Bacteria are the oldest known group of organisms. Layered stone structures - stromatolites - dated in some cases to the beginning of the Archaeozoic (Archaean), i.e. which arose 3.5 billion years ago are the result of the vital activity of bacteria, usually photosynthetic, so-called blue-green algae. Precambrian stromatolite
Similar structures (bacterial films impregnated with carbonates) are still formed today, mainly off the coast of Australia, the Bahamas, in the California and Persian Gulfs, but they are relatively rare and do not reach large sizes, because herbivorous organisms, such as gastropods, feed on them.
The first nucleated cells evolved from bacteria approximately 1.4 billion years ago. The archaeobacteria thermoacidophiles are considered to be the most ancient of existing living organisms. They live in hot spring water that is highly acidic. At temperatures below 55oC (131oF) they die!
The name “bacteria” was introduced by Christian Ehrenberg Christian Ehrenberg in Ehrenberg Christian Gottfried Corresponding Member, Foreign Member, Honorary Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Medical microbiology was further developed in the works of Robert Koch, who formulated the general principles for determining the causative agent of a disease (Koch's postulates). In 1905 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his research on tuberculosis Robert Koch postulates Koch 1905Nobel Prize for tuberculosis ROBERT KOCH (Koch, Robert) (1843–1910),
The foundations of general microbiology and the study of the role of bacteria in nature were laid by M. V. Beyerinck and M. V. Beyerink S. N. Vinogradsky.S. N. Vinogradsky BEYERINK Martin (), Dutch botanist VINOGRADSKY Sergey Nikolaevich (1/ , Kyiv, – , Paris)
According to the shape of the cells, they can be: spherical (cocci) cocci rod-shaped (bacillus, clostridia, pseudomonads) bacilli clostridia pseudomonads convoluted (vibrios, spirillum, spirochetes) vibrios spirillum spirochetes stellate tetrahedral cubic C- or O-shaped The shape determines such abilities of bacteria as attachment to the surface, mobility, nutrient absorption
They belong to prokaryotes (“pre-nuclear” single-celled organisms) there is no nucleus and most other organelles. The bacterial cell is surrounded by a cell wall and a protective capsule. Rod-shaped bacteria (bacilli) are covered with hairs - saws, which are attached to the nutrient substrate or to other cells.
On average they are 0.5-5 microns. microns Escherichia coli, for example, has dimensions of 0.3-1 by 1-6 microns Escherichia coli Staphylococcus aureus diameter 0.5-1 microns Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus subtilis 0.75 by 2-3 µm. Bacillus subtilis The largest known bacterium is Thiomargarita namibiensis, reaching a size of 750 µm (0.75 mm). Thiomargarita namebiensis the second is Epulopiscium fishelsoni with a diameter of 80 microns and a length of up to 700 microns and in the digestive tract of the surgeons of the Acanthurus nigrofuscus.epulopiscium fishelsoni acchromatium Aliferum reaches 33 per 100 μmachromatium Oxaliferum Beggiatoa Alba 10 μm.beggiatoa alba
Spirochetes can grow up to 250 µm in length with a thickness of 0.7 µm. Spirochetes At the same time, bacteria are the smallest organisms with a cellular structure. Mycoplasma mycoides has a size of 0.1-0.25 microns, which corresponds to the size of large viruses, for example, tobacco mosaic, cowpox or influenza. Mycoplasma mycoides tobacco mosaic viruses cowpox influenza According to theoretical calculations, a spherical cell with a diameter of less than 0.15-0. 20 microns becomes incapable of independent reproduction, since it physically does not contain all the necessary biopolymers and structures in sufficient quantities.
There are many bacteria in the soil, at the bottom of lakes and oceans - wherever organic matter accumulates. They live in the cold, when the thermometer is just above zero, and in hot acidic springs with C. Some bacteria tolerate very high salinity with temperatures above 90 degrees; in particular, they are the only organisms found in the Dead Sea.
In the atmosphere they are present in water droplets, and their abundance there usually depends on the dust content of the air. Thus, in cities, rainwater contains much more bacteria than in rural areas. There are few of them in the cold air of high mountains and polar regions, however, they are found even in the lower layer of the stratosphere at an altitude of 8 km.
Dividing one cell into two. Under favorable conditions - every minute.
“Spore” - from Greek. “spore” - “seed” Formed under unfavorable conditions (lack of food, moisture, sudden changes in temperature) Easily spread by wind, water, etc. In favorable conditions, the spore becomes a viable bacterium - this is an adaptation to survival in unfavorable conditions.
Participate in the formation of the structure and fertility of soils, soils in the formation of minerals and the destruction of dead plants and animals; minerals maintain reserves of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere; atmosphere They are especially important for herbivores, who feed not only on plant food, but on the products of its transformation
The human intestine is normally home to 300 to 1000 species of bacteria with a total mass of up to 1 kg, although the number of their cells is an order of magnitude greater than the number of cells in the human body. They play an important role in the digestion of carbohydrates, synthesize vitamins, and displace pathogenic bacteria. Vitamins For thousands of years, people have used lactic acid bacteria to produce cheese, yogurt, kefir, vinegar, and also fermentation. lactic acid bacteria of raw yogurt kefira vinegar pickling
Currently, methods have been developed for the use of phytopathogenic bacteria as safe herbicides, entomopathogenic instead of insecticides. The most widely used is Bacillus thuringiensis, which produces toxins that act on insects. herbicides and insecticides Bacillus thuringiensis In addition to bacterial insecticides, bacterial fertilizers are used in agriculture. bacterial fertilizers Bacteria that cause human diseases are used as biological weapons. biological weapons
Due to their rapid growth and reproduction, as well as their simple structure, bacteria are actively used in scientific research in molecular biology, genetics, genetic engineering and biochemistry. The most well-studied bacterium is Escherichia coli. Information about the metabolic processes of bacteria has made it possible to produce bacterial synthesis of vitamins, hormones, enzymes, antibiotics, etc. molecular biology genetics genetic engineering biochemistry Escherichia coli A promising direction is the enrichment of ores with the help of sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, the purification by bacteria of soils and reservoirs contaminated with oil products or xenobiotics.
Plants and animals are also susceptible to bacterial infections. Many bacteria that are normally safe for humans or even common inhabitants of their skin or intestines, in case of impaired immunity or general weakening of the body, can act as pathogens. immunity
The most ancient living organism on our planet. Not only have its members survived for billions of years, but they are also powerful enough to wipe out every other species on Earth. In this article we will look at what types of bacteria there are.
Let's talk about their structure, functions, and also name some useful and harmful types.
Discovery of bacteria
Let's begin our excursion into the kingdom of microorganisms with a definition. What does "bacteria" mean?
The term comes from the ancient Greek word for "stick". Christian Ehrenberg introduced it into the academic lexicon. These are nuclear-free microorganisms that do not have a nucleus. Previously, they were also called “prokaryotes” (nuclear-free). But in 1970 there was a division into archaea and eubacteria. However, this concept is still more often used to mean all prokaryotes.
The science of bacteriology studies what types of bacteria there are. Scientists say that at this time about ten thousand different types of these living creatures have been discovered. However, it is believed that there are more than a million varieties.
Anton Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch naturalist, microbiologist and fellow of the Royal Society of London, in a letter to Great Britain in 1676, describes a number of the simplest microorganisms that he discovered. His message shocked the public, and a commission was sent from London to double-check this data.
After Nehemiah Grew confirmed the information, Leeuwenhoek became a world-famous scientist, a discoverer. But in his notes he called them “animalcules.”
Ehrenberg continued his work. It was this researcher who coined the modern term “bacteria” in 1828.
Microorganisms are also used for military purposes. With the help of various species, a deadly substance is created. For this, not only the bacteria themselves are used, but also the toxins released by them.
Peacefully, science uses single-celled organisms for research in genetics, biochemistry, genetic engineering and molecular biology. With the help of successful experiments, algorithms for the synthesis of vitamins, proteins and other substances necessary for humans were created.
Bacteria are used in other areas as well. With the help of microorganisms, ores are enriched and water bodies and soils are cleaned.
Scientists also say that the bacteria that make up the microflora in the human intestine can be called a separate organ with its own tasks and independent functions. According to researchers, there is about one kilogram of these microorganisms inside the body!
In everyday life, we encounter pathogenic bacteria everywhere. According to statistics, the largest number of colonies are found on the handles of supermarket trolleys, followed by computer mice in Internet cafes, and only in third place are the handles of public restrooms.
Beneficial bacteria
Even at school they teach what bacteria are. Grade 3 knows all kinds of cyanobacteria and other single-celled organisms, their structure and reproduction. Now we will talk about the practical side of the issue.
Half a century ago, no one even thought about such an issue as the state of microflora in the intestines. Everything was OK. Eating more natural and healthier, less hormones and antibiotics, less chemical emissions into the environment.
Today, in conditions of poor nutrition, stress, and an overabundance of antibiotics, dysbiosis and related problems are taking leading positions. How do doctors propose to deal with this?
One of the main answers is the use of probiotics. This is a special complex that repopulates the human intestines with beneficial bacteria.
Such an intervention can help with such unpleasant issues as food allergies, lactose intolerance, gastrointestinal disorders and other ailments.
Let's now touch on what beneficial bacteria there are, and also learn about their effect on health.
Three types of microorganisms have been studied in the most detail and are widely used to have a positive effect on the human body - acidophilus, Bulgarian bacillus and bifidobacteria.
The first two are designed to stimulate the immune system, as well as reduce the growth of some harmful microorganisms such as yeast, E. coli, and so on. Bifidobacteria are responsible for digesting lactose, producing certain vitamins and lowering cholesterol.
Harmful bacteria
Earlier we talked about what types of bacteria there are. The types and names of the most common beneficial microorganisms were announced above. Next we will talk about the “single-cell enemies” of humans.
There are some that are harmful only to humans, while others are deadly for animals or plants. People have learned to use the latter, in particular, to destroy weeds and annoying insects.
Before delving into what types there are, it is worth deciding on the ways of their distribution. And there are a lot of them. There are microorganisms that are transmitted through contaminated and unwashed food, by airborne droplets and contact, through water, soil or through insect bites.
The worst thing is that just one cell, once in the favorable environment of the human body, is capable of multiplying to several million bacteria within just a few hours.
If we talk about what types of bacteria there are, the names of pathogenic and beneficial ones are difficult for a layman to distinguish. In science, Latin terms are used to refer to microorganisms. In common parlance, abstruse words are replaced by concepts - “Escherichia coli”, “pathogens” of cholera, whooping cough, tuberculosis and others.
Preventive measures to prevent the disease are of three types. These are vaccinations and vaccinations, interruption of transmission routes (gauze bandages, gloves) and quarantine.
Where do bacteria in urine come from?
Some people try to monitor their health and get tested at the clinic. Very often the cause of poor results is the presence of microorganisms in the samples.
We'll talk about what bacteria are in urine a little later. Now it is worthwhile to dwell separately on where, in fact, single-celled creatures appear there.
Ideally, a person's urine is sterile. There cannot be any foreign organisms there. The only way bacteria can enter waste is at the site where waste is removed from the body. In particular, in this case it will be the urethra.
If the analysis shows a small number of inclusions of microorganisms in the urine, then everything is normal for now. But when the indicator increases above the permitted limits, such data indicate the development of inflammatory processes in the genitourinary system. This may include pyelonephritis, prostatitis, urethritis and other unpleasant ailments.
Thus, the question of what types of bacteria are in the bladder is completely incorrect. Microorganisms do not enter the discharge from this organ. Scientists today have identified several reasons leading to the presence of single-celled creatures in urine.
- Firstly, this is promiscuous sex life.
- Secondly, diseases of the genitourinary system.
- Thirdly, neglect of personal hygiene rules.
- Fourthly, decreased immunity, diabetes and a number of other disorders.
Types of bacteria in urine
Earlier in the article it was said that microorganisms in waste are found only in cases of disease. We promised to tell you what bacteria are. The names will be given only of those species that are most often found in the analysis results.
So, let's begin. Lactobacillus is a representative of anaerobic organisms, a gram-positive bacterium. It must be in the human digestive system. Its presence in the urine indicates some malfunctions. Such an event is not critical, but it is an unpleasant wake-up call that you should take serious care of yourself.
Proteus is also a natural inhabitant of the gastrointestinal tract. But its presence in the urine indicates a failure in the excretion of feces. This microorganism passes from food into urine only in this way. A sign of the presence of a large amount of proteus in the waste is a burning sensation in the lower abdomen and painful urination when the liquid is dark in color.
Enterococcus fecalis is very similar to the previous bacterium. It gets into the urine the same way, multiplies quickly and is difficult to treat. In addition, enterococcus microorganisms are resistant to most antibiotics.
Thus, in this article we have figured out what bacteria are. We talked about their structure and reproduction. You have learned the names of some harmful and beneficial species.
Good luck, dear readers! Remember that following the rules of personal hygiene is the best prevention.
There are a huge number of bacteria in our world. Among them there are good ones, and there are also bad ones. Some we know better, others worse. In our article we have selected a list of the most famous bacteria living among us and in our body. The article is written with a bit of humor, so don’t judge strictly.
Provides “face control” in your insides
Lactobacilli (Lactobacillus plantarum) living in the human digestive tract since prehistoric times, they do a great and important job. Like vampire garlic, they repel pathogenic bacteria, preventing them from settling in your stomach and causing intestinal upset. Welcome! Pickles and tomatoes and sauerkraut will strengthen the strength of the bouncers, but be aware that hard training and the stress of physical activity will thin their ranks. Add some blackcurrants to your protein shake. These berries reduce fitness stress due to the antioxidants they contain.
2. BELLY DEFENDER Helicobacter pylori
Stops hunger pangs at 3 pm
Another bacteria that lives in the digestive tract, Helicobacter pylori, develops in your childhood and helps maintain a healthy weight throughout your life by controlling hormones responsible for hunger! Eat 1 apple every day.
These fruits produce lactic acid in the stomach, in which most harmful bacteria cannot survive, but which Helicobacter pylori loves. However, keep H. pylori in check, they can go against you and cause stomach ulcers. Make scrambled eggs with spinach for breakfast: the nitrates from these green leaves thicken the walls of the stomach, protecting it from excess lactic acid.
3. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Loves showers, hot baths and pools
The bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which lives in warm water, enters the scalp through the pores of the hair follicles, causing an infection accompanied by itching and pain in the affected areas.
Don't want to wear a swim cap every time you take a bath? Fend off the carder's invasion with a chicken or salmon sandwich and eggs. A large amount of protein is necessary for follicles to be healthy and effectively fight foreign bodies. Don't forget about fatty acids, which are absolutely essential for a healthy scalp. 4 cans of canned tuna or 4 medium avocados per week will help you with this. No more.
4. Harmful bacteria Corynebacterium minutissimum
High-tech protozoa
Harmful bacteria can lurk in the most unexpected places. For example, Corynebacterium minutissimum, which causes a rash, loves to live on the touchscreens of phones and tablet computers. Destroy them!
Strangely, no one has yet developed a free application that fights these germs. But many companies produce cases for phones and tablets with antibacterial coating, which is guaranteed to stop the growth of bacteria. And try not to rub your hands together when drying them after washing - this can reduce the bacteria population by 37%.
5. THE NOBLE RASSAL Escherichia coli
Good bad bacteria
The bacterium Escherichia coli is believed to cause tens of thousands of infectious diseases every year. But it only gives us problems when it finds a way to leave the colon and mutate into a disease-causing strain. Normally, it is quite useful for life and provides the body with vitamin K, which maintains healthy arteries, preventing heart attacks.
To keep this headline-grabbing bacteria at bay, include legumes in your diet five times a week. The fiber in the beans is not broken down but moves into the colon where E. coli can feast on it and continue its normal reproduction cycle. Black beans are the richest in fiber, then Idelim, or moon-shaped, and only then the usual red beans. Legumes not only keep bacteria under control, but their fiber also limits your afternoon cravings and increases the body's ability to absorb nutrients.
6. BURNING Staphylococcusaureus
Eats away the youth of your skin
Most often, boils and pimples are caused by the bacterium Staphylococcusaureus, which lives on the skin of most people. Acne is, of course, unpleasant, but, having penetrated through damaged skin into the body, this bacterium can cause more serious diseases: pneumonia and meningitis.
The natural antibiotic dermicidin, which is toxic to these bacteria, is found in human sweat. Include high-intensity exercises in your workout at least once a week, trying to work at 85% of your maximum capacity. And always use a clean towel.
manual
1.1 Bacteria
In the world of microorganisms, there are about 4000 species of bacteria.
There are three main forms of bacteria: spherical (cocci), rod-shaped and convoluted or spiral.
The size of bacteria is negligible, the cross section of the cells of most bacteria does not exceed 0.5-0.8 microns, the average length of rod-shaped bacteria is from 0.5 to 3 microns. The average volume of a bacterial cell is 0.07 microns.
The outside of a bacterial cell is covered with a rigid cell wall. It gives shape to the cell and protects it from adverse influences. It has the property of semi-permeability - through it nutrients penetrate the cell, and waste products exit into the environment. The function of a metabolic regulator is inherent in the entire membrane, but to a greater extent in the cytoplasmic membrane. Violation of its integrity leads to cell death.
Cytoplasm is a transparent, semi-liquid mass of protein nature. It contains water up to 70-80% of the cell mass, enzymes, amino acids, a set of RNA, substrates and metabolic products of the cell. The cytoplasm contains the remaining vital structures of the cell - the nucleotide (strands of DNA), ribosomes, as well as storage substances of various natures. A nucleode is the nuclear apparatus of prokaryotes, consisting of a double helical strand of DNA.
Ribosomes are small granules scattered in the cytoplasm, consisting of RNA (60%) and protein (40%). They synthesize cellular proteins from incoming substances.
Bacterial cells contain inclusions of reserve nutrients. They accumulate when there is an excess of certain nutrients in the environment, and are consumed when the cell starves. They look like granules or droplets. Granules can be represented by starch, glycogen, and volutin protein. The reserve fat forms small spherical drops.
About 1/5 of the bacteria have the ability to move. These are mainly many rod-shaped and all convoluted forms of bacteria. Almost all spherical bacteria (cocci) are immobile. Most often, movement is carried out with the help of flagella - thin filaments consisting of a special protein, flagellin. The length of the flagella can be many times greater than the length of the cell.
Growth and reproduction. Growth is a physiological process during which the size and mass of a cell increase. The growth of a bacterial cell is limited, and, having reached a certain size, it stops growing. The process of reproduction begins when a daughter cell separates from the mother cell. Bacteria reproduce in conditions favorable for their development by dividing the cell into two parts every 20-30 minutes. Their ability to reproduce is enormous. Thus, one bacterium can produce about 70 generations per day. The rate of reproduction depends on temperature, nutritional conditions and other factors.
Under unfavorable conditions (increasing or decreasing temperature, drying), most bacteria, which can only be in a vegetative state, die, but some of them turn into spores - resting cells. In the spore state, bacteria are viable, but not vital (state of “anabiosis”), they do not need nutrition, and are not able to reproduce. Almost exclusively rod-shaped bacteria have the ability to form spores. Only one spore is formed per cell. The spores are resistant to temperature, can withstand drying and exposure to ultraviolet substances. The resistance of spores to high temperatures is often the cause of spoilage of cooked foods. The heat resistance of spores can be explained by the relatively low content of free water in their cytoplasm. Spores can remain viable for tens or even hundreds of years. Once in favorable conditions, the spore absorbs water and swells, its thermal stability decreases, the activity of enzymes increases, under the influence of which the shell dissolves, and the spore grows into a vegetative cell.
Food spoilage is caused only by vegetative bacterial cells.
Control questions
1. What does microbiology study?
2. What are the main forms of bacteria?
3. In what units are microorganisms measured?
4. What can bacterial cells form under unfavorable conditions?
5. What ensures the movement of a bacterial cell?
Bacterial diseases of insects
Bacteria: habitats, structure, life processes, significance
3. a) Nutrition They use nutrients only in relatively small molecules that penetrate inside the cell. This method of nutrition, characteristic of all organisms of plant origin, is called holophytic...
There are two layers in it - plastic and rigid. The latter is formed by one, rarely two layers of peptidoglycan, the content of which is no more than 20% of the dry mass of the cell wall. Phospholipids are located on the peptidoglycan framework...
Bacterial cell wall biopolymers
Gram-positive bacteria have a relatively simply organized but powerful cell wall. It consists predominantly of many layers of peptidoglycan, which makes up up to 90% of its dry mass...
The effect of organic fertilizers on soil microbiota
The saprotrophic microflora is rich in bacteria, especially non-spore-forming forms. In the soils of the north, where mineralization proceeds more slowly, putrefactive bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens are richly represented...
Nodule bacteria and their role in nitrogen metabolism
Paleontological data indicate that the most ancient legumes that had nodules were some plants belonging to the group Eucaesalpinioideae...
Butyric acid bacteria as acid producers
Clostridia include a large number of bacterial species, the number of which is constantly increasing. This is one of the largest genera among eubacteria...
Lower plants
This department includes microorganisms, united together with blue-green algae in the group of prokaryotes. Prokaryotes (bacteria and blue-green algae) differ from eukaryotes in the structure of a cell that lacks a typical nucleus...
Fundamentals of microbiology, nutritional physiology and sanitation
In the world of microorganisms, there are about 4000 species of bacteria. There are three main forms of bacteria: spherical (cocci), rod-shaped and convoluted or spiral. The size of bacteria is negligible...
Weaning-topping cultivation of microorganisms - producers
Propionic acid bacteria live in the rumen and intestines of ruminants (cows, sheep); they participate there in the formation of fatty acids, mainly propionic and acetic acids...
Glowing bacteria and bioluminescence
The smallest living emitters are luminous bacteria. According to the modern classification, luminous bacteria belong to the genera Photobacterium, Vibrio, and Lucibacterium. Luminescent species of the genus Photobacterium are: P. phosphoreum and P. leiognathi...
Spore-forming bacteria
According to modern concepts, aerobic spore-forming bacteria, or bacilli, are combined into a separate genus Bacillus of the Bacillaceae family. This genus, which includes many different species...
The structure and principle of action of carriers
Most bacteria, as well as mitochondria and chloroplasts, contain related F1F0-type ATPases that use a transmembrane proton electrochemical gradient to synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate...
Putrefactive bacteria cause the breakdown of proteins. Depending on the depth of decomposition and the resulting end products, various food defects may occur. These microorganisms are widespread in nature. They are found in the soil...
Characteristics of spoilage agents of meat, dairy and egg products
Lactic acid bacteria are widespread in nature. Under certain conditions they can cause spoilage of many foods. Based on morphological characteristics, they are divided into streptococci and rods...
Gram-negative bacteria
GROUP 1. Spirochetes (Borrelia, Spirochaeta, Treponema)
GROUP 2. Aerobic/microaerophilic, motile, spiral/curved gram-negative bacteria (Aquaspirillum, Bdello-vibrio, Helicobacter)
GROUP 3. Non-motile (or rarely motile) gram-negative curved bacteria (Ancylobacter, Spirosoma)
GROUP 4. Gram-negative, aerobic/microaerophilic rods and cocci
SUBGROUP 1(Agrobacterium, Azotobacter, Bradyrhizobium, Methylobacterium, Paracoccus, Rhizobium, Zoogloea)
SUBGROUP 2(Taylorella, Wolinella)
GROUP 5. Facultatively anaerobic gram-negative rods
SUBGROUP 1. Family Enterobacteriaceae (Klebsiella, Proteus, Salmonella)
SUBGROUP 2. Family Vibrionaceae (Aeromonas, Vibrio)
SUBGROUP 3. Family Pasteurellaceae (Pasteurella)
SUBGROUP 4. Other births
GROUP 6. Gram-negative, anaerobic, straight, curved and spiral bacteria (Acetogenium, Bacteroides, Fusobacterium, Selenomonas)
GROUP 7. Bacteria that carry out dissimilatory reduction of sulfate or sulfur
SUBGROUP 1(Desulfotomaculum)
SUBGROUP 2(Desulfomicrobium, Desulfovibrio)
SUBGROUP 3(Desulfobacter, Desulfococcus, Desulfonema)
SUBGROUP 4(Desulfurella, Desulfuromonas)
GROUP 8. Anaerobic gram-negative cocci (Syntrophococcus, Yeillonella)
GROUP 9. Rickettsia and chlamydia (Rickettsia, Chlamydia)
GROUP 10. Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria
SUBGROUP 1(Chromatium, Thiocapsa, Thiospirillum)
SUBGROUP 2(Ectothiorhodospira)
SUBGROUP 3(Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum)
SUBGROUP 4(Heliobacillus, Heliobacterium)
SUBGROUP 5(Chlorobium, Prosthecochloris)
SUBGROUP 6(Chloroflexus)
SUBGROUP 7(Erythrobacter)
GROUP 11. Oxygenic phototrophic bacteria
I. Cyanobacteria
SUBGROUP 1(Order Chroococcales: Synechococcus)
SUBGROUP 2(Order Pleurocapsales: Dermocarpa)
SUBGROUP 3(Order Oscillatoriales: Oscillatoria, Spirulina)
SUBGROUP 4(Order of Nostocales: Anabaena, Nostoc, Calothrix)
SUBGROUP 5(Order Stigonematales: Fischerella, Stigonema)
II. Prochlorophytes (Order Prochlorales: Prochloron, Prochlorothrix)
GROUP 12. Aerobic chemolithotrophic bacteria and related organisms
SUBGROUP 1. Colorless sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (Thiobacillus)
SUBGROUP 2. Iron- and manganese-oxidizing and/or precipitating bacteria (Gallionella, Metallogenium, Siderocapsa)
SUBGROUP 3. Nitrifying bacteria (Nitrobacter, Nitro-coccus, Nitrosomonas, Nitrosospira)
GROUP 13. Budding and/or protruding bacteria
SUBGROUP 1. Prostecobacteria (Caulobacter, Hyphomicrobium)
SUBGROUP 2. Order Planctomycetales (Planctomyces)
SUBGROUP 3. Other budding and/or protruding bacteria (Nevskia, Seliberia)
GROUP 14. Bacteria with a sheath (Leptothrix, Sphaerotilus)
GROUP 15. Non-photosynthetic, non-fruiting body-forming gliding bacteria
SUBGROUP 1. Single-celled rod-shaped gliding bacteria (Cytophaga, Flexibacter)
SUBGROUP 2. Flat filamentous gliding bacteria (Alysiella, Simonsiella)
SUBGROUP 3. Sulfur-oxidizing gliding bacteria (Achromatium, Beggiatoa)
SUBGROUP 4. Pelonems ("Pelonema", "Peloploca")
GROUP 16. Sliding bacteria forming fruiting bodies: mycobacteria (Chondromyces, Myxococcus, Polyangium)
Gram-positive bacteria
GROUP 17. Gram-positive cocci (Leuconostoc, Micrococcus, Staphylococcus)
GROUP 18. Gram-positive rods and cocci forming endospores (Bacillus, Clostridium, Sulfobacillus)
GROUP 19. Gram-positive, non-spore-forming rods of regular shape (Caryophanon, Lactobacillus)
GROUP 20. Gram-positive, non-spore-forming rods of irregular shape (Arthrobacter, Bifidobacterium, Propionibacterium)
GROUP 21. Mycobacteria (Mycobacterium)
GROUPS 22–29. Actinomycetes
GROUP 22. Nocardioform actinomycetes
SUBGROUP 1. Bacteria containing mycolic acids (No– cardia, Rhodococcus)
SUBGROUP 2.Pseudonocardia and close births
SUBGROUP 3.Nocardioides And Terrabacter
SUBGROUP 4.Promicromonospora and close births
GROUP 23. Genera with multilocular sporangia (Frankia)
GROUP 24. Actinoplanes (Actinoplanes)
GROUP 25. Streptomycetes and related genera (Streptomyces)
GROUP 26. Maduromycetes
SUBGROUP 1.Streptosporangium and related taxa
SUBGROUP 2.Actinomadura
GROUP 27.Thermomonospora and close births
GROUP 28. Thermoactinomycetes (Thermoactinomyces)
GROUP 29. Other births
Mycoplasmas
GROUP 30. Mycoplasmas (or Mollicutes): bacteria without a cell wall (Mycoplasma)
Archaebacteria (archaea)
GROUP 31. Methanogens
SUBGROUP 1(Methanobacterium)
SUBGROUP 2(Methanococcus)
SUBGROUP 3(Methanosarcina)
GROUP 32. Sulfate-reducing archaea (Archaeoglobus)
GROUP 33. Extremely halophilic aerobic archaebacteria (halobacteria) (Halobacterium, Halococcus, Natronococcus)
GROUP 34. Archaebacteria lacking a cell wall (Thermoplasma)
GROUP 35. Extreme thermophiles and hyperthermophiles metabolizing S
SUBGROUP 1(Acidianus, Sulfolobus)
SUBGROUP 2(Pyrobaculum, Thermoproteus)
SUBGROUP 3(Desulfurococcus, Pyrodictium, Thermococcus)
3.14. Bacteria and bacterial infections A person gets sick for many reasons: some get sick from a cold, some from fatigue and grief. If out of a hundred gates you close only one, can you really assume on that basis that a robber won’t be able to get in?
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Pollution, Radiation, Bacteria and Your Long-Term Fertility When it comes to fertility, I work with women who are either actively trying to conceive or want to maintain their fertility until they decide to become pregnant, regardless of
EFFECT OF PHYTONCIDES ON BACTERIA All types of diphtheria bacillus are successfully resisted by phytoncides of garlic and onion. Moreover, only healthy bulbs of these vegetables are carriers of active principles. Against pathogens of intestinal infections (typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, dysentery and
Elena Yuryevna Zaostrovskaya No to dysbacteriosis! Smart bacteria for gastrointestinal health Let your food be your medicine, and your medicine yours
Beneficial bacteria Bifidobacteria promote digestion, synthesize amino acids, proteins and other substances necessary for the body. Lactobacilli suppress putrefactive and pyogenic microbes, activate digestion. If until now you have somehow managed without kefir, fermented baked milk,
