Which verbs do not have a reflexive form. What are verbs made of?

A verb is a word that denotes an action and answers the question “What to do?” The last clarification is very important, because the word “walking,” for example, also denotes an action, however, it cannot be classified as a verb.

Action is always directed towards some object. It may be the same thing that does it, or some other one. In the first case we will be talking about a reflexive verb, and in the second - about a non-reflexive one.

Identification feature of reflexive verbs

The fact that an action performed by a certain subject is directed at himself can be indicated by a reflexive pronoun. In the Russian language there is only one such pronoun, which does not even have a nominative case - “yourself”.

Language always strives for brevity, so the reflexive pronoun in combination with verbs was shortened to “sya”, and then turned into a part of these verbs - a postfix, i.e. suffix that is after the ending. This is how reflexive verbs arose, the identifying feature of which is the postfix “-sya”: “dress yourself” - “ ”, “wash yourself” - “wash”. Verbs that do not have such a postfix are called non-reflexive.

Types of reflexive verbs

The semantic content of a reflexive verb is not always so simple. An action that someone directly performs on himself is only one reflexive verb - proper reflexive.

A verb of this kind can also imply a certain action that the object performs not on itself, but in its own interests. For example, if people are said to be “being built,” this can mean not only “forming themselves in a line” (a self-reflexive verb), but also “building a house for themselves.” In the latter case, the verb will be called indirect reflexive.

The joint actions of several objects are also denoted by reflexive verbs: “meet”, “negotiate” - these are reciprocal verbs.

However, not, which has the postfix “-sya”, is reflexive. Verbs that have a passive voice cannot be classified as such, i.e. implying that an action on an object is performed by someone else: “a house is being built,” “germs are being destroyed.”

A verb cannot be reflexive if it is transitive, i.e. denotes an action aimed at another object, although in an impersonal form such verbs may have the postfix “-sya”: “I want to buy a car.”

Basic meanings of postfix – xia

IN depending on the presence or absence of the return postfix -sia- verbs are divided into returnable and non-refundable.

Refundable- these are verbs that have a postfix -sya- (-s-).

For example:

swim, smile, hope

Non-refundable- these are verbs that do not have a postfix -sya- (-s-).

Some verbs in modern Russian have correlative pairs according to the category of reflexivity - non-reflexivity.

Exercise:

Compare:

dress - get dressed, bathe - swim, see - see

Other verbs do not have such correlative pairs.

Exercise:

Compare:

smile, hope, tumble;

go, sit down, freeze

Return postfix -sya- (-s-) can give different verb forms semantic meanings :

1) Self-return value , when the subject and the object to which the action is directed coincide in one person ( wash, bathe, dress).

For example:

I wash my face

2) Reciprocal value , when each of the two actors acts simultaneously as both a subject and an object.

For example:

1. Friends met and hugged brotherly.

2. And new friends, well, hug, well, kiss

3) Return Value when the action does not transfer to anyone, but is confined to the subject himself.

For example:

He got angry.

We're offended

Such verbs, as a rule, express the internal mental state of a person.

4) Objectless return value e, when the action being spoken of is a property of the given subject.

For example:

The dog bites.

The cow is butting.

The cat is scratching.

Nettle stings

End of work -

This topic belongs to the section:

Grammatical classes of words in modern Russian language

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Explanatory note
In the section “Modern Russian language: Morphology”, according to the State educational standard, the following topics should be studied: - introduction to modern morphology

Disciplines
Type of work Labor intensity, hours Total labor intensity Classroom work

Discipline
Grammar is one of the oldest sciences on Earth (like mathematics, geometry, physics, logic). It originated in the 4th century BC. (over 2500 years ago) in Ancient

In Russian
In traditional Russian grammar, it was customary to distinguish 10 parts of speech: 6 independent, 3 auxiliary and a special part of speech - interjection. Part of speech is characterized by: 1) general meaning, 2) morphological

Grammar (from the Greek Grammatike) is a branch of linguistics that studies the structure of words and sentences of a particular language. Grammar consists of two parts: morphologist

A noun is a word that has a lexical and grammatical meaning of objectivity. For example: house, horse, youth, walking, sleeping, whiteness

Meaning
According to their lexical meaning, nouns in the Russian language are usually divided into four categories: - specific; - real; - collect

The concept of a noun as a part of speech
Exercise 1 Rewrite, inserting the necessary nouns instead of dots. 1. Ceremonial celebrations were held for those leaving for the army.

Classifications of nouns by lexical meaning
Exercise 5 Find nouns of a certain category among these words and distribute them into groups: - specific; - thing

Common and proper nouns
Exercise 6 Explain why the names of the months: January, February, March, etc. are not proper names. Exercise 7 Mars has two lu

A noun is a word that has a lexical and grammatical meaning of objectivity. Specific nouns

Qualitative adjectives and their features
Qualitative adjectives denote the qualities and properties of objects directly. For example: wide river, capable student

Relative adjectives and their features
Relative adjectives denote the characteristics of objects not directly, but by their relationship to other objects. They can have different semantic meanings

Their signs
Possessive adjectives denote that an object belongs to a specific person or animal. For example: fathers (house), mothers

Transition of adjectives from one category to another
Adjectives can move from one category to another. For example: relative adjectives can become qualitative: stone house

Their signs
Qualitative adjectives can have two forms - full and short. Short form

Qualitative adjectives have three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative and superlative. Positive degree - e

And their signs
Exercise 5 It is not always easy to draw a clear line between qualitative and relative adjectives, since relative adjectives, when used figuratively

Possessive adjectives and their signs
Exercise 8 Find possessive adjectives with the suffixes -in, -ov. Indicate in what case and what number they are, what ending they have. Is it similar to the endings of a being

Full and short adjectives and their characteristics
Exercise 21 Read and indicate the short and full adjectives used in the compound nominal predicate. Note cases of inappropriate use

Degrees of comparison of adjectives
Exercise 33 Rewrite, forming from the adjectives given in brackets, forms of degrees of comparison, simple or compound. (When doing the exercise, keep in mind that simple forms are compared

An adjective is a part of speech that denotes any attribute of an object (color, quality, size, age, material from which the object is made, etc.

A numeral is a part of speech that expresses the meaning of quantity (number). For example: one, one hundred, forty, seven, number the names

In grammar, there are two categories of numerals: quantitative and ordinal. Cardinal numbers

Declension of numerals
The cardinal numeral one, which displays a number of grammatical features that bring it closer to the adjective as a part of speech, is declined using the ending

The concept of a numeral as a part of speech
Exercise 1 Which of the highlighted words are numerals? 1. Witty, my dear fellow, hands down! Have a full glass of leisure! And pour a hundred epigrams on foe and friend

Lexico-grammatical categories of numerals
Exercise 5 Task: Read the following Note and comment on it. Note: B

Declension of numerals
Exercise 8 Prove that the seventh changes in the same way as gray, big, blue. Exercise 9 Rewrite, choosing the necessary numerals and putting them in

A numeral is a part of speech that expresses the meaning of quantity (number); these are words that answer the question how many?) or the order of objects when counting (answer n

The problem of pronouns is one of the most difficult problems in grammar. Pronouns are traditionally defined as parts of speech that indicate objects, when

Pronouns
Based on the nature of the functions they perform (i.e., by meaning), pronouns are divided into eight functional-semantic categories: 1.

According to their grammatical properties, pronominal words are usually divided into three categories: 1. Subject-personal pronouns (m

Declension of pronouns
Pronominal adjectives are declined like ordinary adjectives (which - like old; which - like factory). Pronominal numerals are inflected

The concept of a pronoun as a part of speech
Exercise 1 Read and indicate what mistakes were made in the use of 3rd person pronouns. Correct and rewrite. 1. Kalashniko

Functional-semantic categories of pronouns
Exercise 9 Read and indicate whether the plural forms of 3rd person personal pronouns are used correctly. Rewrite with necessary corrections. &n

Grammatical grades of pronouns
Exercise 14 Who, what are pronominal nouns; which, which, whose are pronominal adjectives. Prove it. Exercise 15 How many and

Declension of pronouns
Exercise 17 Negative pronouns are combined with prepositions like this: there was no one - was not with anyone, did not tell anyone - did not go to anyone, was not noticed by anyone -

Pronouns are traditionally defined as a part of speech that indicates objects, signs and quantities, but does not name them (who, you, this, some, several).

Topic plan
1. . 2. . 3. Reflexive and non-reflexive verbs. Basic postfix values

The concept of a verb as a part of speech
The term “Verb” itself is of Old Slavonic origin. In the Old Russian language, the verb means “Word”. The verb is the largest part

Infinitive as the initial form of a verb
If the initial form of a noun is the nominative singular form, then the initial form of the verb is the infinitive

The category of transitivity-intransitivity is a constant grammatical category of the verb. It expresses the relationship of the action denoted by the verb to the object. All

Verb mood category
Unlike the verbal categories we have considered, the mood category is an unstable grammatical category of the verb, i.e. by mood verb in Russian language izm

Verb person category. Impersonal verbs
The person category of the verb expresses the relationship of the action performed by the subject to the speaking person. Only verbs of the present and future tenses change by person. Past verbs

Conjugation of verbs
Changing present and future tense verbs into singular and plural persons is called conjugation. In the past tense verbs in s

In addition to the infinitive, special inconjugated forms of the verb are participles and gerunds. Participle

The concept of a verb as a part of speech
Exercise 1 Explain why it is necessary to consider that skill is an adjective (short form), and skill is a verb. Compare:

Infinitive as the initial form of a verb
Exercise 5 Read the joke fairy tale “Infinitive”. The Infinitive looks at how the verbs are conjugated and says: “Oh, is it really necessary to conjugate this way?” - And to

Reflexive and irreflexive verbs
The main meanings of the postfix - xia Exercise 10 Phrases with the instrumental case of the character are sometimes stylistically incongruous

Transitive and intransitive verbs
Exercise 21 Read the text. From hunting stories It happened on the river bank. My dog ​​stumbled upon a hare. The shore was steep

Verb aspect category
Exercise 25 The grammatical meaning of the form will become clearer if it is associated with phenomena of reality. A pupil (student) will understand what the meaning of the perfect form is if it is clear to him

Verb tense category
Exercise 99 Compare the formation of the past tense form in different groups of verbs. From what basis are they formed? Using what affixes? What verbs have a past tense meaning?

Conjugation of verbs
Exercise 109 The verbs want, run have most endings of the II conjugation. What endings violate this order for the verbs want and run?

Participle as an inconjugated form of a verb
Exercise 115 Find participles in the text. Choose one of them and prove that it has the characteristics of a verb and an adjective. Make up a sentence with this participle to change

The participle as an inconjugated form of a verb
Exercise 150 For each participle with explanatory words, two sentences are given. Choose which of these sentences can be associated with a gerund. Make a sentence and write it down.

The verb is the largest part of speech in the grammatical system of the modern Russian language. This is a significant part of speech, denoting an action or state of being.

The concept of an adverb as a part of speech
An adverb is a part of speech that expresses the grammatical general categorical meaning of a sign of an action, state or other sign (write quickly and beautifully,

Lexico-grammatical categories of adverbs
When classifying adverbs, two features are taken into account: - function in a sentence; - type of adverb meaning.

Degrees of comparison of adverbs
Like adjectives, the category of degrees of comparison of adverbs is formed by contrasting three forms: positive, comparative and superlative. Forms of degrees of comparison

Exercises for independent work
Note: exercises are performed at the choice of the teacher, can be used in practical classes and are recommended for homework. Up

An adverb is a part of speech that expresses the grammatical general categorical meaning of a sign of an action, state or other sign (to write quickly and beautifully, a child is very

Features of the state category as a part of speech
The category of state (impersonal predicative words) is a part of speech that expresses the general categorical meaning of the state of living beings, nature, environment in the grammatical

Condition categories
Qualitative impersonal predicative words denote the state of living beings and the environment: the emotional and mental state of a person (sad,

Unchangeable parts of speech
In the modern Russian language, along with the previously discussed seven variable independent parts of speech, which have a more or less developed inflectional paradigm (including nare

Pretext

Particles
Particles are usually called the auxiliary part of speech, conveying shades of lexical and syntactic meanings, clarifying and specifying the meaning of lexical and

Pretext
Exercise 1 Think about why the words but or cannot be considered prepositions. Exercise 2 Prepositions are used with the dative case:

Particles
Exercise 14 Read. Select the particles that serve: a) to form word forms; b) to convey different shades of meaning of the entire sentence or its members

A preposition is an auxiliary part of speech used as a means of syntactic subordination of nouns (as well as pronouns) with other words in a sentence and phrase

Unproductive part of speech
Interjections are a relatively unproductive part of speech, which in itself, like modal words, constitutes a special structural-semantic type of words and expresses (n

Modal words are a special part of speech, the general categorical meaning of which comes down to the transfer of various subjective-modal relations of the speaker to what and how

Students
The final form of control of knowledge, skills and abilities in the discipline “Modern Russian Language: Morphology” is an exam. The exam is conducted orally, the student is offered two

Fund of control tasks for the discipline
“Modern Russian language: Morphology” (for students of the specialty “Journalism”) Note: The fund of control tasks is intended for control

List of abbreviations
Abr. – F. Abramov Already. – V. Azhaev Ax. – S.T. Aksakov A.K.T. – A.K. Tolstoy Andr. – L. Andreev A.N.S. – A.N. Co

Information about Russian language researchers
Fyodor Ivanovich BUSLAEV (13 (2514.1818, Kerensk, now the village of Vadinsk, Penza region, - 31.7 (12.8).1897, village of Lyulino, Moscow province, now within Moscow) - Russian philologist, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences

Main stages of studying morphology
In the study of the morphological structure of the Russian language, four periods can be roughly distinguished. The first period (mid-18th - mid-19th centuries) is associated with the name

V. V. Vinogradov
“Russian language (Grammatical doctrine of words)” (excerpt) 1. It is necessary to pay attention to the subordination of some parts of speech to others, which in school

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(From the book by P.S. Kuznetsov “On the principles of studying grammar”) 1. An essential issue in morphology is the question of parts of speech,

Adjective
I. In modern Russian, short forms of qualitative adjectives are used only in the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate and are an accessory

Yuri Dolin
“Insidious” part of speech in the speech of television journalists First, it should be said that in recent decades the very problem of “Russian language on air” has become one of the most pressing issues

The problem of pronouns as a special part of speech
Considering the obvious grammatical heterogeneity of pronouns, F.F. Fortunatov, A.M. Peshkovsky, L.V. Shcherba and many other scientists came to the conclusion that pronouns were not composed at all.

How many categories of faces are there in modern Russian?
1. The system of grammatical categories, their content and structure, the methods and forms of their expression reflect the essence and specificity of the grammatical structure of the language.

Yu.T. Dolin
On the question of the grammatical nature of forms like “khlop” in modern Russian Forms like klop, hvat, bam both in Russian and in other Slavic languages ​​attracted etc.

Some tips on how to improve your
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Non-refundable verbs are verbs without the postfix –sya; returnable– verbs with the postfix –sya. Historically, the formation of reflexive verbs is associated with the pronoun Xia, which was originally attached only to transitive verbs ( wash + xia (“yourself”) = wash).

All verbs in Russian can be divided into several groups:

Thus, we can conclude that the postfix –sya in the Russian language can perform several functions:

Form reflexive forms of verbs ( wash, whiten);

Form reflexive verbs that differ from producing non-reflexive verbs in lexical meaning ( forgive - say goodbye, finish - achieve).

It should be noted that some verbs in –sya have a synonymous reflexive combination ( to deprive - to deprive oneself, to cover oneself - to cover oneself).

The division of verbs into non-reflexive and reflexive was established in the Russian language without regard to the division of verbs into transitive and intransitive, voicing and non-vocal. It does not completely coincide with either one or the other, although it is associated with the categories of transitivity and voice: the affix –sya is an indicator of the intransitivity of the verb, and only the reflexive forms of the verb provide collateral correlation.

Pledge category

The category of voice is one of the most difficult problems of Russian grammar. Linguistic scientists define the content of this category differently, and therefore resolve the issue of the number of voices differently: some count up to 17 voices, others deny the presence of voices altogether.

In Russian linguistics there are the following definitions of voice:

1) pledge means “an act that passes from one thing to another, and an act that does not pass from one thing to another” (Lomonosov);

2) voices are those verb forms that denote a difference in the relationship of the verbal action to its subject. On this basis, a refundable deposit can be allocated ( the book is being read) and non-refundable deposit ( read a book) – Aksakov, Fortunatov;

3) pledge is the relation of action to object (Buslaev, Shapiro);

4) pledge is an expression of the asset and liability of the subject (Isachenko, AG-70);

5) deposit – is the relation of action to subject and object(Vinogradov, Golovin, Gvozdev, Shansky).

In all of the above definitions of collateral there is a common criterion - the relation of the action to the subject and object. This feature is, indeed, important in voice content, since voice, like other verbal categories, manifests itself primarily as a certain grammatical relation - the relation of an action to its source and to the object. The category of pledge reflects objectively occurring processes, the implementation of which is possible in the presence of an actor and an object of action.

The mother (subject) washes (action) the child (object).

The child (subject, object) washes himself (action).

But in the Russian language there are verbs that name such actions, for the implementation of which only the doer, the subject of the action is needed:

Clouds (subject) float quietly across the sky.

Thus, all verbs in Russian can be divided into two groups:

1) verbs capable of conveying voice relations (voice verbs);

2) verbs that do not convey voice relations (non-voice verbs).

Worksheet.

F.I. _________________________________________

Reflexive and non-refundable verb.

Remember: in Russian languagein reflexive verbs, -sya is used after a vowel, and after a consonant -sya: rush, learn. Suffix–sya (-s) differs from other suffixes in that it comes after all morphemes, including after endings.

1. After reading the poem, underline the reflexive verbs.

The fly was going to visit
It's a very long drive.
I washed my face
I was getting dressed,
She was worried, she was curling, she was rushing about in front of the mirror, she was gaping... And she fell into the milk.

2. Write down the verbs with the suffix -sya (-съ) and label it. What are these verbs called?

To knock, to descend, to blacken, to surprise, to construct, to be guided.

_________________________________________________________________________________

3. Extract from the fableI. Krylovareturnable Verbs.
Swan, Pike and Crayfish
When there is no agreement among comrades,
Things won't go well for them,
And nothing will come out of it, only torment.
Once upon a time Swan, Crayfish and Pike
They began to carry a load of luggage
And together the three all harnessed themselves to it;
They are doing their best, but the cart is still moving!
The luggage would seem light to them:
Yes, the Swan rushes into the clouds,
The cancer moves back, and the Pike pulls into the water.
It is not for us to judge who is to blame and who is right;
Yes, but things are still there.

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Correct the mistakes of careless students.

1. I am in seventh grade. 2. My notebook has already been found. 3. Zhenya went to the station by tram. 4. After a while she sat down to write the letter. 5. Tanya looked at him for a long time, and then met him. In the morning I washed my face, combed my hair, had breakfast and got dressed.

Most reflexive verbs are formed from non-reflexive ones: wash - wash, scold - scold. Some of the reflexive verbs without -sya (-сь) are not used: laugh, fight.

5. Form reflexive verbs.

Angry - __________________, warm - _____________________, captivate - _________________, calm - _________________, make happy - _______________, hug - _____________________, cry - ________________, comb - ___________________, button up - ____________________.

6. Replace with one word.

Greet each other when meeting().

To be in an anxious state, to experience excitement().

Give consent().

Pack your things before the trip().

To make a mistake().

Show interest in something().

Feel offended().

Pay in full as due().

7. Eliminate the shortcomings in the word usage of careless students.

A girl plays with a doll. Three people play this game. Washed clothes sway in the wind. The passenger began to wait for the next stop. My sister made friends with a neighbor.

Schoolchildren and linguistic students need to be able to correctly determine the reflexivity of verbs. This is required to perform morphological analysis and competent presentation of thoughts. There are a number of nuances that should be taken into account when determining the reflexivity of a verb. It is not enough to simply remember that the reflexive verb ends in –sya or –sya: this method of analysis causes regular errors. It is important to understand the uniqueness of this morphological category of the verb.

Reflexive verbs are a specific type of intransitive verbs. They denote an action directed by the subject towards himself and have a postfix – xia. The postfix –sya is part of a word that reflects historical changes in the Russian language. In the Old Church Slavonic language, the postfix denoted the word “oneself”, performing the functions of a pronoun.

You definitely need to know that the reflexivity of a verb is directly related to the morphological category of transitivity. First, find out whether the verb is transitive. You need to remember: determining the reflexivity of a verb takes time and should be based on an analysis of the word. The presence of the postfix –sya does not guarantee that there is a reflexive verb before you.

Algorithm for determining verb reflexivity
It is advisable to determine the reflexivity of a verb according to a specific scheme, then the likelihood of errors will noticeably decrease. You will need to be familiar with the basic terms used in the Russian language course.

1. First, determine the transitivity category of the verb. Remember the signs of transitivity and intransitivity of a verb:
   • A transitive verb denotes an action directed at oneself (the subject). It can be freely combined with a noun that is in the accusative case, without a preposition. For example, do (what?) a task. To do is a transitive verb because it is combined with a noun without a preposition, and the noun is in the accusative case. To determine transitivity, simply model a phrase where there is a noun in the accusative case dependent on the verb being analyzed.
     
   • Intransitive verbs denote actions that do not transfer to an object. Nouns cannot be combined with such verbs in the accusative case without a preposition.
     
2. If the verb is transitive, it is not reflexive. The repayment category for it has already been determined at this stage.
   
3. If the verb is intransitive, you need to continue analyzing it.
   
4. Pay attention to the postfix. The postfix –sya is a mandatory sign of a reflexive verb.
   
5. All reflexive verbs are divided into 5 types.
   • General reflexive verbs are needed to express changes in the emotional state of the subject and his physical actions. For example, rejoice, hurry.
     
   • Verbs from the group of proper reflexives denote an action directed at the subject. Thus, one person becomes object and subject. For example, dressing up means dressing yourself up.
     
   • Reciprocal verbs denote actions performed between several subjects. Each subject is simultaneously an object of action, that is, the action is transferred to each other. For example, to meet - to meet each other.
     
   • Verbs from the group of objectless-reflexive verbs denote actions that are constantly inherent in the subject. For example, metal melts.
     
   • Indirect reflexive verbs imply actions performed by the subject in his own interests, for himself. For example, stocking up on things.
     
   Try to determine what type the verb is. The reflexive verb must be included in one of the groups.
   
6. Please note: the postfix -sya is not always a sign of a reflexive verb. Check if the verb belongs to one of the groups:
   • Transitive verbs reflecting the intensity of the action. For example, knocking. Postfix increases intensity.
     
   • Verbs with impersonal meaning. For example, I can’t sleep.
     

If a verb does not fit into any type from paragraph 6, but clearly belongs to one of the groups in paragraph 5, it has a reflexivity category.