Lesson notes on WWII history. Basic lessons of the Second World War

Makarova S.E.

Lecture notes The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet people

(in the context of World War II)

Introduction (introductory lecture)

Correspondence students study the discipline “The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet People (in the context of the Second World War)” in the first year. Lectures - 6 hours, practical classes - 4 hours are allotted for studying the discipline. The form of control is testing.

At the orientation lecture and during the examination session, the following lecture topics will be read:

1. Introduction. The USSR and the countries of the world on the eve and at the beginning of the Second World War. The beginning of the Great Patriotic War.

2. Occupation regime on the territory of Belarus. Guerrilla and underground struggle in the occupied territory. Events on the war fronts. The collapse of the offensive strategy of the German Wehrmacht.

3. Liberation of Belarus from German invaders. The end of the Great Patriotic War and the Second World War. Results and lessons of the Second World War.

The following topics are covered for practical classes:

1. The beginning of the Great Patriotic War.

2. National struggle behind enemy lines.

3. A radical turning point during the Second World War.

4. Victory of the anti-Hitler coalition. Results and lessons of the Second World War. When preparing for practical classes and tests, students can use

the following literature:

1. Belarus near the Vyalikay Aichynnay war, 1941 – 1945: Entsykl, - Pl.:

BelSE, 1990.

2. The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet people (in the context of the Second World War): Textbook. A manual for university students/Ed. A.A. Kovaleni, N.S. Stashkevich.

– Mn.: Ed. center of BSU, 2004.

3. History of Belarus: 2 hours//Pad ed. Y.K. Novika. – Mn.: Universitetskaya, 2003. –

Part 2 pp. 217 – 279.

4. Kavalenya A.A. Belarus at the eradication of the war (1939 – 1945): Vucheb.-metad. dapam. – Mn.: BSU, 2001.

5. Makarova S.E. The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet people (in the context of the Second World War). Method. decree. 41.2. – Mogilev, 2005.

6. Maltsev L. Great Victory: lessons and conclusions//Belarusian Thought. – 2005. - No. 4.

– P. 4 – 15.

7. Sakovich V. Under the sign of trouble: occupation//Belarusian Thought. – 2005. - No. 3. – P. 116 – 123.

The subject of the course “The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet People (in the context of the Second World War)” is a comprehensive study of the unfolding of military events, their interdependence and impact on the fate of the peoples of the USSR, Europe, the whole world, the contribution of the Belarusian people in the defeat of the German aggressors.

The relevance of the discipline being studied lies in the fact that the problems of war and peace today have not lost their urgency. The current danger is that wars take place not only in time and space, but also in the minds of people, when an atmosphere of lack of spirituality is created, a negative attitude towards the historical past, direct falsification of facts and events for the sake of certain ideological and political constructs.

Sovereign Belarus, showing concern for the moral health of society, has set a course for preserving the spiritual heritage, traditions, and patriotism. Propaganda of heroism, the sacred heritage of fathers and grandfathers awakens conscience and elevates the spirit of the nation. In order to strengthen true patriotism, it is important to leaf through the brightest pages of our military epic, written during the Great Patriotic War.

The USSR and the countries of the world on the eve and at the beginning of World War II

1.1. International situation on the eve of the Second World War.

1.2. The beginning of the Second World War and events on the territory of Belarus.

1.3. German occupation of European countries.

1.1. International situation on the eve of World War II

Stabilization in the field of international relations in the 20s. was replaced by a global economic crisis (1929 – 1933). The solution is increased government intervention in the social and economic life of a number of countries in Europe and the USA.

In Germany in 1933, as a result of democratic elections, the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP) led by A. Hitler came to power:

- economic policy - to expand living space, achieve world domination;

- ideological support - propaganda of the idea of ​​​​racial exclusivity of the German nation, chauvinism;

The social base of National Socialism is small owners, the unemployed, part of the intelligentsia, workers and youth.

Changes in German policy with the advent of the Nazis: withdrawal from the League of Nations (1933), abandonment of the Geneva Disarmament Convention, growth of militarism.

Military-political cooperation of extremist regimes:

October 1936 - “Axis Berlin - Rome” - agreement between Germany and Italy, recognition of the annexation of Abyssinia, development of a unified line of conduct regarding the war in Spain.

November 1936 – “Anti-Comintern Pact” - cooperation between Germany and Japan directed against the Comintern. In 1937, Italy joined this pact.

By 1939 - expansion of the Anti-Comintern Pact to include Hungary, Spain, Bulgaria, Finland, Romania, Siam, Manchukuo, Denmark, Slovakia, Croatia.

Under the influence of the reactionary regimes of Germany, Italy, and Japan, an aggressive bloc is being created. The USSR initiative to create a collective security system did not find understanding from Great Britain, France and Poland. As a result, the Soviet Union was faced with an alternative: face the threat of war in the west and east or sign the non-aggression pact proposed by Germany. The last option was chosen.

1.2. The beginning of the Second World War and events on the territory of Belarus

The attack on Poland on September 1, 1939 is the beginning of World War II. 61 states were involved in it. Military operations took place on the territory of 40 states.

In historiography, there are five main periods of the war:

The first period (September 1, 1939 – June 21, 1941) – the seizure of Western European countries by Germany and its satellites.

The second period (June 22, 1941 – November 18, 1942) – the beginning of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet people, the collapse of the “Blitzkon War”.

The third period (November 19, 1942 – December 31, 1943) – a radical turning point in the war, the disruption of the offensive strategy of the fascist bloc, the transition of initiative to the fears of the anti-Hitler coalition.

Fifth period (May 9 – September 2, 1945) – the defeat of militaristic Japan, the end of World War II.

Great Britain and France, bound by an agreement with Poland, declared war on Germany on September 3, 1939, whose military position was strong enough to stop the aggressor. However, the necessary military-economic assistance to Poland was not provided and on September 16, the German army occupied a significant part of Polish territory, reaching the “Curzon Line”.

The Soviet government was careful, despite pressure from the German command, not to be accused by the international community of supporting the German aggressive policy.

On September 28, 1939, the USSR and Germany signed a Border Friendship Treaty (along the Narew, Western Bug, and San rivers), which consisted of 5 articles and a secret additional treaty. The Lublin part of the Warsaw Voivodeship, including the Bug, was included in the sphere of German interests in exchange for Germany’s renunciation of claims to Lithuania. A joint Soviet-German parade took place in Brest.

Results of the reunification of Western Belarus with the BSSR: the territory increased by 100 thousand km2, the population doubled; Soviet power was established in the western regions; unemployment was eliminated; industrialization and collectivization began; free medical care; 4 universities, 25 secondary specialized educational institutions, 220 libraries, 5 drama theaters, 100 cinemas were opened.

Negative phenomena: resistance from kulaks, besiegers of socialist transformation (nationalization, collectivization), the emergence of illegal organizations.

The beginning of repressions in order to prevent a wide wave of anti-Soviet protests; deportation of 120 thousand people to Siberia and Kazakhstan - settlers, forestry workers, Belarusian figures of the national liberation movement. This had a negative impact on the moral and psychological atmosphere in the region.

1.3. German occupation of European countries

The occupation of Poland gave the Nazi leaders self-confidence. Western European countries, without providing assistance to the Polish people, conducted secret negotiations with Germany in order to direct the German “war machine” against

THE USSR .

“Strange War” - the period from September 1939 to May 10, 1940 - the inaction of the Anglo-French and German troops. Germany used this period to bring its armed forces into combat readiness. Using various methods of “psychological warfare,” public opinion in many European countries was disoriented, and the activities of the “fifth column” intensified. Using large-scale propaganda of Germany's peace-loving intentions, based on demagoguery and lies, the aggressors were preparing a military campaign in Western Europe.

By the spring of 1941, Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg were occupied by Nazi Germany, France was dismembered, Operation Sea Lion was being prepared against Great Britain, Yugoslavia was divided between Germany, Italy, Hungary and Bulgaria; occupied Greece and the islands of the Aegean Sea. With the capture of the countries of the Balkan Peninsula, the aggressive bloc significantly strengthened its positions.

On the eve of the aggravation of the military-political situation in Europe, the USSR seeks to strengthen the country’s defense capability:

1. Accelerated construction of new heavy industry enterprises in the east of the country.

2. Strengthening labor discipline - assigning workers and employees to enterprises, criminal liability for the production of low-quality products; eight-hour working day and seven-day working week; mandatory minimum workdays for collective farmers.

3. Rearmament of the army and navy; the adoption of the Law on Universal Conscription, according to which the conscription age was reduced from 21 to 19 years; large-scale mass defense work of party and Komsomol organizations.

Topic 2. The beginning of the Great Patriotic War

2.1. Germany's goals in the war against the Soviet Union. The attack of Nazi Germany on the USSR.

2.2. The activities of Soviet and party bodies to mobilize forces and means to fight the aggressor.

2.3. Combat operations in the summer - autumn of 1941. Reasons for the failures of the Red Army.

2.4. Battle of Moscow. Blitzkrieg breakdown.

2.1. Germany's goals in the war against the Soviet Union. Nazi Germany's attack on the USSR

The idea of ​​expansion to the east was substantiated by Hitler in his work “Mein Kampf” (“My Struggle”), formulated in December 1940 by the German command

Plans: “Plan Barbarossa” (directive No. 21, December 18, 1940) - developed in line with the strategy of lightning war (“blitzkrieg”); plan "Ost" - a plan for the dismemberment of the European territory of the USSR after the war and the exploitation of its natural resources, the destruction of a significant part of the population of the Soviet Union

On June 22, 1941, fascist Germany, violating the non-aggression pact, treacherously invaded the territory of the USSR, unleashing on our country the blow of an invasion army unprecedented in history. The western borders of the USSR were defended by 166 divisions and nine brigades - 2.9 million people (54% of all armed forces). Germany sent 152 German divisions and two brigades, 29 divisions and 16 brigades of the allies of Finland, Hungary, Italy, and Romania against the USSR.

2.2. Activities of Soviet and party bodies to mobilize forces and means to fight the aggressor

The directive of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of June 29, 1941 strengthened the centralization of power and subordinated the work of party and Soviet authorities to the interests of the front.

State Defense Committee (GKO) (June 30, 1941) headed by the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR I.V. Stalin concentrated all the power: transferring the economy to a war footing; mobilization of the country's human and material resources for the needs of the front; evacuation of enterprises and part of the population to the east of the country.

2.3. Combat operations in the summer - autumn of 1941. Reasons for the failures of the Red Army

On June 22, the Soviet border guards and advanced units of the covering troops were the first to take on enemy attacks. Army Group South met with stubborn resistance from Red Army units in the area of ​​Przemysl, Dubno, Lutsk, and Rivne.

The heroic defense of Mogilev lasted 23 days. The battle for the city of Gomel lasted for more than a month. At the beginning of July, the Soviet command created a new line of defense along the Western Dvina and Dnieper. In the area of ​​Orsha, the enemy was thrown back 30 - 40 km.

Despite the stubborn resistance of the Red Army, German troops quickly advanced deeper into the country. Army Group Center attacked the troops of the Western Front. Army Group North invaded the Baltic states, heading towards Leningrad. The Red Army suffered heavy losses, but the enemy's losses were great. The plan for a “lightning war” clearly failed.

Despite the heroism and courage of the Soviet people, Hitler's troops occupied the Baltic states, Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova, and part of the RSFSR. At the beginning of September the siege of Leningrad closed. On September 19, Kyiv fell.

The reasons for the failures of the Red Army in the initial period of the war:

1. The USSR leadership exaggerated the importance German-Soviet treaty and ignored reports about the likelihood of a German attack on the USSR.

2. Quantitative and qualitative superiority of the enemy in manpower, equipment, and intelligence information.

3. Germany had a mobilized army and experience in modern warfare. The USSR did not have such experience.

4. An erroneous military doctrine that excludes the possibility of the enemy breaking through to great depth. The Red Army was preparing for military operations in

The Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) is a war between the USSR and Germany within the Second World War, which ended with the victory of the Soviet Union over the Nazis and the capture of Berlin. The Great Patriotic War became one of the final stages of the Second World War.

Causes of the Great Patriotic War

After defeat in the First World War, Germany was left in an extremely difficult economic and political situation, however, after Hitler came to power and carried out reforms, the country was able to increase its military power and stabilize the economy. Hitler did not accept the results of the First World War and wanted to take revenge, thereby leading Germany to world domination. As a result of his military campaigns, in 1939 Germany invaded Poland and then Czechoslovakia. A new war has begun.

Hitler's army rapidly conquered new territories, but until a certain point, there was a non-aggression peace treaty between Germany and the USSR, signed by Hitler and Stalin. However, two years after the start of World War II, Hitler violated the non-aggression agreement - his command developed the Barbarossa plan, which envisaged a rapid German attack on the USSR and the seizure of territories within two months. In case of victory, Hitler would have the opportunity to start a war with the United States, and he would also have access to new territories and trade routes.

Contrary to expectations, the unexpected attack on Russia did not produce results - the Russian army turned out to be much better equipped than Hitler expected and offered significant resistance. The campaign, designed to last several months, turned into a protracted war, which later became known as the Great Patriotic War.

Main periods of the Great Patriotic War

• The initial period of the war (June 22, 1941 - November 18, 1942). On June 22, Germany invaded the territory of the USSR and by the end of the year was able to conquer Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Ukraine, Moldova and Belarus - troops moved inland to capture Moscow. Russian troops suffered huge losses, the inhabitants of the country in the occupied territories ended up in German captivity and were driven into slavery in Germany. However, despite the fact that the Soviet army was losing, it still managed to stop the Germans on the approach to Leningrad (the city was besieged), Moscow and Novgorod. Plan Barbarossa did not produce the desired results, and battles for these cities continued until 1942.
• The period of radical change (1942-1943) On November 19, 1942, the counter-offensive of Soviet troops began, which produced significant results - one German and four allied armies were destroyed. The Soviet army continued its offensive in all directions, they managed to defeat several armies, begin pursuing the Germans and push the front line back towards the west. Thanks to the build-up of military resources (the military industry worked in a special regime), the Soviet army was significantly superior to the German one and could now not only resist, but also dictate its terms in the war. The USSR army turned from a defensive one into an attacking one.
• The third period of the war (1943-1945). Despite the fact that Germany managed to significantly increase the power of its army, it was still inferior to the Soviet one, and the USSR continued to play a leading offensive role in the war effort. The Soviet army continued to advance towards Berlin, recapturing the captured territories. Leningrad was retaken, and by 1944, Soviet troops were moving towards Poland and then Germany. On May 8, Berlin was captured and German troops declared unconditional surrender.

Major battles of the Great Patriotic War

• Defense of the Arctic (June 29, 1941 - November 1, 1944);
• Battle of Moscow (September 30, 1941 - April 20, 1942);
• Siege of Leningrad (September 8, 1941 - January 27, 1944);
• Battle of Rzhev (January 8, 1942 - March 31, 1943);
• Battle of Stalingrad (July 17, 1942 - February 2, 1943);
• Battle for the Caucasus (July 25, 1942 - October 9, 1943);
• Battle of Kursk (July 5 - August 23, 1943);
• Battle for Right Bank Ukraine (December 24, 1943 - April 17, 1944);
• Belarusian operation (June 23 - August 29, 1944);
• Baltic operation (September 14 - November 24, 1944);
• Budapest operation (October 29, 1944 - February 13, 1945);
• Vistula-Oder operation (January 12 - February 3, 1945);
• East Prussian operation (January 13 - April 25, 1945);
• Battle of Berlin (April 16 - May 8, 1945).

Results and significance of the Great Patriotic War

The main significance of the Great Patriotic War was that it finally broke the German army, not giving Hitler the opportunity to continue his struggle for world domination. The war became a turning point during the Second World War and, in fact, its completion.

However, the victory was difficult for the USSR. The country's economy was in a special regime throughout the war, factories worked mainly for the military industry, so after the war they had to face a severe crisis. Many factories were destroyed, most of the male population died, people were starving and could not work. The country was in a difficult state, and it took many years for it to recover.

But, despite the fact that the USSR was in a deep crisis, the country turned into a superpower, its political influence on the world stage increased sharply, the Union became one of the largest and most influential states, on a par with the USA and Great Britain.

History lesson summary "The Great Patriotic War"

During the classes.

II. Updating knowledge.
The teacher reads a poem:

We fought along the dusty roads.
The bombs made the earth tremble as if alive.
We are every meter of our native land
They defended by pouring blood.
Lead blizzard of chalk,
Shells were exploding, mines were howling...

What is this poem about? (children's answers)
- How does it make you feel? (children's answers)
- Why did we start our lesson with this poem? (children's answers)

III. Communicate the topic and objectives of the lesson.
- Over the course of several lessons, we have been studying one big topic. What is it called? (children's answers) USSR in WWII.
- Today we are finishing the study of this section and will not get acquainted with new material. What do you think the topic of the last lesson might be called after studying the section? (children's answers)
- The topic of our lesson: "Repetition. The Great Patriotic War".
- Considering the topic of the lesson, determine the objectives of the lesson using supporting words:
PIN REPEAT

So, today in the lesson we will consolidate our knowledge and repeat the material we have learned about the battles, dates, names and exploits of people in the Great Patriotic War.

Here is the forty-first year, the end of June,
And people went to bed peacefully the night before.
But in the morning the whole country already knew
That a terrible war had begun.
The country was blooming. But the enemy is around the corner,
He took flight and went to war against us.
At that terrible hour,
Becoming a steel wall
All the youth took up arms,
To defend our native fatherland.

I urge you to actively work together, call for attentiveness and intelligence to help. To battle.

IV. Repetition of covered material.
Exercise 1."Tragic Beginning"
Listening (Levitan's announcement of the beginning of the war audio recording)
- Announcer Yuri Borisovich Levitan read about the hostilities on the radio. The whole country knew his voice. Millions of people froze and listened to him with bated breath.

Remember the dates when the Great Patriotic War took place?
(children's answers)

What was the name of the plan developed by the German command to capture the USSR? What was it? (children's answers)
(Answer: Plan “Barbarossa”, in accordance with it, Germany wanted to conduct a lightning war. That is, to suddenly attack the USSR and occupy significant territory for several months. And then establish its own military control system on the occupied territory).

But let’s remember how it really was and complete the task:

D/ and “True – not true”
1. The first months of the Second World War were successful for the Red Army. (-)
2. The Red Army was retreating on all fronts. (+)
3. Soviet soldiers fought bloody battles for every piece of their native land.(+)
4. Thanks to the courage of Soviet soldiers, the Barbarossa plan was on the verge of failure. (+)

Task 2."Decisive battles of the Second World War."
(on the board the teacher hangs cards in random order with the name of the battles and the time when they took place)
- Remember the chronology of events and build a timeline.
Select a sign with the name of the battle, select the date of the event, name the meaning of the battle, find it on the map and show it with a flag.
name of the battle
date value (sample answers)
Brest June 22, 1941 The beginning of the Second World War. There were 3,500 soldiers in the fortress. But they defended the fortress from the enemy with incredible courage and courage.
Battle of Moscow December 1941–
April 1942 The first major defeat of the fascist army since the beginning of World War II. The first victory of the Soviet army, which inspired hope and confidence in the defeat of the enemy.
Siege of Leningrad September 1941-
August 1944 Leningraders stood and survived. In the most difficult conditions, they continued to work and produce ammunition for the city’s defenders. The population of the entire country was amazed by the courage and heroism of the inhabitants of Leningrad. Their feat served as an example of perseverance for all Soviet people during the war.
Battle of Stalingrad July 1942 –
February 1943 Soviet troops exhausted a large enemy group, and then surrounded and completely destroyed it.
Battle of Kursk. July 1943 A huge tank battle took place. A radical turning point during the Second World War in favor of the Red Army, Soviet troops advanced along the entire front.
Berlin May 8, 1945 The Act of Unconditional Surrender of Germany was signed. End of the war.
Watch the video “Siege of Leningrad”

Not only the great battles will forever remain in the memory of the citizens of our country, but also the courage and determination of the Soviet commanders.

Task 3."Gallery of Fame".
- I propose to organize a “Gallery of Glory of WWII Soldiers.”
Students go out one at a time and choose a portrait (on the board) and a caption for it, and create an impromptu gallery of fame, having previously explained their choice.

Millions of Soviet people showed mass heroism.
Let's remember the names of the heroes by completing the following task: “Name the hero and his feat”
Working with cards:
Heroes Event
1. Scout Sergeant Pavlov a) For more than three years he was tortured, tormented, interrogated, but he did not betray his Motherland.
2. General Karbyshev b) They had to defend themselves for 58 days. Most of them died in an unequal battle, but they defended the house.
3. Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya c) He stood up, rushed to the bunker and closed the embrasure with his body.
4. Ivan Panfilov d) A young girl stood up to defend her Motherland. Before her death, she encouraged the villagers not to be afraid of enemies and to defend their land.
5. Alexander Matrosov e) Six days near Volokolamsk, 28 Panfilov men repelled continuous attacks and at the cost of their own lives the enemy was stopped.
Answer: 1 – b; 2 – a; 3 – g; 4 –d; 5 – c.
“These people showed fearlessness and valor, courage and perseverance, the ability to sacrifice themselves for the sake of others.

Task 4."Third wheel".

Test(the task is completed individually, students must cross out the extra word; after completion, they exchange it with their neighbor at the desk and perform a mutual check)
1. World War II, Great Patriotic War, Civil War. (Wars P)
2. Liberating, fair, aggressive. (Warrior Traits O)
3. Chapaev, Zhukov, Rokossovsky. (Chapaev – division chief, Marshals B)
4. Fascists, whites, Soviet soldiers. (Soldiers E)
5. T-34, “Katyusha”, cart. (Technique D)
6. K.I. Shulzhenko, A.V. Nezhdanova, L. Utesov (Singers A)
-What code word did you get? VICTORY.

Conclusion: holy faith in the just nature of the war and in the inevitable victory over the enemy helped the Soviet people to overcome all the hardships and hardships of wartime.

Task 5.""Museum".
- What do you think people do to preserve the memory of the difficult days of the war? (children's answers)
- We have our own makeshift museum in our classroom. This is homework (you had to bring an object that was reminiscent of those distant war years)
- Let's carefully look at the things that are stored in our museum.
(Perhaps this is: a bowler hat, a tobacco pouch, woolen socks, a sapper shovel, a letter - a front triangle, the book “The Diary of Tanya Savicheva”, 125g of bread, etc.) Students one by one approach the stand with objects, the task is to take the object and explain, why is it in the museum?

Task 6. Define an event.
- What events of the Great Patriotic War do the poetic lines tell about?

“Everything breathed such silence,
It seemed that the whole earth was still asleep.
Who knew that between peace and war
Only about five minutes left..." (The beginning of the Second World War)

"We will remember the harsh autumn,
The grinding of tanks and the glare of bayonets,
And twenty-eight will live in our hearts
Your bravest sons..." (28 Panfilovites)

“The runners are creaking, creaking along the Nevsky,
On a children's sled, narrow, funny,
They carry blue water in pots,
Firewood and belongings, dead and living..." (Siege of Leningrad)
This is how poets talk about the war, about those tragic events, but there are digital indicators of those terrible events.

Task 7."WWII and numbers"
The teacher shows a sign with a number, the students say how it is connected with the Second World War.

6 years – the Second World War lasted.
The Great Patriotic War lasted 1418 days.
900 days - the siege of Leningrad lasted.
The heroic defense of Stalingrad lasted 200 days.
27 million people - died during the war

V. Summing up.
- Our lesson is coming to an end. What did we talk about in class today? (children's answers)
- Guys, what conclusion can we draw after studying such dramatic and heroic events of this most difficult test for the USSR, which ultimately led to a great victory? (children's answers)
Song "Victory Day"

This war showed that people all over the world must unite in times of danger in the fight against a common enemy.
- Today you made me happy, everyone tried very hard. I would especially like to note:
definition….
attentiveness…
composure...
diligence... etc.

Let the cities sleep peacefully.
Let the sirens howl piercingly
Doesn't sound over my head.
Let no shell explode,
Not a single one is making a machine gun.
Let our forests announce
Only birds and children's voices.
May the years pass peacefully
Let there never be war!

The formidable and heroic events of the Great Patriotic War are receding further into history. But you and I must always remember the unprecedented feat of the Soviet people, who won a great victory at the front and in the rear.

This concludes our lesson.
Bibliography.
1. Solovyova T.A., Rogaleva E.I. Historical topics of the course “The World around us”: Activity - developmental approach. 4th grade. - M.: VAKO, 2006. - 320 pp. - (Teacher's Workshop).
2. Puzanov B.P., Borodina O.I., Sekovets L.S., Redkina N.M. History of Russia: Textbook for 9th grade. special (correctional) general educational institutions of the VIII type. – M Humanit. Ed. VLADOS Center, 2006. – 312 pp.: ill.
3. Puzanov B.P., Borodina O.I., Sekovets L.S., Redkina N.M. History lessons in the 9th grade of a special (correctional) general education school of the VIII type: textbook. -method. manual / Puzanov B.P., Borodina O.I., Sekovets L.S., Redkina N.M. – M.: Humanitarian. ed. VLADOS center, 2004. – 215 p. – (Correctional pedagogy).

Moscow City University of Management of the Moscow Government

Department of History and Political Science

THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR 1941 – 1945

Introduction……………………………….…….…………………….……..…3

1. The beginning of the Great Patriotic War................................…….………….4

2. Battle for Moscow...……………………….….....…..………………………...6

3. Battle of Stalingrad……………………………………..……………….10

4. Leningrad during the war……………………………....……….………………….13

4.1. In besieged Leningrad……………………………………………………………...14

4.2. Availability and search for food……………………………………....19

4.3. Road of Life…………………………………………………………….21

4.4. Liberation………………………………………………………...22

4.5. End of the blockade………………………………………………………...24

5. Battle of Kursk (tank battle of Prokhorovka)...………….24

Conclusion………………………………………………………..…..26

LITERATURE……………………………………………………………..…29

INTRODUCTION

Quite a lot of books, articles, memoirs, and studies have been written in our country about the tragic events that occurred during the Great Patriotic War. However, the abundance of scientific works and journalistic writings does not bring us too close to understanding what actually happened during the years of that war, which very soon became the Great Patriotic War for millions of Soviet people - even for those who, under the influence of communist propaganda, almost forgot the meaning of the word Fatherland.

The greatest defeat in the history of wars was the defeat of a multi-million army that had powerful weapons and outnumbered the enemy; the death of hundreds of thousands of people who never had time to understand why they had not to participate in victorious military operations on foreign territory, which official propaganda talked so much about in the late 1930s, but to repel the monstrous blow of the well-oiled Wehrmacht machine; the capture - in a matter of days - of an unprecedented number of Soviet soldiers and commanders; lightning-fast occupation of vast spaces; the almost universal confusion of the citizens of a powerful power that found itself on the brink of collapse - all this was difficult to fit into the minds of contemporaries and descendants and required explanation.

1. BEGINNING OF THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR

Early on the morning of Sunday, June 22, 1941, Nazi Germany and its allies unleashed an invasion force unprecedented in history on our country: 190 divisions, over 4 thousand tanks, more than 47 thousand guns and mortars, about 5 thousand aircraft, up to 200 ships. In the decisive directions of its offensive, the aggressor had many times superiority in forces. The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union against the Nazi invaders began. It lasted 1418 days and nights.

This was the largest demonstration of the strike forces of world imperialism against socialism, one of the most difficult trials ever experienced by the Soviet country. In this war, not only the fate of the USSR was decided, but also the future of world civilization, progress and democracy.

History does not know more monstrous crimes than those committed by the Nazis. The fascist hordes turned tens of thousands of cities and villages of our country into ruins. They killed and tortured Soviet people, not sparing women, children, and the elderly. The inhuman cruelty that the invaders showed towards the population of many other occupied countries was surpassed on Soviet territory. All these crimes are described with documentary accuracy in the acts of the Extraordinary State Commission for the Investigation of the Atrocities of the Nazi invaders and their accomplices and brought to the attention of the whole world.

As a result of the fascist invasion, the Soviet country lost more than 25 million people killed, about 30% of its national wealth. More than 1 million Soviet soldiers died outside our country, liberating the peoples of Europe and Asia from fascist-militarist occupiers.

The war of Nazi Germany and its allies against the USSR was of a special nature. German fascism sought not only to seize the territory of the USSR, but also to destroy the world's first state of workers and peasants, to overthrow the socialist social system, i.e. pursued class goals. This was a significant difference between Nazi Germany’s war against the USSR and the wars it waged against capitalist countries. Class hatred of the country of socialism, aggressive aspirations and the bestial essence of fascism merged together in politics, strategy and methods of warfare.

According to the plans of the fascist clique, the Soviet Union was to be dismembered and liquidated. On its territory it was planned to form four Reich-s-commissariats - German provinces. Moscow, Leningrad, Kyiv and a number of other cities were ordered to be blown up, flooded and completely wiped off the face of the earth. The Nazi leadership emphasized that the actions of the German army should be especially cruel and demanded the merciless destruction of not only the soldiers of the Soviet Army, but also the civilian population of the USSR. The soldiers and officers of the Wehrmacht were given memos that said: “... kill every Russian, Soviet, do not stop if in front of you is an old man or a woman, a girl or a boy - kill, by this you will save yourself from death, ensure the future of your family and become famous in the world.” century."

German aggression against the Soviet Union began to be prepared in the mid-30s. The war against Poland, and then the campaigns in Northern and Western Europe, temporarily switched German staff thinking to other problems. But even then the preparations for war against the USSR remained in the field of view of the Nazis. It became more active after the defeat of France, when, in the opinion of the fascist leadership, the rear of the future war was secured and Germany had enough resources at its disposal to wage it.

2. BATTLE FOR MOSCOW

Among the major events of the Second World War, the great battle of Moscow occupies a special place. It was here, on the outskirts of the capital, that the vaunted Nazi army, which had easily marched through many European countries for 2 years, suffered its first serious defeat. In the battles near Moscow, Hitler’s “blitzkrieg” plan was finally buried, and the false legend about the invincibility of “Hitler’s” army was debunked before the whole world.

The historical victory of the Soviet Army in the fields of the Moscow region showed the whole world that there is a force capable of not only stopping, but also defeating the fascist aggressor, saving humanity from the threat of Nazi enslavement.

It was near Moscow that the dawn of our future Victory over German fascism began.

The Battle of Moscow, which included a complex set of battles and operations of various types, unfolded over a vast territory and continued continuously throughout the autumn of 1941 and winter of 1941-1942.

More than 2 million people, about 2.5 thousand tanks, 1.8 thousand aircraft and over 25 thousand guns and mortars simultaneously participated in it on both sides.

Due to the nature of the events that took place, the battle of Moscow, as is known, consisted of two periods - defensive and offensive.

The defensive period covers October - November 1941. As a result of the two-month heroic defense of Soviet troops in the Moscow direction, the so-called general offensive of the Nazi army was stopped. Hitler's plan to capture Moscow failed.

Before winning this world-historical victory, our Armed Forces and the entire Soviet people had to experience the bitterness of cruel defeats and military failures. By the fall of 1941, our troops were forced to retreat to Leningrad and leave Smolensk and Kyiv. A threat has been created to Kharkov, Donbass and Crimea.

Hitler's troops, despite huge losses, which even according to German data by September 30, 1941 amounted to 551 thousand people or 16.2% of the total number of troops on the Soviet-German front, 1719 tanks and assault guns, 1603 downed aircraft, continued to rush east . They still held the strategic initiative and had superiority in forces and means.

Operation Typhoon was developed, during which Moscow was to be surrounded so that “not a single Russian soldier, not a single resident - be it a man, a woman or a child - could leave it. Suppress any attempt to leave by force.”

It was supposed to destroy and flood the city along with all its inhabitants, and then fill it with sand and build a red stone monument to the glory of the German invincible army in the center of the empty massif. The stone was even transported in a convoy along with equipment to Moscow.

Against three Soviet fronts - Western, Reserve and Bryansk, operating in the Moscow direction, by the beginning of the Battle of Moscow, the German command concentrated more than a million army of the Center group, over 14 thousand guns and mortars, 1,700 tanks, 950 aircraft or 42% of people, 75 % of tanks, 45% of guns and mortars of the total number on the Soviet-German front.

By the beginning of the offensive of fascist troops on Moscow, the following balance of forces had developed:

With their operation of a general offensive on Moscow and careful preparation of troops, representatives of the Third Reich had no doubt about complete, truly “hurricane” success, which is why the operation was called “Typhoon”.

In the Soviet troops in the active army on October 1, 1941, there were 213 rifle, 30 cavalry, 5 tank and 2 motorized divisions, 18 rifle, 37 tank and 7 airborne brigades. The forces were far from equal. In addition, some of the military equipment was of outdated designs. That’s why it was so difficult on the battlefields in the Moscow region during the first defensive stage during the Battle of Moscow.

The Nazis brought in groups of 30–50 tanks, their infantry marched in thick lines, supported by artillery fire and air bombing. Heavy fighting ensued in the Volokolamsk and Mozhaisk directions, which represented the shortest routes to Moscow.

It was in the defensive course of the battles that many of our defenders of the Fatherland were killed on the approaches to Moscow, sometimes striving, at the cost of their lives, not to allow the enemy to reach the capital.

Their heroic resistance was widely reported in the media.

The command of the troops explained the decisions of the State Defense Committee on the introduction of a state of siege in the capital and its suburbs. The Western Front newspaper Krasnoarmeyskaya Pravda noted in an editorial on October 14: “Day and night there is a great battle in which the enemy has put everything at stake. It's a matter of life and death! But a great people cannot die, and in order to live, one must block the enemy’s path, one must win!” And the troops understood this. Mass heroism, unparalleled in history, created the basic preconditions for the subsequent counteroffensive near Moscow.

In the last days of October 1941, G.K. Zhukov proposed going on a counteroffensive without a pause in defensive battles. The troops were tasked with defeating the strike forces of the Army Center and eliminating the immediate threat to Moscow.

On December 6, units of the Red Army launched a counterattack on the advanced groupings of the Nazi troops north and south of the capital. The offensive unfolded over a 1000 km strip, from Kalinin to Yelets. Soviet troops were advancing against an enemy of equal numbers. In the first three days they advanced 30-40 km. The inspiration of the attackers made up for the lack of equipment. The enemy held firm, but the lack of preparation for conducting military operations in winter conditions and the lack of reserves affected. Hitler, having signed a directive in December on the transition to defense on the Soviet-German front, blamed the failures on the military command and, having removed some of the top army generals from their positions, took over the supreme command. But this did not lead to significant changes. The Red Army's offensive continued, and by early January 1942 the enemy was driven back 100-250 km from Moscow. Our soldiers liberated Kalinin and Kaluga.

Thus, the immediate threat to Moscow was eliminated. This was the first major defeat of the Nazis in the Second World War, which meant the complete collapse of the “blitzkrieg” plan.

3. BATTLE OF STALINGRAD

By mid-July, the Wehrmacht's strike forces broke through into the large bend of the Don and its lower reaches. The great Battle of Stalingrad unfolded (July 17, 1942 – February 2, 1943). At the same time, the Battle of the Caucasus began (July 25, 1942 – October 9, 1943).

The Battle of Stalingrad, in which more than 2 million people participated on both sides, covered an area of ​​100 thousand km and lasted 200 days and nights. The enemy launched an offensive with the 6th and 4th Tank Armies, with the participation of Romanian, Hungarian and Italian troops, and soon reached the outskirts of Stalingrad. In the battle for the Caucasus, fascist German troops initially also achieved great success. The forces of the North Caucasus (commander - Marshal of the Soviet Union S. M. Budyonny) and Transcaucasian (commander - Army General I. V. Tyulenev) fronts, significantly inferior to the German Army Group "A" (commander - Field Marshal V. List) in the number of troops and equipment, especially tanks (more than 9 times) and aviation (almost 8 times), retreated to the foothills of the Main Caucasus Range, but in fierce battles they managed to stop the enemy by the end of 1942. They were supported from the sea by the Black Sea Fleet, the Azov and Caspian military flotillas.

During the summer retreat of the Red Army, the military threat to the Soviet country on the southern and Far Eastern borders increased. Turkey was waiting for the breakthrough of Hitler's troops through the Main Caucasus Ridge and the fall of Stalingrad in order to act on the side of the fascist bloc.

The assault on Stalingrad turned into an all-consuming focus for the Nazis. In August, fighting broke out directly in the city. The spring of battle was compressed to failure. Strict orders “Not a step back! ", the heroism and unbending resilience of the soldiers and commanders of the Red Army stood as an insurmountable obstacle to the enemy.

It is important to emphasize that by this time the maximum enemy forces of the entire war were concentrated on the Soviet-German front, the length of which reached 6,200 km. They numbered 266 divisions (over 6.2 million people), about 52 thousand guns and mortars, over 5 thousand tanks and assault guns, 3.5 thousand combat aircraft.

By November 1942, the Soviet active army had about 6.6 million people, over 78 thousand guns and mortars (excluding anti-aircraft guns), over 7.35 thousand tanks and 4.5 thousand combat aircraft. Thus, the balance of forces at the front gradually changed in our favor. Superiority in the number of tanks and aircraft, the creation of strategic reserves were the most important material basis for achieving decisive success in the struggle for the strategic initiative.

In the counter-offensive near Stalingrad, which began on November 19, the troops of the South-Western (commander - Lieutenant General N. F. Vatutin), Stalingrad (commander - Colonel General A. I. Eremenko) and Don (commander - Lieutenant General K. K. Rokossovsky) fronts, repelling the attempt of the German Army Group Don (commander - Field Marshal E. Manstein) to relieve the troops encircled in Stalingrad, inflicted a crushing defeat on the enemy. The remnants of the 6th German Army (91 thousand people), led by the commander, Field Marshal F. Paulus, surrendered on February 2, 1943. The total enemy losses in the Battle of Stalingrad amounted to 1.5 million people. This victory of the Red Army made a decisive contribution to the development of a radical turning point in the war, had a great influence on the overall change in the military-political situation in the world in favor of the anti-Hitler coalition, and was a powerful stimulus for the growth of the resistance movement against the invaders in Europe and Asia.

In January 1943, the offensive of Soviet troops unfolded in the battle for the Caucasus with the forces of the newly created Southern (commander - Colonel General A. I. Eremenko) and North Caucasian (commander - Lieutenant General I. I. Maslennikov) fronts, the Black Sea Group of Forces of the Transcaucasian front (commander - Lieutenant General I.E. Petrov) with the support of aviation of the 8th, 4th and 5th Air Armies and the assistance of the Black Sea Fleet. Having liberated the North Caucasus, Soviet troops reached the Taman Peninsula in early May. On the “blue line”, which ran from the Sea of ​​Azov to Novorossiysk, they met stubborn enemy resistance and went on the defensive.

In January 1943, a partial breakthrough of the blockade of Leningrad was carried out in the north (on a narrow strip along the southern shore of Lake Ladoga) and successful operations were carried out on the central section of the front, which created the conditions for a subsequent offensive in the Kharkov and Kursk directions.

Soviet aviation, having won the largest air battle in Kuban in April–June, ensured strategic air supremacy along the entire Soviet-German front.

Since March 1943, the Supreme Command Headquarters had been working on a strategic offensive plan, the task of which was to defeat the main forces of Army Group South and Center and crush enemy defenses on the front from Smolensk to the Black Sea. It was assumed that the Soviet troops would be the first to go on the offensive. However, in mid-April, based on intelligence data that the Wehrmacht command was planning to launch an offensive near Kursk, it was decided to bleed the German troops with a powerful defense and then launch a counteroffensive. Possessing strategic initiative, the Soviet side deliberately began military operations not with an offensive, but with a defense. The development of events showed that this plan was correct.

4. LENINGRAD DURING THE WAR YEARS

The German General Staff and Hitler himself took some pleasure in choosing names for their military plans. The plan to capture Poland was called Weiss (white), France, Holland and Belgium - Gelb (yellow), the female name Marita was called the operation to capture Greece and Yugoslavia.

For the war plan against the USSR, German military leaders chose the nickname of the ferocious German Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa. Barbarossa, in Russian red-bearded, lived in the twelfth century, commanded a knightly army and shed a lot of human blood.

The name Barbarossa defines the nature of the war as cruel, destructive and destructive. She actually meant it that way.

Having started the war in June, German troops intended to reach the line Arkhangelsk - Volga River - Western coast of the Caspian Sea by the autumn of 1941. One and a half to two months were allotted for the implementation of the Barbarossa plan.

The Nazis were confident that they would meet the scheduled deadlines. Poland was defeated in 35 days, Denmark fell in 24 hours, Holland in 6 days, Belgium in 18, France resisted for 44 days.

The German offensive against the Soviet Union was to develop in three main directions. Army Group "South" advances from the Lublin region to Zhitomir and Kyiv, Army Group "Center" from the Warsaw region to Minsk, Smolensk, Moscow, Army Group "North" advances from East Prussia through the Baltic republics to Pskov and Leningrad.

4.1. IN BESIED LENINGRAD

Leningrad experienced days full of anxiety and surprises: enemy air raids became more frequent, fires started and, most dangerously, food supplies were depleted. The Germans captured the last railway connecting Leningrad with the country. There were very few delivery vehicles across the lake, and the ships were subject to constant raids by enemy aircraft.

And at this time, on the approaches to the city, in factories and factories, on the streets and squares - everywhere there was intense work of many thousands of people, they turned the city into a fortress. Townspeople and collective farmers of suburban areas in a short time created a defensive belt of anti-tank ditches 626 km long, built 15,000 pillboxes and bunkers, and 35 km of barricades.

Many construction sites were in close proximity to the enemy and were subject to artillery fire. People worked 12 - 14 hours a day, often in the rain, in soaking wet clothes. This required great physical endurance.

What force raised people to such dangerous and exhausting work? Faith in the rightness of our struggle, understanding of our role in the unfolding events. Mortal danger loomed over the entire country. The thunder of cannon fire was approaching every day, but it did not frighten the city’s defenders, but rather hurried them to finish the job they had started.

It is impossible to overestimate the labor prowess of the Leningrad working class. People did not sleep enough, were malnourished, but enthusiastically completed the tasks assigned to them.

The Kirov plant found itself dangerously close to the location of German troops. Defending their hometown and factory, thousands of workers erected fortifications day and night. Trenches were dug, hollows were placed, firing sectors were cleared for guns and machine guns, and approaches were mined.

At the plant, work was going on around the clock to produce tanks that showed their superiority over the German ones in battles. Workers, skilled and without any professional experience, men and women, and even teenagers stood at the machines, persistent and efficient. Shells exploded in the workshops, the plant was bombed, fires broke out, but no one left the workplace. KV tanks came out of the factory gates every day and headed straight to the front.

In those incomprehensibly difficult conditions, military equipment was manufactured at Leningrad enterprises at an increasing pace. In November - December, during the difficult days of the siege, the production of shells and mines exceeded a million pieces per month.

The soldiers and the population made efforts to prevent the enemy from entering Leningrad. In case it was possible to break into the city, a detailed plan was developed for the destruction of the enemy troops.

Barricades and anti-tank obstacles with a total length of 25 km were erected on streets and intersections, 4,100 pillboxes and bunkers were built, and more than 20 thousand firing points were equipped in buildings. Factories, bridges, public buildings were mined and, at a signal, would fly into the air - piles of stones and iron would fall on the heads of enemy soldiers, rubble would block the path of their tanks. The civilian population was ready for street fighting.

The population of the besieged city eagerly awaited news of the 54th Army advancing from the east. There were legends about this army: it was about to cut a corridor in the blockade ring from the Mga side, and then Leningrad would breathe deeply.

Time passed, but everything remained the same, hopes began to fade.

The situation required the speed of action of the 54th Army. In six or seven days after the capture of Shlisselburg, the Germans could not create a strong defense over 40 km along the Mga - Shlisselburg line. This is what Stavka was counting on, demanding that Marshal Kulik launch an attack on the enemy as quickly as possible. However, the commander was in no hurry, limiting himself to artillery shelling of enemy positions. The belated and poorly prepared offensive of the 54th Army ended in failure. Although this army pinned down significant enemy forces and thereby eased the position of our troops defending on the southern approaches to Leningrad, it did not fulfill the task of Headquarters to release the city.

The Lenfront troops suffered heavy losses and were in the grip of the blockade, but were not defeated; moreover, they found themselves in a position of a compressed spiral, which made them more dangerous and formidable for the enemy.

The first, most acute period of the battle for Leningrad did not give the Nazis the desired result, the goal was not achieved, and time was irretrievably lost. And von Leeb understood this. The experienced warrior understood that the advantages of surprise were over, his troops were finally stopped on the eve of winter and were in an unenviable position. Continuing the assault on the city will only lead to huge losses in the already weakened army.

At this time, Hitler, furious that Leeb was trampling around Leningrad and could not take the city, removed him from command of the North group and appointed Colonel General Küchler to this post. Hitler hoped that the new commander would improve the affairs of his predecessor.

Carrying out the blockade, he went out of his way to please the Fuhrer, to carry out his order to starve the population to death. He sank ships that delivered food to the city, dropped mines of high explosive force by parachute, and fired large-caliber shells at the city from a long distance. All his actions proved that Küchler sought to terrorize the population.

During September, enemy aircraft carried out 23 raids. The city was mainly bombed with incendiary bombs and high-power landmines. Fires occurred frequently. Self-defense groups on duty kept watch at the entrances of houses and on the roofs. The fires were extinguished by the efforts of fire brigades with the active assistance of the population of adjacent buildings.

Part of the German aviation was based at the airfields closest to the front line, which allowed enemy pilots to cover the distance to the city in a few minutes; air battles often took place right in the Leningrad sky. Our pilots had exceptional determination - having used up ammunition, they went to ram.

In October, the Germans shelled not only the outskirts and southwestern areas, but also the city center. From the Strelna area, enemy batteries fired at Vasilyevsky Island. Artillery attacks often occurred in conjunction with aerial bombardments and continued for hours.

At the end of September, the enemy began to drop bombs and delayed-action mines on the city, methods for defusing them were unknown - the enemy used various fuses designs. The elimination of unexploded bombs was often carried out by volunteers; it happened that such bombs exploded and blew daredevils to pieces.

The enemy sent spies and provocateurs into the city, whose task was to spread panic and uncertainty among the besieged, to report on the extent of destruction and the movements of troops. Taking advantage of supply difficulties, enemy aircraft dropped leaflets calling for disobedience to the authorities. The inventive Nazis tried a lot, but they were not successful.

The loss of Shlisselburg caused serious difficulties in Leningrad. The supply of ammunition, food, fuel, and medicines stopped. And the enemy pressed on. The evacuation of the wounded stopped, while more and more of them arrived from the battlefield. The buildings of the university, the Herzen Institute, the Palace of Labor, the Institute of Technology, the European and Angleterre hotels and many others were occupied as hospitals. The additional conditions created by the city had a beneficial effect on the recovery of the wounded and their return to duty.

From the first days of the siege, Leningrad began to lack electricity. There was not enough fuel. Since September, a strict limit on electricity consumption has been introduced for all enterprises and for the needs of the population. In order to have backup power for the most important plants, two powerful turbo-electric ships were used, provided with a full supply of fuel and placed in the right places on the Neva.

Duty teams were also formed to repair the water supply system in case it was damaged, but the Nazis were unable to disable the city’s water supply.

In September - October, the enemy carried out several raids a day and in all cases, regardless of the number of aircraft that appeared, an air raid alert was announced - people went into shelters, basements, specially dug cracks and often stayed there for several hours before lights out. The massive distraction of workers led to great damage. It was decided not to sound the alarm if one or two aircraft appeared. The workers insisted that work should not stop even if there were a large number of planes, unless there was an immediate threat to the plant. We had to take such a risk - the front required weapons.

As soon as the shelling began, the population was notified of this by radio, it was transmitted which streets were being shelled, instructions were given which side to keep for pedestrians, and in which dangerous area traffic was stopped. Public institutions worked according to the usual schedule, and trade in stores was carried out from 6.00 to 9.00

The enemy shelled the city at different times. But during the hours of finishing and starting work, intense fire opened. Such fascist tactics, aimed at the mass murder of civilians, were monstrous and senseless, and can only be explained by stupid vindictiveness towards the besieged for their resistance.

Our aviation monitored the area of ​​the supposed positions of enemy heavy batteries. The artillerymen pinpointed the location of enemy guns by their first shots and returned fire, after which the shelling of the city stopped.

The military defense of the city was effectively complemented by civil defense, in which a huge number of people participated. The example of the Leningraders confirms that successful rebuff to the enemy depends not only on the presence of a capable army, but also on the participation of the entire people in the struggle.

The Baltic Fleet played an extremely important role in the defense of the city. The sailors gave a worthy rebuff to the enemy. Kronstadt and its forts and naval artillery opened hurricane fire on enemy positions from their guns, causing serious damage to the enemy's manpower and equipment. From September 1941 to January 1942, the Baltic Fleet fired 71,508 large-caliber shells at enemy troops.

4.2. AVAILABILITY AND SEARCH OF FOOD

At the time of the blockade, there were 2 million 544 thousand civilians in the city, including about 400 thousand children. In addition, 343 thousand people remained in suburban areas (in the blockade ring). In September, when systematic bombing, shelling and fires began, many thousands of families wanted to leave, but the routes were cut off. Mass evacuation of citizens began only in January 1942 along the ice road.

There is no doubt that there was slowness in the evacuation of people in the initial period of the war. The large number of children, women, old people and sick people remaining in the besieged city created additional difficulties.

With the help of people allocated by the city party committee, on September 10 and 11, a recount of all food supplies, livestock, poultry, and grain was carried out. Based on the actual expenditure on supplying troops and the population, on September 12 there was: flour and grain for 35 days, cereals and pasta for 30, meat for 33 days, fats for 45, sugar and confectionery for 60 days.

From the first days of September, food cards were introduced in Leningrad. In order to save food, canteens, restaurants and other public catering establishments are closed. Consumption of food in excess of the established limit without special permission from the Supreme Council was strictly prohibited.

Livestock on state farms were slaughtered, and the meat was delivered to procurement points for distribution. It was proposed to transport feed grain intended for animal feed to mills, grind it and use it as an additive to rye flour in baking. The administration of medical institutions was required to cut out food coupons from the cards of citizens undergoing treatment during their stay in hospitals. The same procedure applied to children in orphanages.

To avoid loss due to various fires, flour and other food products were transported to warehouses in safer places.

During the entire period of the blockade, the Nazis failed to cause serious damage to food supplies, with the exception of the loss of a small amount of flour and sugar from a fire in the Badaev warehouses. But Leningrad needed more food.

4.3. The road of life

The only communication left for the supply of food and ammunition was along Lake Ladoga, and even this route was unreliable. It was necessary to protect it from enemy attacks at all costs and urgently organize the movement of ships.

There were very few ships on Ladoga and therefore they could not significantly help the starving city.

November came and Ladoga began to gradually become covered in ice. By November 17, the ice thickness reached 100 mm, which was not enough to open traffic. Everyone was waiting for frost.

Horse transport, cars, tractors were prepared for the transportation of goods. Road workers measured the thickness of the ice on the entire lake every day, but were unable to speed up its growth.

On November 22, the long-awaited day came when the cars took to the ice. Observing intervals, at low speed, they followed the tracks of the horses to collect the cargo.

It seemed that the worst was now behind us, we could breathe more freely. But the harsh reality overturned all calculations and hopes for a quick improvement in the nutrition of the population.

On November 22, the convoy returned, leaving 33 tons of food in the city. The next day, only 19 tons were delivered. Such a small amount of food delivered was due to the fragility of the ice; two-ton trucks carried 2-3 bags each, and even with such caution, several vehicles sank. Later, sleds began to be attached to trucks; this method made it possible to reduce the pressure on the ice and increase the amount of cargo.

On November 25, only 70 tons were delivered, the next day - 150 tons. On November 30th the weather became warmer and only 62 tons were transported.

Despite all efforts, it was possible to import about 800 tons of flour from November 23 to December 1 (2-day requirement). During this time, 40 trucks sank.

There was little food left in the city; the military council decided to transfer the existing food supplies from the sailors to supply the population.

The Military Council made some changes in the management of convoys (subordinated all vehicles directly to the head of the road).

On December 22, 700 tons of food were delivered across the lake, and the next day 100 tons more.

On December 25, the first increase in the standards for the distribution of bread occurred: to workers by 100 grams, to employees, dependents and children by 75 grams.

On January 24, new bread supply standards are introduced. Workers began to receive 400 grams, employees 300, dependents and children 250, troops in the first line 600, troops in the rear units 400 grams.

On February 11, rations were increased again. The winter road became busier every day. Winter passed and the ice melted, but the road did not die; barges and boats took the place of trucks and sleighs.

4.4. Liberation

At the beginning of December 1942, Soviet troops surrounded, and in January - early February 1943 they defeated the main enemy group, broke through the German defenses and went on the offensive, throwing the enemy hundreds of kilometers to the west.

Taking advantage of the favorable situation, the troops of the Volkhov and Leningrad fronts, reinforced with reserves, struck from both sides at the enemy’s fortified positions south of Ladoga.

German units put up strong resistance. After seven days of heavy fighting, the enemy was driven back 10 km from the southern shore of Lake Ladoga.

The sixteen-month blockade of Leningrad was broken through the efforts of Soviet soldiers on January 18, 1943.

The government, wanting to provide support to the population and defenders of the city as soon as possible, is taking measures to accelerate the construction of the railway in the gust zone. In 18 days, a 33 km long road was built and a temporary bridge was built across the Neva.

The city's supply improved dramatically. Coal was brought in, industry received electricity, frozen plants and factories came to life. The city was regaining its strength.

The general situation on the Soviet-German front remained tense and did not allow the German troops near Leningrad to be completely defeated at that time.

The situation by the end of 1943 had changed radically. Our troops were preparing for new decisive blows against the enemy.

Near Leningrad, fascist German divisions continued to remain in their positions along a significant length of the front line. Hitler and his staff still hoped to capture the city.

But the hour of reckoning has come. Lenfront troops, well trained and equipped with military equipment, under the command of Army General Govorov, went on the offensive from the Oranienbaum and Pulkovo areas in mid-January 1944. The forts and ships of the Baltic Fleet opened hurricane fire on the fortified positions of the Germans. At the same time, the Volkhov Front struck the enemy with all its might. Before the start of the offensive of the Leningrad and Volkhov fronts, the 2nd Baltic Front pinned down enemy reserves with active actions and did not allow them to be transferred to Leningrad. As a result of a plan carefully developed by talented commanders, well-organized interaction between troops of three fronts and the Baltic Fleet, the strongest group of Germans was defeated, and Leningrad was completely freed from the blockade.

4.5. END OF THE BLOCKADE

And then and now, when more than half a century has passed since Leningrad was liberated from the siege, people all over the world were and are amazed by one thing: how could the Leningraders, given such hardships, withstand a struggle unprecedented in the history of wars? What was their strength?

Leningrad withstood such a long siege, primarily because the population, brought up on revolutionary, military and labor traditions, defended the city until their last breath. And although there was no firewood or coal, and the winter was fierce, there was gunfire day and night, fires were burning, acute hunger was tormenting, the Leningraders endured everything. Protecting the city became a civic, national, and social duty for them.

5. BATTLE OF KURSK TANK BATTLE

(UNDER PROKHOROVKA)

To carry out the operation near Kursk, which received the name “Citadel,” the enemy concentrated enormous forces and appointed the most experienced military leaders: 50 divisions, including 16 tank divisions, Army Group Center (commander - Field Marshal G. Kluge) and Army Group "South" (commander - Field Marshal E. Manstein). In total, the enemy strike forces included over 900 thousand people, about 10 thousand guns and mortars, up to 2,700 tanks and assault guns and more than 2 thousand aircraft. An important place in the enemy’s plan was given to the massive use of new military equipment - Tiger and Panther tanks, as well as new aircraft (Focke-Wulf-190A fighters and Henschel-129 attack aircraft).

The Soviet command countered the offensive of fascist German troops against the northern and southern fronts of the Kursk ledge, which began on July 5, 1943, with a strong active defense. The enemy, attacking Kursk from the north, was stopped four days later. He managed to wedge 10–12 km into the defense of the Soviet troops. The group advancing on Kursk from the south advanced 35 km, but did not reach its goal.

On July 12, Soviet troops, having exhausted the enemy, launched a counteroffensive. On this day, in the area of ​​the Prokhorovka railway station, the largest oncoming tank battle of the Second World War took place (up to 1,200 tanks and self-propelled guns on both sides). Developing the offensive, Soviet ground forces, supported from the air by massive strikes by the forces of the 2nd and 17th Air Armies, as well as long-range aviation, by August 23 pushed the enemy to the west by 140 - 150 km, liberating Orel, Belgorod and Kharkov.

The Wehrmacht lost 30 selected divisions in the Battle of Kursk, including 7 tank divisions, over 500 thousand soldiers and officers, 1.5 thousand tanks, more than 3.7 thousand aircraft, 3 thousand guns.

CONCLUSION

Consequences of the Great Patriotic War. So, the Great Patriotic War was the largest event in the history of the 20th century. It was not only a fierce armed struggle between opposing forces, but also a decisive confrontation with the aggressor in the economic, political, diplomatic spheres, in the field of ideology and psychology.

The price of Victory, as part of the price of war, expresses a complex set of material, economic, intellectual, spiritual and other efforts of the state and people, the damage they suffered, damage, losses and costs. These are also the corresponding consequences not only in social and demographic terms, but also in the foreign policy and economic spheres of international relations, which last for many years.

The Great Patriotic War consumed enormous material resources, devastated people's habitats, damaged nature, and left a bad memory of itself for many centuries. This bloody battle claimed millions of human lives. She strengthened many, but at the same time crippled the destinies of people, radically changed their lives, bringing them the pangs of suffering, deprivation, bitterness and sadness.

In other words, the war and Victory in it required unprecedented costs and sacrifices of various kinds from our country and its people.

The human sacrifices of the Soviet Union are the main component of the price of Victory. However, the process of identifying human losses in the Great Patriotic War has a complex history. It is characterized by falsification of realities, long-term concealment of specific facts, strict censorship on the publication of research results, and persecution of dissidents.

However, in 1993, when the classification of secrecy was lifted, information similar to the truth, but far from complete, became known about human casualties during the Great Patriotic War. They amounted to 27 million people. But when calculating this figure, neither the tens or hundreds of thousands of people who continued to die after the end of the war in military hospitals, civilian hospitals, at home and in nursing homes were taken into account. Also, the indirect losses that our country suffered due to unborn children, their children, their grandchildren and great-grandchildren were not taken into account.

As is known, enormous damage was caused to the national economy of the country. The Nazis completely or partially destroyed 1,710 cities and towns, more than 70 thousand villages, over 6 million buildings, leaving 25 million people homeless. They disabled 32 thousand large and medium-sized industrial enterprises and 65 thousand kilometers of railway tracks.

The enemy destroyed 40 thousand medical institutions, 84 thousand educational institutions, 43 thousand libraries. He plundered and destroyed 98 thousand collective farms and 1876 state farms. The occupiers slaughtered, took away, or drove to Germany 7 million horses, 17 million cattle, 20 million pigs, 27 million sheep and goats, and 110 million poultry.

The total cost of material losses suffered by the USSR is equal to 679 billion rubles in 1941 state prices. The entire damage caused to the national economy, together with military expenses and temporary loss of income from industry and agriculture in the areas subject to occupation, amounted to 2 trillion 569 billion rubles.

And yet, the Great Patriotic War was an anti-human phenomenon that was given to the Soviet people with great difficulty. The consequences of the war were very great for both the Soviet Union and its allies. The number of human casualties turned out to be very large, and the population was restored and reached the same level as before the war - 194 million people, only a full 10 years after the end of the Great Patriotic War (1955). Nevertheless, in the popular consciousness, Victory Day became perhaps the brightest and most joyful holiday, marking the end of the bloodiest and most destructive of wars.

REFERENCES

1. Memories and reflections of Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov: in 1 volume. / A.D. Mirkina – 2nd add. ed., - M.: Publishing House of the News Press Agency, 1974. - 432 p.

2. Memories and reflections of Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov: in 2 volumes. / A.D. Mirkina – 2nd add. ed., - M.: Publishing House of the News Press Agency, 1974. - 448 p.

3. History of Russia: textbook / A.S. Orlov, V.A. Georgiev. 2nd ed., revised. and additional – M.: TK Welby, Prospekt Publishing House, 2004. – 520 p.

4. The Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union 1941 – 1945: a brief history / Telpukhovsky B.S. 3rd ed., Spanish and additional – M: Voenizdat, 1984. – 560 p.

5. Kuznetsov N.G. Course to victory. - M.: Voenizdat, 1975. – 512 p.

6. Moskalenko K.S. In the South-Western direction. - M.: Nauka, 1969. – 464 p.

Lesson objectives:

1. Broaden the horizons of students;

2. Test students’ knowledge about the Great Patriotic War.

3. Repeat, summarize and consolidate educational material on the history of the Great Patriotic War.

4. Test students’ ability to work with a map and additional literature.

Equipment: Map “World War II. Military operations from 1.IX.1939 to 22.VI.1941,” map “The Beginning of the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union. Military operations from June 22, 1941 to November 18, 1942,” map “The defeat of the fascist aggressors in Europe and North Africa (XI 19, 1942 – May 9, 1945), map “ The general course of the Second World War (1.IX.1939 – 2.IX.1945). Military operations in the Pacific and Asia.”

Portraits of Soviet military leaders, prominent partisans, figures of the underground movement, cultural figures, scientists, churches, political and government figures; reproductions of paintings.

Time: two teaching hours.

Students of senior (9th – 11th) grades participate.

During the classes

I. Introductory part.

II. Main stage (competition).

III, Final part (summarizing the results of the competition).

Plates with the names of sections and numbers of questions devoted to the topic of the Great Patriotic War of 1941 - 1945 are attached to the board. There are 14 such sections in total. These are: “Feats”, “Dates”, “Military Operations”, “Terms”, “Numbers”, “Names”, “Quotes”, “Geography of War”, “Everything for the Front! Everything for Victory!”, “Culture, Science, Church”, “Crimes of the Occupiers”, “Resistance”, “Allies and Opponents”, “Banned”.

Each section has 14 questions, but 1 of them does not belong to the section, but has a special mark “pig in a poke”. That is, this is a question that can relate to any topic from the history of the Second World War.

Three teams participate in the competition. Initially, a draw is held between the teams for the right to be the first to start the game. The draw is as follows. The facilitator asks a general question to the whole team. The team that answers the question first starts the competition.

Question: Which of the leaders of our country, the patriarchs of all Rus' and Nobel laureates were participants in the war?

Answer: L.I. Brezhnev, Patriarch Pimen (S.M. Tsvekov), A.I. Solzhenitsyn - writer, Nobel Prize laureate in literature.

After the draw, the competition begins. The team that is the first to enter the competition selects a section and question number (for example, the “Feats” section, number 1), after which the presenter reads out the question, and the team must give the correct answer. You are given only 20 seconds to think. If a team cannot answer a question, the leader may give the right to answer to other teams. But, if other teams are unable to give the correct answer, then the right to answer goes to the spectators. The viewer who answers the question correctly receives a prize point, which he has the right to transfer to the team he supports. If the audience cannot answer the question, then the presenter removes the question. Each team receives one bonus point for the correct answer. The answers must be correct. Additions to answers can also be taken into account, but only half the mark is given for them.

Preliminary preparations are underway for the competition. Questions are given in advance (except for those marked “Pig in a poke”), but question numbers are not given. Many questions require students to work with additional literature, sources and documents. Students must demonstrate erudition, resourcefulness, and ingenuity.

The progress of the competition is monitored by a jury (this can be teachers, WWII veterans, students) of 3–5 people. The counting commission counts the points and announces the final result of the competition (some members of the jury can also perform this role).

It should be noted that this event cannot be of an entertainment nature.

1. Questions for the “Feats” section

(What feats are being talked about here).

1. During the Great Patriotic War, about 300 such feats were accomplished. Among those who accomplished such a feat are the names of Alexander Pankratov, Alexander Matrosov, Rimma Sherginova, Pyotr Guzhvin and many other heroes. For this feat, 152 people were posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. What feat did they accomplish?

2. During the Great Patriotic War, 220 Soviet pilots performed such feats, of which 94 became Heroes of the Soviet Union. Among them are the names of the female pilot Zelenko, pilots G.A. Khrapiy, I.I. Ivanov, N.F. Gastello, S.I. Zdorovtsev, M.P. Zhukov, P.T. Kharitonov, P. Chirkin, V. V. Talalikhin and many other heroes. What feat did they accomplish?

3. (“Pig in a poke”). Which city was the reserve capital of the USSR in the event of the Germans capturing Moscow?

4. These Soviet soldiers showed miracles of courage and heroism during the battle for Moscow. They accomplished their feat at the Dubosekovo crossing, in the Volokolamsk highway area.

5. Thousands of Soviet people performed this feat during the war. The names of Alexandra Derevskaya, Shaakhmed Shamakhmudov, Fatima Kasimova became symbols of these feats.

6. What feat is associated with the name of Sergeant Yakov Fedotovich Pavlov?

7. The feats that these Soviet soldiers accomplished occurred at the beginning of the Great Patriotic War. Associated with them are the names of A.V. Lopatin, P.M. Gavrilov, E.M. Fomin, I.N. Zubachev, N.I. Dementyev, N.A. Dedaev, E.M. Monin, A.K. Konstantinov, V.F. Mikhalkov, I.D. Buzytskov, N.G. Mikushev and many thousands of other heroes.

8. What feat did Leningrad agronomists accomplish during the siege of the city?

9. What feat is associated with the name of Ferapont Gavrilovich Holovaty?

10. During the Great Patriotic War, 154 people performed such feats. Of these, 93 were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union (posthumously). Among those who accomplished such a feat are the names of the hero of the defense of Sevastopol Nikolai Filchenkov, the hero of the Battle of Stalingrad Panikakha.

11. What unparalleled feat in the history of war was accomplished by the captured Soviet pilot Mikhail Devyatayev?

12. What feat did the 84-year-old peasant Matvey Kuzmin accomplish during the Great Patriotic War?

13. What feat is associated with the name of Yuri Vasilyevich Smirnov?

14. What feat is associated with the name of Natalya Kachuevskaya?

2. Questions for the “Dates” section

(what events are behind these dates).

1. June 22, 1941
2. January 27, 1944
3. March 26, 1944
4. May 8, 1945
5. (“Pig in a poke”). Showing concern for children whose parents died during the war, the leadership of the USSR decided to organize special educational institutions for them that would train career officers for the Soviet armed forces and navy. What educational institutions are we talking about?
6. August 5, 1943
7. December 5, 1941
8. July 17, 1944
9. February 2, 1943
10. July 10.5 – August 23, 1943
11. 11. May 9, 1945
12. 12. April 30, 1945
13. 13. June 26, 1945
14. 14. June 6, 1941

3. Questions for the section “Military Operations”

(what are these military operations called)

1. Code name for the offensive military operation of Soviet troops to liberate Belarus from the Germans.
2. Code name for the offensive military operation of Soviet troops to liberate Donbass from the Germans by troops of the Southwestern Front and Southern Fronts.
3. Code name for the military operation of German troops to capture Stalingrad.
4. Code name for the offensive military operation of Soviet troops to defeat the enemy’s Oryol grouping by troops of the Western, Bryansk and Central Fronts.
5. Code name for the secret German plan for an armed invasion of the USSR.
6. Code name for the offensive military operation of Soviet troops to defeat the Belgorod-Kharkov enemy group by troops of the Voronezh, Steppe and Southwestern fronts.
7. (“Pig in a poke”). How was the distribution of vodka to Soviet soldiers rationed during the Great Patriotic War?
8. Code name for the offensive military operation of German troops in the Kursk Bulge area.
9. Code name for the offensive military operation of Soviet troops near Stalingrad.
10. Code name for the offensive military operation of German troops to capture Moscow.
11. Code name for the offensive military operation of Soviet troops to liberate the Kharkov industrial region and the main railway line from the Germans by the forces of the Voronezh and Bryansk fronts.
12. Code name for the offensive military operation of Soviet troops to break the blockade of Leningrad by forces of the Leningrad and Volkhov fronts.
13. Code name for the military operation of Soviet troops to encircle German troops in the Stalingrad area.
14. What military operations ended the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet people.

4. Questions for the “Terms” section

(what do these terms mean)

1. Evacuation.
2. Collaborationists.
3. Holocaust.
4. Aggression.
5. Repair.
6. Repatriation.
7. Genocide.
8. Partisan movement.
9. Mobilization.
10. Ghetto.
11. Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact.
12. State Defense Committee of the USSR.
13. (“Pig in a poke”). Who did the Nazis call “night witches” during the war?
14. Surrender, unconditional surrender.

5. Questions for the “Numbers” section

(what data is behind these numbers)

1. 11 thousand 635 people.
2. 1 million 995 thousand sq. km., and 80 million people.
3. 190 divisions.
4. 900 days.
5. 91 thousand people.
6. 34 million 476 thousand 700 people.
7. 250 days and nights.
8. 27 million people.
9. 10 million people.
10. 9 billion.200 million. rubles, 11 kg of platinum, about 85 kg.
11. gold, 6700kg. silver
12. (“Pig in a poke”). What orders were established in the USSR during the war?
13. 47 months 18 days.
14. 679 billion rubles.

200 days and nights.

6. Questions for the “Quotes and Sayings” section.

1. (what do you know about these statements, who do you think they belong to?).
2. “Our cause is just. The enemy will be defeated. Victory will be ours!". These words were spoken by one of the leaders of our state during a radio speech on June 22, 1941.
3. (“Pig in a poke”). What innovations in the field of school education appeared in the USSR during the war years.
4. “Russia is great, but there is nowhere to retreat - Moscow is behind us!” These words belong to one of Panfilov’s heroes during the battle for Moscow.
5. “I know that we will win, and death and the curse of all nations await you!”, “Heads up, comrades! Victory is near!” These words were spoken by a Soviet scientist, military engineer, lieutenant general, and professor. At the beginning of the war he was captured by the Germans. He was in the Mauthausen concentration camp. He refused to go into service with the Nazis. The Nazis executed him in 1945 for his underground activities. They stood him naked in the cold and began to pour water on him from a fire hose.
6. “The pathetic descendants of the enemies of Orthodox Christianity want to once again bring the people to their knees before untruth, naked violence, to force them to sacrifice the good and integrity of their homeland, their blood covenants of love for their Fatherland.” Words from the address of the locum tenens of the patriarchal throne in Russia, Metropolitan of Moscow and Kolomna, head of the Russian Orthodox Church.
7. “There is no land for us beyond the Volga!” The words belong to one of the heroes of the Battle of Stalingrad, a remarkable sniper who personally destroyed 242 fascists, and his sniper students killed 1,106 German soldiers and officers. These words became the slogan of the city’s defenders.
8. “The danger to Russia is our danger and the danger of the United States, just as the cause of every Russian fighting for his land and home is the cause of free men and free peoples in every part of the globe.” The words belong to one of the leaders of the anti-Hitler coalition, an ardent “anti-communist”, he was the first of the Western leaders to declare unconditional support for the USSR.
9. “Let the fascist leaders remember that it is impossible to conquer the Russian people, just as it is impossible to extinguish the sun...” These words belong to the legendary Soviet intelligence officer, Hero of the Soviet Union (posthumously). Posing as a German officer in Rovno, he obtained valuable information. Died in the village. Boratin, Brodovsky district, Lviv region from the bullets of Bandera.
10. “Comrades! Citizens! Brothers and sisters! I am addressing you, my friends.” The head of our state addressed the people with such unusual words 11 days after the start of the war.
11. “We are barbarians, and we want to be barbarians. It's an honorary title." The words belong to a man who has become a symbol of the most misanthropic doctrine in the world, the main instigator of the Second World War and the attack on the USSR.
12. “When people ask me what I remember most from the last war, I always answer: the battle for Moscow.” From the memoirs of an outstanding Soviet commander, Marshal of the USSR.
13. “Another people could say to the government: “You have not lived up to our expectations, go away, we will install another government that will make peace with Germany and provide us with peace.” But the Russian people did not agree to this, because they believed in the correctness of their government’s policy and made sacrifices to ensure the defeat of Germany.” From the speech of the leader of our country on the end of the war.
14. “Your name is unknown. Your feat is immortal.”

The inscription on the grave, near which there is post No. 1.

7. Questions for the section “Geography of the Great Patriotic War”

1. (where these geographical objects are located, show them on the map).
2. Small Earth.
3. European countries liberated by the Soviet army from the Nazi invaders.
4. Seelow Heights.
5. Fire arc.
6. Cities where meetings of heads of state and members of the anti-Hitler coalition took place.
7. Adzhimushkay quarries.
8. Lyudnikov Island, Mamayev Kurgan, Stalingrad Field.
9. (“Pig in a poke”). Where Soviet and American troops first met at the final stage of the war in Europe.
10. Cities that received the honorary title of “hero city”.
11. Blue line.
12. The road of life.
13. The city where the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet people ended.
14. Mannerheim Line.

8. Questions for the section “Everything for the front!” Everything for Victory!”

(what do you know about the labor exploits of Soviet home front workers).

1. What initiative did Tambov collective farmers take in December 1942?
2. What labor initiatives were made during the war years by tractor driver Daria Garmash, metallurgists in Kuznetsk, and collective farmers of the “Peasant’s Path” agricultural artel, Chistoozerny district, Novosibirsk region.
3. How were the operating conditions of enterprises changed as a result of the promulgation of the Decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of June 26, 1941 and December 26, 1941?
4. What words do you think ended the call of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks to the workers of the home front: “Workers and workers, engineers and technicians of enterprises producing weapons and ammunition for the front! Work with double energy!...”
5. Typically, it took 3–4 months to evacuate factories and install equipment in a new location.
6. It took about another month to release the first products. What enterprise during the war years, after the evacuation, within 20 days after the equipment arrived at the new location, began to produce products?
7. Thanks to what labor feat, worker Vladimir Pozdnyak became known throughout the country.
8. What movement arose in the first years of the war at Gorky’s enterprises, and was supported at many enterprises in the country.
9. (“Pig in a poke”). Which piece of music was first performed on All-Union Radio on the night of January 1, 1944?
10. Which work brigade was the first in the country to be called “front-line”?
11. What slogan put forward by the front-line team of mechanics of Uralmash, under the leadership of Nikolai Khabarin, was taken up by the country's working collectives?
12. During the war years, many workers showed a creative approach to work, initiative, and were the instigators of many movements. Name the most famous initiators of labor movements.
13. What made milling machine operator D.F. Bosy famous during the war?
14. What enterprise was called Tankograd during the war?

What grandiose event was held for home front workers in the USSR on August 17, 1941?

1. 9. Questions for the section “Culture, science, church”
2. Which symphony by composer P.I. Tchaikovsky began to be often heard on the radio, starting in 1941. Before that, it was banned for 24 years, due to the fact that it contains the music of the royal anthem “How Glorious is Our Lord...”.
3. What a significant event in the history of the Russian Orthodox Church occurred in 1943, after a meeting between J.V. Stalin and the top leadership of the Orthodox clergy of the USSR.
4. (“Pig in a poke”). The author of these two monuments is the same sculptor. One monument is located in Volgograd, the other is located in Berlin. Both monuments contain swords. In one the sword is raised, in the other the sword is lowered. What kind of monuments are these? Who is their author?
5. Name the most famous works of painting about the war created by Soviet artists.
6. Where and when was the first front-line brigade of artists formed during the war?
7. Name the most famous works of Soviet filmmakers about the war, created by them in 1941 - 1945.
8. What were the names of the tank division and aviation squadron created with funds from the Russian Orthodox Church.
9. Name the most famous songs about the war, created in 1941 - 1945.
10. What are the names of Soviet scientists and inventors who worked in the industrial field during the war?
11. Name the most famous works about the war created by Soviet poets and writers in 1941 - 1945.
12. Which Orthodox icon, a shrine of the Russian Orthodox Church, was most often used during the war years during religious processions and services about the granting of victory to the Soviet army.
13. Outstanding Soviet scientist in the field of welding and bridge construction. During the war he worked in the Urals, where he invented an automatic welding machine, which helped speed up the production of tanks.
14. What discovery of the Soviet physician N.N. Burdenko helped reduce mortality among the wounded?

10.Questions for the “Names” section

(who are we talking about here)

1. Soviet military leader, commander of the 62nd Army at Stalingrad, Marshal of the USSR, twice Hero of the Soviet Union.

2. Soviet, Tatar poet, who died in the dungeons of the German prison Moabit. Author of the “Moabit Diary” - a collection of poems. He was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union and the Lenin Prize.

3. Participant in the defense of two hero cities - Odessa and Sevastopol, Hero of the Soviet Union, sniper, personally destroyed 309 fascists.

4. An outstanding Soviet commander, Marshal of the USSR, four times Hero of the Soviet Union, proved himself to be a talented military leader in all major military operations, military operations, and battles of the Great Patriotic War. Accepted the surrender of Germany. Hosted the Victory Parade in Moscow.

5. Soviet intelligence officer, worked under the guise of a German journalist in Germany and Japan. He conveyed the exact date of the German attack on the USSR, the number of divisions and the general outline of the German military action plan. He was posthumously awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

6. An outstanding Russian composer, survived the siege of Leningrad, author of the world famous 7th symphony (dedicated to the besieged city).

7. General - traitor, led the Russian Liberation Army (ROA).

8. Leningrad schoolgirl who kept the famous diary of the besieged city.

9. A clergyman, who during his lifetime was called the “great man of prayer.” He spent a thousand days and nights in continuous prayer for victory over Germany.

10. (“Pig in a poke”). What did the English king George VI give to the city of Stalingrad as a sign of gratitude for the heroism and courage of the defenders of the unconquered city?

11. Soviet actor, director, teacher, People's Artist of the USSR, during the war years he headed the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee.

12. Announcer of the All-Union Radio, People's Artist of the USSR, whose voice became a symbol of the war years.

13. Pilot, Hero of the Soviet Union. His image is captured in Boris Polevoy’s book “The Tale of a Real Man.” Despite being wounded and having his legs amputated, he mastered prosthetics, achieved a return to the aviation regiment and shot down 7 more planes.

14. The most effective Soviet pilot, shot down 134 enemy aircraft (during the Great Patriotic War - 95, during the war in Spain - 28, in the Finnish company - 5, in China - 2, in Korea - 4), made 6 rams and carried out tests of 297 types of domestic and foreign aircraft.

11. Questions for the section “Crimes of the occupiers”

(what do you know about the crimes of the Nazi occupiers on the territory of the USSR)

1. A concentration camp on the territory of Latvia, where fascist punitive forces tortured and killed hundreds of thousands of people. One of the symbols of Nazi crimes against humanity.
2. What was meant by “labor conscription,” which was often carried out by the fascist authorities in occupied Soviet territory?
3. Until now, this masterpiece of world artistic and decorative art of the 18th century, stolen by the Germans from the Tsarskoye Selo Palace (not far from Leningrad), has not been found.
4. Since 2003, visitors to Tsarskoe Selo can only admire a well-made copy of this work.
5. A place near Kiev where fascist punitive forces killed 100 thousand people of Jewish nationality. One of the symbols of the Nazi crime against humanity.
6. A place in Crimea where fascist punitive forces killed about 7 thousand civilians. One of the symbols of Nazi crimes against humanity.
7. When Soviet troops liberated Novgorod from the Nazis, they discovered the ruins of the famous monument on the territory of the Kremlin, which the Germans never managed to remove. What kind of monument is this?
8. Concentration camp on the territory of Western Ukraine, where fascist punitive forces
9. Hundreds of thousands of people were killed. One of the symbols of Nazi crimes against humanity.
10. What kind of Reich commissariats was the Soviet territory occupied by the Germans divided into?
11. Two Belarusian villages that became a symbol of Nazi crimes against humanity. In one, in 1943, the Nazis burned alive 149 local residents, including 75 children. In another village, in the same 1943, the Nazis shot 1,500 people.
12. Fascist plan for the enslavement and destruction of the peoples of Eastern Europe, developed in 1940.
13. The house museum of P.I. Tchaikovsky in Klin, the estate of L.N. Tolstoy, the estate of A.S. Pushkin in Mikhailovskoye, the Assumption Cathedral of the Kiev Pechersk Lavra, the New Jerusalem Monastery, the Pulkovo Observatory, the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station. What unites these and thousands of other cultural, scientific, and industrial objects that found themselves in the zone of German occupation?
14. (“Pig in a poke”). This invention was first used by the Finns during the Soviet-Finnish War, and is a bottle with a flammable mixture.
15. This formidable weapon of Soviet soldiers and partisans caused great damage to the enemy. What did the fascist invaders call this bottle with a combustible mixture?

For what purposes was the SS Sonderkommando led by Baron von Künsterberg created?

(what do you know about the underground and partisan movement, both on the territory of the USSR and beyond)

1. The famous Soviet partisan, known under the pseudonym “Tanya”. She fought against the invaders in the Moscow region. She was executed by the Nazis in the village of Petrishchevo. Hero of the Soviet Union (posthumously).
2. A Soviet soldier who fled from a concentration camp to the Italian partisans. For courage and valor he was awarded the Italian gold medal “National Hero of Italy”.
3. In which territories of the USSR occupied by the Germans were the largest number of partisan units operating?
4. The famous Soviet intelligence officer, who worked in Ukraine during the war, personally shot and killed the chief judge of Ukraine, an imperial adviser, and delivered the German general who commanded the punitive troops to the partisan detachment.
5. What operation was carried out by Soviet partisans in September-October 1943 to disable the enemy’s railway communications in the occupied territories of Belarus, Karelia, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Crimea, Leningrad and Kalinin regions?
6. (“Pig in a poke”). In his memoirs, Marshal A.I. Eremenko wrote: “We tested a new weapon near Rudnya... On July 25, in the afternoon, the unusual roar of rocket mines shook the air like red-tailed comets, mines were thrown upward.
7. Frequent and powerful explosions struck with a roar and a dazzling shine.” What tools are we talking about and where were they first used?
8. Name the most famous leaders of the partisan movement.
9. Russian poetess, nun, lived in France. During the war she was an active member of the French resistance. She helped many Jews escape from fascist terror. She was executed by the Nazis in the Ravensbrück concentration camp in 1945.
10. Soviet soldier, former prisoner of war, commander of a large partisan detachment in Poland.
11. He was awarded the highest Polish order and became an officer in the Polish People's Army. Died in battle with the Nazis. For a long time no one knew his real name. The Poles simply called him “Sashka”.
12. What major operation was carried out by Soviet partisans in August-September 1943 to disable the enemy’s railway communications in the occupied territories of the Leningrad, Kalinin, Smolensk and Oryol regions, Belarus and part of Ukraine?
13. The famous Soviet partisan, led the anti-fascist struggle in the Penovsky district, Kalinin region. She took part in the formation of a partisan detachment, was a good shooter, and was a scout and fighter-agitator.
14. She was captured by the Nazis and executed. Hero of the Soviet Union (posthumously).

Who led and coordinated the partisan movement in German-occupied territory.

1. 13. Questions for the section “Allies and Opponents”.
2. (“Pig in a poke”). Which national diaspora abroad provided the most active assistance to the USSR during the Great Patriotic War?
3. Who was the USSR's ally in the anti-Hitler coalition?
4. Troops of which German allies participated in the aggression against the USSR, and which German allies never sent their troops to the Soviet-German front?
5. What was the name of the document on support for the USSR, signed in August 1941 between the USA and Great Britain?
6. Which of Germany's allies in Europe was the first to break off all relations with it and the first to declare war on it?
7. What document was signed in New York on January 1, 1942 by representatives of 26 states, including the USSR, which was directed against Germany, Japan and Italy?
8. Which European state, an ally of Germany, offered the most stubborn resistance to Soviet troops? She turned out to be the last of Germany's allies, who broke off all relations with her and declared war on her?
9. What national military units were formed on the territory of the USSR to fight Nazi Germany?
10. What military national formations were created with the participation of Germany to fight the Soviet army?
11. Which organization was dissolved in 1943 by the leadership of the USSR in order to strengthen the military alliance with the USA and Great Britain, due to changed foreign policy conditions?
12. How did the USA and Great Britain deliver weapons, ammunition, food, and medicine to the USSR?
13. What is “land lens”?

Who did the German occupiers call “Khivi”?

Which of the former leaders of the White Guard movement, while in exile, openly supported the USSR in the fight against German aggression and in every possible way wished it only victory, and who not only supported the fascists, but even headed the military formation created by the fascists?

14. Questions for the section “Banned”

1. (what do you know about these events and facts that were banned in the USSR for a long time).
2. Which peoples of the USSR were subjected to repression during the war years. What they were accused of.
3. What a major trial took place in Moscow on June 22, 1941, exactly a month after the start of the war.
4. Why did Stalin order a halt to the attack on Warsaw in August 1944, while a powerful anti-fascist uprising broke out in the city?
5. In which city did riots break out in 1941 as a result of panic that German troops were approaching Moscow?
6. What was discussed in the orders of the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR No. 270 of August 16, 1941 and No. 227 of July 28, 1942
7. What was charged with the Soviet military leaders V.Ya. Kachalov, N.K. Kirillov, P.G. Ponedelin, mentioned in the order of the People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR No. 270 of August 16, 1941
8. A personal enemy of Hitler, his name was banned in the USSR for a long time. Commander of the legendary submarine “S-13”, which inflicted great damage on the German fleet.
9. What are barrage detachments? What function did they perform in the Soviet army?
10. What fate awaited former Soviet prisoners of war after their return to their homeland?
11. What are penal battalions? How were they formed?
12. Which central newspaper was persecuted simply because it dared to publish an anti-German article on its pages a month before the start of the war?
13. On October 18, 1941, when the Germans stood at the walls of Moscow, a group of political prisoners of 20 people was shot in the city of Kuibyshev. Among those executed were many prominent Soviet military leaders? Name them.
14. (“Pig in a poke”). What medals were established during the Great Patriotic War?