Where do real scientists come from? After all, someone makes extraordinary discoveries, invents ingenious devices that we use. Some even receive worldwide recognition in the form of prestigious awards. According to teachers, childhood is the beginning of the path to future discoveries and achievements.

Do primary schoolchildren need physics?

Most school programs require the study of physics from the fifth grade. However, parents are well aware of the many questions that arise in inquisitive children of primary school age and even preschoolers. Experiments in physics will help open the way to the wonderful world of knowledge. For schoolchildren aged 7-10 years old, they will, of course, be simple. Despite the simplicity of the experiments, but having understood the basic physical principles and laws, children feel like omnipotent wizards. This is wonderful, because a keen interest in science is the key to successful studies.

Children's abilities do not always reveal themselves. It is often necessary to offer children a certain scientific activity, only then do they develop inclinations towards this or that knowledge. Home experiments are an easy way to find out if your child is interested in natural sciences. Little discoverers of the world rarely remain indifferent to “wonderful” actions. Even if the desire to study physics does not clearly manifest itself, it is still worth laying down the basics of physical knowledge.

The simplest experiments carried out at home are good because even shy, self-doubting children are happy to do home experiments. Achieving the expected result gives rise to self-confidence. Peers enthusiastically accept demonstrations of such “tricks,” which improves relationships between the children.

Requirements for conducting experiments at home

To make studying the laws of physics at home safe, you must take the following precautions:

1. Absolutely all experiments are carried out with the participation of adults. Of course, many studies are safe. The trouble is that guys don’t always draw a clear line between harmless and dangerous manipulations.
2. You must be especially careful if sharp, piercing or cutting objects or open fire are used. The presence of elders is mandatory here.
3. The use of toxic substances is prohibited.
4. The child needs to describe in detail the order of actions that should be performed. It is necessary to clearly formulate the purpose of the work.
5. Adults must explain the essence of the experiments, the principles of operation of the laws of physics.

Simple research

You can begin to get acquainted with physics by demonstrating the properties of substances. These should be the simplest experiments for children.

Important! It is advisable to anticipate possible children’s questions in order to answer them in as much detail as possible. It’s unpleasant when mom or dad suggest conducting an experiment, vaguely understanding what it confirms. Therefore, it is better to prepare by studying the necessary literature.

Different density

Every substance has a density that affects its weight. Different indicators of this parameter have interesting manifestations in the form of a multilayer liquid.

Even preschoolers can conduct such simple experiments with liquids and observe their properties.
For the experiment you will need:

• sugar syrup;
• vegetable oil;
• water;
• glass jar;
• several small objects (for example, a coin, a plastic bead, a piece of foam, a pin).

The jar needs to be filled approximately 1/3 with syrup, add the same amount of water and oil. The liquids will not mix, but will form layers. The reason is density; a substance with a lower density is lighter. Then, one by one, you need to lower the items into the jar. They will “freeze” at different levels. It all depends on how the densities of liquids and objects relate to each other. If the density of the material is less than the liquid, the thing will not sink.

floating egg

You will need:

• 2 glasses;
• tablespoon;
• salt;
• water;
• 2 eggs.

Both glasses need to be filled with water. Dissolve 2 full tablespoons of salt in one of them. Then you should lower the eggs into the glasses. In normal water it will sink, but in salt water it will float. Salt increases the density of water. This explains the fact that it is easier to swim in sea water than in fresh water.

Surface tension of water

Children should be explained that molecules on the surface of a liquid attract each other, forming a thin elastic film. This property of water is called surface tension. This explains, for example, the water strider’s ability to glide across the water surface of a pond.

Non-Spillable Water

Necessary:

• glass beaker;
• water;
• paper clips.

The glass is filled to the brim with water. It seems that one paperclip is enough to cause the liquid to spill. Carefully insert the paper clips into the glass one by one. Having lowered about a dozen paper clips, you can see that the water does not pour out, but forms a small dome on the surface.

Floating matches

Necessary:

• bowl;
• water;
• 4 matches;
• liquid soap.

Pour water into a bowl and put in matches. They will be practically motionless on the surface. If you drop detergent into the center, the matches will instantly spread to the edges of the bowl. Soap reduces the surface tension of water.

Entertaining experiments

Working with light and sound can be very spectacular for children. Teachers claim that entertaining experiments are interesting for children of different ages. For example, the physical experiments proposed here are also suitable for preschoolers.

Glowing "lava"

This experiment does not create a real lamp, but nicely simulates the operation of a lamp with moving particles.
Necessary:

• glass jar;
• water;
• vegetable oil;
• salt or any effervescent tablet;
• food coloring;
• flashlight.

The jar needs to be filled about 2/3 with colored water, then add oil almost to the brim. Sprinkle a little salt on top. Then go into a darkened room and illuminate the jar from below with a flashlight. The grains of salt will sink to the bottom, taking droplets of fat with them. Later, when the salt dissolves, the oil will rise to the surface again.

Home Rainbow

Sunlight can be broken down into multi-colored rays that make up the spectrum.

Necessary:

• bright natural light;
• cup;
• water;
• tall box or chair;
• large sheet of white paper.

On a sunny day, you should place paper on the floor in front of a window that lets in bright light. Place a box (chair) nearby and place a glass filled with water on top. A rainbow will appear on the floor. To see the colors in full, just move the paper and catch it. A transparent container with water acts as a prism that splits the beam into parts of the spectrum.

Doctor's stethoscope

Sound travels through waves. Sound waves in space can be redirected and amplified.
You will need:

• a piece of rubber tube (hose);
• 2 funnels;
• plasticine.

You need to insert a funnel into both ends of the rubber tube, securing it with plasticine. Now it is enough to put one to your heart, and the other to your ear. The heartbeat can be clearly heard. The funnel “collects” the waves; the inner surface of the tube does not allow them to dissipate in space.

A doctor's stethoscope works on this principle. In the old days, hearing aids for hearing-impaired people had approximately the same device.

Important! Do not use loud sound sources as this may damage your hearing.

Experiments

What is the difference between experiment and experience? These are research methods. Usually the experiment is carried out with a pre-known result, demonstrating an already understood axiom. The experiment is designed to confirm or refute the hypothesis.

For children, the difference between these concepts is almost imperceptible; any action is performed for the first time, without a scientific basis.

However, often awakened interest pushes children to new experiments arising from the already known properties of materials. This kind of independence should be encouraged.

Freezing liquids

Matter changes properties with changes in temperature. Children are interested in the change in the properties of all kinds of liquids when they turn into ice. Different substances have different freezing points. Also, at low temperatures their density changes.

Pay attention! When freezing liquids, use only plastic containers. It is not advisable to use glass containers, as they may burst. The reason is that liquids change their structure when they freeze. Molecules form crystals, the distance between them increases, and the volume of the substance increases.

• If you fill different molds with water and orange juice and leave them in the freezer, what will happen? The water will already freeze, but the juice will partially remain liquid. The reason is the freezing point of the liquid. Similar experiments can be carried out with different substances.
• By pouring water and oil into a transparent container, you can see the familiar separation. Oil floats to the surface of the water because it is less dense. What can be observed when a container with contents is frozen? Water and oil change places. The ice will be on top, the oil will now be at the bottom. As the water froze, it became lighter.

Working with a magnet

The manifestation of the magnetic properties of various substances is of great interest to younger schoolchildren. Interesting physics suggests checking these properties.

Experiment options (magnets will be needed):

Testing the ability to attract various objects

You can keep records indicating the properties of materials (plastic, wood, iron, copper). An interesting material is iron filings, the movement of which looks fascinating.

Study of the ability of a magnet to act through other materials.

For example, a metal object is exposed to a magnet through glass, cardboard, or a wooden surface.

Consider the ability of magnets to attract and repel.

Study of magnetic poles (like poles repel, unlike poles attract). A spectacular option is to attach magnets to floating toy boats.

Magnetized needle - analogue of a compass

In water, it indicates the direction "north - south". The magnetized needle attracts other small objects.

1. It is advisable not to overload the little researcher with information. The purpose of the experiments is to show how the laws of physics work. It is better to examine one phenomenon in detail than to endlessly change directions for the sake of entertainment.
2. Before each experiment, it is easy to explain the properties and characteristics of the objects involved in them. Then sum it up with your child.
3. Safety rules deserve special attention. The beginning of each lesson is accompanied by instructions.

Scientific experiments are exciting! Perhaps it will be the same for parents. Together, discovering new sides of ordinary phenomena is doubly interesting. It is worth throwing away everyday worries and sharing the childhood joy of discovery.

Hundreds of thousands of physical experiments have been carried out over the thousand-year history of science. It is difficult to select a few “the very best.” A survey was conducted among physicists in the USA and Western Europe. Researchers Robert Creese and Stoney Book asked them to name the most beautiful physics experiments in history. Igor Sokalsky, a researcher at the Laboratory of High Energy Neutrino Astrophysics, Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, spoke about the experiments that were included in the top ten according to the results of a selective survey by Kriz and Buk.

1. Experiment of Eratosthenes of Cyrene

One of the oldest known physical experiments, as a result of which the radius of the Earth was measured, was carried out in the 3rd century BC by the librarian of the famous Library of Alexandria, Erastothenes of Cyrene. The experimental design is simple. At noon, on the day of the summer solstice, in the city of Siena (now Aswan), the Sun was at its zenith and objects did not cast shadows. On the same day and at the same time, in the city of Alexandria, located 800 kilometers from Siena, the Sun deviated from the zenith by approximately 7°. This is about 1/50 of a full circle (360°), which means that the circumference of the Earth is 40,000 kilometers and the radius is 6,300 kilometers. It seems almost incredible that the radius of the Earth measured by such a simple method turned out to be only 5% less than the value obtained by the most accurate modern methods, reports the Chemistry and Life website.

2. Galileo Galilei's experiment

In the 17th century, the dominant point of view was Aristotle, who taught that the speed at which a body falls depends on its mass. The heavier the body, the faster it falls. Observations that each of us can make in everyday life would seem to confirm this. Try letting go of a light toothpick and a heavy stone at the same time. The stone will touch the ground faster. Such observations led Aristotle to the conclusion about the fundamental property of the force with which the Earth attracts other bodies. In fact, the speed of falling is affected not only by the force of gravity, but also by the force of air resistance. The ratio of these forces for light objects and for heavy ones is different, which leads to the observed effect.

The Italian Galileo Galilei doubted the correctness of Aristotle's conclusions and found a way to test them. To do this, he dropped a cannonball and a much lighter musket bullet from the Leaning Tower of Pisa at the same moment. Both bodies had approximately the same streamlined shape, therefore, for both the core and the bullet, the air resistance forces were negligible compared to the forces of gravity. Galileo found that both objects reach the ground at the same moment, that is, the speed of their fall is the same.

The results obtained by Galileo are a consequence of the law of universal gravitation and the law according to which the acceleration experienced by a body is directly proportional to the force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.

3. Another Galileo Galilei experiment

Galileo measured the distance that balls rolling on an inclined board covered in equal intervals of time, measured by the author of the experiment using a water clock. The scientist found that if the time was doubled, the balls would roll four times further. This quadratic relationship meant that the balls moved at an accelerated rate under the influence of gravity, which contradicted Aristotle's assertion, which had been accepted for 2000 years, that bodies on which a force acts move at a constant speed, whereas if no force is applied to the body, then it is at rest. The results of this experiment by Galileo, like the results of his experiment with the Leaning Tower of Pisa, later served as the basis for the formulation of the laws of classical mechanics.

4. Henry Cavendish's experiment

After Isaac Newton formulated the law of universal gravitation: the force of attraction between two bodies with masses Mit, separated from each other by a distance r, is equal to F=γ (mM/r2), it remained to determine the value of the gravitational constant γ - To do this, it was necessary to measure the force attraction between two bodies with known masses. This is not so easy to do, because the force of attraction is very small. We feel the force of gravity of the Earth. But it is impossible to feel the attraction of even a very large mountain nearby, since it is very weak.

A very subtle and sensitive method was needed. It was invented and used in 1798 by Newton's compatriot Henry Cavendish. He used a torsion scale - a rocker with two balls suspended on a very thin cord. Cavendish measured the displacement of the rocker arm (rotation) as other balls of greater mass approached the scales. To increase sensitivity, the displacement was determined by light spots reflected from mirrors mounted on the rocker balls. As a result of this experiment, Cavendish was able to quite accurately determine the value of the gravitational constant and calculate the mass of the Earth for the first time.

5. Jean Bernard Foucault's experiment

French physicist Jean Bernard Leon Foucault experimentally proved the rotation of the Earth around its axis in 1851 using a 67-meter pendulum suspended from the top of the dome of the Parisian Pantheon. The swing plane of the pendulum remains unchanged in relation to the stars. An observer located on the Earth and rotating with it sees that the plane of rotation is slowly turning in the direction opposite to the direction of rotation of the Earth.

6. Isaac Newton's experiment

In 1672, Isaac Newton performed a simple experiment that is described in all school textbooks. Having closed the shutters, he made a small hole in them through which a ray of sunlight passed. A prism was placed in the path of the beam, and a screen was placed behind the prism. On the screen, Newton observed a “rainbow”: a white ray of sunlight, passing through a prism, turned into several colored rays - from violet to red. This phenomenon is called light dispersion.

Sir Isaac was not the first to observe this phenomenon. Already at the beginning of our era, it was known that large single crystals of natural origin have the property of decomposing light into colors. The first studies of light dispersion in experiments with a glass triangular prism, even before Newton, were carried out by the Englishman Hariot and the Czech naturalist Marzi.

However, before Newton, such observations were not subjected to serious analysis, and the conclusions drawn on their basis were not cross-checked by additional experiments. Both Hariot and Marzi remained followers of Aristotle, who argued that differences in color were determined by differences in the amount of darkness “mixed” with white light. Violet color, according to Aristotle, occurs when darkness is added to the greatest amount of light, and red - when darkness is added to the least amount. Newton carried out additional experiments with crossed prisms, when light passed through one prism then passes through another. Based on the totality of his experiments, he concluded that “no color arises from white and black mixed together, except the dark ones in between.”

the amount of light does not change the appearance of the color.” He showed that white light should be considered as a compound. The main colors are from purple to red.

This Newton experiment serves as a remarkable example of how different people, observing the same phenomenon, interpret it in different ways, and only those who question their interpretation and conduct additional experiments come to the correct conclusions.

7. Thomas Young's experiment

Until the beginning of the 19th century, ideas about the corpuscular nature of light prevailed. Light was considered to consist of individual particles - corpuscles. Although the phenomena of diffraction and interference of light were observed by Newton (“Newton’s rings”), the generally accepted point of view remained corpuscular.

Looking at the waves on the surface of the water from two thrown stones, you can see how, overlapping each other, the waves can interfere, that is, cancel out or mutually reinforce each other. Based on this, the English physicist and physician Thomas Young conducted experiments in 1801 with a beam of light that passed through two holes in an opaque screen, thus forming two independent light sources, similar to two stones thrown into water. As a result, he observed an interference pattern consisting of alternating dark and white fringes, which could not be formed if light consisted of corpuscles. The dark stripes corresponded to areas where light waves from the two slits cancel each other out. Light stripes appeared where light waves were mutually reinforcing. Thus, the wave nature of light was proven.

8. Klaus Jonsson's experiment

German physicist Klaus Jonsson conducted an experiment in 1961 similar to Thomas Young's experiment on the interference of light. The difference was that instead of rays of light, Jonsson used beams of electrons. He obtained an interference pattern similar to what Young observed for light waves. This confirmed the correctness of the provisions of quantum mechanics about the mixed corpuscular-wave nature of elementary particles.

9. Robert Millikan's experiment

The idea that the electric charge of any body is discrete (that is, consists of a larger or smaller set of elementary charges that are no longer subject to fragmentation) arose at the beginning of the 19th century and was supported by such famous physicists as M. Faraday and G. Helmholtz. The term “electron” was introduced into the theory, denoting a certain particle - the carrier of an elementary electric charge. This term, however, was purely formal at that time, since neither the particle itself nor the elementary electric charge associated with it had been discovered experimentally. In 1895, K. Roentgen, during experiments with a discharge tube, discovered that its anode, under the influence of rays flying from the cathode, was capable of emitting its own X-rays, or Roentgen rays. In the same year, French physicist J. Perrin experimentally proved that cathode rays are a stream of negatively charged particles. But, despite the colossal experimental material, the electron remained a hypothetical particle, since there was not a single experiment in which individual electrons would participate.

American physicist Robert Millikan developed a method that has become a classic example of an elegant physics experiment. Millikan managed to isolate several charged droplets of water in space between the plates of a capacitor. By illuminating with X-rays, it was possible to slightly ionize the air between the plates and change the charge of the droplets. When the field between the plates was turned on, the droplet slowly moved upward under the influence of electrical attraction. When the field was turned off, it fell under the influence of gravity. By turning the field on and off, it was possible to study each of the droplets suspended between the plates for 45 seconds, after which they evaporated. By 1909, it was possible to determine that the charge of any droplet was always an integer multiple of the fundamental value e (electron charge). This was convincing evidence that electrons were particles with the same charge and mass. By replacing droplets of water with droplets of oil, Millikan was able to increase the duration of observations to 4.5 hours and in 1913, eliminating one by one possible sources of error, he published the first measured value of the electron charge: e = (4.774 ± 0.009)x 10-10 electrostatic units .

10. Ernst Rutherford's experiment

By the beginning of the 20th century, it became clear that atoms consist of negatively charged electrons and some kind of positive charge, due to which the atom remains generally neutral. However, there were too many assumptions about what this “positive-negative” system looks like, while there was clearly a lack of experimental data that would make it possible to make a choice in favor of one or another model. Most physicists accepted J. J. Thomson's model: the atom as a uniformly charged positive ball with a diameter of approximately 108 cm with negative electrons floating inside.

In 1909, Ernst Rutherford (assisted by Hans Geiger and Ernst Marsden) conducted an experiment to understand the actual structure of the atom. In this experiment, heavy positively charged alpha particles moving at a speed of 20 km/s passed through thin gold foil and were scattered on gold atoms, deviating from the original direction of motion. To determine the degree of deviation, Geiger and Marsden had to use a microscope to observe the flashes on the scintillator plate that occurred where the alpha particle hit the plate. Over the course of two years, about a million flares were counted and it was proven that approximately one particle in 8000, as a result of scattering, changes its direction of motion by more than 90° (that is, turns back). This could not possibly happen in Thomson’s “loose” atom. The results clearly supported the so-called planetary model of the atom - a massive tiny nucleus measuring about 10-13 cm and electrons rotating around this nucleus at a distance of about 10-8 cm.

Modern physical experiments are much more complex than experiments of the past. In some, devices are placed over areas of tens of thousands of square kilometers, in others they fill a volume of the order of a cubic kilometer. And still others will soon be carried out on other planets.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Chelyabinsk Region

Plastovsky technological branch

GBPOU SPO "Kopeysk Polytechnic College named after. S.V. Khokhryakova"

MASTER - CLASS

"EXPERIMENTS AND EXPERIMENTS

FOR CHILDREN"

Educational and research work

"Entertaining physical experiments

from scrap materials"

Head: Yu.V. Timofeeva, physics teacher

Performers: OPI group students - 15

Annotation

Physical experiments increase interest in the study of physics, develop thinking, and teach students to apply theoretical knowledge to explain various physical phenomena occurring in the world around them.

Unfortunately, due to the overload of educational material in physics lessons, insufficient attention is paid to entertaining experiments

With the help of experiments, observations and measurements, dependencies between various physical quantities can be studied.

All phenomena observed during entertaining experiments have a scientific explanation; for this purpose, the fundamental laws of physics and the properties of the matter around us were used.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

Without a doubt, all our knowledge begins with experiments.

(Kant Emmanuel - German philosopher 1724-1804)

Physics is not only scientific books and complex laws, not only huge laboratories. Physics is also about interesting experiments and entertaining experiments. Physics is about magic tricks performed among friends, funny stories and funny homemade toys.

Most importantly, you can use any available material for physical experiments.

Physical experiments can be done with balls, glasses, syringes, pencils, straws, coins, needles, etc.

Experiments increase interest in the study of physics, develop thinking, and teach students to apply theoretical knowledge to explain various physical phenomena occurring in the world around them.

When conducting experiments, you not only have to draw up a plan for its implementation, but also determine ways to obtain certain data, assemble installations yourself, and even design the necessary instruments to reproduce a particular phenomenon.

But, unfortunately, due to the overload of educational material in physics lessons, insufficient attention is paid to entertaining experiments; much attention is paid to theory and problem solving.

Therefore, it was decided to conduct research work on the topic “Entertaining experiments in physics using scrap materials.”

The objectives of the research work are as follows:

1. Master the methods of physical research, master the skills of correct observation and the technique of physical experiment.

   Organization of independent work with various literature and other sources of information, collection, analysis and synthesis of material on the topic of research work.

   Teach students to apply scientific knowledge to explain physical phenomena.

   To instill in students a love for physics, to increase their concentration on understanding the laws of nature, and not on their mechanical memorization.

When choosing a research topic, we proceeded from the following principles:

Subjectivity - the chosen topic corresponds to our interests.

Objectivity - the topic we have chosen is relevant and important in scientific and practical terms.

Feasibility - the tasks and goals we set in our work are real and feasible.

1. MAIN CONTENTS.

The research work was carried out according to the following scheme:

Statement of the problem.

Studying information from various sources on this issue.

Selection of research methods and practical mastery of them.

Collecting your own material - collecting available materials, conducting experiments.

Analysis and synthesis.

Formulation of conclusions.

During the research work, the following physical research methods were used:

1. Physical experience

The experiment consisted of the following stages:

Clarification of the experimental conditions.

This stage involves familiarization with the conditions of the experiment, determination of the list of necessary available instruments and materials and safe conditions during the experiment.

Drawing up a sequence of actions.

At this stage, the procedure for conducting the experiment was outlined, and new materials were added if necessary.

Conducting the experiment.

2. Observation

When observing phenomena occurring in experience, we paid special attention to changes in physical characteristics, while we were able to detect regular connections between various physical quantities.

3. Modeling.

Modeling is the basis of any physical research. When conducting experiments, we simulated various situational experiments.

In total, we have modeled, conducted and scientifically explained several interesting physical experiments.

2.Organization of research work:

2.1 Methodology for conducting various experiments:

Experience No. 1 Candle by bottle

Devices and materials: candle, bottle, matches

Stages of the experiment

Place a lit candle behind the bottle, and stand so that your face is 20-30 cm away from the bottle.

Now you just need to blow and the candle will go out, as if there were no barrier between you and the candle.

Experiment No. 2 Spinning snake

Equipment and materials: thick paper, candle, scissors.

Stages of the experiment

Cut a spiral out of thick paper, stretch it a little and place it on the end of a curved wire.

Hold this spiral above the candle in the rising air flow, the snake will rotate.

Devices and materials: 15 matches.

Stages of the experiment

Place one match on the table, and 14 matches across it so that their heads stick up and their ends touch the table.

How to lift the first match, holding it by one end, and all the other matches along with it?

Experience No. 4 Paraffin motor

Devices and materials:candle, knitting needle, 2 glasses, 2 plates, matches.

Stages of the experiment

To make this motor, we don't need either electricity or gasoline. For this we only need... a candle.

Heat the knitting needle and stick it with their heads into the candle. This will be the axis of our engine.

Place a candle with a knitting needle on the edges of two glasses and balance.

Light the candle at both ends.

Experiment No. 5 Thick air

We live thanks to the air we breathe. If you don't think that's magical enough, try this experiment to find out what other magic air can do.

Props

Safety glasses

Pine board 0.3x2.5x60 cm (can be purchased at any lumber store)

Newspaper sheet

Ruler

Preparation

Let's begin the scientific magic!

Wear safety glasses. Announce to the audience: “There are two types of air in the world. One of them is skinny and the other is fat. Now, with the help of fatty air, I will perform magic.”

Place the board on the table so that about 6 inches (15 cm) extends over the edge of the table.

Say: “Thick air, sit on the plank.” Hit the end of the board that protrudes beyond the edge of the table. The plank will jump into the air.

Tell the audience that it must have been thin air that sat on the plank. Place the board on the table again as in step 2.

Place a sheet of newspaper on the board, as shown in the picture, so that the board is in the middle of the sheet. Flatten the newspaper so that there is no air between it and the table.

Say again: “Thick air, sit on the plank.”

Hit the protruding end with the edge of your palm.

Experiment No. 6 Waterproof paper

Props

Paper towel

Cup

A plastic bowl or bucket into which you can pour enough water to completely cover the glass

Preparation

Lay out everything you need on the table

Let's begin the scientific magic!

Announce to the audience: “Using my magical skill, I can make a piece of paper remain dry.”

Wrinkle up a paper towel and place it in the bottom of the glass.

Turn the glass over and make sure the wad of paper remains in place.

Say some magic words over the glass, for example: “magic powers, protect the paper from water.” Then slowly lower the upside down glass into a bowl of water. Try to hold the glass as level as possible until it completely disappears under the water.

Take the glass out of the water and shake off the water. Turn the glass upside down and take out the paper. Let the audience touch it and make sure it remains dry.

Experiment No. 7 Flying ball

Have you ever seen a man rise into the air during a magician's performance? Try a similar experiment.

Please note: This experiment requires a hairdryer and adult assistance.

Props

Hairdryer (to be used only by an adult assistant)

2 thick books or other heavy objects

Ping pong ball

Ruler

Adult assistant

Preparation

Place the hairdryer on the table with the hole facing up where the hot air is blowing.

To install it in this position, use books. Make sure that they do not block the hole on the side where air is sucked into the hair dryer.

Plug in the hairdryer.

Let's begin the scientific magic!

Ask one of the adult spectators to become your assistant.

Announce to the audience: “Now I will make an ordinary ping-pong ball fly through the air.”

Take the ball in your hand and release it so that it falls on the table. Tell the audience: “Oh! I forgot to say the magic words!”

Say magic words over the ball. Have your assistant turn on the hair dryer at full power.

Carefully place the ball over the hairdryer in the air stream, approximately 45 cm from the blowing hole.

Tips for a learned wizard

Depending on the blowing force, you may have to place the balloon a little higher or lower than indicated.

What else can you do

Try to do the same with a ball of different sizes and weights. Will the experience be equally good?

2. 2 RESEARCH RESULTS:

1) Experience No. 1 Candle by bottle

Explanation:

The candle will float up little by little, and the water-cooled paraffin at the edge of the candle will melt more slowly than the paraffin surrounding the wick. Therefore, a rather deep funnel is formed around the wick. This emptiness, in turn, makes the candle lighter, which is why our candle will burn out to the end.

2) Experiment No. 2 Spinning snake

Explanation:

The snake rotates because air expands under the influence of heat and warm energy is converted into movement.

3) Experiment No. 3 Fifteen matches on one

Explanation:

In order to lift all the matches, you only need to put another fifteenth match on top of all the matches, in the hollow between them.

4) Experiment No. 4 Paraffin motor

Explanation:

A drop of paraffin will fall into one of the plates placed under the ends of the candle. The balance will be disrupted, the other end of the candle will tighten and fall; at the same time, a few drops of paraffin will drain from it, and it will become lighter than the first end; it rises to the top, the first end will go down, drop a drop, it will become lighter, and our motor will start working with all its might; gradually the candle's vibrations will increase more and more.

5) Experience No. 5 thick air

When you hit the board for the first time, it bounces. But if you hit the board on which the newspaper is lying, the board breaks.

Explanation:

When you smooth out the newspaper, you remove almost all the air from underneath it. At the same time, a large amount of air from above the newspaper presses on it with great force. When you hit the board, it breaks because the air pressure on the newspaper prevents the board from rising up in response to the force you apply.

6) Experience No. 6 Waterproof paper

Explanation:

Air occupies a certain volume. There is air in the glass, no matter what position it is in. When you turn the glass upside down and slowly lower it into the water, air remains in the glass. Water cannot get into the glass due to air. The air pressure turns out to be greater than the pressure of the water trying to penetrate inside the glass. The towel at the bottom of the glass remains dry. If a glass is turned on its side under water, air will come out in the form of bubbles. Then he can get into the glass.

8) Experiment No. 7 Flying ball

Explanation:

This trick doesn't actually defy gravity. It demonstrates an important ability of air called Bernoulli's principle. Bernoulli's principle is a law of nature, according to which any pressure of any fluid substance, including air, decreases with increasing speed of its movement. In other words, when the air flow rate is low, it has high pressure.

The air coming out of the hair dryer moves very quickly and therefore its pressure is low. The ball is surrounded on all sides by an area of ​​low pressure, which forms a cone at the hole of the hair dryer. The air around this cone has a higher pressure, and prevents the ball from falling out of the low pressure zone. The force of gravity pulls it down, and the force of air pulls it up. Thanks to the combined action of these forces, the ball hangs in the air above the hair dryer.

CONCLUSION

Analyzing the results of entertaining experiments, we were convinced that the knowledge acquired in physics classes is quite applicable to solving practical issues.

Using experiments, observations and measurements, the relationships between various physical quantities were studied.

All phenomena observed during entertaining experiments have a scientific explanation; for this we used the fundamental laws of physics and the properties of the matter around us.

The laws of physics are based on facts established experimentally. Moreover, the interpretation of the same facts often changes in the course of the historical development of physics. Facts accumulate through observation. But you can’t limit yourself to them only. This is only the first step towards knowledge. Next comes the experiment, the development of concepts that allow for qualitative characteristics. In order to draw general conclusions from observations and find out the causes of phenomena, it is necessary to establish quantitative relationships between quantities. If such a dependence is obtained, then a physical law has been found. If a physical law is found, then there is no need to experiment in each individual case; it is enough to perform the appropriate calculations. By experimentally studying quantitative relationships between quantities, patterns can be identified. Based on these laws, a general theory of phenomena is developed.

Therefore, without experiment there can be no rational teaching of physics. The study of physics and other technical disciplines involves the widespread use of experiments, discussion of the features of its setting and the observed results.

In accordance with the task, all experiments were carried out using only cheap, small-sized available materials.

Based on the results of educational and research work, the following conclusions can be drawn:

1. In various sources of information you can find and come up with many interesting physical experiments performed using available equipment.

   Entertaining experiments and homemade physics devices increase the range of demonstrations of physical phenomena.

   Entertaining experiments allow you to test the laws of physics and theoretical hypotheses.

LIST OF REFERENCES USED

M. Di Spezio “Entertaining experiences”, Astrel LLC, 2004.

F.V. Rabiz “Funny Physics”, Moscow, 2000.

L. Galpershtein “Hello, physics”, Moscow, 1967.

A. Tomilin “I want to know everything”, Moscow, 1981.

M.I. Bludov “Conversations on Physics”, Moscow, 1974.

Ya.I. Perelman “Entertaining tasks and experiments”, Moscow, 1972.

APPLICATIONS

Disk:

1. Presentation “Entertaining physical experiments using scrap materials”

2. Video “Entertaining physical experiments using scrap materials”

Physics surrounds us absolutely everywhere: in everyday life, on the street, on the road... Sometimes parents should draw the attention of their children to some interesting, still unknown moments. Early acquaintance with this school subject will allow some children to overcome fear, and for others to become seriously interested in this science and, perhaps, for some it will become destiny.

Today we propose to get acquainted with some simple experiments that can be done at home.

PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENT: See if the shape of an object affects its strength.
MATERIALS: three sheets of paper, tape, books (weighing up to half a kilogram), assistant.

PROCESS:

Fold the pieces of paper into three different shapes: Form A- fold the sheet in thirds and glue the ends together, Form B- fold the sheet of paper in four and glue the ends together, Form B- Roll the paper into a cylinder shape and glue the ends together.

Place all the figures you have made on the table.

Together with your assistant, place books on them one at a time and watch when the structures collapse.

Remember how many books each figure can hold.

RESULTS: The cylinder can hold the largest number of books.
WHY? Gravity (attraction to the center of the Earth) pulls the books down, but the paper supports do not let them go. If the earth's gravity is greater than the resistance force of the support, the weight of the book will crush it. The open paper cylinder turned out to be the strongest of all the figures, because the weight of the books that lay on it was evenly distributed along its walls.

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PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENT: Charge an object with static electricity.
MATERIALS: scissors, napkin, ruler, comb.

PROCESS:

Measure and cut a strip of paper from the napkin (7cm x 25cm).

Cut long thin strips on the paper, LEAVING the edge untouched (according to the drawing).

Comb your hair quickly. Your hair should be clean and dry. Bring the comb closer to the paper strips, but do not touch them.

RESULTS: Paper strips are drawn to the comb.
WHY?“Static” means motionless. Static electricity is negative particles called electrons gathered together. Matter consists of atoms, where electrons rotate around a positive center - the nucleus. When we comb our hair, the electrons seem to be erased from the hair and end up on the comb The half of the comb that touched your hair received a negative charge. The paper strip consists of atoms. We bring the comb to them, as a result of which the positive part of the atoms is attracted to the comb. This attraction between the positive and negative particles is enough to lift the paper ones. stripes up.

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PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENT: Find the position of the center of gravity.
MATERIALS: plasticine, two metal forks, a toothpick, a tall glass or a wide-necked jar.

PROCESS:

Roll a ball of plasticine about 4 cm in diameter.

Insert a fork into the ball.

Insert the second fork into the ball at an angle of 45 degrees relative to the first fork.

Insert a toothpick into the ball between the forks.

Place the end of the toothpick on the edge of the glass and move it towards the center of the glass until equilibrium is achieved.

NOTE: If balance cannot be achieved, reduce the angle between them.
RESULTS: At a certain position, the toothpicks of the fork are balanced.
WHY? Since the forks are located at an angle to each other, their weight seems to be concentrated at a certain point on the stick located between them. This point is called the center of gravity.

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PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENT: Compare the speed of sound in solids and in air.
MATERIALS: plastic cup, ring-shaped rubber band.

PROCESS:

Place the rubber ring on the glass as shown in the picture.

Place the glass upside down to your ear.

String the stretched rubber band like a string.

RESULTS: A loud sound is heard.
WHY? An object sounds when it vibrates. While oscillating, he hits the air or another object if it is nearby. The vibrations begin to spread through the air filling everything around, their energy affects the ears, and we hear sound. Vibrations travel much more slowly through air—gas—than through solids or liquids. The vibrations of the rubber band are transmitted to both the air and the body of the glass, but the sound is heard louder when it comes to the ear directly from the walls of the glass.

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PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENT: Find out whether temperature affects the jumping ability of a rubber ball.
MATERIALS: tennis ball, meter stick, freezer.

PROCESS:

Place the bar vertically and, holding it with one hand, place the ball on its top end with the other hand.

Release the ball and see how high it jumps when it hits the floor. Repeat this three times and estimate your average jump height.

Place the ball in the freezer for half an hour.

Measure your jump height again by releasing the ball from the top end of the pole.

RESULTS: After the freezer, the ball does not bounce as high.
WHY? Rubber is made up of a myriad of molecules in the form of chains. When warm, these chains easily move and move away from one another, and thanks to this, the rubber becomes elastic. When cooled, these chains become rigid. When the chains are elastic, the ball bounces well. When playing tennis in cold weather, you need to take into account that the ball will not be as bouncy.

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PURPOSE OF THE EXPERIMENT: See how the image appears in the mirror.
MATERIALS: mirror, 4 books, pencil, paper.

PROCESS:

Place books in a stack and lean a mirror against it.

Place a piece of paper under the edge of the mirror.

Place your left hand in front of the piece of paper, and place your chin on your hand so that you can look in the mirror, but not see the sheet on which you will be writing.

Looking only in the mirror, but not at the paper, write your name on it.

Look what you wrote.

RESULTS: Most, and maybe even all, of the letters were upside down.
WHY? Because you wrote while looking in the mirror, where they looked normal, but on the paper they were upside down. Most of the letters will be upside down, and only symmetrical letters (H, O, E, B) will be written correctly. They look the same in the mirror and on paper, although the image in the mirror is upside down.