Determine the UDC classifier for the article. Assignment udk, bbk

The abbreviation UDC classifier stands for Universal Decimal Classification - universal decimal classification. UDC is required for:

• systematization of information;
• searching for the necessary information on a specific topic;
• grouping new articles, publications, books into thematic sections.

Using the UDC classifier, it is easy to find any information in the field of art, literature and science. The UDC index is the basis for organizing the knowledge accumulated by mankind in traditional libraries, electronic databases and other information repositories.

This article provides two ways to quickly identify or decipher the UDC code.

Below is a list of the initial sections of the UDC table. Click on the title of the desired section to determine the UDC for the book or article. Or read the article to the end to learn about another method.

The UDC code must be indicated in each scientific article - this rule is accepted in almost every country in the world, in particular in Russia. This code is required in the Russian Federation for all book products and searches for information on the exact and natural sciences.

The UDC is based on the decimal principle. Each of the classifiers is divided into 10 (sometimes may be less) subsections. Arabic numerals are used to designate each of them. The UDC Consortium is responsible for the development of the UDC classifier. Classifiers are regularly published by the All-Russian Institute of Scientific and Technical Information (VINITI). Even more information about UDC can be found on Wikipedia.

Determine UDC online

You can determine the UDC for the desired topic in the “Publishing services” section.

Just select the section and subsection you need, match the code with the topic of your article, book, or publication.

It is important to consider that the classification of UDC codes is constantly updated and refined. On the Internet you can come across a slightly truncated or outdated version.

UDC for an article quickly and free

To quickly find out the UDC for an article, use the website elibrary.ru. This is the Russian Science Citation Index (RSCI) - a scientific electronic library. Simply use the search field on the RSCI title page to find articles on the desired topic and look at their UDC code, which will be indicated in the bibliographic description of the articles.

The determination algorithm is as follows:

• go to the website elibrary.ru;
• Enter a keyword or phrase into the search field and add the current year: 2017 to find the latest articles;
• in the list of found articles, click on the title of each publication in turn until you find the publication with the UDC.

UDC for books

Our publishing house has entered into an agreement with the Russian State Library (RSL). UDCs for published publications are assigned by experienced employees of the RSL, so the UDC classification codes for the books we publish are the most current and complete.

"First Printing House" is a modern printing enterprise. It is successfully engaged in both the production of various printed products and the provision of many other services related to printing activities in the city of Ufa. The presence of new equipment and the desire of employees to perform their work only with high quality allow us to produce excellent products.

The most popular service in our printing house is the printing of publications, including many scientific works. But there is one caveat: without the UDC and BBK classification indices, books, monographs, and articles cannot be published, and many authors know this. We are ready to provide such a service as assigning UDC and BBK to your publications.

What is it and why are they needed?

In order for a publication to be published in accordance with the general requirements and rules for the design of printed publications, it must be assigned the classification indices UDC and BBK, consisting of numbers and special characters. This is the main output data (a kind of passport data), which allows you to find a publication in a huge information flow. They can be seen on the back of the title page in the upper left corner.

The UDC is placed in the first line of coding. The name stands for universal decimal classification. It contains complete information about the printed publication in the form of numbers and special characters. With its help, all literature published in the world is systematized.

BBK is located in the second line. The abbreviation stands for library and bibliographic classification. It is also used to encrypt a book according to the topic with the subsequent ability to systematize it.

The assignment of these classifications is regulated by Russian State Standards.

Examples of decoding classifiers

For example: a book with UDC 37.018.1+376 contains material about the home education of special individuals. Now let's look at how it was encrypted. Using a special table, experts determine:

• 37 – this code is for all books that relate to public education, upbringing, training, and leisure activities;
• 37.01 – the code says that we are talking about the basics of upbringing, education and training;
• 37.018 – on the main forms of education and training;
• 37.018.1 – on home education;
• +376 – clarifies that about the upbringing, education and training of special groups of people.

In a similar way, work is carried out to assign the LBC, which also looks like a table, where each number and letter has its own thematic meaning.

For example, a book with BBK number 81.432.1-3я73 will contain the following material:

• 81 – book about linguistics;
• 81.432.1 – namely about the English language;
• -3 – topic about lexicology;
• ya73 – textbook is intended for higher educational institutions.

As you can see, using classifiers you can determine what the book is about.

Basic rules for receiving

In order to select a classifier for a book, you need to use special tables.

For example, the UDC is generated using a table that is approved by GOST R 7.0.4-2006 “Publications. Imprint. General requirements and rules of registration." It is divided into many thematic sections and subsections.

According to them, specialists find the necessary code. In addition to the main cipher, there are many other additional signs and symbols that have their own meanings. These are the signs “+”, “/”, “:”, “”, “*”, etc. With their help, the topic that is revealed in the publication is clarified.

Similar tables have been generated for assigning BBK. The copyright for its use is held by 3 Russian libraries. Therefore, any publication to which the LBC is assigned must be agreed upon with the relevant structures.

Where can I buy classifiers?

As you can see, assigning classifiers has its own rules. Have you thought about how to register your work and where you can do it?

We suggest resolving this issue with the help of our specialists. After all, you can buy such a service in our printing house at a very reasonable price.

It's easy to order. Just contact our publishing house, and our staff will assign UDC and BBK to your publication as soon as possible according to the latest tables, which are periodically updated.

If you need to do this urgently, we will try to do everything as quickly as possible. For more detailed advice on this service, you can call 266-10-69.

PREFACE

In 1962, the country adopted the Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) as a mandatory information classification, and since 1963, mandatory indexing has been introduced in scientific and technical publishing houses, editorial offices of scientific and technical journals, scientific and technical information bodies, and scientific and technical libraries all publications on UDC, i.e. all information materials in the field of natural and technical sciences are published with UDC indexes. Reference and information funds (RIF) are organized using the same system. UDC can be used to organize both highly specialized CIFs and diversified ones; it is the only international universal system that allows you to reveal the contents of reference and information collections in sufficient detail and provide a quick search for information. The possibility of a unified systematization of information materials makes the UDC system the most convenient in the process of exchanging information between countries.

The UDC meets the most essential requirements for classification: internationality, universality, mnemonicity, the ability to reflect new achievements of science and technology without any major changes in its structure. The UDC covers all areas of knowledge; its sections are organically connected in such a way that a change in one of them entails a change in the other.

It is called the decimal UDC because the decimal principle is used for its construction: dividing each class into ten (or less) subclasses.

To designate classes (sections), Arabic numerals are used, which are absolutely unambiguous for all people, regardless of what language they speak and what alphabet they use. The language of numbers is understandable to everyone and easy to remember, so this makes the UDC a publicly accessible international system. The decimal principle of the UDC structure makes it possible to expand it almost unlimitedly by adding new numbers to existing ones without breaking the entire system as a whole. UDC indices can be related to each other in all possible combinations, due to which countless concepts can be reflected in the classification scheme.

The use of determinants expands the framework of the system almost limitlessly and opens up great opportunities for fractional classification of material.

The development of UDC tables is carried out by the international UDC Consortium, which is working to improve it in accordance with the development of science and technology.

In our country, the Universal Decimal Classification has been widely used as a unified classification system, which has made it possible to ensure uniformity in the organization of reference and information collections in scientific and technical information bodies, scientific and technical libraries of the country. In addition, its use contributes to broader cooperation between Russia and other countries in the field of scientific and technical information.

The 3rd complete edition of the UDC tables, consisting of seven issues, was published in the country in 1979-1986.

Since 1997, based on the computer database of complete UDC tables created at VINITI, the 4th edition of the UDC has been published. L=1>

BRIEF HISTORICAL INFORMATION ABOUT

The universal decimal classification has existed for about 100 years. During this period, it has undergone great changes and has been criticized more than once, but despite this, it still has no equal in its breadth of distribution. Having emerged as a classification system for international bibliography, UDC is currently used in many countries around the world to systematize printed works, various types of documents and organize card files. The use of UDC in information retrieval systems determines further prospects for its development.

The emergence of UDC is closely related to the creation and development of "" Melville Dewey. In 1876, the first, very brief, edition of the tables of this classification was published. enjoys wide popularity in the USA and some European countries, where it is still used mainly in public libraries. Its indexes are placed on cards issued by the Library of Congress.

In 1895, the First International Bibliographic Conference was convened in Brussels, at which it was decided to create a “Universal Bibliographic Repertoire” - a card catalog of literature available throughout the world in all fields of knowledge. To carry out this great task, the International Bibliographical Institute (IBI) was organized.

The initiators of the creation of the "Repertoire", as well as the organizers and leaders of the MBI were Paul Otlet (1868-1944) and Henri Lafontaine (1854-1943). They are also responsible for the creation of the UDC, which was based on M. Dewey’s “Decimal Classification”.

Work on creating the classification lasted 12 years. It was carried out both along the line of further detailing the headings of M. Dewey’s system, and along the path of improving its structure. New indices were added and old indices were streamlined, the wording of the headings was modified, the appearance of the indices was slightly changed, and the necessary methodological instructions and explanations were introduced. The main addition that qualitatively distinguished the new classification from M. Dewey’s system was the introduction of general and special determinants and signs that made it possible to create new indices.

In 1905, the first consolidated edition of the tables of the new decimal classification was published in Brussels in French. These tables were called "Guide to the universal bibliographic repertoire" (Manuel du repertoire bibliografique universel).

In 1933, the second complete edition of the decimal classification tables was completed in French, now called the “Universal Decimal Classification”. Having lost contact with the “Repertoire”, it acquired independent significance. The second edition was preceded by a lot of work by the IBI to bring the tables into line with the level of development of science and technology, and to supplement them with new concepts. This work was supervised by F. Doncker-Dievis, together with P. Otlet and A. Lafontaine.

In 1931, the International Bibliographic Institute was renamed the International Institute of Documentation, and in 1938 it was transformed into the International Federation for Documentation IDF (Federation Internationale de Documentation). The goal of the IFD is the development of a theory of documentation, the organization of documentation of all types and in all branches of knowledge. Much attention was still devoted to problems of classification. Under the control of the IDF, full, medium, abridged and industry editions of the UDC were published in many languages ​​of the world. Since 1992, work on the UDC has been transferred to the specially created international UDC Consortium, which includes national publishers of UDC and MFD tables. In 2000, VINITI became a member of the Consortium and its governing council. L=1>

Properties and principles of UDC

The universal decimal classification, which emerged as a result of the further development of M. Dewey's Decimal Classification, retained at its core the hierarchical structure inherent in the latter. At the same time, a number of features and techniques characteristic of facet or analytical-synthetic classification were introduced into the UDC, for example, auxiliary tables of general and special determinants, which make it possible to uniformly construct section indexes in accordance with the categories of place, time, language, etc. or group documents on the process, types of products, etc.

The universal decimal classification is generally characterized by several basic properties. The name itself speaks of two of them: universality and decimalism. In addition, it should be noted that it is multidimensional, both inherent in the structure of the main table and arising from the use of auxiliary tables and techniques for creating indexes that contain elements of standardization.

In numerous sections of this system, many concepts are organized in all branches of knowledge or activity. In other words, UDC covers the entire universe of knowledge. At the same time, the UDC is not a conglomerate of individual industry classifications. Although the sections of the classification corresponding to individual industries differ in their internal structure, determined by the specifics of the industry, the system is perceived as a single whole due to the existence of a single hierarchical code, general rules for constructing indexes and the indispensable demonstration of the interrelations of a given section and its dependence on others using a methodological apparatus (“ related areas", links). UDC is also universal in application. Thanks to the abundance of indexing tools and techniques, easily reduced fractionality, it is successfully used for systematization and subsequent search of a wide variety of sources of information in funds of various volumes and purposes - from small, narrowly thematic collections of special documentation to large industry and diversified reference and information funds. L=3>

The universal decimal classification is based on systematic principle.

In the UDC, the same subject is found in different places depending on the branch of knowledge and the aspect in which it is considered. For example, "oil" appears in several sections. In section 547 Organic chemistry we find the concept of "Petroleum Chemistry"; at 553 Mineral deposits- "Oil fields"; at 622 Mining- "Oil production"; at 662 Explosives. Fuel- “Oil as a fuel”, etc. L=3>

This phenomenon, called multiple localization of concepts, reflects multidimensionality UDC as a property inherent in the very structure of the classification scheme. This property should always be kept in mind when indexing by UDC.

Multidimensional indexing of the content of documents and queries is ensured, in addition to the UDC structure itself, by the use of general and special qualifiers reflecting time, place, language, parameters, equipment, processes, etc., as well as the use of certain rules for combining indexes. L=3>

One of the main distinguishing features of the Universal Decimal Classification is hierarchical structure most sections of the main and auxiliary tables according to the principle of division from general to specific using digital decimal code. The universe of knowledge is divided by analogy with decimal fractions.

Each class (the first level of division) contains a group of more or less related sciences, for example, class 5 - mathematics and natural sciences, class 6 - applied sciences: technology, agriculture, medicine.

Subsequent detailing is achieved by lengthening the indexes.

UDC indices are constructed in such a way that each subsequent digit does not change the meaning of the previous ones, but only clarifies it, denoting a more specific concept. For example, the index of the concept “Chemical corrosion” 620.193.4 is as follows:

6 Applied sciences

62 Engineering. Technology in general

620 Materials testing. Commodity research

620.1 Testing of materials. Defects in materials. Material protection

620.19 Material defects and their identification. Corrosion

620.193 Corrosion. Corrosion resistance

620.193.4 Chemical corrosion. Exposure to various aggressive environments

As already mentioned, according to the hierarchy from general to specific, not only the main, but also auxiliary tables of general and special determinants are built, for example,

special qualifiers

62-5 Regulation and control of machines and processes

62-55 Regulators

62-555 Regulators actuated by physical processes

62-555.5 by radiation

62-555.56 selenium photocells

general determinants of materials

03 Materials

034 Metals

034.2 Non-ferrous metals in general

034.21 Gold, gold alloys L=3>

Currently, when detailing sections, the number 0, as a rule, is not used due to possible confusion with the special qualifier.0; the number 9 is usually reserved for the concept “others”, “others”. Thus, eight digits are actively used. In the case when the number of classified concepts exceeds eight places in a row, the ninth section can be divided further, and the resulting hundredths (if necessary, thousandths) indexes are equal in value to tenths (the so-called octave principle). L=3>

When detailing more or less large sections, the UDC is widely (although it cannot be said that it is always strictly and consistently) applied standard designation of certain concepts, as well as standard and similar subdivisions: general determinants, special determinants, standard (sliding) endings, parallel subdivision, construction of an index using the “(apostrophe) sign, etc. All these means and techniques allow us to present the UDC in a more compact , sometimes two-dimensional, easier to see and reduce the volume of tables. The mnemonics achieved with their help greatly facilitates mastering the system and memorizing the indexes necessary in work. L = 3>

Typical endings. At the beginning of some sections of the UDC you can find a list of digital symbols beginning with an ellipsis. These are endings that can be attached, if necessary, to the indexes of a given section to obtain further standard detail of the same type. For example, under section 661.8 Metal compounds. Salt. Mineral paints- in addition to the indices of the main series, denoting compounds of individual metals:

661.832 Potassium compounds

661.833 Sodium compounds

661.847.9 Zinc compounds

A list of typical endings is included:

661.8...1 Particularly important connections

3 Halogen compounds. Cyanide compounds. Hydrides

32 Chlorine compounds

Any of the endings given in the list can be used to obtain the index of the compound of a particular metal by directly joining (subject to the rule of placing a dot every three digits) to the index denoting the compounds of that metal. For example, having

you can create indexes:

661.832.321 Potassium chloride

661.833.321 Sodium chloride

661.847.932.1 Zinc chloride

661.832.532 Potassium sulfate

661.833.532 Sodium sulfate

661.847.953.2 Zinc sulfate

Using the list of standard endings, you can build the necessary detail for the connections of each of the metals, and this detail will be standard and mnemonic. L=3>

Parallel division. This method of detailing a section is similar to the indexes of another section in cases where the division base coincides. A parallel (similar) division is used due to multiple localization of concepts, for example, classification of wood by tree species in section 674 Wood industry carried out similarly to botanical classification in section 582 Plant taxonomy

674.031.5/.9 ≈ 582.5/.9

In many cases, a parallel division is based on the formal coincidence of the basis of division of two or more sections. For example, detailing section 621.918.4 Rasps carried out in the same manner as Section 621.918.2 Files according to the shape of the tool.

621.918.4 ≈ 621.918.2

Parallel division is carried out in accordance with the methodological instructions. The latter is given either textually: “to subdivide as...”, or using the congruence sign ≈ and the index of the section similar to which the division is made. Let us explain the technique of forming an index based on the congruence sign using an example. At index 656.33 Operation of specially designed railways the instruction given is 656.33 ≈ 625.3. To obtain the index of the concept "Operation of a narrow gauge railway" in section 625.3 Railways of special design we find the index 625.31 Narrow gauge railways and by adding its ending (in this case the number 1) to the index 656.33, we get the index 656.331 Operation of narrow gauge railways. When forming an index using the congruence sign, the beginning of the index, which corresponds to the section that serves as a model for the one indicated with the ≈ sign, is discarded, and only the end of the index given in the tables is used. L=3> L=2>

Components of the UDC

The Universal Decimal Classification tables are divided into basic and auxiliary. In addition, UDC publications, as a rule, include an alphabetical subject index as a third integral part.

The division of tables into main and auxiliary is based on the characteristics of the concepts reflected in them. As a rule, the main table includes concepts specific to certain areas of science, technology, art, etc., possessing only their inherent features. The auxiliary tables (of general and special qualifiers) include recurring concepts that are common to all or many sections, or that are used within one section. These concepts, added to the main ones, clarify their content or form. In this case, general determinants contain concepts used in all or many sections, and special ones - used only within one or several sections that are similar in content.

As already noted, the hierarchical structure of the UDC is based on M. Dewey’s “Decimal Classification”. The indexes of the main UDC table reflect various areas of knowledge. Headed by the main row of UDC class 0 General section. Its contents are: science in general, writing, information, culture, journalism, museums, bibliography, library science, etc. The author of the “Decimal Classification” treated it as an introductory section to the scheme as a whole.

The humanities are assigned to groups of classes at the beginning and end of the main series: classes 1/3 (philosophy, logic, psychology, religion, politics, economics, etc.) and classes 7/9 (art, philology, history, geography).

The mathematics and science group occupy class 5, while the applied science group, which includes engineering, medicine and agriculture, is allocated to class 6.

Classes 5 and 6 are closely interrelated, and when indexing, difficulties often arise in choosing an index. In these cases, you should be guided by the fact that class 5 Mathematics. Natural Sciences reflects questions of a theoretical nature, the study of general laws of physics, chemistry, biology, etc., and grade 6 Applied Science. Medicine. Technique is devoted to the practical use of these laws, their implementation in technology, medicine, and agriculture.

The hierarchical principle of division from general to specific is the main method of detailing.

In addition to the hierarchy, when detailing a number of subsections, facet analysis methods are used. An example would be the construction of section 667.6 Coating products. Paints and varnishes. Coating technology. In this section, formulations and then finished coatings are divided into different division bases (facets).

667.633 Paints and varnishes by composition

667.634 Paints and varnishes by method of application or processing

667.635 Paints and varnishes by method of drying coatings

667.636 Paint and varnish materials by type of substrate

667.637 Paints and varnishes by properties and purpose, etc.

The UDC also contains collective headings, the subsections of which are constructed using the enumeration method. This method is often used at lower levels.

In some cases, instead of developing a section of the decimal classification, instructions are given to use for further detail an existing special classification or scale. For example, in section 66-97 Thermal Parameters, the temperature value can be indicated in degrees of any generally accepted scale by attaching a letter symbolizing this scale and the temperature value:

66-97F32 Temperature 32 degrees Fahrenheit

The UDC uses the * sign (asterisk, asterisk) to attach indices of other classifications to the UDC indices. For example, in place locators, various geographical classifications are used, appended with an asterisk * (asterisk).

In cases where the detail given in the table does not fully satisfy, the systematizer has the right to independently introduce alphabetical (nominal, letter) divisions (see Table Ih). For example,

629.114.6Moskvich Passenger cars of the Moskvich brand L=3>

Special qualifiers

It was said earlier that special qualifiers serve to designate concepts common to one or more industries.

There are three types of special identifiers based on their distinctive symbols:

1/-9 hyphenated qualifiers (except -0 Common hyphenated qualifiers);

01/.09 determinants with point zero;

"1/"9 qualifiers with apostrophe.

Special qualifiers with a hyphen and a dot zero serve a dual role:

1) a special determinant in combination with the initial index of the section in which it is given, denotes the general concept of a given branch of knowledge, for example,

62-52 Automatically controlled, regulated or controlled machines and processes (Engineering. Technology)

66.011 Calculation of processes... (Chemical technology)

2) the same determinant, in combination with any detailed index of this section, performs an analytical function, clarifying the specific concept expressed by this index, for example,

621.979-52 Automatic presses

where 621.979 Presses

or 661.25.011 Calculation of sulfuric acid production processes

where 661.25 Production of sulfuric acid

-1/-9 qualifiers (hyphen qualifiers) are widely developed in section 62 Engineering. Technology in general. These determinants contain a number of concepts for the characteristics of machines and devices in terms of dimensions, shape, components, method of action and control, etc., as well as characteristics of substances by their state of aggregation, products by shape, processes by parameters, etc. Determinants 62-1/-9 are used not only in section 62, but by special guidelines apply to the entire class 6, and are also partially used in classes 5 and 6.

Special qualifiers 62-1/-8 are usually attached to indices denoting machines, apparatus, installations, etc., for example,

621.51-155 Radial compressors

621.924-187.4 Precision grinding machines

621.941.2-229.323 Lathe chucks

621.9.06-529 Metal-cutting machines with program control

621.791.5.034-621.5 Acetylene welding torches

621.43-66 Solid fuel internal combustion engines.

Special qualifiers 62-1/-8 can be attached to indices denoting technological processes, production only using: (relationship sign). Thus, a document describing the technology of casting piston rings will receive the index 621.74.04:62-242.3

Special identifiers 62-9 Performance characteristics, parameters and conditions (processes and installations) and 62-52 Automatically controlled, regulated or controlled machines and processes used with both process and hardware indexes, e.g.

621.785.92-973 Deep cold heat treatment

62-973 Very low temperature (deep cold)

664.143.83-932 Continuous devices for caramel glossing

Special identifiers 62-4 are used to designate objects, products, materials according to their shape, configuration, and condition.

Determinants.01/.09 (determinants with point zero) are available in various sections of the UDC. In class 6, most often they denote processes, equipment, products of a particular production.

Qualifiers "1/"9 (qualifiers with an apostrophe), in contrast to -1/-9 and .01/.09, perform a synthetic function and serve to comprehensively designate individual constituent elements, properties and other characteristics. In some cases they are presented in the form of tables, in others they must be formed from main indexes. Thus, in section 678.6 Synthetic polycondensates the determinants "1/"7 are given in the form of a finished table, in section 669 Metallurgy the determinants "2/"8 are obtained from 669.2/.8 (for more information on the method of generating synthetic determinants, see UDC, auxiliary table II Special determinants).

Special qualifiers are most often developed and used in the main table and are given directly in the section in which they are used. In auxiliary tables of general determinants, special determinants are developed and used less frequently, mainly in the determinants of form and place.

Special qualifiers are highlighted with a vertical line in the margins of tables so that they can be easily identified. L=3>

The general determinants of the UDC reflect the general categories and characteristics used throughout the table (time, place, language, form, etc.) and serve to standardly designate these general categories and characteristics. They can be attached to any index of the main UDC table, but they are not used separately from the index, independently.

The presence of detailed tables of general determinants, giving the system flexibility and versatility, is a great advantage of the UDC.

The indexing methodology is understood as a set of techniques and rules for the formation of search images of documents (SID) or queries (SID), i.e. techniques and rules for the formation of UDC indexes for concepts reflecting the content of a document or query.

The main objective of the indexing methodology is to ensure uniformity of approaches to creating search images of documents. Uniformity of indexing allows for fast, complete and fairly accurate search for most queries typical for a given fund, and contributes to the correct organization of funds.

The subject of the general methodology is the development of techniques and rules for indexing, selection of concepts in the AML, arising from the features of the classification scheme as a whole. The specificity of individual thematic sections of tables, reflecting the peculiarities of the distribution of concepts in these areas of knowledge, requires the introduction of special rules and techniques for indexing documents on the subjects of these sections. Consideration of such indexing features, typical of individual sections or subsections of the classification scheme, is the subject of industry methodologies.

Since the ultimate goal of indexing is to improve the efficiency of information retrieval, the main criterion for evaluating indexing is expressed in search efficiency. Indexing is always an attempt to more or less adequately reflect objective reality. Therefore, the measure of discrepancy with objective reality can be a measure of the quality of indexing. This measure gives an idea only of the capabilities of a given programming language and is usually expressed by the parameters of noise, completeness, accuracy, and relevance of the information system implemented using this programming language.

Let's move on to consider the rules of the general methodology for indexing documents by UDC, which are based primarily on the structure of the classification scheme itself.

Rule one.

UDC is a single integrated system, and not a sum of industry, private, local schemes. The entire sum of human knowledge and practice is considered in the UDC as a certain community of interrelated, interdependent concepts, which is divided according to a single principle into classes, sections, subsections, etc., according to the principle of their most frequent application in human practical activity.

From the principle of the integrity of the system, the rule follows: in the UDC there are no “own” or “foreign” sections and subsections. All sections, all parts of the scheme are equal in rights and should be equally used for indexing, regardless of their “proximity” or “distance” from the section relevant for a given fund.

The assignment of a particular concept to a particular subsection of the UDC is conditional, just as any classification scheme is conditional. In practice, this means that it makes no sense to first index all documents selected for your fund in your industry, and then, through a relation sign, attach an index reflecting the main content (main subject) of the document. It should be immediately indexed by the main content of the document. For example, a device for measuring electric current - an ammeter - should receive the index 621.317.714 in any industry Ammeters. L=2>

Rule two.

The principle of UDC integrity entails the multiplicity of localization of concepts in the UDC tables, i.e. repetition of the same concept in different sections depending on the aspect in which this concept is considered. Thus, the concept of “copper” is found in the sections of inorganic chemistry, mineralogy, minerals, mining, metallurgy, etc. In these sections, respectively, copper is considered as a chemical element, as a mineral, from the point of view of its deposit, its extraction, metallurgy, etc. d.

The multiplicity of localization of concepts is revealed in the alphabetical subject index (ASU) to the UDC tables. As mentioned earlier, in the APU, when a concept appears several times, the aspect of its consideration, sections, etc. are indicated.

The rule follows from the multiplicity of localization: when indexing a document, it is necessary to clearly define the aspect in which the given subject is considered, in order to select an index in the UDC table according to this aspect.

This means that it is not enough to find the index of a given concept in the table; you should immediately find out what branch of knowledge it belongs to, in what aspect this concept is considered. L=2>

Rule three.

All general qualifiers can never be used as main indexes, while special qualifiers can, in combination with a main table index, be used as main indexes, especially in cases where the concept is not present in the main index tables.

With special qualifiers the situation is different. If, for example, it is necessary to index a work devoted to mathematical problems of the reliability of technical devices, then a special determinant -192 Reliability from section 62 Technique must be used as the main index, joining it through the relation sign main index 51 Mathematics. As a result, we get a composite index of 62-192:51 Mathematical problems of reliability of technical devices, in which the special determinant 62-192 plays the role of an index of the main table.

At the same time, when indexing a document devoted to problems of reliability of diesel engines, for example, this same special qualifier plays its main role as a special qualifier with a hyphen from section 62 Technique. The index of the document "Diesel Reliability" will be 621.436-192, i.e. again a complex index made up of the main index 621.436 Diesels and special determinant 62-192 Reliability. Special qualifiers 62-592 are also used as main ones, since the main tables do not have indexes for the concept of “Brakes”, etc. L=2>

Rule four.

A number of preferred uses of UDC indices.

"1/"9 (special qualifiers with apostrophe);

01/.09 (special qualifiers with point zero);

1/-9 (special qualifiers with a hyphen);

03; -05 (general qualifiers).

This means that when starting indexing any concept, you should first of all turn to the main tables of UDC 0/9. The indexed concept can be found there either completely, or partially, or not found at all. In the first case, there is no need for further search. In other cases, the search for indices should be continued in the second position of the row, in tables of special determinants with the apostrophe “1/”9. In the second position there are again the same three possibilities: the indexed concept is found either completely, or partially, or not found at all. If found, then no further search is necessary. In other cases, you should continue the search in the third position of the series, then in the fourth position, in tables of special qualifiers with a hyphen, for example from section 62. In these four positions, the indexed concept must be found. However, it should be remembered that this can be either the indexed concept itself or a parent concept that includes it. The necessary detailing of the indexed concept, the main index for which was found in the first four positions of the series, can be carried out at the expense of the fifth position of the series and further at the expense of all other types of general determinants. L=2>

Rule five.

The presence in UDC tables of various indices for similar concepts often complicates the work of the systematizer and is a source of ambiguous indexing of the same document by different people. Indeed, if you look at the tables for examples, it is easy to see that most machine parts have two or more indices; the same applies to some technological processes, etc., for example,

621.822 Bearings - main index

62-233.2 Bearings - special. determinant

62-233.27 Ball bearings - special. determinant

621.822.7 Ball bearings - main index

62-72 Lubricating devices - special. determinant

621.896 Lubrication devices - main index

UDC tables are divided into main and auxiliary. This division is based on differences in the semantic role of concepts. Since the UDC, like any library and bibliographic classification, is a tool for increasing search efficiency through targeted systematization of documents within a specific collection, the use of different indices for the same concept is a reflection of the different semantic roles of the same concepts. In the above cases, it is also a matter of reflecting various concepts that have only a similar verbal formulation. Thus, the concept of “bearings”, which is the main subject of content in the indexed document, which describes the features, for example, of the production of bearings, is the main one and should be reflected by the main index UDC 621.822. In another case, when, for example, the operational characteristics of a bearing, which is a part of a screw press, are described, the indexed concept “bearing” is a recurring feature for technical devices and machines. In this sense, it is an auxiliary, informationally ambiguous (non-informative) concept, which must be reflected by a special qualifier 62-233.2. It will receive informational unambiguity (informativeness) only as a result of combination with the main, informationally unambiguous concept (in our example, “screw press”), which is reflected as a combination of the main index 621.979.15 Screw presses and special identifier 62-233.2 Bearings in index 621.979.15-233.2 Screw press bearings. This reflection of the indexed concept allows you to concentrate documents about the machine and its parts in one place in the catalog (file cabinet) and separate these documents from those that address the problems of the part itself, regardless of the specific machine or device where it is used. Such a division is not only legitimate, but also necessary. Specialists in screw presses are, as a rule, only interested in the question of the use of bearings in these presses, while specialists, for example, in a bearing factory, consider bearings as production objects.

Rule five can be formulated as follows:

In the event that a concept in the UDC is represented by both an index and a qualifier, the main informative concepts of the subspecies, species, generic, suprageneric and higher levels (for example, polar bear, bears, canines, mammals, animals) are indexed primarily by the main indices or special qualifiers , used as main indices. Auxiliary, repeating concepts, usually reflecting a part, detail, block, component, organ, one of the characteristics, etc., are indexed primarily by qualifiers that are attached to the index of the main concept. L=2>

Rule six.

Formation of complex indexes.

A complex index is understood as an index formed by combining a main index with a general or special determinant, as well as indices formed using an apostrophe and a slash.

The order of adding determinants, in other words, the order of elements of a complex index corresponds to the semantic relationships between the concepts of the main content of the document and therefore cannot be strictly regulated by indexing rules. The main criterion for the correctness of the elements of a complex index is the correspondence of the meaning of the index to the meaning of the content of the document, subject to the general rules of indexing according to the UDC.

Experience shows that in most cases it is possible to adhere to the following sequence of attaching determinants to the main index or a special determinant used as the main index: “1/”9; .01/.09; -1/-9; -03 or -05; (0...); (...); "..."; =...; (=...). That is, in the first place after the signs of the main index, a special qualifier with an apostrophe is placed, then with a dot zero.01/.09 (if alphanumeric detailing of the main index in a given fund is not used), then a special qualifier with a hyphen -1/- 9. Of the general determinants, those closest to the main index are the general determinants of form (0...), then place (...), time "...", language =... Ethnic determinants (=...) close the sequence , for example, 621.313.2.047.5-182.8(088.83)(493)"1972"=133.1 Belgian patent 1972 for replaceable brush holders of DC electric machines, where

621.313.2 Direct current electrical machines

621.3.047.5 Brush holders (special identifier with zero point)

62-182.8 removable, replaceable, interchangeable (special identifier with a hyphen)

(088.83) Patent (general form determinant)

(493) Belgium (general place identifier)

"1972" 1972 (general time identifier)

133.1 French (general language identifier)

The given example should be understood only as an illustration of the recommended sequence of joining elements of a complex index, but not as an example of indexing patents by UDC. It is easy to see that the recommended sequence is mainly based on a number of preferable uses of UDC indices (rule four) and on the recommended sequence of detailing concepts using UDC. However, it should be emphasized that if the content of the document requires it, the recommended sequence of joining elements of a complex index may be violated. For example, the topic of the document “Reliability of miniature radios” is indicated by the index 621.396.62-181.4.019.3, where

621.396.62 Radio receivers, radio receivers

62-181.4 Miniature

621.3.019.3 Reliability

If the determinants are swapped, then the resulting index will not correspond to the meaning of the document, because it will mean “miniature reliability of radio receivers.”

Deviation from the general rules is possible if it is necessary to separate certain types of documents from the general fund - such as directories, patents, standards, etc. in order to create specialized file cabinets. Thus, we are talking about isolating individual types of documents from the general flow of documents entering a given fund and creating specialized file cabinets (funds) of these types, which is necessary to provide answers to the bulk of requests in the conditions of this particular enterprise or organization. In these cases, general qualifiers that characterize the type of document, nationality, language, etc., are placed in first place. Examples:

(03)621.313 Card file of reference publications (by

(03)621.315.5/.61 various questions)

(083.74/.75)621.313 Regulatory and technical file cabinet

(083.74/.75)621.315.5/.61 documentation (GOST, OST,

(083.74/.75)621.317.7 normals, etc.)

(085)621.313 Card file of branded materials

(085)621.315.5/.61

(088.83)621.313 Patent file (for various

(088.83)621.315.5/.61 questions)

(088.83)621.317.7

Obviously, if place qualifiers come first, then the card indexes (fund) can be organized by country. If you put other determinants in first place, then you can get a different organization of file cabinets (funds) each time, the most convenient for the conditions and requests in a given organization (enterprise). Even greater opportunities open up when using several determinants and variations of their places in a complex UDC index, for example,

(088.83)621.313(44) Patents for electrical machines in France

(088.83)621.313(450) Patents for electrical machines in Italy

(088.83)621.313(73) US Electrical Machinery Patents

This organization of patent materials is convenient for obtaining reviews of patents from various countries for a specific product, product, etc., especially if abstract express reviews are required, which are widely used in systems of direct management service, selective service, etc. This same form of organization of patent materials card files (funds) are convenient for searching when checking for patent purity.

Another example:

(088.83)(44)621.313 French patents for electrical machines

(088.83)(44)621.313.2 French Patents for DC Electrical Machines

(088.83)(44)621.314.21/.23 French patents for transformers

(088.83)(44)621.315.2/.3 French patents for wires and cables

(088.83)(44)778.148 French patents for microphotocopy reading apparatus

(088.83)(450)621.313 Italian Patents for Electrical Machines

(088.83)(450)621.313.2 Italian Patents for DC Electrical Machines

(088.83)(450)621.314.21/.23 Italian patents for transformers

(088.83)(450)621.315.2/.3 Italian patents for wires and cables

(088.83)(450)778.148 Italian patents for microphotocopy reading devices

In addition, such an organization of patent funds is convenient for comparing the level of patent activity in different countries, identifying trends and thematic areas of patenting in them. Thus, based on the results of the analysis of requests served by this fund, this file cabinet can change the place of the identifier in the complex index for organizing the fund in a special context.

Intercolation of general determinants is also possible in the UDC, i.e., inclusion of general determinants in the main index, if this is required by the rational construction of the fund. So, if any organization constantly has a large number of requests for organizing the production of ballistic missiles in the United States, then the complex index that is customary in its construction does not make it possible to collect together all the materials specifically on the United States. Intercolation of the US common place qualifier (73) allows this to be done, e.g.

658(73).26:629.762.2 Power supply of ballistic missile production enterprises in the USA

658(73).284:629.762.2 Communications and signaling facilities at ballistic missile production facilities in the United States

658(73).52.011.56:629.762.2 Automation of production at ballistic missile production facilities in the USA

658(73).7:629.762.2 Logistics supply for ballistic missile production enterprises in the USA, etc.

It is advisable to use the intercolation method in specialized card indexes on a narrow topic in cases where the organization of the material should allow for the quick issuance of all documents available in the collection on a given narrow thematic area (request). At the same time, setting queries allows us to highlight one feature that mainly limits the selection of materials into a specialized card index. The country (in our example, the USA) is reflected in the UDC as a common qualifier. Intercolation of special qualifiers is not used.

Complex indices formed using the spread sign / (slash) can be obtained by the systematizer only when the sequence of indexed concepts coincides with the sequence of the same concepts in the UDC tables. A complex index formed using the spread sign / (slash) is irreversible.

Complex indexes using slashes are broader in meaning than their original components. In principle, the / sign can be replaced with a + sign, for example, the index 621.37+621.38+621.39 can be replaced with the index 621.37/.39.

The use of determinants with an apostrophe for the formation of complex indices is limited to strictly defined subsections of the UDC tables and is specified in the guidelines for each of them. The technical role of the sign "(apostrophe) is often to replace the repeating part of the attached index with it. Complex indexes formed using these determinants are irreversible even in the value of the original components. The rules for creating complex indexes using determinants with an apostrophe are specific to each of the subsections of the tables, where their use is permitted. They are set out in sufficient detail for practice in auxiliary table II and in the relevant sections of the UDC. Using these determinants, one can designate concepts “synthesized” by attaching designations of components, properties and other characteristics, for example,

546.763"32"226 Chromium-potassium alum

629.735.33.022"412 Airplanes with a double fuselage, with a double body

669.35"24"28 Copper-nickel-molybdenum alloy

681.327.45"17 Controllers for punched cards

Thus, the wide possibilities for creating complex UDC indexes make it possible to disclose documentary funds in accordance with the requirements of information consumers, but the implementation of these opportunities depends entirely on the experience, knowledge and initiative of employees of NTI bodies and libraries and is based primarily on a systematic analysis of queries. L=2>

Rule seven.

Formation of composite UDC indices.

Composite indices in UDC are indices formed from two or more simple or complex indices using relation signs: and::. Since composite indexes are mainly created by systematizers themselves, this is where the greatest variability in indexing is observed in practice.

P. Otlet, when introducing the relation sign into the UDC, formulated a general rule for the formation of composite indexes: in the first place of the composite index is placed an index reflecting the main subject of the document. Components (indices) attached using a colon only clarify and detail the main concept reflected in the first index. The composite index must be able to further develop (detail) the indexed topic (subject) due to the detail of the second index. A number of practical conclusions follow from this general rule.

The value of a composite index is always narrower than the value of its individual components, for example,

621.794.62:669.1 Phosphating of ferrous metals

624.21:624.19 Tunnel bridges

624.21:625.1 Railway bridges

An index attached with a relation sign clarifies and details the meaning of the concept reflected by the first index, for example,

621.317.715:621.385 Tube galvanometers

621.317.725:621.385 Lamp voltmeters

621.74:669.2/.8 Casting of non-ferrous metals

621.873.3:629.35 Truck cranes

The properties of materials, products and their tests are indicated by attaching indices of the corresponding properties with a sign of relation to the index of the given material, product, machine, device, etc., for example,

669.295.017:539.4 Strength of titanium

621.822.5:539.538 Wear resistance of plain bearings

621.67:539.433 Vibration resistance of centrifugal pumps

678.01:536.2 Thermal conductivity of high-molecular substances

669.295.017:620.178.37 Titanium fatigue test at low temperatures

Issues of technology (production, fabrication, receipt, assembly, processing, etc.) of specific materials, machines, devices, etc. are reflected by technology indices, to which the indices of materials, machines, devices, etc. are added with a relation sign. , For example,

621.785:669.136 Heat treatment of cast iron

621.923.5:621.833 Honing of gears

621.793.6:669.268:669.36 Diffusion chromium plating of copper

If the document deals with issues of technology and process equipment, in the composite index the index denoting technology is placed first, and the index of process equipment is appended to it after the relation sign, for example,

621.923.014.5-185.4: High-speed grinding with diamond stones

Concepts that are formally absent from the UDC tables can be denoted by composite indices. The index of the most significant distinctive feature of this concept is attached to the index of the main, basic concept using a relation sign. This is possible in cases where the indexed concept in its essence is in one way or another a modification, one of the types, the result of a transformation or interaction of concepts already reflected in the UDC tables. First of all, this applies, for example, to the concepts of new materials. The UDC does not contain indices for construction, electrical and radio engineering sound-absorbing materials. Guided by the fact that the main feature of such materials is that they exhibit a sound absorption effect to a greater extent than is typical for other building, electrical and radio engineering materials, we can propose composite indices:

621.315.5/.61:534.286.2 Electrical and radio sound-absorbing materials

It is obvious that, following the example given above, it is possible to create composite indices for materials with a wide variety of properties. The prospects of such a classification solution are also clear. Any new material has properties, the manifestations of which as corresponding physical or chemical phenomena have already been established in science at one time. The creation of new materials and theoretical studies of physical and chemical phenomena and properties makes possible their widespread use in the national economy. Therefore, in the vast majority of cases, based on knowledge of the special properties of a new material and the main area of ​​its application, it is possible to obtain a composite index for it using the corresponding divisions of the subsections of physics or chemistry of the UDC tables. In a similar way, it is possible to form indices for some new directions in science and technology, for example,

621.35:621.38 Chemotronics

621.35:621.382.2 Electrochemical diodes

681.327.5"12:535 Optical reading, optical reading devices from media with characters printed on the surface (papers, photographic films, etc.)

Composite indices for new directions in science and technology should always be considered as a temporary solution. With the further development of a new direction, if a sufficiently extensive literature on this issue appears, it usually receives an independent main index over time.

A composite index can be inverted, or, as they say, invertible. This means that the elements of a composite index can be swapped. This property, depending on the task and purpose of a particular fund, makes it possible to collect documents in the desired section. Thus, documents on the topic “Foundries” can be indexed in two ways: either 621.74:658.2, or 658.2:621.74.

Double-colon indexes:: are a rigid, irreversible construct. As stated earlier, the sign:: is used only in cases where the inversion of the components of a composite index in a particular fund is undesirable or significantly changes its meaning. L=2> L=1>

ORGANIZATION AND MAINTENANCE OF SYSTEMATIC CATALOGS AND CARD FILES FOR SOFTWARE

The main purpose of a systematic catalog and bibliographic files organized according to UDC in NTI bodies and scientific and technical libraries is to satisfy thematic requests. The latter can be systematic or substantive in nature. And both types of queries can be answered by a systematic catalogue. However, requests of a subject nature (when a given topic must be considered from the point of view of different disciplines, i.e. comprehensively) are satisfied with the help of an alphabetical subject index to the catalogue, namely with the help of its nested headings.

There are no fundamental differences in the methodology for compiling a systematic catalog and systematic bibliographic files. The only difference is that catalogs reflect the holdings of a particular library or library, while bibliographic files display literature, regardless of whether it is in the collection.

The most important requirements for organizing material in systematic catalogs or card indexes include adherence to the principle of uniformity: literature on any issue should always be included in the same section of the catalog. If this principle is not observed, then, firstly, the catalog or card index will lose one of its most valuable search qualities - accuracy and completeness, and secondly, the search will be lengthy.

All cards in a systematic catalog or card index must be selected by index, homogeneous topics (cards) are highlighted with delimiters.

Dividers are designed both for small headings and for general sections of the catalogue, and some of them may not have cards directly behind them; in other words, they head not so much a group of cards as separators that are logically subordinate to them and thereby form a system. Therefore, when talking about the number of cards behind the separator, we mean their last step.

Specialist readers most often need information on specific issues and there is a need to collect it using appropriate fractional indexes. From this we can draw the false conclusion that the question of the number of cards behind the dividers should not exist, because every, even the smallest, issue must be highlighted. But there is another danger here: there will be so many separators (a “forest of separators”) that it will be difficult for the reader to navigate, and therefore, the headings of the catalog or card index still need to be enlarged. The optimal number of cards behind the separator is 50.

The choice of the type of arrangement of cards and the organization of systematic catalogs and card files is largely determined by the type and profile of the fund, reader requests, etc.

Cards behind the dividers can be arranged in one of three ways: in the order of fractional indexes; in alphabetical order of cards; by enlarged card indexes. The first method is convenient in that the APU can refer the reader directly to the fractional index, which, with this method of arrangement, is advisable to write at the top, on the right side of the card.

When the cards are arranged according to large indices indicated on the dividers, but within each such heading, they are selected in reverse chronological order by year of publication, i.e., first the latest literature on the issue, and then the older one.

With a very detailed selection of headings on small topics, the question of how best to select cards - alphabetically or in reverse chronological order - loses its meaning. All material within the section, regardless of this, is easy to review. But it is still necessary to establish a certain order and strictly adhere to it, regardless of the number of cards behind the dividers.

It was noted above that separators in a catalog or card file title not only the group of cards behind each of them, but also other separators and, as a whole, constitute a system of separators. This system helps the user independently navigate the catalog and find the necessary literature. In order to correctly orient it in the catalogue, separators should, as far as possible, show the stepwise structure of the systematic catalogue, the hierarchy of classes and the genus-species relationships that exist between the divisions of the catalogue. This is achieved by strictly thought-out use of separators of a certain shape, with middle and side protrusions. The latter can be placed with a protrusion to the right and left, thus producing three forms of dividers: middle, left and right. These shapes can be supplemented by trimming off the tabs of the dividers a little or by cutting dividers with wider tabs from the cards, although this is rarely practiced in libraries. Middle separators should be used to highlight relatively large sections, subdividing them into two more steps with left and right separators. In what order to apply the lateral shapes of the separators is a local issue, and is solved differently in different CIFs. Thus, it is possible to design three hierarchical levels of divisions using conditional form separators. When there are more than three levels within one catalog box, it is necessary to make some coarsening of the design: to represent two levels of the class hierarchy in one form of separators.

The index and its heading should be written on the protrusions of the separators; on the middle separators, below the protrusion, the main divisions of this section and links to adjacent divisions of the UDC should be listed. Similar references and references should be made on the side dividers, although it is usually inappropriate to list the divisions of the next step there.

The systematic catalog is closely related to all other library catalogs. This connection is achieved by using a single card form in all catalogs and indicating the full catalog index in the alphabetical catalog (if there are two alphabetical catalogs, in the service catalog). This helps ensure uniform indexing of different editions of the same book and books with similar topics. Therefore, with any reclassification and corrections of indexes, these corrections must be reflected in the alphabetical catalog. This process slows down the reclassification, but it is necessary for the correct maintenance of a systematic catalog.

A systematic catalog and bibliographic file require constant attention: complete or partial revision of the classification, updating of cards or separators. Without systematic work, the catalog quickly becomes outdated and loses its significance. There are the following types of work with a catalog or file cabinet:

replenishment of new receipts cards; if necessary, the wording is changed or the inscriptions on the delimiters are corrected;

current edition; in larger CIFs, a division of labor is used: a technical worker arranges the cards (edgewise or with a colored tab), and the editor checks the correctness of the arrangement and determines the need for changes and additions to the separators;

planned revision, i.e. a complete revision of the entire catalog or card index, or large sections with simultaneous detailing of headings, reclassification and corrections in accordance with changes and additions to the UDC. L=1> L=0>

The Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) is a system used for coding published texts, based on a hierarchical principle from the general to the specific and taking into account the topic and research direction of the work. In this case, a digital decimal code is used. This coding system allows you to find the desired publication in any library or electronic storage without resorting to lengthy searches.

Where to get UDC for a scientific article

Any book depository has a classifier with codes for all research topics. By turning to it, you can see the required digital designation. Nowadays it is easy to find the necessary information on the Internet. For example, an online directory provides the opportunity to obtain UDC for an article online.

The author can find the UDC for formatting a scientific article on his own. After all, he, like no one else, knows to which sphere of knowledge the text he wrote belongs. The chosen cipher finds its exact place among other recorded results of intellectual activity.

How to get UDC for an article

A scientist must index his text in accordance with accepted rules. Otherwise, it will not get into the library system and will not be recommended to readers. Let's consider what the UDC classification looks like for an article devoted, for example, to the topic “Studying the lifestyle of students.”

1. The identified topic relates to the field of study of society. Code index of the heading “Social Sciences” – 3.
2. The next step is to identify a specific discipline. Sociology has a code of 316. “16” is added to “3”.
3. Branch of sociology 316.3 – “Social structure. Society as a social system." The number “3” has been added.
4. The issue covered relates to the section 316.35 – “Social groups. Social organizations,” because we are talking about young people, and this is a social group. The number “5” has been added. Here is the final cipher.

The example demonstrates that choosing a UDC for a scientific article is not difficult. It also shows how the principle of hierarchy works in the table. You just need to decide to which area of ​​study of nature, society, and man the issue discussed in the publication belongs.

It is important that the person who wrote the intellectual work correctly designates its place in the structure of library and reference data by entering the correct classifier code. Then it will be easy for any interested reader to find it in the required category.

The abbreviation to which we want to devote this material denotes a rather convenient universal classifier. In addition, it has other meanings, which we also hasten to introduce you to. Let's figure out what it is - UDC. Let's start with deciphering the abbreviation.

UDC - what is it?

The letter combination, depending on the context, can mean the following:

• universal decimal classification;
• universal landing ships;
• devices for compressors used on submarines.

Now let's move on to the most popular value of interest to us.

Decimal Universal Classification

What is this - UDC? One of the information classification structures that is quite widely used in the world community for systematizing scientific works, art, literature, periodicals, various kinds of documentation, as well as organizing card files.

The central part of the UDC are tables that cover the entire system of human knowledge in a hierarchical order. The transition from general to more specific using decimal codes is widely used.

What is the UDC index? This is a numeric code assigned to a specific topic, section, subsection, or work.

History of the creation of UDC tables

Having figured out what it is - UDC, let's talk a little about its history. It was created in 1895. The authors were bibliographers A. Lafontaine and P. Otlet. They are the founders of the International Bibliographic Institute. The UDC was first published in 1897.

It was based on another classification - the Dewey Decimal. Its creator, M. Dewey, developed his brainchild in 1876 specifically for the United States. It must be said that his principle of the decimal classification of concepts and knowledge was also used in the a priori language project, authored by J. Delormel, a French lawyer and philologist. This project was presented in 1894 before the French National Convention.

As for M. Dewey, he completely disinterestedly granted the rights to his invention to the future creators of the UDC: they could use and modify the system in any way they wanted in order to create the most complete catalog of all knowledge ever published. The work was carried out for many years, resulting in the premiere edition of the complete UDC tables in French in 1905.

Today, the Universal Decimal Classification is the property of the international UDC Consortium, which unites the main creators of tables in different languages. It should be noted that VINITI (All-Russian Institute of Scientific and Technical Information) has the exclusive authority to dispose of classifier lists in Russian. It is he who publishes and distributes book and electronic versions of UDC tables in the Russian Federation for a fee.

VINITI today has a special official consulting website, where specialists help all those who apply to use the classifier correctly in the form of a dialogue. Therefore, if you are interested in how to get the UDC index, you need to turn to this resource.

Classifier structure

All tables of the decimal universal classifier necessarily consist of the following sections:

• Explanation of the structure, principle, properties of the UDC.
• Guidelines to help you use the tables.
• A number of APU - alphabetical subject indexes to the main sections.
• Actually, auxiliary tables of the classifier.
• APU compiled for auxiliary UDC tables.

Basic tables

Let's get acquainted with the fundamental sections of the UDC:

• General (0). Knowledge and science. Documentation. Information Technology. Institutions. Organization. Publications, etc.
• Psychology and philosophy (1). Metaphysics. Main questions of philosophy. Ethics. Psychology. Morality. Philosophical concepts, etc.
• Theology and religion (2). Prehistoric beliefs. Christianity. Buddhism. Islam. Modern religions and so on.
• Social Sciences (3). Sociology. Economy. State. Insurance. Warfare. Trade. Folklore. Education, etc.
• Free section left for future use (4).
• Science and Mathematics (5). Zoology. Chemistry. Physics. Planet Earth Sciences. Astrology. Biological Sciences. Botany and so on.
• Applied Science, Technology and Medicine (6). Household. Biotechnology. Engineering. Construction. Agriculture. Industry and crafts. Housekeeping. Chemical industry, etc.
• Arts, sports, spectacle and entertainment (7). Architecture. Music. Photo. Painting. Layout. Plastic art. Graphic arts. Drawing. Games etc.
• Language, literature, linguistics and linguistics (8). Rhetoric. Prosody. Versification. Foreign languages. Literary studies, etc.
• Geography, biographies, history (9). General history. Archeology. Heraldry. Geography. Flags. Nobility, etc.

Search examples

It is easy to determine the location of a particular topic or individual work using the UDC classifier.

For example, the nobility. Refers to section No. 9 (biography, history). Let's go to section 92. There is only one subsection - "Biographical studies and the like." In topic 929.7, among the titles of nobility and nobility, we will find the desired nobility.

Now you are familiar with the UDC and its main tables. And also other meanings of the abbreviation, except for the universal decimal classifier.