky. He [Serebryakov] has no business. He writes nonsense, grumbles, is jealous, nothing else.
S o n i (in a tone of rage). Uncle!
A little test of attentiveness. In which of these sentences will the word handsome be used as an address?
According to etiquette, in our country it is customary to distinguish between two main and most common forms of addressing a person.
Official appeal
In modern Russian there is no generally accepted address for a man or a woman, as in the West or in the East (Mr., Miss, Madam, Khanym Efendi, etc.).
- If we know the initials, then the official form is the person’s first and patronymic (sometimes it can be observed with the addition of a surname). The dialogue also uses the plural pronoun “YOU”:
! This applies to both people we know and people we don’t know:
Our lecturer on the history of Russia of the 20th century will be Professor Maria Petrovna Ivanova. - Our lecturer of Russian history of 20 th century will be Ivanova Maria Petrovna.
- Semi-formal form allows first name only:
- If we don't know the person , then the most commonly used words at the beginning of a conversation are:
« woman"(middle aged and older), " young woman" (youth), " girl" (child).
Young man, do you know if there is a post office nearby? - Fellow, do you know whether there is a post office nearby?
! An anonymous address is also acceptable, when we don’t know in advance who the communication will be with ( for example, messages in instant messengers, calls to a call center or letters to support services on websites). In this case, it is enough to politely say hello and immediately move on to the reason for your request:
Good afternoon Please tell me if this smartphone model is available? I can't find it in the search on your site. - Good afternoon! Could you, please, say the availability of this smartphone model? I can’t find it in search on your website.
Unofficial appeal
If we talk about the unofficial form of address, then it is necessary to divide it into live dialogue and communication on the Internet and instant messengers. In all the examples below, the singular personal pronoun “YOU” is mainly used, in more rare cases “YOU”.
- In a personal conversation it is possible to start a conversation with a person immediately by name or with the addition of family ties to the name, or without a name at all. The last option is possible if two people are participating in the conversation or it is clear to whom the question is addressed:
Uncle Sasha, do you want some more coffee? - Uncle Sasha, would you like more coffee?
Maybe we can celebrate two birthdays on one day? Raise your hands if you like this idea. - Maybe will celebrate birthday party at the same day? Raise your hands who likes this idea.
- When corresponding on social networks or instant messengers , as a rule, an abbreviated form is used, without addressing by name and going straight to the topic of conversation. The pronoun “YOU” is also more common here:
213. Read an excerpt from the Russian folk tale "The Fox with a Rolling Pin." After addressing, pause (Ι) and pronounce them with a vocative intonation. What is the purpose of making proposals with appeals?
Sentences with appeals according to the purpose of the statement are interrogative.
214. Read, find the appeal. How do they stand out in speech and writing? Write it down, emphasizing the appeal.
The appeal is highlighted by commas in the letter. If the address is at the beginning of a sentence and is pronounced with an exclamatory intonation, then an exclamation point is placed after it. In oral speech, addresses are distinguished by vocative intonation.
215. Move the references to the middle or end of the sentence. Read your sentences out loud.
1. Mom, please e shi (words) I should go to a book exhibition today. - Let me, mom, go to the book exhibition today. - Let me go to the book exhibition today, mom.
2. Guys, don’t forget to prepare for the Russian Language Olympiad. - Don’t forget, guys, to prepare for the Russian Language Olympiad. - Don’t forget to prepare for the Russian Language Olympiad, guys.
216. Make sentences based on the diagrams. (Ο stands for address).
1. Kolya, when will you wake up?
2. Mikhail Igorevich! Congratulations on your anniversary!
3. You, Anyuta, need to read more.
4. How cozy it is here, Marya Ivanovna!
217. Read a Russian folk song. In which sentences are the highlighted words addresses, and in which are they subjects?
Oh how I love my little cow.
How can I give her nettles?
Eat to your heart's content little cow(appeal) my;
You eat your fill brownie (appeal) my!
Oh how I love my little cow!
I’ll pour some rich swill for the little cow:
So that you are full little cow (subject) my,
To cream brownie (subject) gave.
218. Come up with a situation when it is appropriate to address a young doctor Nikolai Ivanovich Rybakov, calling him:
Nikolay Ivanovich;
- Nikolay;
- son (son);
- Mr. Rybakov;
- colleague;
- young man;
- doctor.
Compose and write down 2-3 sentences with appeals. Make diagrams.
1. Nikolai Ivanovich, we are waiting for you in the ninth office. (address from colleagues at work).
2. Nikolay, do you think we’ll have time to drop by the stadium today? (friend's address) ?
3. Son, please help me carry the sofa into the living room. (mother's address to her son).
4. We are glad to see you, Mr. Rybakov, at our conference! (address at a business meeting)!
5. Well, colleague, let's start the walkthrough. (application from a colleague with whom I am on good terms).
6. Young man, let me pass. (address from a stranger).
7. When will you discharge us, doctor? (patient request).
219. Make up sentences addressing a stranger in the following situations:
- you want to know the way;
- you ask the seller to show the product;
- you ask what time it is.
Please tell me how to get to the stop. Please show me that crystal vase. Sorry, can you tell me what time it is?
220. How can different people address your parents (acquaintances, neighbors) differently (by last name, first name and patronymic, by a word with a diminutive connotation)? Make up 5 sentences with different appeals addressed to one person.
Marinochka, let me help you prepare lunch. Marina Petrovna, today at ten o’clock in the morning we will have a meeting. Dear Marina! Happy Birthday to You! Well, tell Kolka, Aunt Marina, not to fight. Where is our salt, Marin?
221. Read fragments from M. Gorky’s letter to his son. Write out sentences with appeals, add the necessary punctuation marks. What can we say, judging only by this appeal, about M. Gorky’s attitude towards his son?
Sentences with appeals: I am sending you, my friend, the book “The Living Word”, it contains the best (word) examples (images) of the Russian (word) language...
Bye see you! I hug you, my baby!
Judging by the appeals, we can say that M. Gorky loved his son very much.
APPEAL
The concept of conversion
A word or combination of words that names the addressee of speech, is an appeal. Most often, proper names act as addresses; less often - the names of animals or the names of inanimate objects.
The address can stand outside the sentence or be part of it, located anywhere - at the beginning of the sentence, in the middle, at the end. Even when included in a sentence, the appeal does not become a member of it, i.e. has no coordinating or subordinating connection with other words and retains the isolation of its position and grammatical independence. For example: - Children, go to your rooms! - Anna Afanasyevna (Kupr.) shouted from the dining room; I don’t feel good, Christya, I don’t know what to do! (M.G.); Give me a paw, Jim, for luck (Es.); My land! Beloved Rus' and Mordva! Through the parable of darkness you are alive, as before (Es.).
The appeal is accompanied by special vocative intonation. She especially clearly highlights the appeal that stands outside the sentence: Father! Father! Leave the threats, don’t scold your Tamara (L.).
Such appeals are easy turn into special independent sentences - vocative.For example: - Grandma! - Olesya (Kupr.) said reproachfully, with emphasis. The handling here is complicated functionally; it not only names a person, but conveys various shades of meaning accompanying this name: reproach, fear, joy, reproachful-condescending attitude, etc., i.e. conveys subjective modality. Sentences-addresses are especially rich in intonation shades.
Vocative intonation of address, standing at first proposals, somewhat weakened Brown wind, how happy you are! (Pinch.).
An appeal worth inside sentences, may have an introductory intonation (accelerated rate of pronunciation, lowering the voice) or an exclamatory intonation (the addition of the particle o conveys special poetry and pathos in this case), for example: Break, break, night wave, and water the shore with foam... (L.); Let me be covered with cold earth, oh friend! always, everywhere my soul is with you (L.).
Appeal located at the end sentences may be weakly emphasized intonationally if it does not have special semantic or expressive functions, for example: - What is your name, beauty? - asked the student (Kupr.) affectionately. However, the general exclamatory intonation of a sentence can help to emphasize the appeal: Hello, people of peaceful labor, noble workers! (Pan.)
Treatment, except main function is to attract the attention of the interlocutor, may have more evaluation function, when the named person (or thing) is characterized from one side or another, such appeals are often expressed in expressive words- But, mom, you are my darling! You are approaching your seventh decade (Pan.); - Shut up, worm! - Slavyanov (Kupr) threw at him with a tragic gesture. Such appeals rich in intonation shades of pronunciation:Wait, honey! You'll sing! (Cupr.); Why were you shy, stupid head? (Cupr.); Oh, my dear, life is so beautiful (Kupr.); Hanging around here, Labardans! (Cupr.).
Ways of expressing appeals
To express addresses in the Old Russian language, there was a special form of the vocative case. Remnants of it can be found in the literature of the 19th century, for example: What do you want, old man? (P.). Such forms partially preserved in modern Russian as interjections and interjection expressions:Lord, God, my God, my dear fathers of light and some others.
In modern Russian language of address expressed by the nominative case form of a noun or a substantivized part of speech. For example: What, lad, got into your head? (Cupr.); We, comrades, are great patriots of the plant (Pan.); You, Nastasya Ilyinichna, are lucky in life (Pan.); - Great, sixth! - the thick, calm voice of the colonel (Kupr.) was heard; Take advantage of life, living one (Beetle).
IN colloquial speech special forms of nouns are common to express addresses - truncated, For example: Tanya, Tanya... (M. G.); Mom, what about you? (Fed.). Typical for colloquial speech method of repeating invocations of particle a(strengthened call for attention): Grandma? And grandma? You are alive? (Paust.); “Ivan, and Ivan,” Listar pestered him... (M.-Sib.).
IN folklore works There are special types of requests that represent tautological repetitions: path-path, friends-comrades, sadness-longing.
For works of art- especially poetic and oratorical - are characteristic common appeals. Usually these are nouns equipped with agreed and inconsistent definitions, applications and even subordinate modifiers. These appeals characterize an object or person and convey an attitude towards it. For example: “Dear Nadya, my dear girl,” says my mother, “would you like anything?” (Kupr.): Farewell, dear forest, forgive, golden spring (Es.); Young mare, honor of the Caucasian brand, why are you rushing, daring? (P.); Black, then smelly howl! How can I not caress you, not love you? (Ec.); The stars are clear, the stars are high! What do you keep inside yourself, what do you hide? Stars, concealing deep thoughts, with what power do you captivate the soul? (Ec.); Come, chained to the canvas by the power of my power, look from it at these tailcoats... (Garsh.).
Appeal is often expressed pronoun with particle o. This appeal is usually accompanied by attributive clauses, for example:O you, whose letters are many, many in my briefcase on the bank! Sometimes I look at them sternly, but I can’t throw them in the stove (K).
Common requests can be quite extensive, their characteristic quality becomes in this case content of the proposal:You, gray from the ashes of burned villages, hanging the shadow of your wings over life, you, who waited for us to crawl on our knees, are not horror, but you awakened rage in us (Tvard.); A soldier’s son, who grew up without a father and matured noticeably before his time, you, in the memory of a hero and father, are not separated from the joys of earthly (Tvard).
Common calls can be dismembered. This is characteristic of colloquial speech or speech reproducing colloquial speech: Stronger, horse, hit, hoof, chasing a step (Bagr.); Why, smart one, are you delirious, head? (Kr.).
Appeals can be arranged in a homogeneous row, For example: Sing, people, cities and rivers, sing, mountains, steppes and seas (Marmot); Hear me, dear one, hear me, beautiful one, my evening dawn, unquenchable love! (Isak.).
Homogeneous calls may formally coincide with the combination of address and application with it, for example: To you, Caucasus, stern king of the earth, I again dedicate a careless verse... (L.). The word used here is Caucasus, it is distributed by the application stern king of the earth.
In colloquial speech they can be used as addresses uncontrolled prepositional case forms. Such forms are contextually or situationally determined. They name the addressee of speech according to a single, situationally identified sign. For example: With higher education, step forward! (Kar.); Hey, on a boat! Release the left side (B. Pol.); Hey, there, in the boats, don't get under the wheels! (B. Pol.).
The scope of appeals is very wide. They are a characteristic feature of colloquial speech, especially dialogical. Main function such requests - name of the addressee of the speech. In poetic and oratorical speech, special appeals are performed. stylistic functions: are carriers of expressive-evaluative meanings; as a rule, they are metaphorical: You are my abandoned land, you are my land, wasteland, uncut hayfield, forest and monastery (Es.); Shine, last needle, in the snow! Arise, fire-breathing darkness! Whip up your snowy ashes! (Bl.); Retreat like the tide, all the daytime, empty excitement, loneliness, stand, like a moon, over my hour! (Bruce.); The wandering spirit! You stir up the flame of your lips less and less often. Oh, my lost freshness, the riot of my eyes and the flood of my feelings! (Ec.); Sorry, dear shelter. What I served you with, and with that I am satisfied (Es.); O wisdom of the most generous Indian summer, I receive you with joy (Berg.); “Forgive me, goodbye, my dryness!” - he said with the words of the song (Shol.).
