Population and area of ​​the Novosibirsk region. Cities of the Novosibirsk region

The Novosibirsk region, which borders the Altai Territory, Omsk, Tomsk and Kemerovo regions, is also one of the border regions neighboring Kazakhstan.

History of the Novosibirsk region

The Novosibirsk region was founded in 1937, but the development of the territory took place long before its formation. During various excavations, remains were found; scientists believed that the first appearance of man occurred in the Paleolithic era, which is referred to as the Stone Age.

The territories were gradually developed, and the population of the Novosibirsk region in the Middle Ages consisted of Turkic peoples led by khans. In the 13-15 centuries, the territory was the eastern outskirts of the Golden Horde, and a little later - the Siberian Khanate.

Only by the middle of the 17th century, according to many scientists, this territory began to be populated by Russians, and somewhere in 1644 the village of Maslyanino was formed. Gradually, the area of ​​the Novosibirsk region began to expand due to the construction of villages, fortresses, forts and the resettlement of peoples, when the risks of nomadic raids decreased.

Until 1921, the region did not exist as such, since it was part of the Novonikolaevsk province, the Siberian Territory, and the West Siberian Territory. Only in 1937 the region was divided into two parts: the Novosibirsk region and the Altai region.

Square

Today it is one of the largest subjects of the Russian Federation. The region is 177 thousand km², it occupies 18th position among all subjects of the Russian Federation and 6th position after the Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk Region, etc. The length from south to north is 444 km, from east to west - 642 km.

Population

The population of the Novosibirsk region, as calculated in 2013, was 2.7 million people. The majority are urban residents, 77% to be exact, so the population density is 15.2 people. per sq. km. 90% of the population is Russian, and such peoples as Germans, Ukrainians and others are also represented. It is worth noting that this region is urbanized, which means that about 60% live in Novosibirsk, 17% in other cities, and only 23% in towns, villages and urban settlements.

Cities and towns

The regions are only 15 subjects. Novosibirsk is considered the largest, with a population of 1.5 million people, also Berdsk with a population of about 100 thousand people, Iskitim, Kuibyshev and others, where this figure does not exceed 30 thousand people.

The oldest cities are considered to be Kargat and Berdsk, which appeared at the beginning of the 18th century, and the youngest is Ob, formed in 1934. Interestingly, the city is named after the main river of the region, but there is a waterway 15 km from it.

Despite the fact that the population mostly lives in cities, the region also has 30 administrative districts and 17 villages of the Novosibirsk region have their own history, and some of them date back several centuries. One of the most famous is Kolyvan, where about 12 thousand people live, it has a rich history (mention of it dates back to 1797). Here is the women's Alexander Nevsky Monastery, one of two in the entire region. Or the village of Dovolnoye, where about 7 thousand people live. It is believed to have been founded in 1703, although the date has been questioned. Not far from the village there is a sanatorium, which is the basic one in the region for the treatment and prevention of the gastrointestinal tract (built in 1965).

Kuibyshev is considered one of the largest cities, besides Novosibirsk, where about 45 thousand people live. The city was founded in 1722 as a military fortification against attacks by nomads and was named Kainsk, which meant “birch” in translation from the language of the Baraba Tatars. Already in 1743, when the church was built, it was decided to use this territory as a settlement, and it gradually expanded. In 1935 the city was renamed Kuibyshev. The Novosibirsk region, transformed again in 1937, received this city, which in a couple of years changed its name to Kuibyshevsk and Kuibyshevo, but in the end everything returned to its original version.

For more than 80 years, several schools and secondary education institutions were built, a meat processing plant, a distillery, a reinforced concrete products plant and a garment factory were opened.

The main attractions are the Church of the Nativity of John the Baptist, built in 1904, the only one that survived the years of Soviet power. Also the Museum of Local Lore, which was opened in 1988, and various municipal cultural institutions.

Nature and climate

The area of ​​the Novosibirsk region is quite large. It is located in Siberia, but has a fairly temperate climate, with hot summers and cold winters. There are no abnormal colds here, as in most regions of Western and Eastern Siberia, but once -51° was recorded.

Part of the territory is covered with taiga forests (more precisely, 1/5), where tree species such as pine, fir, cedar, birch grow, there are also meadows and mountain ranges. The region is rich in minerals, including oil, coal, non-ferrous ores, marble, and gold.

The main reservoirs of the Novosibirsk region are the Ob and Om rivers, as well as the Novosibirsk reservoir, or, as it is also called, the Ob Sea.

The region is very attractive to tourists for its nature and the presence of thermal springs and mud deposits, thanks to which many sanatoriums and boarding houses have been opened, where people come for treatment and relaxation.

Economy

The area of ​​the Novosibirsk region is small compared to the subjects of Western and Eastern Siberia, but it is larger than Denmark, Belgium, the Netherlands and Switzerland combined, and this allows it to develop its economy in various areas, from industry to ecotourism.

What’s interesting is that the main income comes from the service sector, accounting for 60% of the gross product, 24% comes from industry and 6-7% from agriculture, which means that the growth of foreign investment is increasing, which indicates the attractiveness of the region.

The territory is rich in mineral resources, and 523 deposits have been discovered on it, about 80 of which are currently in use. Also developed are such industries as mechanical engineering, chemical and forestry industries, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, and production of building materials.

In agriculture, we are mainly engaged in cattle breeding, poultry farming and sheep farming, and we also grow flax fiber.

The fuel and energy complex in the form of the oil and coal industries also contributes to the development of the region.

All major cities of the Novosibirsk region contribute to the development of the region. Not only Novosibirsk is the center of the entire economy, but also Kuibyshev, and Berdsk, and Iskitim.

Infrastructure and administration

The administration of the Novosibirsk region has its own legislative and executive powers, and is headed by the governor. During the entire period after the formation of the Russian Federation, there were 5 governors. They were elected by the people and appointed by the president in different years.

The entire territory is divided into administrative units, which include 15 cities, including 8 of them of regional subordination, 30 administrative districts, 17 villages and 428 rural administrations.

The Novosibirsk region is one of the most developed subjects in Western Siberia, important transport hubs pass through it, there are 11 airports (Tolmachevo is international). Railway lines with a length of more than 1,500 km are also important.

Everyone also knows that it is also a center of science and education, with the presence of Akademgorodok, where dozens of research institutes are located, which, of course, is encouraged by the administration of the Novosibirsk region. This attracts more and more new employees who work at the state university, the school of physics and mathematics, the institute of nuclear physics, the center of virology and biotechnology and other scientific institutions.

Novosibirsk region- the subject of the Russian Federation. It is part of the Siberian Federal District.

The administrative center is the city of Novosibirsk.

Geography

The Novosibirsk region is located in the southeast of the West Siberian Plain. The area of ​​the region is 178.2 thousand km². The length of the region from west to east is 642 km, from north to south - 444 km.

In the north it borders with the Tomsk region, in the southwest - with Kazakhstan, in the west - with the Omsk region, in the south - with the Altai Territory, in the east - with the Kemerovo region.

Hydrography

The main rivers of the region are the Ob and Om. The dam of the Novosibirsk hydroelectric power station formed the Novosibirsk reservoir (the so-called “Ob Sea”). Also in the region there are about 3 thousand freshwater, salt and bitter-salt lakes (Chany, Ubinskoye, Sartlan, etc.). The north and north-west of the region is occupied by the southern part of the world's largest Vasyugan swamp.

Climate

The climate is continental, the average January temperature ranges from −16 in the south to −20 °C in the northern regions. The average temperature in July is +18…+20 °C. The average annual air temperature is 0.2 °C. The absolute maximum is +40 °C, the minimum is −51 °C.

Frosts on the soil begin in the second half of September and end at the end of May. The duration of the cold period is 178, warm - 188, frost-free - 120 days.

Annual precipitation is ≈ 425 mm, of which 20% falls in May-June, in particular, from April to October there is (on average) 330 mm of precipitation, and from November to March - 95 mm.

There are 86 cloudless days a year, 67 with continuous clouds.

Vegetation

The region is located in the steppe, forest-steppe and taiga zones.

About 4 million hectares, or over 1/5 of the region's territory, are covered with forest. The highest percentage of forest cover is in the southern taiga subzone (35%), where conifers (fir, spruce, pine, cedar) dominate with an admixture of birch, aspen and rarely larch. Both the Salair region (34%) and the region of the Ob pine forests (24%) are characterized by increased forest cover. In the Barabinskaya Lowland (11% forest cover) birch-aspen “splitting trees” predominate. Meadows and pastures are mainly in the Barabinskaya lowland and along the valleys of large rivers. The fauna of the region is diverse. In the north, forest areas are inhabited by: bear, reindeer, elk, lynx, roe deer, wolverine, otter, and river beaver. The basis of the fur trade is squirrel, weasel, and ermine. Birds include capercaillie and hazel grouse. The forest-steppe zone is inhabited by: wolf, corsac fox, ermine, weasel, jerboa, white hare, brown hare; in the lakes of Baraby - muskrat, water rat.

Timezone

The Novosibirsk region is located in the Omsk time zone. The offset relative to UTC is +6:00. Relative to Moscow time, the time zone has a constant offset of +3 hours and is designated in Russia as MSK+3.

Story

The Novosibirsk region was formed on September 28, 1937 by dividing the West Siberian region into the Novosibirsk region and the Altai region. Subsequently, in 1943, the Kemerovo region was separated from the region, and in 1944, the Tomsk region.

Socio-economic indicators

In 2012, the average monthly nominal accrued wages for January-September amounted to 22,540 rubles. with a growth rate of almost 16% compared to the same period last year.

The index of industrial production in the region for 9 months amounted to 108.5%, while in Russia the same figure was about 103%.

At the end of 2012, 1.57 million m² of housing was commissioned in the Novosibirsk region. Compared to 2011, the figure increased by 4.3%.

Main economic and social indicators of the Novosibirsk region

• Retail trade turnover in the Novosibirsk region in 2012 amounted to 393.4 billion rubles. This is 1.9% more than in 2011
• The turnover of public catering in the Novosibirsk region at the end of 2012 amounted to 11.7 billion rubles
• The volume of paid services to the population is 68.1 billion rubles. (growth 16%)

Government departments

Culture

One of the cultural attractions of Novosibirsk are theaters, among which the most famous is the Opera and Ballet Theater, which has become, in a way, a symbol of Novosibirsk.

Delegations from Novosibirsk have repeatedly won the Russian Youth Delphic Games, taking first place in the team competitions.

List of theaters:

• Novosibirsk State Academic Opera and Ballet Theater
• Novosibirsk Drama Theater "Old House"
• Novosibirsk Academic Youth Theater "Globus"
• Novosibirsk State Academic Drama Theater "Red Torch"
• Novosibirsk City Drama Theater under the direction of Sergei Afanasyev
• Novosibirsk Musical Comedy Theater
• Novosibirsk Regional Puppet Theater
• Novosibirsk State Philharmonic

Museums

• Novosibirsk Museum of Railway Equipment
• Museum "Siberian Birch Bark"
• Museum of N.K. Roerich in Novosibirsk
• Sun Museum
• Novosibirsk State Museum of Local Lore
• Novosibirsk State Art Museum
• Museum of History and Local Lore named after N.Ya. Savchenko
• Clay Toy Museum (Kupino)

Spa treatment

In many areas of the Novosibirsk region, deposits of thermal and high-thermal iodine-bromine waters have been discovered. Radon waters are available near the village of Kolyvan and in the vicinity of Novosibirsk. Promising for the implementation of sanatorium-resort treatment is the use of sulfide silt mud from Lake Krasnozernoye in the Krasnozersky district, Lake Danilovo in the Kyshtovsky district, and Lake Karachi in the Chanovsky district. The mud deposits of lakes Ostrovnoye and Gorky are included in the cadastre of therapeutic muds in Russia. In various areas of the region, during geological exploration work, 16 deposits of sapropel medicinal mud were discovered, the largest reserves of which are concentrated in the Kolyvan district and Bolotninsky district.

In the region, sanatorium and resort activities are carried out by the sanatoriums “Dovolensky” in the Dovolensky district, “Krasnozersky” in the Krasnozersky district, “Baraba” and “Karachi” in the Chanovsky district, “Om” in Kuibyshev, “Berdsky”, “Rassvet”, “ Parus", "Sibiryak", "Sosnovka" in Berdsk and its environs. There are also a significant number of recreation centers and boarding houses in the region.

Social problems

The unemployment rate in the region as of May 1, 2007 was 1.6%, which is the lowest in Siberia.

The problem of alcoholism and drug addiction is acute in the region. In 2002, there was a tendency to increase (by 1.5% compared to 2001) the number of patients with alcoholism; their number amounted to 39,833 people. (1,465.8 per 100 thousand population). According to specialists from the Main Directorate of the State Drug Control Service of the Russian Federation for the Siberian Federal District, the incidence of drug addiction in the Novosibirsk region in 2003 was 260 people per 100 thousand population.

According to the Novosibirsk Rospotrebnadzor, the total number of identified HIV-infected people as of July 2007 is 2,057 people. The increase in registered HIV patients in the first half of 2007, compared to the same period in 2006, was 5.9 times. Among the established routes of transmission, injecting drug users predominate - up to 83.2%, while the share of young people aged 15-29 years is 61%. As part of the national project for the prevention of HIV infection, 111,639 packages of antiretroviral drugs for the treatment of patients with HIV infection/AIDS were supplied to the healthcare needs of the Novosibirsk region in 2006. But in the first half of 2007, no deliveries were made.

In 2005, suicide was the leading cause of death from unnatural causes; they accounted for 1% of all deaths from unnatural causes, or 939 cases per 100 thousand deaths. In rural areas this figure is 2.1 times higher than in urban settlements of the region. Accidental alcohol poisoning takes second place (785 per 100 thousand deaths). In third place are transport injuries (716 per 100 thousand deaths). In fourth place are murders (666 per 100 thousand deaths). Violent deaths in 2005 killed 25 people out of every 100 thousand population. For all four causes of unnatural death, men are at particular risk. Among suicides there are five times more of them than women, and among murdered people - three times more. Accidents, poisonings and injuries cause the death of every third man and every fourth woman of all deaths of working age.

In 2006, 5.9 thousand people died from unnatural causes. In first place, as in the previous year, is suicide, 930 cases per 100 thousand deaths. In second place is also alcohol poisoning - 760, in third place are transport injuries - 661 and in fourth place are murders - 551. 77.3% (4.5 thousand people) of those killed in 2006 were men, and 83.6% were of working age age. 43% of suicides were under 40 years of age.

In 2006, 27,880 babies were born alive in the Novosibirsk region, of which 191 were born at home. The birth rate was 10.6 people per 1000 population, the same in 2005.

During the year, 42,757 abortions were performed, of which 4,476 were in pregnant women for the first time, including 24 abortions in girls under 14 years of age.

In 2006, there were 154.5 abortions per 100 births (in 2005 - 155).

GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION, TERRITORY AND POPULATIONNOVOSIBIRSK REGION

The Novosibirsk region is located in the central part of the Eurasian continent, almost in the center of the Russian Federation in the southeast of the West Siberian Lowland - one of the greatest plains in the world. The area of ​​the region is 178 thousand square meters. km. or 1% of the territory of Russia. The length of the region from west to east is more than 600 kilometers, and from north to south up to 400 kilometers. It lies within 75-85 degrees east longitude and 53-57 degrees north latitude. In the west it borders with Omsk, in the north with Tomsk, in the east with Kemerovo regions, in the south with Altai Territory, and in the southwest with Kazakhstan. The borders between the Novosibirsk region and its neighbors (Kemerovo, Tomsk, Omsk), as well as the Altai Territory and Kazakhstan, do not have clear natural boundaries. Their total length exceeds 2800 km. The length of the region’s border with the Republic of Kazakhstan is 316.4 km. Three natural zones alternate from north to south: forest, forest-steppe and steppe. This extreme compression of landscapes is the uniqueness of the nature of the region in comparison with neighboring regions of Western Siberia. We can say that the Novosibirsk region is almost the entire Western Siberia in miniature. The modern administrative boundaries of the region have existed since 1944. The Novosibirsk region is a subject of the Russian Federation and is part of the Siberian Federal District. The population is about three million people.

The administrative center of the region, Novosibirsk, is located on the picturesque banks of the Ob River. This is one of the youngest (founded in 1894) and largest cities in Siberia. Until 1926 it was called Novonikolaevsk. Within the region there are 30 administrative districts, which in turn are divided into 428 village councils. The administrative center of the region is the city of Novosibirsk, which includes 10 urban districts: Dzerzhinsky, Zheleznodorozhny, Zaeltsovsky, Kalininsky, Kirovsky, Leninsky, Oktyabrsky, Pervomaisky, Sovetsky, Central. In total in the region: 7 cities of regional subordination - Novosibirsk, Barabinsk, Berdsk, Iskitim, Kuibyshev, Ob, Tatarsk; 7 cities of regional subordination - Bolotnoye, Karasuk, Kargat, Kupino, Toguchin, Cherepanovo, Chulym; 18 urban-type settlements - Gorny, Dorogino, Kolyvan, Koltsovo, Kochenevo. Krasnozerskoye, Krasnoobsk, Linevo, Listvyansky, Maslyanino, Moshkovo, Ordynsky, Posevnaya, Station-Oyashinsky, Suzun, Chany, Chik, Chistoozernoye; 1581 rural settlements. Distance from Novosibirsk to Moscow = 3191 km. The time difference with Moscow is 3 hours more, with Vladivostok 4 hours less.

GEOLOGICAL HISTORY AND PALEONTOLOGY

In the distant past, for hundreds of millions of years, a significant part of the region’s territory was the bottom of an ancient sea. Proof of this is paleontological finds of fossilized remains of ancient marine animals. In the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods (100-150 million years ago), ancient reptiles - dinosaurs - lived in the sea and on land, but dinosaur bones are not found in the region, since the corresponding geological layers are located here at a depth of 1-2 kilometers and are inaccessible. In those distant geological epochs, the climate in Siberia was warm, subtropical. This is evidenced by leaf imprints and petrified trunks of ancient heat-loving plants. In the last 1-2 million years, glaciations of large areas of the continent have occurred more than once. Glaciers did not enter the region, but their proximity made the climate cold. The landscape at that time resembled the modern northern tundra. During the Ice Age, mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses, cave bears, primitive bison, aurochs, giant deer and cave lions lived (video film “In the Footsteps of Paleontological Finds”). All these animals became extinct relatively recently: 7-15 thousand years ago. The nature exposition of the Novosibirsk State Museum of Local Lore contains a unique exhibit - the skeleton of a female mammoth, found in 1939 in the eroded bank of one of the rivers in the region. Individual bones, teeth, and mammoth tusks are found quite often, but a complete skeleton is a rare find.

RELIEF, MINERAL RESOURCES

The predominant part of the territory of the Novosibirsk region is located in the West Siberian Lowland, so its surface is mostly flat (Baraba Lowland and Kulunda steppes). The Ob River valley divides the region's territory into two parts: the left bank and the right bank. The Left Bank is a low-lying plain with an average height of 120 meters above sea level. A characteristic feature of the left-bank plain is ribbon-like elevations of the relief - ridges. They stretch parallel to each other, their height is usually 3-10 meters. Griva are former watersheds of ancient rivers formed when the glacier melted several thousand years ago. The right bank part of the region is more elevated and hilly. The northernmost, very flattened spur of the Altai Mountains - the Salair Ridge (Maslyaninsky District) - comes here. The highest point of the region is located on the Salair hills - 510 meters above sea level. To the north, in the Toguchinsky district, the Bugotaksky hills are located.

On the territory of the region there is the Gorlovka coal basin with proven anthracite reserves of about 800 million tons, and predicted resources - more than 5 billion tons. This is a unique raw material base for the electrode industry, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. The Zavyalovskoye deposit with coal reserves of more than 50 million tons is also being exploited. In the north-west of the region, 7 oil fields have been discovered (Verkh-Tarskoye, Maloichskoye, Vostochno-Mezhovskoye, etc.) with recoverable reserves of about 40 million tons and one gas condensate field. Large resources of raw materials are also peat deposits in the north of the region with total reserves of about 1 billion tons, and forecast reserves are more than 7 billion tons. 24 alluvial and 1 ore gold deposits were taken into account in the southeast of the region. The Yegoryevskoye field has been in operation for more than 150 years, with annual production in the last decade amounting to 100-170 kg. In the eastern part of the region, marble is mined (Petenevskoe deposit). In 1995, the Ordynskoye placer deposit of zirconium and titanium was discovered 10 km west of the Novosibirsk reservoir. Refractory clays, cement raw materials, and facing marbles are also involved in circulation. There is a sufficient raw material base of most common minerals (sand, clay, crushed stone) to satisfy its own needs. The area's underground waters are valuable: mineralized (for medicinal purposes) and thermal (for heating). Table salt and soda are mined in the salt lakes of the southwest. Some salt lakes contain healing mud used in medicine. On the salt lake of Karachi, for example, there is a well-known resort in the country, Lake Karachinskoe.

SOILS AND AGRICULTURE

The soils of our region are diverse and their arrangement is very mosaic. This is due to the wide variety of natural conditions. Among the main types of soils in the Novosibirsk region one can note podzolic, swamp, gray forest soils, solonetzes and solonchaks. Various types of chernozems are widely used in agriculture. Agricultural lands (arable lands, pastures, hayfields) occupy approximately half of the region's territory. The main grain crop is spring and winter wheat. They also sow oats, barley, rye, peas, millet, and buckwheat. Large areas are occupied by planting potatoes and vegetables (carrots, cabbage, beets), and fodder crops. Flax, sunflower, and mustard are grown in the region; there are fruit and berry nurseries where currants, sea buckthorn, raspberries, and apple trees are cultivated. Even watermelons grow in the south of the region. Meat and dairy farming, poultry farming, and beekeeping are developed.

CLIMATE AND PHENOLOGY

The Novosibirsk region is located in the center of Eurasia, far from the seas and oceans, so the climate here is continental, with cold, long winters and short but hot summers. The city of Novosibirsk is located at the latitude of cities such as Moscow, Copenhagen, Hamburg, but the number of sunny days here is about 20 percent more than at the corresponding latitude in Europe. An average of 300-400 millimeters of precipitation falls in the region per year. All four seasons of the year are well expressed in our area. Winter is the longest season of the year, lasting five months - from the beginning of November to the end of March. There is snow throughout all these months. The average temperature in January (the coldest month) is minus 19 degrees Celsius. Winter is a difficult time for animals. Some animals (bear, badger, hedgehog, chipmunk, marmot) sleep in their burrows all winter. Despite the harsh winter, birds fly to us not only in spring from the south, but also in winter from the north - with the onset of cold weather, polar owls, waxwings, buntings and other nomadic birds appear. Spring lasts two months - April and May. In spring there are many sunny days, and there is less precipitation than in other seasons. In April, the snow melts intensively and streams flow. At the beginning of May, grass begins to grow and young leaves bloom on the trees. In spring, all nature awakens; many species of migratory birds arrive from the south. Summer begins in early June and lasts about three months. The warmest month of the year is July, the average July temperature is +19 degrees Celsius. The autumn months in Southern Siberia are September and October. In September it is still quite warm (+25 degrees). In October it gets cold, the leaves completely fall off the trees, it rains often, and the first snow usually falls at the end of October.

WATER AREA

The Novosibirsk region is still rich in water. About 380 rivers flow through its territory, including one of the largest rivers in the world - the Ob, which originates in the glaciers of the Altai Mountains and flows into the Arctic Ocean. In 1956, near Novosibirsk, the Ob was blocked by a hydroelectric dam, resulting in the formation of an artificial reservoir - the “Ob Sea”. Shipping is developed on the Ob. Among the region's rivers, it is also worth noting the Inya, along which the dachas of many Novosibirsk residents are located, the picturesque Berd and the leisurely flat rivers of the left bank: Tara, Om, Kargat, Karasuk. A characteristic element of the landscape are lakes, of which there are up to 3,000, they occupy 3.5 percent of the region’s territory. The largest lakes are located in the central and southwestern parts of the region - Chany (2,600 sq. km), Sartlan (238 sq. km), Ubinskoe (440 sq. km), etc. The lakes are mostly fresh and only a few are located in the driest southwestern part of the region, brackish and saline. Baraby lakes are shallow, with a depth of up to 1.5-2 meters. Only the large lakes Chany and Sartlan have a depth of up to 4-5 meters in some places. Baraba reservoirs are subject to seasonal and long-term fluctuations in water level and often to the point of complete drying out. In winter, rivers and lakes are covered with ice, the thickness of which reaches 1 meter. Small bodies of water freeze to the bottom. About 30 percent of the territory is occupied by swamps. Large tracts of swamps are located in the north of the region, where the world's most extensive swamp system, the Vasyugan swamps, extends its southern edge. The Novosibirsk region is also rich in groundwater resources: fresh and low-mineralized - suitable for domestic and drinking water supply, mineral - for medicinal purposes, thermal - for district heating.

VEGETATION AND NATURAL AREAS

For reasons of geographical location, the flora of the Novosibirsk region includes many plant species from Central Europe and Northern Asia. The vegetation of the region is characterized by diversity and pronounced zonality of distribution. It is represented by forest, swamp and meadow types. More than 1,200 species of higher spore and seed plants grow here. Forest tree species are represented by 11 species - cedar, pine, spruce, fir, larch, birch, aspen, etc. Shrub and herbaceous vegetation in the region is represented by asteraceae - 135 species, grasses - 106, sedges - 89, legumes - 67, cruciferous - 57 , Rosaceae - 54, etc. The forest cover of the region is 23.5%. Swamps occupy 17% of the total area. In the north of the region there is a swampy dark coniferous taiga consisting of spruce, fir, and cedar. To the south, birch, pine and aspen begin to predominate in the forests. In the swampy forests of the north of the region, various mosses and lichens grow luxuriantly, wild rosemary bushes, ferns, and many lingonberries and cranberries are common. Similar islands of the northern landscape penetrate further south in the form of so-called ryams. The forest-steppe landscape is more typical for the Novosibirsk region, where open spaces alternate with small islands of birch and aspen forest, which in Siberia are called kolki. The herbaceous vegetation of the forest-steppe is very diverse. Here you can find valuable medicinal plants, for example, St. John's wort, oregano, burnet, yarrow, lungwort, adonis and others. In the Barabinskaya forest-steppe there are many damp meadows and swamps overgrown with reeds, cattails and other moisture-loving plants. In the southwest of the region, near the border with Kazakhstan, the steppe zone begins - the Kulunda steppe. The steppe is characterized by various drought-resistant plants: fescue, wormwood, feather grass, medicinal licorice. Near the salt lakes you can find interesting salt-loving flora. The low-mountain black taiga of the Salair Ridge stands out in the landscape of the region. It consists mainly of fir and aspen. In the damp forest clearings of Salair, tall grass grows, as tall as a person. Karakansky, Ust-Aleussky, Ordynsky and other Priobsky forests are very beautiful and rich in berries, mushrooms, and medicinal plants. In addition to natural vegetation, vast areas of the region are occupied by fields where crops are grown, and there is also an Arboretum, which includes introduced species from various natural and geographical zones of the world.

ANIMALS OF THE NOVOSIBIRSK REGION

The fauna of the Novosibirsk region includes ten thousand species of invertebrates and 475 species of vertebrates. As you know, insects are the most numerous animals in terms of the number of species. In the Novosibirsk region there are several thousand species of insects alone. Among them are butterflies - more than 1400 species, orthoptera - more than 100 species, flies - more than 400 species, dragonflies - 62 species. Of these, there are about 150 species of diurnal butterflies, among which there are representatives of the exotic family of cavaliers - swallowtail and Apollo. Of the numerous Hymenoptera, wasps, bees and bumblebees are noticeable, and in forests there are often anthills of the red forest ant, sometimes reaching two meters in height. In our area, abundant in lakes and swamps, there are a lot of midges - dipterous insects (mosquitoes, midges, horseflies). The largest arthropod in our region is the narrow-clawed crayfish. Crayfish live in various bodies of water, including the Ob River and its tributaries. The largest spider in our country, the tarantula, is found in the forest-steppe. There are 33 species of fish in the rivers and lakes of the region. The largest fish is the Siberian sturgeon, which lives in the Ob and reaches more than 2 meters in length. There are relatively few amphibians and reptiles in our area. They have been little studied. The largest amphibian is the lake frog. More recently (2003), a population of the copperhead snake was discovered on Salair. In the Novosibirsk region, 350 bird species out of 764 species living in Russia have been recorded. This is quite a lot for 1% of the territory of the Russian Federation and is explained by its favorable geographical location and diversity of landscapes. The migration routes of many migratory birds pass through the lakes of the Barabinskaya Lowland, so the Chany lake system is of international importance as an important habitat for waterfowl. The smallest bird is the yellow-headed kinglet, and the largest is the mute swan. Among the 78 species of mammals there are many small animals: shrews, mice, voles, hamsters, and ground squirrels. There are two species of hedgehogs, moles, mole voles, and 9 species of bats. The common squirrel is common in forests, and the flying squirrel is occasionally found. The largest rodents in our country, beavers, live along the banks of small forest rivers in the north of the region. The largest predator in Southern Siberia is the brown bear, its body length can be up to two meters. Within the region, bears are found in the northern forests and forests of the Salair Ridge. Elk is the largest animal of our fauna; the body length of an adult male reaches three meters and weight 600 kg. And the smallest mammal is the tiny shrew, weighing less than 6 grams. Some mammals are acclimatized.

ECOLOGICAL SITUATION AND NATURE CONSERVATION IN THE NOVOSIBIRSK REGION

The environmental situation in the Novosibirsk region, as well as in most regions of our Planet, is unfortunately unfavorable. The diversity of natural areas makes local nature especially vulnerable. Harmful emissions from industrial enterprises and vehicles pollute the atmosphere, soil, and water, especially near cities. This has a detrimental effect on flora and fauna and worsens human health. Over the past 2-3 decades, several species of animals and plants have disappeared in the region. The nature of the region also suffers in the process of mining, from ill-conceived reclamation measures, and due to improper farming. The problem of water and wind soil erosion is very relevant for vast areas of our region. Over the past 50 years, the area of ​​valuable cedar, spruce, and fir forests in the region has decreased by almost 2 times; Lake Chany, the largest in Western Siberia, is catastrophically drying up; many problems are associated with the artificial reservoir on the Ob. Thanks to the efforts of some officials and deputies, forests, arboretums and parks of Novosibirsk are being destroyed. The Siberian region is threatened by absurd national projects to divert Siberian rivers to the south by public figures who are very far from ecology. For example, Moscow Mayor Yuri Luzhkov is confident that with six to seven percent of the Ob River water, it would be possible to irrigate 1.5 million hectares of fields in the Kurgan and Chelyabinsk regions, as well as 2 million hectares of land in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, without damaging the ecology of the hydraulic network, while replenishing the Russian budget revenues from the sale of water to neighbors by $5 billion a year.

Nevertheless, more and more attention is paid to nature conservation every year. The relevant government services are fighting poaching, environmental pollution, and conducting environmental assessments of economic activities. Every year in the Novosibirsk region 3-5 new objects are recognized as natural monuments. In 2007, these included the Sukharevsky ryam, the Egorushkin ryam (both in the Kargatsky district), the Zolotaya Niva tract, the Pokrovskaya forest-steppe and the Gornostalevsky zaimishche (all three objects are in the Dovolensky district). In total, in the Novosibirsk region there are 24 state reserves of regional significance and about fifty natural monuments of regional significance. By 2020, according to the scheme approved by the Regional Council in 1995, about one hundred specially protected zones should appear. As a result, they will form a system of territories with little affected lands, flora and fauna, which will reflect and preserve the specifics of the natural appearance of the Novosibirsk region. Scientists from the Institute of Animal Ecology Systematics of the SB RAS, the Central Siberian Botanical Garden of the SB RAS, the Institute of Cytology and Genetics of the SB RAS, Novosibirsk State University and other organizations worked on the scientific basis for just such a set of specially protected natural objects.

Literature and sources of information:
1. Balatsky N.N. Taxonomic list of birds of the Novosibirsk region. Rus. ornithol. magazine, Express issue. 324. St. Petersburg, 2006.
2. Luzhkov Yu. Water and peace. M., 2008.
3. Materials of the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Novosibirsk Region.
3. Materials of the department “Nature of the NSO” of the Novosibirsk State Museum of Local Lore.
4. Mugako A.L. Catalog of vertebrates of the Novosibirsk region. Novosibirsk, 2002.
5. Kravtsov V.M., Donukalova R.P. Geography of the Novosibirsk region. Novosibirsk, 1996.
6. Red Book of the Novosibirsk Region (animals). Novosibirsk, 2000.
7. Red Book of the Novosibirsk Region (plants). Novosibirsk, 1998.
8. Red Book of the Russian Federation (animals). M., 2001
9. Chernobay L.P. A guidebook to the Salair Ridge. Novosibirsk, 2004.

The history of the lands on which the Novosibirsk region is located goes back centuries. The early sites of the first settlers in the territory of what is now the Novosibirsk region, according to archaeologists, appeared 10-14.5 thousand years ago.

In the 7th-6th centuries BC. e. Mongoloids lived here, and in the 3rd-2nd centuries BC. e. - northern forest tribes. As a result of the merger of local tribes (Altai Kipchaks) and conquerors (Tatar-Mongols), the people of Siberian Tatars appeared: Baraba (in the west) and Chat (in the northeast). At the beginning of the 13th century. this territory came under the rule of the Golden Horde, whose collapse in the XIV-XV centuries. led to the formation of khanates that were at war with each other - Ishim, Tyumen and Siberian.

On September 1, 1582, a detachment of the legendary Russian Cossack ataman Ermak Timofeevich was sent to Siberia, defeating the local Khan Kuchum on October 26, 1582. At the very modern border (where the highway now runs, going into the forest, beyond which the territory of the Altai Territory begins), in the area of ​​​​the village of Novopichugovo, governor Voeikov attacked Kuchum’s army, which was camped, and practically destroyed it. Kuchum, surrounded by a detachment of bodyguards, fled, but his pursuers overtook him at the place where the Novosibirsk hydroelectric power station is now. A decisive battle took place, which consolidated the Russian advance to the East and finally broke the resistance of the Siberian Khanate. Kuchum’s guards, covering their master’s retreat, died in an unequal battle, and the elderly khan himself (Kuchum was over 70) was able to escape by boat down the Ob with several associates [Unfortunately, the place where the famous battle took place is now located at the bottom of the Ob Sea] .

On the territory of the modern Novosibirsk region and the entire Altai Territory there was the territory of the state, which in reports to the Moscow Tsar was called “Teleut land” [From the word “Telengi”, which translated from Turkic means “royal servants”. In Russian archival documents, the territory of today's Novosibirsk region (up to Lake Chany) together with Altai was called “Teleut land”. The residence of the ruler of this state was located near the river. Meret, which is a tributary of the river. Ini. The population was a little over a thousand people. Teleuts (in Russian acts they are often called “white Kalmyks” - for their European appearance) roamed the steppe and forest-steppe foothills of Altai on both sides of the Ob. At the end of the 16th century. Immigrants from the European part of the country begin to arrive here. The subjects of the “White Kalmyks” did not show much hospitality to the newcomers, so the Russian colonists called them “devils” behind their backs (from the name “tsattyr” or “chat” in Russian) [In the Suzunsky Museum of Local Lore there are interesting exhibits about the relationship between Russians and Teleuts in XVII century, when Russian explorers began active development of the territory occupied by Turkic-speaking peoples].

On February 2, 1609, the khan of the “Teleut land” concluded an agreement on a military-political alliance with the Moscow state, and throughout the entire 17th century. The Teleut state played the role of a kind of buffer between Russian districts and the possessions of the “Black Kalmyks” (Western Mongols). 100 years after the establishment of diplomatic relations with Muscovy, the Teleut nobility, realizing that the state could not be held, accepted citizenship of neighboring Dzungaria [Geographical and historical region of Central Asia in northern Xinjiang in northwestern China]. The tribes that inhabited the future Novosibirsk region and Altai (Azkyshtym people, Abin people, Barab people, Chats, Shors and Kumandin people) accepted the change of the ruling elite with an unusually conflict-free attitude.

Around 1644, a village appeared on the bank of Berdi. Almost three-quarters of a century later, the Berdsk fort was founded, and then on the banks of the river. Chaus - Chaussky fort. In 1695, the boyar's son Alexei Kruglik founded the village (the village of Kruglikovo still exists) on the territory of modern. Soon after this, several more villages arose - Pashkova, Krasulina, Gutova and Morozova (in the Berdsk region). Since that time, the villages of Gutovo and Izyly have been preserved. In the 17th century in the place where the city is now located, there lived steppe Teleuts who called themselves “Ishkitims” [The development of the richest natural non-metallic minerals and the birth of Iskitim are associated with the industrialization of Siberia, with the development of the production of building materials. In 1927, geologists discovered a large deposit of limestone and clayey shale on the left bank of the river. Berd is 2 km from Iskitim station, which became the impetus for the construction of the largest cement plant in Siberia. In 1933, the ancient Russian villages of Koinovo, Vylkovo, Chernorechka and Shipunovo were united into the working village of Iskitim. In 1938, the village received the status of a city of regional subordination, and in 1951 - of regional subordination]. At the end of the 17th century. In the region, the first Russian villages arose on the banks of the Oyash, Chaus and Inya rivers.

The main occupations of the population in the territory of the modern Novosibirsk region were arable farming, fishing, hunting and transportation. The peaceful labor of cultivators and coachmen was protected by fortified forts and outposts: Umrevinsky (1703), Chaussky (1713), Kainsky, Ubinsky, Ust-Tartassky (1722), Berdsky (beginning of the 18th century). The Berdsk fort was filled mainly with immigrants from the Chaussky department and villages of the Tara district. As the risk of military raids by nomads decreased, the number of migrants increased, and many migrants did not have official permission to change their place of residence and were persecuted to varying degrees by the authorities.

There are no materials from the early period of the Berdsk fort, the period of its foundation and the first twenty years of its existence. The earliest materials on the history of the fort date back to the late 20s. XVIII century and are contained only in single copies. The bulk of the documents dates back to the 30-40s of the 18th century. Therefore, not all researchers agree on the issue of founding the Berdsk fort. According to some information, the Berdsk fort was built already in 1710.

Berdsky fort. The foundation of the fort dates back to 1717. The fort, like the city of Berdsk, received its name from the name of the Berd River, at the mouth of which it was located. The fort, located on fertile lands, soon became the agricultural center of the upper Ob region. The population of the fort was replenished by peasants from the European provinces of Russia, which included fugitive rebels and freethinkers. In the 1730s. The Moscow highway passed here, which gave impetus to the new development of the settlement: trade arose, artisans appeared. In 1782 it received city status. In the early 1780s. a project appeared to move the provincial center from Tomsk to the Berdsky fort, renaming it to the city of Kolyvan, and the province to Kolyvan, but in 1797 they were forced to abandon the project due to its high cost and fears about a possible flood of the river. Obi. The Kolyvan province was abolished, its territory became part of the Tobolsk province, and Kolyvan, having lost its status as a provincial center, began to be called the “village of Berskoye (Berdskoye).” By the beginning of the 20th century. the village - the administrative center of the Berdsk volost of the Novonikolaevsky district - retained its role as a large center for processing grain, which was brought from the upper Ob basin, covering the territory of the present Novosibirsk region and the Altai Territory; This role especially increased after the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway. In the 1920s With. Berdskoye becomes a regional center, and since 1944 - a city of regional subordination. In connection with the construction of the Novosibirsk reservoir (the “Ob Sea”), the main territory of the city found itself in a flood zone. As a result, the city was rebuilt around the existing area near the railway station, 8 km from the old location. The transfer of the city began in 1953 and was completed by 1957. The main part of the territory of old Berdsk fell into the flood zone of the reservoir. Due to the relocation of the city, there are no historical buildings left in modern Berdsk: the oldest buildings of the new city were built near the station (around 1915). The Berdsk fort is completely hidden under water. The remains of the fort are a small preserved section of the rampart and inner platform, located on an island in the Novosibirsk Reservoir.

On October 22 (according to other sources, October 26 or 28), 1721, Moscow Tsar Peter I assumed the titles of “Father of the Fatherland,” “All-Russian Emperor,” and “Peter the Great.” For residents of the Novosibirsk region and Altai Territory, the date of the proclamation of the Russian Empire is a legally accurate starting point of local history as part of Russian statehood, because there is no other legal act formalizing the annexation of the “Teleut land”. Forts, outposts and the settlements formed around them became the basis of the first cities of the Novosibirsk Ob region: Kainsk (now) and. Around 1710 the village of Krivoshchekovskaya was founded.

Kainsk. After the Moscow Highway, Kainsk became the most important point on the route from Omsk to Tomsk. In 1782, Kainskaya Sloboda received the status of a district town of the Tobolsk governorate, then Kolyvan, and later, in 1834, the Tomsk province. In 1785, the city coat of arms of Kainsk was established. In 1893, the city had 8,896 inhabitants. In the 19th century Kainsk was a place
political exile and a transit point for exiles heading along the Moscow Highway to Eastern Siberia. Pugachevites, Decembrists, Petrashevites, Narodnaya Volya and Polish rebels passed through the city. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The economic situation of Kainsk worsened due to the construction of the Trans-Siberian Railway. As a result, Kainsk remained aloof from transit routes. However, by that time the city had become a center of butter production; in 1910, there were 443 butter factories in it and the district with a total annual production volume of 180 thousand poods, and the quality of the butter was significantly higher than in Europe. At the beginning of the twentieth century. The architectural appearance of the city was formed, built up with two-story stone merchant houses, with paved streets.

. As you know, there are two settlements with the name “Kolyvan” in Siberia. One is located in the Altai Territory and is famous for the fact that the “queen of vases” was made there. Another Kolyvan - Novosibirskaya - is an ancient village on the Moscow-Siberian highway, once called the Chaussky fort. Kolyvan’s heyday came in the 1890s. Unfortunately for the city, the Trans-Siberian Railway passed 50 km south of Kolyvan, and the old Moscow Highway lost its significance. Further changes in the life of the city are associated with dramatic post-revolutionary events (“Kolyvan kulak uprising” of 1920 - a rebellion against Soviet power, which was brutally suppressed by it). By 1922, the population of Kolyvan had decreased by 2 times compared to 1880. Having lost its former spirit and “forgetting its proud genealogy,” Kolyvan by the 1940s had turned into a provincial village with several handicraft enterprises. The past has been frozen for many decades in ancient mansions, in the intricate ligature of architraves, in wide streets that are not rustic, recalling past prosperity.

In the first half of the 18th century. settlement of the southeastern part of Baraba and the northern part of Kulunda began. However, the farms and villages under construction were very small and, as a rule, consisted of only a few courtyards. The settlement of the Barabinskaya Plain was facilitated by the construction in 1733-1735. Siberian (Moscow) tract. In 1764-1765 A unique enterprise arose - the Suzunsky copper smelter, and in 1766 the Suzunsky mint began to operate, minting copper coins with an admixture of silver.

. In 1726, in connection with the discovery of deposits of silver and copper ores, A. Demidov built the first copper smelter in the system of Kolyvano-Voskresensky plants near the present city of Rubtsovsk (Altai Territory). Less than 20 years after its construction, a significant amount of gold and silver was discovered in the copper coming from the mines, so the Kolyvano-Voskresensky factories were transferred to the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty [“Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty” - that’s what Peter I called the office in 1704, in charge of the personal property of the royal family, the treasury and property. In 1727, Peter's office was closed, but restored in 1741 as the personal office of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna. With the formation of the Ministry of the Imperial Household in 1826, the Cabinet became part of it]. Built in 1765, the Suzun copper smelter and its mint occupied a particularly important position in the metallurgical complex of the Kolyvano-Voskresensky plants. The uniqueness of the object is that it is the only one of the eleven copper smelters in Russia that minted Siberian coins. The copper smelter surpassed all other factories in the Altai Mining District in terms of output volume. A village located on the river. Nizhniy Suzun, a tributary of the Ob, was called the Nizhne-Suzunsky Plant from the moment of its founding; in December 1828 it was renamed Zavod-Suzun, and in the 1930s. the village began to be called Suzun. To this day, fragments of the plant, the crushing area, the coastal ridge of the dam, the pond, and the historical layout of the village have been preserved in Suzun.

All visitors from Russia tried to settle closer to each other, so by the end of the 18th century. in the Upper Ob region there were 37 villages, hamlets and hamlets, practically merged into one. This was the territory of the modern Novosibirsk Left Bank, on which the villages of Bolshoye and Maloe Krivoshchekovo, as well as the villages of Perovo, Vertkovo, Erestnaya, Krivodanovka, Bugry, etc. were located - a total of 636 households.

A gold placer was found on the southwestern slope of the Salair Ridge and the Yegoryevsky mine was founded in 1830.

Yegoryevsky mine. The Yegoryevsky mine is located 38 km northeast of the city. The first gold deposits near the village. Egoryevskoye was discovered in 1781 by the exiled ore explorer D.M. Popov. The mine was founded in 1830, after mining engineer Mordvinov explored on the river. Fomikha (the left tributary of the Suenga River) is the first rich placer of gold beyond the Urals. A year later, Russian Finance Minister G. (E). F. Kankrin presented the king with an ingot of Salair gold weighing 3 pounds (1.2 kg). In gratitude, the Tsar ordered to name the mine Georgievsky (Egoryevsky). The mine was owned in turn by the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty, English and German concessionaires, and the Russian Gold Mining Society. The total amount of gold mined here, according to various estimates, ranges from 11 to 14 tons.

April 30, 1893 in the village. The first batch of bridge builders arrived in Krivoshchekovskoe. This day is considered to be the official date of birth of the future Novosibirsk. The village grew up on the banks of the Kamenka River, not far from its confluence with the Ob, and to the north of it the Ob railway station and a village for service personnel were built. Soon both villages were united.

With the construction and opening of the Trans-Siberian Railway in 1897, the territory of the future Novosibirsk region, which at that time was part of the Tomsk province, received a new impetus for development. Thanks to its convenient geographical location due to the intersection of the Trans-Siberian Railway, a navigable river and transport routes connecting Siberia with the European part of the Russian Empire, the trade and economic importance of Novo-Nikolaevsk quickly increased, the Ob station became the largest station in Siberia.

Industry gradually developed in the cities and towns of the region. In many villages, small oil factories based on manual labor appeared, producing oil for export. By 1907 there were several dozen of them. According to P.A. Stolypin, Siberian oil began to provide more funds to the treasury than Siberian gold.

At the end of 1906, in accordance with the agrarian law of November 9, a new mass resettlement of peasants to Siberia began (the so-called “Stolypin reform”). The government gave benefits to the settlers, but living conditions here were not easy. The territory was actively developed by settlers from Ukraine, Belarus and central Russia. For 1906-1914 About 3 million people moved to Siberia.

The First World War made Novo-Nikolaevsk one of the centers that supplied soldiers, equipment, and food to the front. Production at rusk, butter, sausage, cheese, leather and shoe factories grew rapidly. But the decrease in the male population led to the fact that in the villages in 1915 half as much grain was harvested as in 1914.

From 1917 to 1921, the territory of the Novosibirsk region was part of the Tomsk province. The question of separating a new administrative entity from its composition was officially raised by the Siberian government in 1918. Later, in one of the reports of the Novo-Nikolaevsk city executive committee, submitted to Sibrevkom, it was noted that in 1920 “two main types prevailing in the Tomsk province industries - agriculture and mining - divide the province's territory into two halves, mutually unconnected either by the interests of production or by the interests of distribution (such as local exchange). The Novonikolaevsky agricultural region covers the territory of the Novo-Nikolaevsky district and parts of the Kainsky and Tomsk districts with a developing industry for processing agricultural products and leather raw materials, with the undisputed center of economic and economic gravity of the city of Novonikolaevsky.<...>Two economic administrative centers in the Tomsk province - Novonikolaevsk and Tomsk - both laying claim to provincial residences, are not able to serve the province, a vast territory separated by the interests of production.<...>The separation of Novo-Nikolaevsky and Tomsk districts into an independent province cannot in any way weaken the economic power of the remaining part of the Tomsk province. The separation will only isolate both regions in terms of production and will give each center the opportunity to devote all its attention to their development.” Since 1921, Novonikolaevskaya province appeared on the map of Russia.

On May 25, 1925, the Siberian Territory was formed with its center in the city of Novonikolaevsk, which included Omsk, Novonikolaevsk, Altai, Tomsk, Yenisei provinces, as well as the autonomous region of Oirotia. On February 12, 1926, Novonikolaevsk was renamed Novosibirsk.

In the summer of 1930, during the ongoing socio-economic reforms, the administrative-territorial structure of the region was again changed. The districts were abolished, and the main unit became the districts that were directly part of the newly formed West Siberian Territory (July 30, 1930), the capital of which remained Novosibirsk. On December 7, 1934, the Omsk Region and the Krasnoyarsk Territory were separated from its composition.

By 1937, the West Siberian Territory included the current Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Kemerovo regions, Altai Territory and the Altai Republic.

On September 28, 1937, the West Siberian Territory was divided into the Altai Territory, with its center in the city of Novosibirsk, and the Altai Territory, with its center in the city of Barnaul. At the time of the formation of the Novosibirsk region, it consisted of 58 districts and 8 districts of the Narym district, and at the end of 1944, after the Kemerovo and Tomsk regions were separated from it, 36 districts. But already during 1954-1957. a number of districts in the region were abolished, and by 1963 the Novosibirsk region consisted of 32 districts.

In accordance with the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR of February 1, 1963 “On the consolidation of districts and changing the subordination of districts and cities of the Novosibirsk region” by the decision of the Novosibirsk (rural) regional executive committee of March 13, 1963, the total number of rural districts in the Novosibirsk region was reduced by almost two times. Instead of the previously existing 32 districts, 19 enlarged rural districts were formed: , , , . But the tasks expected from the territorial transformations were not realized, and work began on a new reorganization of the network of districts.

On March 9, 1964, by decision of the Novosibirsk (rural) regional executive committee in accordance with the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR dated March 4, 1964, the Vengerovsky and Chistoozerny districts were formed. On January 11, 1965, by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR “On changes in the administrative-territorial division of the Novosibirsk region”, 6 new districts were formed (,), and by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR dated November 3 of the same year, two more districts were formed - and . By decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of March 31, 1972, the district was formed as a result of the disaggregation of Novosibirsk and Bolotninsky.

Currently, the Novosibirsk region consists of 30 districts, 15 cities (including 8 cities of regional subordination), 17 urban-type settlements, 428 rural administrations.

The Novosibirsk agglomeration is the seventh largest agglomeration in Russia, its population is about 1.9 million people. The Novosibirsk agglomeration includes cities that have a direct common border with Novosibirsk (first zone): , urban-type settlement, urban-type settlement Krasnoobsk (previously there were proposals to merge these municipalities with Novosibirsk). The second zone includes the city of Iskitim, the Novosibirsk region and part of the areas adjacent to it. The Novosibirsk agglomeration is the most significant interregional center of socio-economic development and attraction for the entire macro-region of Siberia.

The administrative center of the region is Novosibirsk. It emerged in 1893 as Novaya Derevnya (unofficial name - Gusevka [In the “Guide to the Great Siberian Railway, 1901-1902” (St. Petersburg, 1902) it is written: “Before the construction of the railway began, near the location of the station there was a small peasant village of Gusevka , Krivoshchekovskaya volost, Tomsk district, in 24 households, with a population of 104 souls of both sexes, endowed with land from the possessions of the Cabinet of His Imperial Majesty,” which gives grounds for Novosibirsk local historians and historians to always mention the “village of Gusevka” as a settlement that preceded Novosibirsk. Nikolaevsk But there is no historical data that would confirm the existence of a settlement with such a name and with such a population. Even the “founding fathers” of Novo-Nikolaevsk write about the “new village” without mentioning any Gusevka. On the right bank of the Ob, indeed, there was the village of Gusinsky Vyselok and the entire area was officially listed as the Gusinsky estate of the Cabinet. And the tract that crossed the Ob along the Cow Brod (a railway bridge was built along this line) was called the Gusinskaya Road. And r. Kamenka, which flowed into the Ob at this point, was once called Gusinka, and in its upper reaches there was a village with the characteristic name Gusiny Brod... The modern Novosibirsk Ob region was first included in the cabinet lands in 1747 under the official name “Gusinsky Estate” , sometimes the area was called by the name of the main settlement “Gusino fortress”, which, judging by the ruins of the 20th century, was in full bloom in the middle of the 18th century]) in connection with the construction of the Trans-Siberian railway, in particular, with the construction of a bridge across the river. Ob. In 1894 the village was renamed Alexandrovsky, in 1895 - Novo-Nikolaevsky. “The settlement of Novo-Nikolaevsk at the Ob station” [According to the wording of the highest decree of Sovereign Emperor Nicholas II of December 28, 1903 in rescript No. 747-47] received the status of a county-free city with simplified city government in December 1903. The city with full city government of Novo -Nikolaevsk became a district city in December 1908 (the center of Novonikolaevsky district) - after the February Revolution of 1917. In 1921-1925. Novonikolaevsk is the administrative center of the Novonikolaevsk province, in 1925-1930. - the center of the Siberian region. On February 12, 1926, Novonikolaevsk was renamed Novosibirsk.

In 1930-1937 - Novosibirsk was the administrative center of the West Siberian Territory in 1943-1958. - a city of republican subordination, a city of regional subordination - from June 3, 1958.

Currently, Novosibirsk has the status of an urban district and serves as the administrative center of the Novosibirsk region, Novosibirsk region and the Siberian Federal District; is a scientific, cultural, industrial, transport, trade, business center and the unofficial capital of Siberia. The city covers an area of ​​506.67 km² (12th place in Russia).

Novosibirsk has always been at the forefront in terms of population growth rates. In 1893, the population of the village was 740 people, and in 1897 - already 7832 people. By 1913, the population of Novonikolaevsk was 86 thousand people, in 1921 it was 67,000 people, in 1934 - 176,000 people. The city's millionth resident was born on September 2, 1962.

As of January 1, 2012, the population of the city is 1,498,921 people. (according to current Rosstat estimates, this is the third city with a population of more than 1.5 million after Moscow and St. Petersburg).

The entire population of the Novosibirsk region at the beginning of 2012 is 2686.9 thousand people. (urban population, thousand people - 2084.2; rural population, thousand people - 602.6). In terms of urbanization, the Novosibirsk region ranks 4th in the Siberian Federal District.

Representing a small part of the southeast of Western Siberia, the Novosibirsk region has witnessed long-standing events in human history. Settlements, graves, sacrificial places, fortresses, cities, roads, bridges, churches, architectural structures - we call all this historical and cultural heritage. The first law on state protection of ancient monuments appeared in Russia thanks to Peter I. After the annexation of the Teleut land to the Moscow state, a special, unparalleled “folk craft” became the plunder of burial places left by the “White Kalmyks.” We are talking about “hillocks” or “hillocks” [The word “hillocks” is generally quite common in the toponymy of the Novosibirsk region, especially in the south, where the Iskitimsky, Suzunsky, Ordynsky, Cherepanovsky, Maslyaninsky, Moshkovsky, Toguchinsky districts are located, although there are no hills or anything then this is not observed in local landscapes], which shook the Upper Ob region during the first decades of mass colonization. According to historians, during this era no one plowed or sowed here. Everyone was busy excavating treasures hidden in the “mounds” - this is how Russian colonists called the countless mounds inherited from the “White Kalmyks”. The wealth and luxury of the graves left by the Teleuts and the artistic level of the objects in the burials spoke of the brilliant culture of the civilization that gave birth to them. The very first exhibitions of future European art museums were created on the basis of collections of Siberian (the so-called “Scythian”) gold. But most often, the gold items obtained from the mounds were melted down, as a result of which a huge number of priceless items were irretrievably lost. According to some data, the volumes of precious metals “pumped out” from the Ob mounds in the period 1715-1725 were comparable to the volumes of gold mining in the Klondike [“Grave” gold, unlike mine gold, was not subject to any taxes]. On February 13, 1718, a law was passed according to which the “antiquities” dug up during the “hillock” had to be handed over to the state without fail.

The first scientific descriptions and information about archaeological sites located on the territory of the Novosibirsk region were obtained during academic expeditions in the 18th century. Expeditions D.G. Messerschmidt (1720s, Kolyvan region), I.G. Gmelin (1730-40s, r. Uen), I.P. Falka (1771-1772, Baraba), V.V. Radlova (1866, Kargatsky district), N.M. Yadrintseva (1879, forest-steppe Ob region and Barabinsk forest-steppe), G.O. Ossovsky (1894, Tatar region), S.M. Chugunova (late 19th - early 20th century, Vengerovsky and Kuibyshevsky districts) and others described in detail a large number of mounds and “fortifications” that no longer exist today. Serious archaeological research in the Novosibirsk region was carried out in the 1920-40s. In the fifties of the last century, the Novosibirsk Archaeological Expedition, created as a result of cooperation between the NSPI and the Museum of Local Lore, began its work [The organizer of the Novosibirsk Archaeological Expedition (NAE) in 1959 and the founder of the Novosibirsk archaeological school is Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor T.N. Trinity. The first archaeological works of T.N. Troitskaya were started in 1957, and the Novosibirsk archaeological expedition under her leadership begins work as a result of cooperation between the NSPI and the Museum of Local Lore] under the leadership of T.N. Trinity.

In the 1970s in the Novosibirsk region, archaeological research is carried out by the West Siberian detachment of the North Asian complex expedition of the Institute of History, Philology and Philosophy of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences (now the Institute of Archeology and Ethnography of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences) under the leadership of V.I. Molodin (now academician, deputy director of the IAET SB RAS). It was then, on the initiative of Academician A.P. Okladnikov created the country's first historical and architectural open-air museum [Founded in 1972 near Akademgorodok. Of the 15 monuments of wooden architecture, real restoration work was carried out only on 8 objects, the central of which was the Spaso-Zashiverskaya Church with a bell tower. Together with the Kazymsky (Yuilsky) fort from the Lower Ob (early 18th century), the estate of the old-timers of Eastern Siberia (19th century), ancient stone sculptures and rock paintings moved here, they make up the museum complex today]. A certain result of the results of archaeological research was summed up in the second half of the 1990s, when, on the instructions of the Scientific and Production Center for the Preservation of Historical and Cultural Heritage of the Administration of the Novosibirsk Region (NPC), an inventory of archaeological monuments of the Novosibirsk Region was carried out.

Today, on the territory of the Novosibirsk region, archaeological research is organized mainly by two organizations - IAET and SPC - both actively involve in the participation of employees and students of NSPU and NSU¸ members of children's archaeological clubs of Novosibirsk.

The beginning of the period of Russian development on the territory of the Novosibirsk region was marked by the formation of a chain of quickly constructed and lightly armed military points (fortresses, settlements, outposts, passes, fortified villages and settlements), which did not survive and were replaced by later buildings. However, the territory of the Umrevinsky fort, located near the modern village of Umrevy, Moshkovsky district, was not built up later, and therefore can provide invaluable material on one of the least studied periods in the cultural history of the Russian population of Siberia. The first Orthodox church in the name of the Three Saints in the Novosibirsk Ob region was also located here.

At the end of the 18th century. The main highway of Siberia - Moscow - passed through the territory of the region. Much connected with the Moscow-Siberian highway is irretrievably a thing of the past: mileposts, transit points, and inns. But on the territory of the Novosibirsk region a historical monument has been preserved - a post office in Kolyvan, the most important object of communication infrastructure of the second half of the 19th century, which is still used for its original purpose. Another indirect evidence of the work of the tract can be the “rooms for visitors” in the house built in Kainsk (now the city of Kuibyshev) by Livshits for rest on the way for numerous travelers, merchants, business people, and officials.

The architectural and historical value of wooden architecture monuments in the Novosibirsk region is continuously increasing against the background of their losses both in Russia and throughout the world. Monuments of wooden architecture are becoming increasingly rare; they require special care and respect, becoming an invaluable historical and cultural heritage of the region.

A small but very important part of the historical and cultural heritage of the Novosibirsk region is religious architecture. There are only five churches under state protection in the Novosibirsk region, of which only three are operational. Among the heritage of Orthodox culture is the only wooden one preserved in the Novosibirsk region in the village. Turnaevo, Bolotninsky district, church in the name of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary in the village. Zavyalovo, Iskitimsky district, church in the name of the Holy Prince Alexander Nevsky, Cathedral in the name of the Holy Life-Giving Trinity (the first stone building) in Kolyvan. The surviving churches show us a wide variety of forms; the architecture of only two churches shows some similarities. This is the church in the name of John the Baptist in the city of Kuibyshev and the church in the name of the Intercession of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Pokrovka in the Chistoozerny district.

For the formation of the historical and cultural heritage of the Novosibirsk region, we should be especially grateful to the Siberian merchants, who left behind churches, shops, apartment buildings and residential buildings. Among them are the names K.K. and F.K. Krivtsov, Pastukhov, Shkroev, Gribkov, Shcheglov and others.

A significant layer of cultural heritage in the Novosibirsk region was left by the building at the end of the 19th century. The Great Siberian Railway, traffic on which was opened in the western part of the region to the river. Ob in 1896, and east of the river. Ob - in 1898. The road was Great not only in its length, but also in the number and complexity of the engineering structures erected. In Barabinsk, Chulym, Oyash, Karasuk, Chistoozerny, Bolotny and other railway stations, water-lifting structures, passenger buildings, depots, workshops, and station complexes have been preserved to this day. And finally, the most powerful layer of historical heritage in the Novosibirsk region and evidence of the troubled times that claimed hundreds of thousands of human lives are the numerous mass graves of participants in the Civil War - supporters of Soviet power - scattered throughout the territory.

The cities of Kainsk and Kolyvan began to play an important role in the trade, economic, cultural, and social life of Russia in the second half of the 19th century, turning into unique nodes of the West-East communication network. Kainsk received the status of an urban settlement in 1782, and Kolyvan - in 1822. The “highest approved” plans for these cities, on the basis of which their planning structure was formed, were designed in 1834 by the Tomsk architect collegiate assessor K. Tursky. To this day, the central parts of these settlements have retained their historical layout. Of particular value in the historical and cultural heritage of the Novosibirsk region are the monuments of wooden architecture preserved in Kolyvan: the house of V.E. Paisova, Pomytkin's house, residential building on the street. Gorky, 37.

By the resolution of the boards of the Ministry of Culture of the RSFSR and the State Construction Committee of the RSFSR, the presidium of the Central Council of VOOPIiK, the historical settlements of Kainsk, Kolyvan and Suzun and the city of Novosibirsk in 1990 were classified as historical places in Russia.

Among modern Novosibirsk residents there is a strong misconception that the city was built from scratch. But the first residents of Novo-Nikolaevsk were of the opposite opinion. At the highest point of modern right-bank Novosibirsk, where the Oktyabrskaya metro station is now, there once stood a fortified city of the local people, Tsattyr. Already at the beginning of the 20th century. Residents of Novo-Nikolaevsk observed only the remains of an ancient fortress “at the end of Samara Street.” One of the first influential residents of Novo-Nikolaevsk N.P. Litvinov wrote: “from this point, as from an eagle rock, the spreading surroundings are visible.” That is why Khan Kuchum, who was fleeing in 1589 from the Cossacks of Tsar Feodor who were pursuing him, could not pass the fortress. Residents called the fortress “the devil’s fort.” In September 1917, a “conscious group of residents of the Zakamenskaya part” appealed to the authorities not about the growth of revolutionary unrest in the city, but about the safety of the “monument of hoary antiquity” - as they called the ruins of the “devil’s fortification”. It was no coincidence that the monument was preserved - as the initiative group wrote, under the tsar it was “protected from destruction,” and the current government began distributing rations there to the “landless poor,” which, according to the authors of the letter, “brings terrible harm to the city.” It follows from this that the inhabitants saw their city in inextricable integrity with the ancient ruins.

The result of archaeological research in the Novosibirsk region today is 1,702 archaeological monuments identified and placed under state protection. In percentage terms, the territory of the Novosibirsk region has been studied archaeologically by no more than 20%, while its huge area still continues to remain uncovered by archaeological research. In addition, on the territory of the Novosibirsk region there are 53 natural monuments of regional significance. Their total area is 43.933 thousand hectares. Work has begun on creating a historical and cultural reserve on the basis of the Kudryashovsky Forest, which will become one of the largest in Western Siberia. It will be located on 3,600 hectares and will include over 200 archaeological monuments located in the Kolyvan, Kochenevsky and Novosibirsk regions of the region.

In recent years, the Novosibirsk region has declared itself as a major tourist center of the Siberian region. The region has a consistently favorable environmental situation. Historical, cultural and natural monuments are carefully protected here, and unique landscapes are carefully treated.

Starting from Chanov and up to Barabinsk, any turn on the federal highway M-51 “Baikal” will lead to the shores of one of the largest Siberian lakes - Lake Chany. Despite the considerable length of the coastline of Lake Chany, there are few settlements on the shore - this is due to the swampiness of the coastal lands.

From Chanov in a northern direction you can return to Lake Danilovo, the most famous lake from the “Five Lakes” group, located in the Kyshtovsky district. The lake differs from the typical reservoirs of the Omsk and Novosibirsk regions - it is very deep, with clean, transparent water, practically not overgrown with aquatic vegetation, it resembles a mountain lake. According to legend, Lake Danilovo was formed as a result of a meteorite fall; the legend led to the appearance of a second name for the lake - Silver. Its pure water contains an abnormally large amount of silver, thanks to which the lake water has healing properties.

The road, passing between two lakes - Chany and Sartlan - opens routes to the southern regions of the region, and the first of them is Zdvinsky. A few kilometers from the regional center of the village. Zdvinsk is, without exaggeration, a unique archaeological monument - the ancient city of Chichaburg. The proto-city is the remains of a large settlement with an area of ​​more than 240 thousand m², approximately 9th-7th centuries. BC (transition period from bronze to iron). The monument was opened in the summer of 1999 by the West Siberian archaeological team led by V.I. Molodin (SB RAS). German archaeologists and employees of the German Archaeological Institute, especially G. Parzinger, also made a great contribution to the study of the monument. Geophysical surveys revealed that the territory of the settlement is surrounded by powerful defensive fortifications - ramparts and ditches. The settlement is divided into separate sectors, within which there are various houses and buildings, and each sector, like the entire city, had a clear planned development. Judging by the excavations carried out and the fragments of household utensils found, people of almost European appearance, but of different cultures, lived in each sector. This gives reason to assume that the paths of different peoples crossed in Chichaburg.

The road from Novosibirsk in a northerly direction (to Tomsk, Kemerovo) will lead to the regional center of Moshkovo, from where in the north-west direction you can get to the partially restored Umrevinsky prison- the oldest military settlement in the Novosibirsk region.

Not far from Novosibirsk, in a southern direction along the M-52 “Chuysky Trakt” highway, the village is located. Lozhok, near which, on the site of one of the Gulag camps, is the Holy Key spring. In the village of Lozhok (9 km southeast of Iskitim) from 1929 to 1954 there were special camp points No. 4 (OLP-4) and No. 2 (OLP-2) of the Siberian Administration of Forced Labor Camps, Colonies and Labor Settlements (SibLAG). Camp OLP-4 was considered a penal camp and was known among prisoners as Iskitimsky [OLP-4 Siblag (Lozhok) was, in fact, an extermination camp. Prisoners worked in lime quarries, where toxic dust quickly eroded lung tissue. Those who could no longer go to work were not entitled to rations. Allegedly, the holy spring flowed in the 1940s at the site of the execution of Siblag prisoners, including clergy. By 1955 the camp was liquidated]. OLP-2 was part of KUITU - Regional Directorate of Correctional Labor Institutions. Among the prisoners of SibLAG there were many famous people, in particular the doctor Berezovsky, the artist Baturin, professor N.N. Pokrovsky, A.M. was here for some time. Larina (wife of N.I. Bukharin, Soviet statesman and party leader).

After Barabinsk, along the M-51 highway, a little over a hundred kilometers later - the city of Kargat, from where an adjacent road, going in a southerly direction, leads to a remarkable place - the village. Mammoth, located on the “Wolf’s Mane” - the habitat of the last Siberian mammoths. From this remarkable place, continuing south to Novosibirsk, you can drive past the villages of Verkh-Irmen and Novopichugovo on the right bank of the mouth of the Irmen River, where a memorial stone is installed, and on the left bank - a Poklonny cross in memory of the last battle of the Russian Cossack squad with the army of the Khan Kuchum, which ended in the complete defeat of Kuchum’s army.

The “List of Cultural Heritage Objects of the Novosibirsk Region” includes 265 units; in the “List of cultural heritage sites of the city of Novosibirsk” - 214, including monuments of federal significance - 9, local (municipal) significance - 5 (as of 2011). Members of the regional government adopted a long-term target program “Formation of a system of attractions, historical and cultural reserves and museum and tourist complexes in the Novosibirsk region for 2012-2017.” As part of the program, four tourist zones will be created, including in Suzunsky, Moshkovsky, Kochenevsky, Kolyvansky districts, one historical and cultural reserve and six museum and tourist complexes. In total, more than 1 billion rubles are planned for the implementation of the program, of which 774 million will come from the federal budget.

The historical and cultural heritage, constituting the wealth of our region, distinguishes it from others and is a source of knowledge about our “small homeland”. It must be understood as a unique part of world culture, requiring careful and careful treatment. We should not forget that as the historical and cultural heritage is developed, it can be turned into the main fund and resource for the development of the Novosibirsk region.

Prepared by A. Yumina

Siberian Federal District. Novosibirsk region. Area 177.8 thousand sq. km. Formed on September 28, 1937.
Administrative center of the federal district - city ​​Novosibirsk.

Novosibirsk region- a subject of the Russian Federation, part of the Siberian Federal District, located in the southeast of the West Siberian Plain, between the Ob and Irtysh rivers. The main rivers of the region are the Ob and Om. Also in the region there are about 3 thousand freshwater, salt and bitter-salt lakes (Chany, Ubinskoye, Sartlan, etc.). The north and north-west of the region is occupied by the southern part of the world's largest Vasyugan swamp.

Novosibirsk region It is part of the West Siberian economic region and is one of the largest regions of the Russian Federation. During the Soviet era, industry was dominated by mechanical engineering and the food industry. In the 1990s, due to falling demand, these industries experienced far from the best times. Most enterprises in the region significantly reduced production and went bankrupt. The food industry is currently on the rise; Mechanical engineering is being revived, which provides 20% of Siberian mechanical engineering products. The mechanical engineering complex is dominated by electrical engineering (generators and turbines, large electric furnaces), aircraft and instrument making, and the production of machine tools and agricultural machinery. The leading branch of the building materials industry is the production of precast reinforced concrete. There are about 50 enterprises and organizations of the military-industrial complex located in the region. Agriculture in the region specializes in growing grain, potatoes and vegetables. Meat and dairy farming, poultry farming and beekeeping are developed. Flax production plays an important role.
Sanatorium and resort activities are carried out in the region. In many areas of the Novosibirsk region, deposits of thermal and high-thermal iodine-bromine waters have been discovered. There are also a significant number of recreation centers and boarding houses in the region.
In total, on the territory of the Novosibirsk region there are 523 deposits of various minerals, of which 83 are currently being exploited.

Novosibirsk region formed on September 28, 1937 by dividing the West Siberian Territory into the Novosibirsk Region and the Altai Territory. Subsequently, in 1943, the Kemerovo region was separated from the region, and in 1944, the Tomsk region.
Awards:
Order of Lenin (October 23, 1956) - For the outstanding achievements of the workers of the Novosibirsk region in increasing grain production and delivering 100 million poods of grain to the state in 1956.
Order of Lenin (1970)

Cities and districts of the Novosibirsk region.

Cities of the Novosibirsk region: Barabinsk, Berdsk, Bolotnoye, Iskitim, Karasuk, Kargat, Kuibyshev, Kupino, Ob, Tatarsk, Toguchin, Cherepanovo, Chulym.

Urban districts of the Novosibirsk region:"City Novosibirsk"; "City of Berdsk"; "City of Iskitim"; "City of Ob"; "Village Koltsovo".

Municipal districts: Bagansky district, Barabinsky district, Bolotninsky district, Vengerovsky district, Dovolensky district, Zdvinsky district, Iskitimsky district, Karasuksky district, Kargatsky district, Kolyvansky district, Kochenevsky district, Kochkovsky district, Krasnozersky district, Kuibyshevsky district, Kupinsky district, Kyshtovsky district, Maslyaninsky district , Moshkovsky district, Novosibirsk district, Ordynsky district, Northern district, Suzunsky district, Tatarsky district, Toguchinsky district, Ubinsky district, Ust-Tarksky district, Chanovsky district, Cherepanovsky district, Chistoozerny district, Chulymsky district.