Royal Society of London. Academies of Sciences - Royal Society of London, French Academy, Russian Academy...

136. Royal Society of Medicine The Faculty of Medicine, a worthy brainchild of the University of Paris, which for such a long time became an independent unit, did absolutely nothing and did not want to do anything to improve medical science. He never

LONDON ECHO OF MOSCOW EXPLOSIONS

LONDON ECHO OF MOSCOW EXPLOSIONS October 28, 2002 0 44(467) Date: 29-10-2002 LONDON ECHO OF MOSCOW EXPLOSIONS (Conversation between Alexander Prokhanov and Boris Berezovsky) Alexander Prokhanov. Boris Abramovich, my question is for you. Victor Alksnis and I, we quickly flew to London in order to

THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON (The Royal Society of London) is the leading scientific society of Great Britain, one of the hundred reys in the world.

Conducts the history of a frequent circle, for which something has been started since 1645, re-gu-lar-but about -were in the house of one of its members, and from 1659 - in Gresham Col-led in London. The first members of this circle were R. Boyle, K. Wren, J. Val-lis, ma-te-ma-tik W. Bro-un-ker (1620- 1684) and other major scientists of that time. The first founding meeting of the Royal Society of London took place on November 28, 1660. Official-ci-al-but society of the educational institution of the royal charter dated July 15, 1662 under the name “London Co-ro-lion” -society for the development of knowledge about nature” (“The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge”). The Royal Society of London is a private self-governing organization not related to the activities of government institutions -re-zh-de-niy. Plays an important role in the organization and development of scientific research in Great Britain and acts as a co-vesting body in resolving the main issues of scientific research, you step into the ka-che-st -ve national AN. Unlike the national Academy of Sciences of other countries, the Royal Society of London practically does not have its own research base. It has an influence on the development of science in the country through its members working in research. TV centers. Practical scientific-organizational activity of the society of the establishment of a co-mi-te-ta -mi and co-mission-mi, created-by-we-mi with-that, which is at the same time the highest authority Royal Society of London. The activities of the society are mainly focused on fundamental research in the field of natural sciences, one -to the members of the society there are also representatives of technical sciences. The society is also studying the system of its development and how to find it improvement, functioning of the Committee on Scientific Research in Industry, as well as the Commission for Co-or-di- nation, the work of English scientists and specialists in the field of medical device construction, non-re-che-che-methods of com-mu -no-ka-tions, pollution of the marine environment, pla-not-that-logies, etc.

Royal Geographical Society- (in association with the Institute of British Geographers) Founded 1830 Abbreviation RGS IBG Patron Elizabeth II President Sir Gordon Conway Location Kensington, London, UK Membership 15,000 Website ... Wikipedia

Royal Geographical Society- (jointly with the Institute of British Geographers) Founded 1830 Abbreviation RGS IBG Patron Elizabeth II President Sir Gordon Conway Location Kensington, London, UK Number of members ... Wikipedia

Royal Statistical Society- (eng. Royal Statistical Society) scientific statistical society and professional association of statisticians of Great Britain. Contents 1 History 1.1 Key figures ... Wikipedia

Royal Society of Medicine

Royal Entomological Society of London- Type British non-governmental non-profit organization Year founded 1833 Location London, UK Scope of activities ... Wikipedia

Krakow Scientific Society- (Polish: Towarzystwo Naukowe Krakowskie) Polish scientific society that existed in Krakow from 1815 to 1871. In 1871, the Academy of Knowledge was formed on the basis of the Krakow Scientific Society. History Krakow Scientific Society... ... Wikipedia

British Royal Astronomical Society- Entrance to the Royal Astronomical Society, Burlington House ... Wikipedia

Scientific knowledge- Science is a special type of human cognitive activity aimed at developing objective, systematically organized and substantiated knowledge about the world around us. The basis of this activity is the collection of facts, their systematization, critical... ... Wikipedia

Scientific community- This article or section needs to be revised. Please improve the article in accordance with the rules for writing articles. Scientific co... Wikipedia

Royal Society- Rod of the Royal Society of London The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, the leading scientific society in Great Britain, one of the oldest in the world; created ... Wikipedia

Books

• Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Vol. LXXIII, year 1910, . London, 1910. Published by the Royal Statistical Society. Typographic binding. Bandage spine. The condition is good. We present to your attention the 73rd volume of the periodical... Buy for 6,000 rubles
• A particle at the edge of the Universe. How the hunt for the Higgs boson leads us to the frontiers of a new world, Sean Carroll. The author of the book, a famous American theoretical physicist and a brilliant popularizer of science, talks about the physics of elementary particles, the latest achievements of scientists in this field, the grandiose...

Communities of scholars arose in Ancient Greece initially as circles of teachers and students in which ideas and opinions were exchanged. In 387 BC. e. In Athens, the great Plato founded his school and called it the Academy (named after the mythical hero Academ). The school existed until the 1st century. BC e., remaining a model of scientific activity in the memory of subsequent generations.

Plato's Academy carried out real collective work not only in philosophy, but also in the fields of astronomy and mathematics. In the Hellenistic world, the Alexandrian Museyon can be compared to it. In the Museion and its famous library one can see the beginnings of modern scientific institutes with the collection of specimens and collections, the provision of work to scientists for permanent remuneration and the development of auxiliary disciplines such as textual criticism.

In the east in the Middle Ages, the most famous were the “House of Wisdom” in Baghdad (IX century), the “Mamun Academy” in Khorezm (beginning of the 11th century), and scientific societies at observatories in Maraga (XIII century), Samarkand (XV century). In Europe XV-XVI centuries. Academies were the name given to various scientific societies in Italy, whose activities were predominantly humanitarian. The famous scientist Marsilio Ficino founded it in the 1470s. Florence has its own free scientific fraternity, the Platonov Academy.

Robert Hooke (1635-1703) was one of the founders of the Royal Society of London and its head from 1677-1683. The Society's work in the field of the theory of light, gravity, and radiation of the structure of organisms determined the development of science in subsequent centuries.

It had no charter or fixed membership; people of very different ranks and occupations took part in its activities: eminent patricians, merchants, diplomats, state officials, clergy, doctors, university professors, humanists, theologians, poets, artists. Funds for the brotherhood's meetings were provided by the ruler of Florence, Lorenzo de' Medici, nicknamed the Magnificent.

The brilliant Florentine court had a huge influence on other European courts. The Baroque era, with its synthesis of all kinds of arts, included science among the “jewels” necessary for a decent state.

London Academy

In 1660 the London Society arose (approved by royal decree in 1662). It was a difficult time for England: the Stuart restoration had just ended the revolution and civil wars. King Charles II took the scientific community under his patronage, encouraging the best minds to work for the benefit of the country. The founder of modern chemistry, Robert Boyle, was the first to head the Royal Society. His successors were such outstanding scientists as Boyle's assistant Robert Hooke, the future discoverer of the cell, the architect Christopher Wren and, of course, the great Isaac Newton.

The Accademia dei Lincei was founded in Italy in 1603. Its emblem was the lynx (Italian: lince - lynx; its founders vowed to explore nature with eyes as keen as those of the lynx). It blossomed and was revived several times.

Newton's reform of the Mint brought long-awaited financial stability to England and confirmed the kings' belief that investments in science always pay off. The Royal Society of London is a self-governing private organization. Formally not associated with the activities of government scientific institutions, it plays an important role in the organization and development of scientific research in the UK and acts as an advisory body on major issues of science policy.

The Society influences the development of science in the country through its members working in research centers. Traditionally, the Royal Society of London has focused its activities primarily on basic research in the natural sciences. The Society is financed through parliamentary grants, as well as from membership fees, sales of scientific publications, etc. Unlike most modern national academies of science, the Royal Society of London does not have its own research base (with a few exceptions).

Paris Academy

Its eternal rival, France, lagged behind Foggy Albion for a short time. In 1666, King Louis XIV established the French Academy of Sciences (more precisely, natural sciences), better known under the unofficial name of the Paris Academy. The founder was the General Controller of Finance J.-B. Colbert. Unlike the London Society, the Paris Academy united not only French scientists, but also leading scientists from other countries. Thus, the primacy of France as the leader of the sciences and arts throughout Europe was emphasized.

In France, the Academy became a kind of “ministry of science.” This principle was embodied by the organizer of the academy, the controller general of finance, J.-B. Colbert. This principle of organizing the academy was adopted by Peter I when creating the Russian Academy of Sciences.

The French Academy of Sciences bore the name Royal until 1793. It consists of 5 departments of physical and mathematical sciences (geometry, mechanics, astronomy, geography and navigation, physics), 6 departments of chemical and natural sciences (chemistry, mineralogy and geology, botany, zoology, Agricultural Economics, Medicine and Surgery) and the Department of Application of Sciences in Industry (founded in 1918). In 1955, a scientific terminology committee was created at the academy.

Russian Academy

Having conceived comprehensive reforms in Russia, Peter I took the Paris Academy as a model for his Academy (by the way, the tsar-reformer himself attended meetings of scientific societies in both Paris and London). Having founded the Academy of Sciences, he invited foreign scientists to join it. In the system created by Peter I, the Academy of Sciences became a real Ministry of Science until 1917. Its presidents were appointed by emperors; none of them were scientists before 1917. After the February Revolution, an academician, the famous geologist P. N. Karpinsky, was elected president for the first time. After the October Revolution, the Academy changed several names, until in 1991 the name of the Russian Academy was returned to it. During the years of revolution and civil war, the Academy played an outstanding role in ensuring the survival of scientists and the preservation of science. Although the president of the Academy of Sciences, Karpinsky’s successors, were no longer elected, but the choice of the highest party bodies was approved. Nevertheless, all Soviet presidents of the Academy of Sciences were outstanding world-famous scientists, all representatives of the natural sciences: V. L. Komarov (1936-1945), S. I. Vavilov (1945-1951), A. N. Nesmyanov (1951- 1961), G. I. Marchuk (1986-1991).

In Gulliver's Travels, Ju Swift gave a caustic parody of the Royal Society of London, presenting it as a bunch of madmen
“... The first scientist I visited was a skinny man with a sooty face and hands; his dress, shirt and skin were the same color... For eight years he developed a project for extracting sun rays from cucumbers”

The relationship between Soviet academicians and the authorities was reminiscent of the glittering court of Louis XIV - for the sake of the honor of having a diamond of genuine science in their crown, academicians were forgiven to a certain extent for freethinking and even a little fronderism. Almost all Soviet science was concentrated in the institutions of the Academy of Sciences. With the weakening of the state, academic science, as closely connected with it, began to experience significant difficulties.

Source – Large illustrated encyclopedia.

Royal Society of London- and the Royal Academy of Sciences in France The Royal Society for the Advancement of Natural Sciences of London gathered scientists involved in the new, or experimental, philosophy (1645). In 1662, Charles II approved the Statute, which established... ... Western philosophy from its origins to the present day

- (The Royal Society London), the leading scientific society in Great Britain, one of the oldest scientific centers in Europe. Founded in 1660. Among the initiators is R. Boyle. Among the first leaders. R. Hooke, K. Ren, I. Newton. St. 1 thousand members. Published by... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

The Royal Society, London is the leading scientific society in Great Britain, one of the oldest scientific centers in Europe. Founded in 1660. Among the initiators is R. Boyle. Among the first leaders were R. Hooke, K. Ren, I. Newton. St. 1 thousand members. Published by... ... Political science. Dictionary.

- (The Royal Society, London), the leading scientific society in Great Britain, one of the oldest scientific centers in Europe. Founded in 1660. Among the initiators is R. Boyle. Among the first leaders were R. Hooke, K. Ren, I. Newton. In 1996 over 1 thousand members.… … Encyclopedic Dictionary

For the Advancement of Knowledge of Nature (The Royal Society of London), the leading scientific society in Great Britain; created in 1660 and approved by Royal Charter in 1662. L. k. o. self-governing private organization. Not formally related to... ...

- (The Royal Society, London), leading scientific. about in Great Britain, one of the oldest scientific. centers of Europe. Basic in 1660. Among the initiators is R. Boyle. Among the first leaders were R. Hooke, K. Ren, I. Newton. In 1996 St. 1 thousand people Publishes Philosophical... ... Natural science. Encyclopedic Dictionary

Baton of the Royal Society of London The Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge, the leading scientific society in Great Britain, one of the oldest in the world; created ... Wikipedia

The name of a leading scientific center, often performing the functions of an academy of sciences, in a number of countries: Australia, Great Britain, Denmark, Canada, New Zealand, South Africa; the oldest K. o. is the Royal Society of London... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

- (in association with the Institute of British Geographers) Founded 1830 Abbreviation RGS IBG Patron Elizabeth II President Sir Gordon Conway Location Kensington, London, UK Membership 15,000 Website ... Wikipedia

Books

• Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Vol. LXXIII, year 1910, . London, 1910. Published by the Royal Statistical Society. Typographic binding. Bandage spine. The condition is good. We present to your attention the 73rd volume of the periodical…
• A particle at the edge of the Universe. How the hunt for the Higgs boson leads us to the frontiers of a new world, Carroll Shawn. The author of the book, a famous American theoretical physicist and a brilliant popularizer of science, talks about the physics of elementary particles, the latest achievements of scientists in this field, the grandiose...