Where did the Crimean Tatars actually come from? Crimean Tatars - history of origin

So, Crimean Tatars.

Different sources present the history and modernity of this people with their own characteristics and their own vision of this issue.

Here are three links:
1). Russian site rusmirzp.com/2012/09/05/categ… 2). Ukrainian website turlocman.ru/ukraine/1837 3). Tatar website mtss.ru/?page=kryims

I will write your material using the most politically correct Wikipedia ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krymski... and my own impressions.

Crimean Tatars or Crimeans are a people historically formed in Crimea.
They speak the Crimean Tatar language, which belongs to the Turkic group of the Altai family of languages.

The vast majority of Crimean Tatars are Sunni Muslims and belong to the Hanafi madhhab.

Traditional drinks are coffee, ayran, yazma, buza.

National confectionery products sheker kyyyk, kurabye, baklava.

The national dishes of the Crimean Tatars are chebureks (fried pies with meat), yantyk (baked pies with meat), saryk burma (layer pie with meat), sarma (grape and cabbage leaves stuffed with meat and rice), dolma (peppers stuffed with meat and rice) , kobete is originally a Greek dish, as evidenced by the name (baked pie with meat, onions and potatoes), burma (layer pie with pumpkin and nuts), tatar ash (dumplings), yufak ash (broth with very small dumplings), shish kebab, pilaf (rice with meat and dried apricots, unlike the Uzbek one without carrots), bak'la shorbasy (meat soup with green bean pods, seasoned with sour milk), shurpa, kainatma.

I tried sarma, dolma and shurpa. Delicious.

Settlement.

They live mainly in Crimea (about 260 thousand), adjacent areas of continental Russia (2.4 thousand, mainly in the Krasnodar Territory) and in adjacent areas of Ukraine (2.9 thousand), as well as in Turkey, Romania (24 thousand), Uzbekistan (90 thousand, estimates from 10 thousand to 150 thousand), Bulgaria (3 thousand). According to local Crimean Tatar organizations, the diaspora in Turkey numbers hundreds of thousands of people, but there are no exact data on its numbers, since Turkey does not publish data on the national composition of the country’s population. The total number of residents whose ancestors immigrated to the country from Crimea at different times is estimated in Turkey at 5-6 million people, but most of these people have assimilated and consider themselves not Crimean Tatars, but Turks of Crimean origin.

Ethnogenesis.

There is a misconception that the Crimean Tatars are predominantly descendants of the 13th century Mongol conquerors. This is wrong.
Crimean Tatars formed as a people in Crimea in the XIII-XVII centuries. The historical core of the Crimean Tatar ethnic group is the Turkic tribes that settled in Crimea, a special place in the ethnogenesis of the Crimean Tatars among the Kipchak tribes, who mixed with the local descendants of the Huns, Khazars, Pechenegs, as well as representatives of the pre-Turkic population of Crimea - together with them they formed the ethnic basis of the Crimean Tatars, Karaites , Krymchakov.

The main ethnic groups that inhabited Crimea in ancient times and the Middle Ages were the Taurians, Scythians, Sarmatians, Alans, Bulgars, Greeks, Goths, Khazars, Pechenegs, Polovtsians, Italians, Circassians (Circassians), and Asia Minor Turks. Over the centuries, the peoples who came to Crimea again assimilated those who lived here before their arrival or themselves assimilated into their environment.

An important role in the formation of the Crimean Tatar people belongs to the Western Kipchaks, known in Russian historiography under the name Polovtsy. From the 11th-12th centuries, the Kipchaks began to populate the Volga, Azov and Black Sea steppes (which from then until the 18th century were called Dasht-i Kipchak - “Kypchak steppe”). From the second half of the 11th century they began to actively penetrate into Crimea. A significant part of the Polovtsians took refuge in the mountains of Crimea, fleeing after the defeat of the united Polovtsian-Russian troops from the Mongols and the subsequent defeat of the Polovtsian proto-state formations in the northern Black Sea region.

By the middle of the 13th century, Crimea was conquered by the Mongols under the leadership of Khan Batu and included in the state they founded - the Golden Horde. During the Horde period, representatives of the Shirin, Argyn, Baryn and others clans appeared in Crimea, who then formed the backbone of the Crimean Tatar steppe aristocracy. The spread of the ethnonym “Tatars” in Crimea dates back to the same time - this common name was used to call the Turkic-speaking population of the state created by the Mongols. Internal turmoil and political instability in the Horde led to the fact that in the middle of the 15th century, Crimea fell away from the Horde rulers, and the independent Crimean Khanate was formed.

The key event that left an imprint on the further history of Crimea was the conquest of the southern coast of the peninsula and the adjacent part of the Crimean Mountains by the Ottoman Empire in 1475, which previously belonged to the Genoese Republic and the Principality of Theodoro, the subsequent transformation of the Crimean Khanate into a vassal state in relation to the Ottomans and the entry of the peninsula into Pax Ottomana is the "cultural space" of the Ottoman Empire.

The spread of Islam on the peninsula had a significant impact on the ethnic history of Crimea. According to local legends, Islam was brought to Crimea in the 7th century by the companions of the Prophet Muhammad Malik Ashter and Gazy Mansur. However, Islam began to actively spread in Crimea only after the adoption of Islam as the state religion in the 14th century by the Golden Horde Khan Uzbek.

By the end of the 15th century, the main prerequisites were created that led to the formation of an independent Crimean Tatar ethnic group: the political dominance of the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire was established in Crimea, the Turkic languages ​​(Polovtsian-Kypchak in the territory of the Khanate and Ottoman in the Ottoman possessions) became dominant, and Islam acquired the status of state religions throughout the peninsula.

As a result of the predominance of the Polovtsian-speaking population, called “Tatars,” and the Islamic religion, processes of assimilation and consolidation of a motley ethnic conglomerate began, which led to the emergence of the Crimean Tatar people. Over the course of several centuries, the Crimean Tatar language developed on the basis of the Polovtsian language with noticeable Oghuz influence.

An important component of this process was the linguistic and religious assimilation of the Christian population, which was very mixed in its ethnic composition (Greeks, Alans, Goths, Circassians, Polovtsian-speaking Christians, including the descendants of the Scythians, Sarmatians, etc., assimilated by these peoples in earlier eras), which made up At the end of the 15th century, the majority were in the mountainous and southern coastal regions of Crimea.

The assimilation of the local population began during the Horde period, but it especially intensified in the 17th century.
The Goths and Alans who lived in the mountainous part of Crimea began to adopt Turkic customs and culture, which corresponds to the data of archaeological and paleoethnographic research. On the Ottoman-controlled South Bank, assimilation proceeded noticeably more slowly. Thus, the results of the 1542 census show that the overwhelming majority of the rural population of the Ottoman possessions in Crimea were Christians. Archaeological studies of Crimean Tatar cemeteries on the South Bank also show that Muslim tombstones began to appear en masse in the 17th century.

As a result, by 1778, when the Crimean Greeks (all local Orthodox Christians were then called Greeks) were evicted from Crimea to the Azov region by order of the Russian government, there were just over 18 thousand of them (which was about 2% of the then population of Crimea), and more than half of these The Greeks were Urums, whose native language is Crimean Tatar, while the Greek-speaking Rumeans were a minority, and by that time there were no speakers of Alan, Gothic and other languages ​​left at all.

Subethnic groups.

The Crimean Tatar people consist of three sub-ethnic groups: the steppe people or Nogais (not to be confused with the Nogai people) (çöllüler, noğaylar), the highlanders or Tats (not to be confused with the Caucasian Tats) (tatlar) and the South Coast or Yalyboy (yalıboylular).

South Coast residents - yalyboylu.

Before the deportation, the South Coast residents lived on the Southern Coast of Crimea (Crimean Kotat. Yalı boyu) - a narrow strip 2-6 km wide, stretching along the sea coast from Balakalava in the west to Feodosia in the east. In the ethnogenesis of this group, the main role was played by the Greeks, Goths, Asia Minor Turks and Circassians, and the inhabitants of the eastern part of the South Coast also have the blood of Italians (Genoese). Residents of many villages on the South Coast, until deportation, retained elements of Christian rituals that they inherited from their Greek ancestors. Most of the Yalyboys adopted Islam as a religion quite late, compared to the other two subethnic groups, namely in 1778. Since the South Bank was under the jurisdiction of the Ottoman Empire, the South Bank people never lived in the Crimean Khanate and could move throughout the entire territory of the empire, as evidenced by a large number of marriages of South Coast residents with the Ottomans and other citizens of the empire. Racially, the majority of South Coast residents belong to the South European (Mediterranean) race (outwardly similar to Turks, Greeks, Italians, etc.). However, there are individual representatives of this group with pronounced features of the Northern European race (fair skin, blond hair, blue eyes). For example, residents of the villages of Kuchuk-Lambat (Kiparisnoe) and Arpat (Zelenogorye) belonged to this type. The South Coast Tatars are also noticeably different in physical type from the Turkic ones: they were noted to be taller, lack of cheekbones, “in general, regular facial features; This type is built very slenderly, which is why it can be called handsome. Women are distinguished by soft and regular facial features, dark, with long eyelashes, large eyes, finely defined eyebrows” (writes Starovsky). The described type, however, even within the small space of the Southern Coast is subject to significant fluctuations, depending on the predominance of certain nationalities living here. So, for example, in Simeiz, Limeny, Alupka one could often meet long-headed people with an oblong face, a long hooked nose and light brown, sometimes red hair. The customs of the South Coast Tatars, the freedom of their women, the veneration of certain Christian holidays and monuments, their love of sedentary activities, compared with their external appearance, cannot but convince that these so-called “Tatars” are close to the Indo-European tribe. The dialect of the South Coast residents belongs to the Oguz group of Turkic languages, very close to Turkish. The vocabulary of this dialect contains a noticeable layer of Greek and a number of Italian borrowings. The old Crimean Tatar literary language, created by Ismail Gasprinsky, was based on this dialect.

The steppe people are Nogai.

The Nogai lived in the steppe (Crimean çöl) north of the conditional line Nikolaevka-Gvardeyskoye-Feodosia. The main participants in the ethnogenesis of this group were the Western Kipchaks (Cumans), Eastern Kipchaks and Nogais (this is where the name Nogai came from). Racially, the Nogai are Caucasians with Mongoloid elements (~10%). The Nogai dialect belongs to the Kipchak group of Turkic languages, combining the features of the Polovtsian-Kypchak (Karachay-Balkar, Kumyk) and Nogai-Kypchak (Nogai, Tatar, Bashkir and Kazakh) languages.
One of the starting points of the ethnogenesis of the Crimean Tatars should be considered the emergence of the Crimean yurt, and then the Crimean Khanate. The nomadic nobility of Crimea took advantage of the weakening of the Golden Horde to create their own state. The long struggle between feudal factions ended in 1443 with the victory of Hadji Giray, who founded the virtually independent Crimean Khanate, whose territory included Crimea, the Black Sea steppes and the Taman Peninsula.
The main force of the Crimean army was the cavalry - fast, maneuverable, with centuries of experience. In the steppe, every man was a warrior, an excellent horseman and archer. This is confirmed by Boplan: “The Tatars know the steppe as well as pilots know sea harbors.”
During the emigration of the Crimean Tatars in the 18th-19th centuries. a significant part of the steppe Crimea was practically deprived of its indigenous population.
The famous scientist, writer and researcher of the Crimea of ​​the 19th century, E.V. Markov, wrote that only the Tatars “endured this dry heat of the steppe, mastering the secrets of extracting and conducting water, raising livestock and gardens in places where a German or a Bulgarian could not get along before. Hundreds of thousands of honest and patient hands have been taken away from the economy. The camel herds have almost disappeared; where previously there were thirty flocks of sheep, there is only one walking there, where there were fountains, there are now empty swimming pools, where there was a crowded industrial village - there is now a wasteland... Drive, for example, Evpatoria district and you will think that you are traveling along the shores of the Dead Sea.”

Highlanders are Tats.

The Tats (not to be confused with the Caucasian people of the same name) lived before the deportation in the mountains (Crimean Tat. dağlar) and the foothills or middle zone (Crimean Tat. orta yolaq), that is, north of the South Coast people and south of the steppe people. The ethnogenesis of the Tats is a very complex and not fully understood process. Almost all the peoples and tribes that ever lived in Crimea took part in the formation of this subethnic group. These are the Taurians, Scythians, Sarmatians and Alans, Avars, Goths, Greeks, Circassians, Bulgars, Khazars, Pechenegs and Western Kipchaks (known in European sources as Cumans or Komans, and in Russians as Polovtsians). The role of the Goths, Greeks and Kipchaks is considered particularly important in this process. The Tats inherited their language from the Kipchaks, and their material and everyday culture from the Greeks and Goths. The Goths mainly took part in the ethnogenesis of the population of the western part of the mountainous Crimea (Bakhchisarai region). The type of houses that the Crimean Tatars built in the mountain villages of this region before the deportation is considered Gothic by some researchers. It should be noted that the given data on the ethnogenesis of the Tats are to some extent a generalization, since the population of almost every village in the mountainous Crimea before the deportation had its own characteristics, in which the influence of one or another people was discernible. Racially, the Tats belong to the Central European race, that is, they are externally similar to representatives of the peoples of Central and Eastern Europe (some of them are North Caucasian peoples, and some of them are Russians, Ukrainians, Germans, etc.). The Tat dialect has both Kypchak and Oguz features and is to some extent intermediate between the dialects of the South Coast and the steppe people. The modern Crimean Tatar literary language is based on this dialect.

Until 1944, the listed subethnic groups of the Crimean Tatars practically did not mix with each other, but deportation destroyed traditional settlement areas, and over the past 60 years the process of merging these groups into a single community has gained momentum. The boundaries between them are noticeably blurred today, since there is a significant number of families where spouses belong to different subethnic groups. Due to the fact that after returning to Crimea, the Crimean Tatars, for a number of reasons, and primarily due to the opposition of local authorities, cannot settle in the places of their former traditional residence, the process of mixing continues. On the eve of the Great Patriotic War, among the Crimean Tatars living in Crimea, about 30% were South Coast residents, about 20% were Nogais and about 50% were Tats.

The fact that the word “Tatars” is present in the generally accepted name of the Crimean Tatars often causes misunderstandings and questions about whether the Crimean Tatars are a subethnic group of Tatars, and the Crimean Tatar language is a dialect of Tatar. The name “Crimean Tatars” has remained in the Russian language since the times when almost all Turkic-speaking peoples of the Russian Empire were called Tatars: Karachais (Mountain Tatars), Azerbaijanis (Transcaucasian or Azerbaijani Tatars), Kumyks (Dagestan Tatars), Khakass (Abakan Tatars), etc. d. Crimean Tatars have little in common ethnically with the historical Tatars or Tatar-Mongols (with the exception of the steppe), and are descendants of Turkic-speaking, Caucasian and other tribes that inhabited eastern Europe before the Mongol invasion, when the ethnonym “Tatars” came to the west. .

The Crimean Tatars themselves today use two self-names: qırımtatarlar (literally “Crimean Tatars”) and qırımlar (literally “Crimeans”). In everyday colloquial speech (but not in an official context), the word tatarlar (“Tatars”) can also be used as a self-designation.

The Crimean Tatar and Tatar languages ​​are related, since both belong to the Kipchak group of Turkic languages, but are not closest relatives within this group. Due to quite different phonetics (primarily vocalism: the so-called “Volga region vowel interruption”), Crimean Tatars understand by ear only individual words and phrases in Tatar speech and vice versa. Among the Kipchak languages, the closest to the Crimean Tatar are the Kumyk and Karachay languages, and from the Oguz languages, Turkish and Azerbaijani.

At the end of the 19th century, Ismail Gasprinsky made an attempt to create, on the basis of the Crimean Tatar southern coastal dialect, a single literary language for all Turkic peoples of the Russian Empire (including the Volga Tatars), but this endeavor did not have serious success.

Crimean Khanate.

The process of formation of the people was finally completed during the period of the Crimean Khanate.
The state of the Crimean Tatars - the Crimean Khanate existed from 1441 to 1783. For most of its history, it was dependent on the Ottoman Empire and was its ally.

From the beginning of the 16th century, the Crimean Khanate waged constant wars with the Moscow state and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (until the 18th century, mainly offensive), which was accompanied by the capture of a large number of captives from among the civilian Russian, Ukrainian and Polish populations. Those captured as slaves were sold at Crimean slave markets, among which the largest was the market in the city of Kef (modern Feodosia), to Turkey, Arabia, and the Middle East. The mountain and coastal Tatars of the southern coast of Crimea were reluctant to participate in raids, preferring to pay off the khans with payments. In 1571, a 40,000-strong Crimean army under the command of Khan Devlet I Giray, having passed the Moscow fortifications, reached Moscow and, in retaliation for the capture of Kazan, set fire to its suburbs, after which the entire city, with the exception of the Kremlin, burned to the ground. However, the very next year, the 40,000-strong horde that was marching again, hoping, together with the Turks, Nogais, and Circassians (more than 120-130 thousand in total), to finally put an end to the independence of the Muscovite Kingdom, suffered a crushing defeat in the Battle of Molodi, which forced the Khanate to moderate its political claims. Nevertheless, formally subordinate to the Crimean Khan, but in fact semi-independent Nogai hordes roaming the Northern Black Sea region, regularly carried out extremely devastating raids on Moscow, Ukrainian, Polish lands, reaching Lithuania and Slovakia. The purpose of these raids was to seize booty and numerous slaves, mainly for the purpose of selling slaves to the markets of the Ottoman Empire, brutally exploiting them in the Khanate itself, and receiving a ransom. For this, as a rule, the Muravsky Way was used, which ran from Perekop to Tula. These raids bled all the southern, peripheral and central regions of the country, which were practically deserted for a long time. The constant threat from the south and east contributed to the formation of the Cossacks, who performed guard and patrol functions in all the border territories of the Moscow State and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, with the Wild Field.

As part of the Russian Empire.

In 1736, Russian troops led by Field Marshal Christopher (Christoph) Minich burned Bakhchisarai and devastated the foothills of Crimea. In 1783, as a result of Russia's victory over the Ottoman Empire, Crimea was first occupied and then annexed by Russia.

At the same time, the policy of the Russian imperial administration was characterized by a certain flexibility. The Russian government made the ruling circles of Crimea its support: all Crimean Tatar clergy and local feudal aristocracy were equated to the Russian aristocracy with all rights retained.

The oppression of the Russian administration and the expropriation of land from Crimean Tatar peasants caused mass emigration of Crimean Tatars to the Ottoman Empire. The two main waves of emigration occurred in the 1790s and 1850s. According to researchers of the late 19th century F. Lashkov and K. German, the population of the peninsular part of the Crimean Khanate by the 1770s was approximately 500 thousand people, 92% of whom were Crimean Tatars. The first Russian census of 1793 recorded 127.8 thousand people in Crimea, including 87.8% Crimean Tatars. Thus, most of the Tatars emigrated from Crimea, according to various sources amounting to up to half of the population (from Turkish data it is known about 250 thousand Crimean Tatars who settled in Turkey at the end of the 18th century, mainly in Rumelia). After the end of the Crimean War, about 200 thousand Crimean Tatars emigrated from Crimea in the 1850-60s. It is their descendants who now make up the Crimean Tatar diaspora in Turkey, Bulgaria and Romania. This led to the decline of agriculture and the almost complete desolation of the steppe part of Crimea.

Along with this, the development of Crimea was intensive, mainly the territory of the steppes and large cities (Simferopol, Sevastopol, Feodosia, etc.), due to the Russian government attracting settlers from the territory of Central Russia and Little Russia. The ethnic composition of the peninsula's population has changed - the proportion of Orthodox Christians has increased.
In the middle of the 19th century, the Crimean Tatars, overcoming disunity, began to move from rebellions to a new stage of national struggle.

Ismail Gasprinsky was an outstanding educator of the Turkic and other Muslim peoples. One of his main achievements is the creation and dissemination of a system of secular (non-religious) school education among the Crimean Tatars, which also radically changed the essence and structure of primary education in many Muslim countries, giving it a more secular character. He became the actual creator of the new literary Crimean Tatar language. Gasprinsky began publishing the first Crimean Tatar newspaper “Terdzhiman” (“Translator”) in 1883, which soon became known far beyond the borders of Crimea, including in Turkey and Central Asia. His educational and publishing activities ultimately led to the emergence of a new Crimean Tatar intelligentsia. Gasprinsky is also considered one of the founders of the ideology of pan-Turkism.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, Ismail Gasprinsky realized that his educational task had been completed and it was necessary to enter a new stage of the national struggle. This stage coincided with the revolutionary events in Russia of 1905-1907. Gasprinsky wrote: “The first long period of mine and my “Translator” is over, and the second, short, but probably more stormy period begins, when the old teacher and popularizer must become a politician.”

The period from 1905 to 1917 was a continuous growing process of struggle, moving from humanitarian to political. During the revolution of 1905 in Crimea, problems were raised regarding the allocation of land to the Crimean Tatars, the conquest of political rights, and the creation of modern educational institutions. The most active Crimean Tatar revolutionaries grouped around Ali Bodaninsky, this group was under the close attention of the gendarmerie administration. After the death of Ismail Gasprinsky in 1914, Ali Bodaninsky remained as the oldest national leader. The authority of Ali Bodaninsky in the national liberation movement of the Crimean Tatars at the beginning of the 20th century was indisputable.

Revolution of 1917.

In February 1917, Crimean Tatar revolutionaries monitored the political situation with great preparedness. As soon as it became known about serious unrest in Petrograd, on the evening of February 27, that is, on the day of the dissolution of the State Duma, on the initiative of Ali Bodaninsky, the Crimean Muslim Revolutionary Committee was created.
The leadership of the Muslim Revolutionary Committee proposed joint work to the Simferopol Council, but the executive committee of the Council rejected this proposal.
After the all-Crimean election campaign carried out by the Musis Executive Committee, on November 26, 1917 (December 9, new style), the Kurultai - General Assembly, the main advisory, decision-making and representative body, was opened in Bakhchisarai in the Khan's Palace.
Thus, in 1917, the Crimean Tatar Parliament (Kurultai) - the legislative body, and the Crimean Tatar Government (Directory) - the executive body, began to exist in Crimea.

Civil war and the Crimean ASSR.

The Civil War in Russia became a difficult test for the Crimean Tatars. In 1917, after the February Revolution, the first Kurultai (congress) of the Crimean Tatar people was convened, proclaiming a course towards the creation of an independent multinational Crimea. The slogan of the chairman of the first Kurultai, one of the most revered leaders of the Crimean Tatars, Noman Celebidzhikhan, is known - “Crimea is for the Crimeans” (meaning the entire population of the peninsula, regardless of nationality. “Our task,” he said, “is the creation of a state like Switzerland. Peoples of Crimea represent a wonderful bouquet, and equal rights and conditions are necessary for every people, because we can go hand in hand.” However, Celebidzhikhan was captured and shot by the Bolsheviks in 1918, and the interests of the Crimean Tatars were practically not taken into account by both whites and whites during the Civil War. red.
In 1921, the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was created as part of the RSFSR. The official languages ​​were Russian and Crimean Tatar. The administrative division of the autonomous republic was based on the national principle: in 1930, national village councils were created: Russian 106, Tatar 145, German 27, Jewish 14, Bulgarian 8, Greek 6, Ukrainian 3, Armenian and Estonian - 2 each. In addition , national districts were organized. In 1930, there were 7 such districts: 5 Tatar (Sudak, Alushta, Bakhchisarai, Yalta and Balaklava), 1 German (Biyuk-Onlar, later Telmansky) and 1 Jewish (Freidorf).
In all schools, children of national minorities were taught in their native language. But after the short rise in national life after the creation of the republic (the opening of national schools, the theater, the publication of newspapers), Stalin’s repressions of 1937 followed.

Crimea under German occupation.

From mid-November 1941 to May 12, 1944, Crimea was occupied by German troops.
In December 1941, Muslim Tatar committees were created in Crimea by the German occupation administration. The central “Crimean Muslim Committee” began work in Simferopol. Their organization and activities took place under the direct supervision of the SS. Subsequently, the leadership of the committees passed to the SD headquarters. In September 1942, the German occupation administration prohibited the use of the word “Crimean” in the name, and the committee began to be called the “Simferopol Muslim Committee”, and from 1943 - the “Simferopol Tatar Committee”. The committee consisted of 6 departments: for the fight against Soviet partisans; on recruiting volunteer units; to provide assistance to the families of volunteers; on culture and propaganda; by religion; administrative and economic department and office. Local committees duplicated the central one in their structure. Their activities were discontinued at the end of 1943.

The initial program of the committee provided for the creation of a state of Crimean Tatars in Crimea under German protectorate, the creation of its own parliament and army, and the resumption of the activities of the Milli Firqa party banned in 1920 by the Bolsheviks (Crimean Milliy Fırqa - national party). However, already in the winter of 1941-42, the German command made it clear that they did not intend to allow the creation of any state entity in Crimea. In December 1941, representatives of the Crimean Tatar community of Turkey, Mustafa Edige Kırımal and Müstecip Ülküsal, visited Berlin in the hope of convincing Hitler of the need to create a Crimean Tatar state, but they were refused. Long-term plans of the Nazis included the annexation of Crimea directly to the Reich as the imperial land of Gotenland and the settlement of the territory by German colonists.

Since October 1941, the creation of volunteer formations from representatives of the Crimean Tatars began - self-defense companies, whose main task was to fight the partisans. Until January 1942, this process proceeded spontaneously, but after the recruitment of volunteers from among the Crimean Tatars was officially sanctioned by Hitler, the solution to this problem passed to the leadership of Einsatzgruppe D. During January 1942, more than 8,600 volunteers were recruited, from among whom 1,632 people were selected to serve in self-defense companies (14 companies were formed). In March 1942, 4 thousand people already served in self-defense companies, and another 5 thousand people were in the reserve. Subsequently, based on the created companies, auxiliary police battalions were deployed, the number of which reached eight by November 1942 (from the 147th to the 154th).

Crimean Tatar formations were used to protect military and civilian facilities, took an active part in the fight against partisans, and in 1944 they actively resisted the Red Army units that liberated Crimea. The remnants of the Crimean Tatar units, along with German and Romanian troops, were evacuated from Crimea by sea. In the summer of 1944, from the remnants of the Crimean Tatar units in Hungary, the Tatar Mountain Jaeger Regiment of the SS was formed, which was soon reorganized into the 1st Tatar Mountain Jaeger Brigade of the SS, which was disbanded on December 31, 1944 and reorganized into the combat group "Crimea", which joined Eastern Turkic SS unit. Crimean Tatar volunteers who were not included in the Tatar Mountain Jaeger Regiment of the SS were transferred to France and included in the reserve battalion of the Volga Tatar Legion or (mostly untrained youth) were enlisted in the auxiliary air defense service.

With the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, many Crimean Tatars were drafted into the Red Army. Many of them later deserted in 1941.
However, there are other examples.
More than 35 thousand Crimean Tatars served in the ranks of the Red Army from 1941 to 1945. The majority (about 80%) of the civilian population provided active support to the Crimean partisan detachments. Due to the poor organization of partisan warfare and the constant shortage of food, medicine and weapons, the command decided to evacuate most of the partisans from Crimea in the fall of 1942. According to the party archive of the Crimean regional committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, on June 1, 1943, there were 262 people in the partisan detachments of Crimea. Of these, 145 are Russians, 67 Ukrainians, 6 Tatars. On January 15, 1944, there were 3,733 partisans in Crimea, of which 1,944 were Russians, 348 Ukrainians, 598 Tatars. Finally, according to a certificate of the party, national and age composition of the Crimean partisans as of April 1944, among the partisans there were: Russians - 2075, Tatars - 391, Ukrainians - 356, Belarusians - 71, others - 754.

Deportation.

The accusation of cooperation of the Crimean Tatars, as well as other peoples, with the occupiers became the reason for the eviction of these peoples from Crimea in accordance with the Decree of the State Defense Committee of the USSR No. GOKO-5859 of May 11, 1944. On the morning of May 18, 1944, an operation began to deport peoples accused of collaborating with the German occupiers to Uzbekistan and adjacent areas of Kazakhstan and Tajikistan. Small groups were sent to the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the Urals, and the Kostroma region.

In total, 228,543 people were evicted from Crimea, 191,014 of them were Crimean Tatars (more than 47 thousand families). Every third adult Crimean Tatar was required to sign that he had read the decree, and that escaping from the place of special settlement was punishable by 20 years of hard labor, as a criminal offense.

Officially, the grounds for deportation were also declared to be the mass desertion of the Crimean Tatars from the ranks of the Red Army in 1941 (the number was said to be about 20 thousand people), the good reception of German troops and the active participation of the Crimean Tatars in the formations of the German army, SD, police, gendarmerie, apparatus of prisons and camps. At the same time, the deportation did not affect the overwhelming majority of Crimean Tatar collaborators, since the bulk of them were evacuated by the Germans to Germany. Those who remained in Crimea were identified by the NKVD during the “cleansing operations” in April-May 1944 and condemned as traitors to the homeland (in total, about 5,000 collaborators of all nationalities were identified in Crimea in April-May 1944). Crimean Tatars who fought in Red Army units were also subject to deportation after demobilization and returning home to Crimea from the front. Crimean Tatars who did not live in Crimea during the occupation and who managed to return to Crimea by May 18, 1944 were also deported. In 1949, there were 8,995 Crimean Tatars who participated in the war in the places of deportation, including 524 officers and 1,392 sergeants.

A significant number of displaced people, exhausted after three years of living under occupation, died in places of deportation from hunger and disease in 1944-45.

The fight to return.

Unlike other peoples deported in 1944, who were allowed to return to their homeland in 1956, during the “thaw”, the Crimean Tatars were deprived of this right until 1989 (“perestroika”), despite appeals from representatives of the people to the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine and directly to the leaders of the USSR and despite the fact that on January 9, 1974, the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR “On the recognition as invalid of certain legislative acts of the USSR, providing for restrictions in the choice of place of residence for certain categories of citizens,” was issued.

Since the 1960s, in the places where deported Crimean Tatars lived in Uzbekistan, a national movement for the restoration of the rights of the people and the return to Crimea arose and began to gain strength.
The activities of public activists who insisted on the return of the Crimean Tatars to their historical homeland were persecuted by the administrative bodies of the Soviet state.

Return to Crimea.

The mass return began in 1989, and today about 250 thousand Crimean Tatars live in Crimea (243,433 people according to the 2001 All-Ukrainian census), of which more than 25 thousand live in Simferopol, over 33 thousand in the Simferopol region, or over 22% of the region's population.
The main problems of the Crimean Tatars after their return were mass unemployment, problems with the allocation of land and the development of infrastructure of the Crimean Tatar villages that had arisen over the past 15 years.
In 1991, the second Kurultai was convened and a system of national self-government of the Crimean Tatars was created. Every five years, elections of the Kurultai (similar to a national parliament) take place, in which all Crimean Tatars participate. The Kurultai forms an executive body - the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar people (similar to the national government). This organization was not registered with the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine. From 1991 to October 2013, the Chairman of the Mejlis was Mustafa Dzhemilev. Refat Chubarov was elected the new head of the Mejlis at the first session of the 6th Kurultai (national congress) of the Crimean Tatar people, held on October 26-27 in Simferopol

In August 2006, the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination expressed concern about reports of anti-Muslim and anti-Tatar statements by Orthodox priests in Crimea.

At the beginning, the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar people had a negative attitude towards holding a referendum on the annexation of Crimea to Russia in early March 2014.
However, just before the referendum, the situation was turned around with the help of Kadyrov and the State Councilor of Tatarstan Mintimer Shaimiev and Vladimir Putin.

Vladimir Putin signed a decree on measures for the rehabilitation of the Armenian, Bulgarian, Greek, German and Crimean Tatar peoples living on the territory of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The President instructed the government, when developing a target program for the development of Crimea and Sevastopol until 2020, to provide for measures for the national, cultural and spiritual revival of these peoples, the development of the territories of their residence (with financing), and to assist the Crimean and Sevastopol authorities in holding commemorative events for the 70th anniversary of the deportation peoples in May of this year, as well as to assist in the creation of national-cultural autonomies.

Judging by the results of the referendum, almost half of all Crimean Tatars took part in the vote - despite very severe pressure on them from radicals from among themselves. At the same time, the mood of the Tatars and their attitude towards the return of Crimea to Russia is rather wary rather than hostile. So everything depends on the authorities and on how Russian Muslims accept the new brothers.

Currently, the social life of the Crimean Tatars is experiencing a split.
On the one hand, the chairman of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar people, Refat Chubarov, who was not allowed to enter Crimea by prosecutor Natalya Poklonskaya.

On the other hand, the Crimean Tatar party “Milli Firka”.
Chairman of the Kenesh (Council) of the Crimean Tatar party “Milli Firka” Vasvi Abduraimov believes that:
"Crimean Tatars are flesh and blood heirs and part of the Great Turkic El - Eurasia.
We definitely have nothing to do in Europe. Most of the Turkic Ale today is also Russia. More than 20 million Turkic Muslims live in Russia. Therefore, Russia is as close to us as it is to the Slavs. All Crimean Tatars speak Russian well, received education in Russian, grew up in Russian culture, live among Russians."gumilev-center.ru/krymskie-ta…
These are the so-called “seizures” of land by the Crimean Tatars.
They simply built several of these buildings side by side on lands that at that time belonged to the Ukrainian State.
As illegally repressed people, the Tatars believe that they have the right to seize the land they like for free.

Of course, squatters do not take place in the remote steppe, but along the Simferopol highway and along the South Coast.
There are few permanent houses built on the site of these squatters.
They just staked out a place for themselves with the help of such sheds.
Subsequently (after legalization) it will be possible to build a cafe here, a house for children, or sell it at a profit.
And a decree of the State Council is already being prepared that squatters will be legalized. vesti.ua/krym/63334-v-krymu-h…

Like this.
Including through the legalization of squatters, Putin decided to ensure the loyalty of the Crimean Tatars in relation to the presence of the Russian Federation in Crimea.

However, the Ukrainian authorities also did not actively fight this phenomenon.
Because it considered the Mejlis as a counterweight to the influence of the Russian-speaking population of Crimea on politics on the peninsula.

The State Council of Crimea adopted in the first reading the draft law “On certain guarantees of the rights of peoples deported extrajudicially on ethnic grounds in 1941-1944 from the Autonomous Crimean Soviet Socialist Republic,” which, among other things, provides for the amount and procedure for paying various one-time compensation to repatriates . kianews.com.ua/news/v-krymu-d... The adopted bill is the implementation of the decree of the President of the Russian Federation “On measures for the rehabilitation of the Armenian, Bulgarian, Greek, Crimean Tatar and German peoples and state support for their revival and development.”
It is aimed at the social protection of deportees, as well as their children born after deportation in 1941–1944 in places of imprisonment or exile and who returned to permanent residence in Crimea, and those who were outside Crimea at the time of deportation (military service, evacuation, forced labor), but was sent to special settlements. ? 🐒 this is the evolution of city excursions. The VIP guide is a city dweller, he will show you the most unusual places and tell you urban legends, I tried it, it’s fire 🚀! Prices from 600 rub. - they will definitely please you 🤑

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The Crimean Tatars are a very interesting people who arose and formed on the territory of the Crimean peninsula and southern Ukraine. They are a people with a dramatic and controversial history. The article will discuss the numbers, as well as the cultural characteristics of the people. Who are they - Crimean Tatars? You can also find photos of this amazing people in this article.

General characteristics of the people

Crimea is an unusual multicultural land. Many peoples left their tangible mark here: Scythians, Genoese, Greeks, Tatars, Ukrainians, Russians... In this article we will focus on only one of them. Crimean Tatars - who are they? And how did they appear in Crimea?

The people belong to the Turkic group of the Altai language family; its representatives communicate with each other in the Crimean Tatar language. Crimean Tatars today (other names: Crimeans, Krymchaks, Murzaks) live in the territory of the Republic of Crimea, as well as in Turkey, Bulgaria, Romania and other countries.

By faith, most Crimean Tatars are Sunni Muslims. The people have their own anthem, coat of arms and flag. The latter is a blue cloth, in the upper left corner of which there is a special sign of the nomadic steppe tribes - tamga.

History of the Crimean Tatars

The ethnos is the direct ancestor of those peoples who at different times were associated with Crimea. They represent a kind of ethnic mix, in the formation of which the ancient tribes of the Taurians, Scythians and Sarmatians, Greeks and Romans, Circassians, Turks and Pechenegs took part. The process of formation of the ethnic group lasted for centuries. The cement mortar that cemented this people into a single whole can be called a common isolated territory, Islam and one language.

The completion of the process of formation of the people coincided with the emergence of a powerful power - the Crimean Khanate, which existed from 1441 to 1783. For most of this time, the state was a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, with which the Crimean Khanate maintained allied ties.

During the era of the Crimean Khanate, the Crimean Tatar culture experienced its heyday. At the same time, majestic monuments of Crimean Tatar architecture were created, for example, the Khan's palace in Bakhchisarai or the Kebir-Jami mosque in the historical district, Ak-Mosque in Simferopol.

It is worth noting that the history of the Crimean Tatars is very dramatic. Its most tragic pages date back to the twentieth century.

Number and distribution

It is very difficult to name the total number of Crimean Tatars. The approximate figure is 2 million people. The fact is that the Crimean Tatars, who left the peninsula over the years, assimilated and stopped considering themselves as such. Therefore, it is difficult to establish their exact number in the world.

According to some Crimean Tatar organizations, about 5 million Crimean Tatars live outside their historical homeland. Their most powerful diaspora is in Turkey (about 500 thousand, but the figure is very inaccurate) and in Uzbekistan (150 thousand). Also, quite a lot of Crimean Tatars settled in Romania and Bulgaria. At least 250 thousand Crimean Tatars currently live in Crimea.

The size of the Crimean Tatar population on the territory of Crimea in different years is striking. Thus, according to the 1939 census, their number in Crimea was 219 thousand people. And exactly 20 years later, in 1959, there were no more than 200 Crimean Tatars on the peninsula.

The bulk of the Crimean Tatars in Crimea live today in rural areas (about 67%). Their greatest density is observed in the Simferopol, Bakhchisarai and Dzhankoy regions.

Crimean Tatars, as a rule, are fluent in three languages: Crimean Tatar, Russian and Ukrainian. In addition, many of them know Turkish and Azerbaijani languages, which are very close to Crimean Tatar. Over 92% of Crimean Tatars living on the peninsula consider Crimean Tatar their native language.

Features of the Crimean Tatar culture

The Crimean Tatars created a unique and distinctive culture. The literature of this people began to actively develop during the Crimean Khanate. Another flourishing occurred in the 19th century. Among the outstanding writers of the Crimean Tatar people are Abdullah Dermendzhi, Aider Osman, Jafer Gafar, Ervin Umerov, Liliya Budjurova and others.

The traditional music of the people is based on ancient folk songs and legends, as well as the traditions of Islamic musical culture. Lyricism and softness are the main features of Crimean Tatar folk music.

Deportation of Crimean Tatars

May 18, 1944 is a black date for every Crimean Tatar. It was on this day that the deportation of the Crimean Tatars began - an operation to forcibly evict them from the territory of the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. He led the NKVD operation on the orders of I. Stalin. The official reason for the deportation was the collaboration of certain representatives of the people with Nazi Germany during the Second World War.

Thus, the official position of the State Defense Committee of the USSR indicated that the Crimean Tatars deserted from the Red Army and joined Hitler’s troops fighting against the Soviet Union. What’s interesting: those representatives of the Tatar people who fought in the Red Army were also deported, but after the end of the war.

The deportation operation lasted two days and involved about 30 thousand military personnel. People, according to eyewitnesses, were given half an hour to get ready, after which they were loaded into wagons and sent east. In total, over 180 thousand people were deported, mainly to the territory of the Kostroma region, the Urals, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.

This tragedy of the Crimean Tatar people is well shown in the film “Haitarma”, which was filmed in 2012. By the way, this is the first and so far the only full-length Crimean Tatar film.

The return of the people to their historical homeland

Crimean Tatars were prohibited from returning to their homeland until 1989. National movements for the right to return to Crimea began to emerge in the 60s of the twentieth century. One of the leaders of these movements was Mustafa Dzhemilev.

The rehabilitation of the Crimean Tatars dates back to 1989, when the Supreme Soviet of the USSR declared the deportation illegal. After this, the Crimean Tatars began to actively return to their homeland. Today there are about 260 thousand Crimean Tatars in Crimea (this is 13% of the total population of the peninsula). However, returning to the peninsula, people faced a lot of problems. The most pressing among them are unemployment and lack of land.

Finally...

Amazing and interesting people - Crimean Tatars! The photos presented in the article only confirm these words. This is a people with a complex history and a rich culture, which, without a doubt, makes Crimea an even more unique and interesting region for tourists.

Crimean Tatars are a people that originated on the Crimean peninsula and southern Ukraine. Experts say that these people came to the peninsula in 1223 and settled in 1236. The interpretation of the history and culture of this ethnic group is vague and multifaceted, which arouses additional interest.

Description of the nationality

Crimeans, Krymchaks, Murzaks are the names of this people. They live in the Republic of Crimea, Ukraine, Turkey, Romania, etc. Despite the assumption of a difference between the Kazan and Crimean Tatars, experts claim the unity of the origins of these two directions. Differences arose due to the specifics of assimilation.

The Islamization of the ethnic group occurred at the end of the 13th century. It has symbols of statehood: a flag, a coat of arms, an anthem. The blue flag depicts a tamga - a symbol of the steppe nomads.

As of 2010, about 260 thousand were registered in Crimea, and in Turkey there are 4-6 million representatives of this nationality who consider themselves Turks of Crimean origin. 67% live in non-urban areas of the peninsula: Simferopol, Bakhchisaray and Dzhankoy.

They speak three languages ​​fluently: Russian and Ukrainian. Most speak Turkish and Azerbaijani. Native language is Crimean Tatar.

History of the Crimean Khanate

Crimea is a peninsula inhabited by the Greeks already by the 5th-4th centuries BC. e. Chersonesus and Feodosia are large Greek settlements of this period.

According to historians, the Slavs settled on the peninsula after repeated, not always successful, invasions of the peninsula in the 6th century AD. e., merging with the local population - the Scythians, Huns and Goths.

The Tatars began to raid Taurida (Crimea) from the 13th century. This led to the creation of a Tatar administration in the city of Solkhat, later renamed Kyrym. This is how the peninsula began to be called.

The first khan was recognized as Khadzhi Girey, a descendant of the khan of the Golden Horde Tash-Timur, the grandson of Genghis Khan. The Girays, calling themselves Genghisids, laid claim to the Khanate after the division of the Golden Horde. In 1449 he was recognized as the Crimean Khan. The capital became the city of the Palace in the Gardens - Bakhchisarai.

The collapse of the Golden Horde led to the migration of tens of thousands of Crimean Tatars to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Prince Vitovt used them in military operations and to impose discipline among the Lithuanian feudal lords. In return, the Tatars received land and built mosques. Gradually they assimilated with the local residents, switching to Russian or Polish. Muslim Tatars were not persecuted by the church, since they did not interfere with the spread of Catholicism.

Turkish-Tatar Union

In 1454, the Crimean Khan concluded an agreement with Turkey to fight the Genoese. As a result of the Turkish-Tatar alliance in 1456, the colonies agreed to pay tribute to the Turks and Crimean Tatars. In 1475, Turkish troops, with the assistance of the Tatars, occupied the Genoese city of Cafu (Kefe in Turkish), and then the Taman Peninsula, ending the presence of the Genoese.

In 1484, Turkish-Tatar troops captured the Black Sea coast. The state of the Budrzycka Horde was founded on this square.

The opinions of historians regarding the Turkish-Tatar alliance are divided: some are sure that the Crimean Khanate turned into a vassal of the Ottoman Empire, others consider them equal allies, since the interests of both states coincided.

In reality, the Khanate depended on Turkey:

• Sultan - leader of the Crimean Muslims;
• Khan's family lived in Turkey;
• Türkiye bought slaves and loot;
• Türkiye supported the attacks of the Crimean Tatars;
• Türkiye helped with weapons and troops.

The Khanate's long military operations with the Moscow state and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth stopped Russian troops in 1572 at the Battle of Molodi. After the battle, the Nogai hordes, formally subordinate to the Crimean Khanate, continued their raids, but their numbers were greatly reduced. The formed Cossacks took over guard functions.

Life of the Crimean Tatars

The peculiarity of the people was the non-recognition of a sedentary way of life until the 17th century. Agriculture developed poorly and was mainly nomadic: the land was cultivated in the spring, the harvest was harvested in the fall, after returning. The result was a small harvest. It was impossible to feed people through such farming.

The source of life for the Crimean Tatars remained raids and robberies. The khan's army was not regular and consisted of volunteers. 1/3 of the men of the khanate took part in major campaigns. In especially large ones - all men. Only tens of thousands of slaves and women with children remained in the Khanate.

Life on a hike

The Tatars did not use carts on campaigns. The carts at home were harnessed not to horses, but to oxen and camels. These animals are not suitable for hiking. Horses themselves found food in the steppes even in winter, breaking the snow with their hoofs. Each warrior took 3-5 horses with him on a campaign to increase speed when replacing tired animals. In addition, horses are additional food for a warrior.

The main weapon of the Tatars is bows. They hit the target from a hundred paces. During the campaign they had sabers, bows, whips and wooden poles, which served as supports for tents. On the belt they kept a knife, a crosshair, an awl, 12 meters of leather rope for prisoners and a tool for orienting in the steppe. For ten people there was one pot and a drum. Everyone had a pipe for warning and a tub for water. During the hike we ate oatmeal - a mixture of flour from barley and millet. From this the drink pexinet was made, to which salt was added. In addition, everyone had fried meat and crackers. The source of nutrition is weak and injured horses. From horse meat they prepared boiled blood with flour, thin layers of meat from under the saddle of a horse after a two-hour race, boiled pieces of meat, etc.

Taking care of horses is the most important thing for a Crimean Tatar. The horses were poorly fed, believing that they were restoring their strength on their own after long marches. For horses, lightweight saddles were used, parts of which were used by the rider: the lower part of the saddle was a carpet, the base was for the head, a cloak stretched over poles was a tent.

Tatar horses - bakemans - were not shod. They are small and clumsy, but at the same time resilient and fast. Rich people used beautiful cow horns for their purposes.

Crimeans on campaigns

The Tatars have a special tactics for conducting a campaign: on their territory, the speed of transition is low, with the concealment of traces of movement. Beyond it, the speed dropped to a minimum. During raids, the Crimean Tatars hid in ravines and hollows from enemies, did not light fires at night, did not allow horses to neigh, caught tongues to obtain intelligence information, and before going to bed, lassoed themselves to horses to quickly escape from the enemy.

As part of the Russian Empire

In 1783, the “Black Century” began for the people: annexation to Russia. In the decree of 1784 “On the structure of the Tauride region,” governance on the peninsula is implemented according to the Russian model.

The noble nobles of Crimea and the supreme clergy became equal in rights to the Russian aristocracy. Massive land seizures led to emigration in the 1790s and 1860s, during the Crimean War, to the Ottoman Empire. Three quarters of the Crimean Tatars left the peninsula in the first decade of the Russian Empire. The descendants of these migrants created Turkish, Romanian and Bulgarian diasporas. These processes led to devastation and desolation of agriculture on the peninsula.

Life within the USSR

After the February Revolution, an attempt was made to create autonomy in Crimea. For this purpose, a Crimean Tatar kurultai of 2,000 delegates was convened. At the event, the Temporary Crimean Muslim Executive Committee (VKMIK) was elected. The Bolsheviks did not take into account the decisions of the committee, and in 1921 the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed.

Crimea during the Great Patriotic War

During the occupation, since 1941, Muslim committees were created, which were renamed Crimean and Simferopol. Since 1943, the organization was renamed the Simferopol Tatar Committee. Regardless of the name, its functions included:

• opposition to partisans - resistance to the liberation of Crimea;
• the formation of voluntary detachments - the creation of Einsatzgruppe D, which numbered about 9,000 people;
• creation of auxiliary police - by 1943 there were 10 battalions;
• propaganda of Nazi ideology, etc.

The committee acted in the interests of forming a separate state of the Crimean Tatars under the auspices of Germany. However, this was not part of the Nazi plans, which envisaged the annexation of the peninsula to the Reich.

But there was also an opposite attitude towards the Nazis: by 1942, a sixth of the partisan formations were Crimean Tatars, who made up the Sudak partisan detachment. Since 1943, clandestine work has been carried out on the peninsula. About 25 thousand representatives of the nationality fought in the Red Army.

Collaboration with the Nazis led to mass evictions to Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, the Urals and other territories in 1944. During the two days of the operation, 47 thousand families were deported.

You were allowed to take clothes, personal belongings, dishes and food with you in an amount of no more than 500 kg per family. In the summer months, the settlers were provided with food in exchange for the property they left behind. Only 1.5 thousand representatives of the nationality remained on the peninsula.

Returning to Crimea became possible only in 1989.

Holidays and traditions of the Crimean Tatars

Customs and rituals include Muslim, Christian and pagan traditions. The holidays are based on the agricultural calendar.

The animal calendar, introduced by the Mongols, depicts the influence of a specific animal in each year of a twelve-year cycle. Spring is the beginning of the year, so Navruz (New Year) is celebrated on the day of the vernal equinox. This is due to the beginning of field work. On the holiday it is necessary to boil eggs as symbols of new life, bake pies, and burn old things at the stake. For young people, jumping over a fire and going home in masks while the girls told fortunes were organized. To this day, the graves of relatives are traditionally visited on this holiday.

May 6 - Khyderlez - the day of the two saints Khydyr and Ilyas. Christians celebrate St. George's Day. On this day, work began in the field, cattle were driven out to pastures, and the barn was sprinkled with fresh milk to protect against evil forces.

The autumn equinox coincided with the holiday of Derviz - the harvest. Shepherds returned from mountain pastures and weddings were held in the settlements. At the beginning of the celebration, according to tradition, prayer and ritual sacrifice were carried out. Then the residents of the settlement went to the fair and dances.

The holiday of the beginning of winter - Yil Gejesi - fell on the winter solstice. On this day, it is customary to bake pies with chicken and rice, make halva, and go from house to house as mummers to buy sweets.

Crimean Tatars also recognize Muslim holidays: Uraza Bayram, Kurban Bayram, Ashir-Kunyu, etc.

Crimean Tatar wedding

A Crimean Tatar wedding (photo below) lasts two days: first for the groom, then for the bride. The bride's parents are not present at the festivities on the first day, and vice versa. Invite from 150 to 500 people from each side. According to tradition, the beginning of the wedding is marked by the bride price. This is a quiet stage. The bride's father ties a red scarf around her waist. This symbolizes the strength of the bride who becomes a woman and devotes herself to order in the family. On the second day, the groom's father will remove this scarf.

After the ransom, the bride and groom perform the wedding ceremony in the mosque. Parents do not participate in the ceremony. After the mullah reads the prayer and issues a marriage certificate, the bride and groom are considered husband and wife. The bride makes a wish during prayer. The groom is obliged to fulfill it within the time frame established by the mullah. The desire can be anything: from decorating to building a house.

After the mosque, the newlyweds go to the registry office to officially register the marriage. The ceremony is no different from the Christian one, except for the absence of a kiss in front of other people.

Before the banquet, the parents of the bride and groom are obliged to buy the Koran for any money without bargaining from the smallest child at the wedding. Congratulations are accepted not by the newlyweds, but by the bride's parents. There are no competitions at the wedding, only performances by artists.

The wedding ends with two dances:

• national dance of the bride and groom - haitarma;
• Horan - guests, holding hands, dance in a circle, and the newlyweds in the center dance a slow dance.

Crimean Tatars are a nation with multicultural traditions that go deep into history. Despite assimilation, they retain their own identity and national flavor.

The origin of both large and small communities of the population - peoples, nationalities and various ethnographic groups - is a complex historical process, including migrations, wars, epidemics, and deportations. Some populations became heterogeneous, which inevitably caused problems in understanding the history, culture, and evolution of both the communities themselves and the entire world.

To solve these problems, a number of classifications were compiled based on languages, specific objects of material culture, main phenotypic differences, etc. However, despite the existing good historical ethnogenetic and anthropogenetic reconstructions and classifications, it cannot be argued that they fully reflect the real historical fact. In this case, special biological (genetic) research, which has been rapidly developing recently, could help us.

One of these areas is the study of the morphological features of the structure of human hair, which are used not only in forensic medical examination, but also to determine various ethnic groups. Based on a large number of studies on hair of different nationalities, unique results have been obtained. It turned out that the edges of keratinocytes form specific “patterns”. They have, as it turned out, identical characteristic features for individual genetically closely related groups that make up a particular people. The change in edge pattern occurs very slowly, perhaps over several millennia.

The purpose of this work is to analyze the research results and compare the “patterns” of hair keratinocytes using a new scientific raster-electronic method (SEM) of various ethnic and ethnographic groups of Crimea, but first of all, to clarify the ethno-anthropological composition of the group of “Crimean Tatars” (breakdown produced according to the ethnic self-identification of the subjects).

The problem of the origin of the Crimean Tatars is complex and poorly understood. Although many scientific works and monographs by historians, ethnologists, and philologists are devoted to the ethnic history of the Crimean Tatar people. There are the following versions of the ethnogenesis of this people. A.L. Jacobson in his work “Medieval Crimea” directly indicates that “the ancestors of the Crimean Tatars are the Mongols.” Philologists have a different version, who, based on the peculiarities of the Crimean Tatar language, classify these people as Kipchak tribes (Polovtsians). The same views, in particular, are shared by Turkologist G.T. Grunina, who believes that the bulk of the Turkic-speaking population of Crimea, both before the Mongol invasion (if such a thing took place in the history of the peninsula at all) and after it, were Kipchaks (Cumans) and “only after the Mongol invasion” other Turkic tribes “came to the peninsula” .

The following peoples could take part in the formation of the Crimean Tatar ethnic group: Taurians, Scythians, Greeks, Byzantines, Sarmatians, Alans, Goths, Huns, Khazars, Proto-Bulgarians, Pechenegs, Polovtsy (Kypchaks), Horde, etc.

According to one version, “two powerful ethnic layers” emerged in Crimea: the Tats, who inhabited the mountainous and coastal regions of the peninsula, and the Turkic, whose representatives inhabited the steppe and foothill parts.

Another classification, based on practical observations, the study of dialect differences in language, characteristics of the anthropological type, material and spiritual culture, made it possible to divide the Crimean Tatars into four groups (the fourth is conditional, characteristic for 1940). The first group includes the Crimean Tatars of the southern coast of Crimea (self-name “Yaly-Bolyu” - “coastal”). Scientists include the second group as the population living between the First and Second ridges of the Crimean Mountains. They were called "tats". Conditionally introduced by scientists, the group of Crimean Tatars of the northern foothills lived in the lower reaches of the Chernaya, Belbek, Kachi, Alma and Bulganak rivers and had the self-name “Tatars”, less often “Turk”. And finally, the third group is the steppe Tatars of Crimea, or “Nogai”, “Nugai” (self-name “Mangyt”).

The South Coast Tatars were also called “tatami”. The ethnonym “janaviz” is also found. The Tat population of the eastern part of the mountainous Crimea retained the self-name “Tau-Boily”.
During the study, external biometric data were recorded, including: eye color, color, shape, length, thickness of hair, as well as the nature of their peripheral end, the nature and characteristics of the lines of the cuticle pattern, the number of the latter at a certain length. Hair was cut with scissors at the surface of the skin of different parts of the head (temporal, frontal, parietal, occipital regions). Hair samples were at least 50 mm.

The shape of the hair was described using conventional notations; their length was measured according to generally accepted methods. Hair color was determined according to the color scale of G.G. Avtandilov (1964) for pathologists and forensic doctors. Brief color scale by G.G. Avtandilova includes 107 chromatic and achromatic colors and shades. There is a color nomenclature that provides scientifically based names for color shades. The color naming system has a uniform terminology. When examining hair, a MMU-modified light binocular microscope (magnitude 5000) was used.

The obtained data were subjected to variation-statistical analysis. The name of the type of keratinocyte pattern was given according to that published in the monograph by Academician Yu.V. Pavlova (1996) classification. If a certain type of pattern in a subject was found in the overwhelming number of samples, then it was recognized as dominant for this person. And the characteristic found in the largest number of respondents in the group is recognized as dominant in the group.

Some of the names of the types of keratinocyte patterns originally appeared as a result of research by Academician Yu.V. Pavlova. Some are the result of research by expert Alexey Novikov. General group names are used here, such as: Uralic (for Finno-Ugric peoples), Slavic, Iranian, Turkish-Asia Minor (for the ancient population of Asia Minor), Turkish-Turkic, Turkic-Kypchak (i.e. Tatar), Turkic Oguz (i.e. Turkmen), Northern Mongolian (i.e. Buryat), Western Mongolian (i.e. Kalmyk), Indian (i.e. Dravidian or Tamil), etc.

In our studies, the hair cuticle cells - keratinocytes - in the Crimean group of “Crimean Tatars” are large and have an arc. Mechanical damage to the free edges of the hair cuticle cells - cracks, breaks, splitting - indicates increased fragility of the hair, which is apparently associated with its genetic, chemical and morphological characteristics.

First of all, studies were conducted on adults of both sexes in the amount of 56 people identifying themselves as “Crimean Tatars”. The sample is random and due to the nature of the work of independent experts. The respondents evenly represented the Balaklava, Yalta, Alushta, Sudak-Feodosia, Sevastopol, Bakhchisarai, Simferopol, Kirov, Lenin-Kerch, Dzhankoy regions of Crimea, rural and urban areas. Pilot study.

In each case, when taking hair samples, the person's genealogy was taken into account, the region from which the respondent originated, and information about all ethnic inclusions, if known, was indicated. Such data is necessary for comparison, because In this study, an important place was given to the issues of cross-breeding of the people under study, their ethnic drift. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the extreme conservatism of the Crimean Tatar population before the Second World War, before the deportation in 1944, during which miscegenation was extremely low, communities were often endogamous.

In the studied Crimean group of “Crimean Tatars”, 33 types of keratinocyte pattern were found, of which the most common were: Chinese in 31 subjects (55.36%), Italian – in 27 (48.21%), Kurdish – in 25 (44.64%), Greek, Central Ural, Japanese and Turkish-Asia Minor – in 20 (35.71%), Latvian – in 14 (25.00%), Armenoid – in 13 (23.21%), Korean and Indian – in 12 (21.43%), North Mongolian – in 11 ( 19.64%), Germanic – 10 (17.86%), Turkic-Kypchak (Tatar) – 9 (16.07%), Iranian, Uzbek, Gypsy – 8 (14.29%), Iraqi – 7 (12.50%), Slavic – in 6 subjects (10.71%) of the total. This fact indicates that the “Crimean Tatars” are not a monoethnic group, but represent a complex multiethnic composite.

As can be seen from the data presented, among the “Crimean Tatars” the “Chinese” type of keratinocyte pattern turned out to be dominant (55.36%), which dominated in every two out of five carriers of this type (41.94%) and in every fifth in the group as a whole (23.21%).
The Japanese type was found in 20 people. (35.71%), Korean – for 12 people. (21.43%). Signs of all three types were found in 40 respondents, which amounted to 71.43%. This includes 32 people with the Ural (35.71%) and North Mongolian types (19.64%). Taking into account the fact that the same person can be a carrier of different anthropological types, we took these into account only once. As a result, there were 48 representatives of the “Golden Horde complex”, which amounted to 85.71% of the entire group. However, the Far Eastern anthropological type (Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Mongolian) dominates only in every third respondent of the entire group (33.93%).
Most likely, representatives of the Chinese peoples came to Eastern Europe along with the troops of Batu Khan in the 13th century. In addition to them, the Tungus-Manchu, Japanese, Korean, Altai and other Siberian and Far Eastern peoples and nationalities could and should have been under the leadership of the Mongols. Initially, apparently, they could be localized in the Volga-Ural basin, where the core of the “Golden Horde” formed. Consequently, assimilated Ural peoples must also be taken into account as part of this population. In general, this community can easily be called “Golden Horde”. It is distinguished by its relative integrity, characteristic specificity, compatibility and is represented by a complex of Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Mongolian (northern, eastern and central groups) and Ural anthropological types.

The second dominant type is the “Italian” anthropological type of keratinocyte pattern (48.21%), which predominated in one out of three carriers of this type (37.04%) and in every sixth in the group as a whole (17.86%). Taking into account the closeness of the French type (4 people = 7.14%), there are only 31 people, which would be 55.36%. However, in two cases the speaker of Italian and French coincided, therefore, we have 29 people of the Western Mediterranean type, which is 51.79%. That is, half. The appearance of the Italian type in Crimea may be associated with the late Middle Ages, when in the 12th-15th centuries, when intensive Venetian, Genoese and minor Lombardy and Montferrat colonization of the southern coast took place. A certain number of Italians could have appeared with the Romans who came to Crimea in the 1st century. BC. – VI century AD A small number of French colonists, apparently, arrived here in the 14th-15th centuries. together with the Genoese.
If the Italians and French are traditionally referred to as the western part of the Mediterranean community, then the Balkan-Armenoid group is traditionally referred to as its eastern part. First of all, this concerns the Greeks. Among the respondents, the study identified the Greek anthropological type in 20 people, which amounted to 35.71% of the group. The Turkish-Asia Minor anthropological type of representatives of the ancient population of Asia Minor and the Black Sea region was also found in 20 people, which is 35.71% of the group. And the Armenoid anthropological type was found in 13 people, which is 23.21% of the group. But taking into account that in some carriers the signs of different types may coincide, we ended up with 38 people, which amounted to 67.86% of the group. This reflects the realities of both the ancient population of Crimea and those who later arrived. The Turkish-Asia Minor anthropological type can correspond to both representatives of the ancient agricultural population of Crimea and representatives of Turkish expansion in the late Middle Ages and modern times. Greek - from the first appearance of the Greeks in Crimea in the 7th-6th-5th centuries. BC. until the first third of the 20th century. AD The Armenoid one may be associated with the appearance of the troops of the Pontic Emperor Mithridates VI Eupator here at the end of the 2nd century. BC, then - the Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire (not only the Byzantine dynasty, but also a significant part of the soldiers were Armenians). The large influx of Armenian population dates back to the late Middle Ages and modern times under the Genoese and Turks.
Of great interest in the study was the presence of the German anthropological type among the Crimean Tatars, residents of the Bakhchisarai-Balaklava region. This region was sometimes even unofficially called Gothia, believing that the descendants of the ancient Gothic-Germans remained there. According to the study, it was possible to establish that the German type among the Crimean Tatars is distributed extremely dispersed throughout the peninsula and is extremely rare: Sudak-Feodosia region - 3, Yalta - 1, Balaklava - 1, Bakhchisarai - 2, Dzhankoy - 1, Simferopol - 1 representative.

The discovery of Slavic types among the Crimean Tatars also aroused interest. The Slavic type belongs to 10.71% of the group; separately “Russian” (possibly Alan?) type – 3.57%. Total – 14.29% of the group. However, Slavic types are localized in limited regions: the Kerch Peninsula, Yalta-Alushta and Simferopol regions. In addition to the Germanic and Slavic groups, the Indo-Europeans include the Iranian peoples. The Iranian anthropological type was found among 17.39% and is represented in the following regions: Alushta, Simferopol, Bakhchisaray, Balaklava, Kerch. It is most often combined with the following types: Italian, Greek, Turkish-Asia Minor, Japanese, Turkic-Kypchak (Tatar), Chinese, Ural, Iraqi. Considering the departure of Iranian nomads, localization in transit regions and the presence of the Golden Horde complex, we can assume a later origin of the Iranians. In this case, it is doubtful to connect them with the ancient peoples of the Northern Black Sea region: Scythians, Cimmerians, Sauromatians, Sarmatians, Alans.

It is noteworthy that among the respondents the representation of the Caucasian population is extremely low: isolated cases of Georgian and Ossetian types were found and no more. At the same time, the Indian anthropological type was found in 12 respondents, which amounted to 21.43%, and the Gypsy type - in 8, which amounted to 14.29%. Taking into account the belonging of these types to the South Asian group, a total of 17 carriers were identified, which amounted to 30.36%.
It should be noted a very high level of Western Asian and Middle Eastern types of keratinocyte pattern in the study group as a whole: Kurdish - in 25 people. (44.64%), Iraqi – 7 (12.50%), Lebanese – 4 (7.14%), Kuwaiti – 2 (03.57%), together – 33 people. (58.93%).

It is significant that of the Turkic types, “Turkic-Kypchak” is represented in 9 people. (16.07%) and “Turkic-Oguz” (Turkmen-Turkish – 1 person, Azerbaijani – 2 people and Uzbek – 8 people) for 10 people. (17.86%). The North Mongolian anthropological type was found in 19.64% of the group.

Of these anthropological types, first of all, we were interested in the Turkic-Kypchak, which is often identified with the “Tatar”. It turned out that it is extremely rare among the Crimean Tatars (up to 16%) and is localized in certain regions: Bakhchisarai, Yalta, Alushta and Kerch. Perhaps these are the remnants of the pre-Mongol Far East-Central Asian population of Crimea. It is tempting to assume that we found representatives of the Polovtsian (Kypchak) ethnic group.

What was surprising was the discovery of the Latvian anthropological type, which was unexpectedly numerous (25.00% of the entire group) and showed a certain localization in the so-called. “Gothic” region (71% between Bakhchisarai and Balaklava). It is also represented in the nearby Yalta region, as well as in the Sudak and Kerch-Lenin regions. It is often combined with the following types: Kurdish, Chinese, Mordovian; much less often - with Italian and Greek. This reflects a preference for belligerence rather than sedentism.

In general, the entire group of Crimean Tatars easily splits into northern and southern parts. The southern group includes representatives of the southern coast of Crimea from Balaklava to Feodosia. The anthropological types of this group are arranged in the following descending order: Italian, Chinese, Kurdish, Turko-Asia Minor, Ural, Greek, Japanese, Armenoid, Latvian, Korean, North Mongolian, Indian, Iraqi, Germanic, Turko-Kypchak, Iranian, Uzbek, gypsy, Lebanese.
Here the share of Italian increases sharply to 53.33% (among 30 people with South Coast roots). And up to 60.00% only among those living on the southern coast, without taking into account the descendants of mixed marriages with the northern group. Together with French, the share rises to 66.67%. And, accordingly, the share of the Chinese type also drops sharply to 43.33% with mixed marriages and to 40.00% for those from the south coast. Japanese: from one third to one quarter. Of the Golden Horde complex here, the percentage of the Ural type is unexpectedly large: more than 50%. The Korean type also grew from one-fifth of the whole group to one-fourth in the southern part without intermarriage. The Mongolian type (up to one third) was also strongly manifested among the southern coastal part of the group. The entire Golden Horde complex was found in 90% of the entire group.

The level of representation of Turkic types is traditionally low; it fluctuates between one seventh and one eighth of the group. While Caucasian types are insignificant and, perhaps, random, the share of Eastern Mediterranean types is expected to increase compared to the entire group: the Greek anthropological type is present in more than every second representative (53.33%), Turkish-Asia Minor and Armenoid - in every third . A total of 76.67% of the entire group.
The Near Asian-Middle Eastern types are represented by Kurdish (33.33%), Iraqi (20.00%) and Lebanese (13.33%). There are 17 people in total, which is 56.67% of the entire group. Quite low representation of South Asian patterns, about one in seven respondents. Minor representation of Iranian, Slavic, Turkic and Latvian patterns.
In general, the southern group demonstrates the following average composition: nine-tenths are Golden Horde types, three-quarters are Eastern Mediterranean, two-thirds are Western Mediterranean, and half are Western Asian-Middle Eastern types.
Anthropological types of the northern part of the group are arranged in the following descending order: Chinese, Kurdish, Turco-Asia Minor, Japanese, Italian, Ural, Greek, Indian, Latvian, Armenoid, Germanic, Korean, North Mongolian, Turko-Kypchak, Iranian, Gypsy, Uzbek .

Here the share of Chinese is traditionally large - 57.14% (dominant among the 25.71% of the northern group) and without mixed marriages - up to 73.68%. The share of the North Mongolian (dominant among 11.43%) and Korean (dominant among 5.71%) types falls compared to the average figure in the group, and the Japanese increases from one third to two fifths in the group (42.86%). The entire Golden Horde complex makes up 91.43% of the group. The representation of Eastern Mediterranean types is very high: the Turkish-Asia Minor anthropological type is present in two out of five (42.86%), Greek - in every third representative (31.43%), and Armenoid - in every fifth (22.86%). A total of 71.43% of the entire group.
The Near Asian-Middle Eastern types are represented by Kurdish (48.57%), which is dominant among 11.43% of the group, Iraqi (8.56%), Lebanese (5.71%) and Kuwaiti (2.86%) types. A total of 57.14% of the entire group. Together with mixed marriages, Western Mediterranean types made up 42.86% of the group (dominant among 17.14%), and South Asian and Latvian types each represented 31.43% (both dominant among 5.71%). Minor representation of Iranian, Slavic and Turkic patterns.
The northern group demonstrates the following composition: nine-tenths are the Golden Horde complex, almost three-quarters are East Mediterranean types, almost three-fifths are Western Asian-Middle Eastern, two-fifths are Western Mediterranean, one-third are South Asian and Latvian types.

The entire group of studied Crimean Tatars demonstrates the following composition: almost nine-tenths are Golden Horde types, two-thirds are Eastern Mediterranean, three-fifths are Western Asian-Middle Eastern, half are Western Mediterranean, one-third are South Asian and a quarter are Latvian types.

Based on the data obtained on the distribution of keratinocyte types in the scalp of representatives of the studied Crimean group of Crimean Tatars, it can be stated that this community is multiethnic. A significant proportion of its composition is occupied by Golden Horde anthropological types [Chinese (55.36%), Japanese (35.71%), Korean (21.43%), Central Ural (35.71%), North Mongolian (19.64%)], Eastern Mediterranean [Greek (35.71%), Turkish-Asia Minor (35.71%) and Armenoid (23.21%)], Near Asian-Middle Eastern or Afroasiatic [Kurdish (44.64%), Iraqi (12.50%), Kuwaiti, Lebanese], Western Mediterranean [Italian (48.21 %) and French], South Asian [Indian (21.43%) and Gypsy (14.29%)], Northern European [Latvian (25.00%), Germanic (17.86%) and Slavic (10.71%)], Turkic [Turkic-Oghuz ( 19.64%) and Turkic-Kypchak (16.07%)] and Iranian (14.29%). However, the basic anthropological type of this group can be considered the “Golden-Horde composite” for the northern part and the “Italian-Balkan-Caucasian composite” for the southern part. At the same time, the most likely candidates for the archaic part of the Crimeans may be population groups with Turkish-Asia Minor, Greek and Armenoid anthropological types, which corresponds to the ancient farmers of the peninsula.
There is too little Iranian to build an assumption about the participation of the Scythian-Sarmatian-Alan peoples in the ethnogenesis, and too little German to build an assumption about the participation of the Gothic peoples in the ethnogenesis. Perhaps the ethnically Crimean Goths were not of Germanic origin or were completely exterminated or moved outside the peninsula. Perhaps the Baltic (Latvian) peoples will take their place.
Turkic types were separated from the Golden Horde complex due to the fact that “Oguz” influences may be of very late origin, associated with the deportation of a large number of Crimean Tatars to Uzbekistan. The Turkic-Kypchak or “Tatar” type, in turn, appeared in Crimea very early and cannot always be tied specifically to the Mongol conquests. In addition, the latter type is not scattered among all regions, but, unlike Chinese, Japanese or Korean, is strictly localized and is not characteristic of the entire Crimean Tatar ethnic group, which does not give researchers the right to call this community “Tatar”.

Perhaps historically there should have been more Slavic types, but a significant number of supposed speakers among the northern part of the Crimean Tatars were resettled outside of Crimea or left it after its conquest and wars in the 18th-19th centuries. Unfortunately, natives of the Krasnoperekopsk, Chernomorsky, Razdolnensky, Belogorsk, Nizhnegorsky and Leninsky districts of Crimea were absent or only slightly represented among the respondents. But this did not exclude the possibility of detecting some trends and processes.

Thus, based on the pilot study and the results of the analysis of anthropological macro-microscopic data on the structure of the cuticle of scalp hair, taking into account that the group itself is small, we can only make a very cautious preliminary assumption that the Crimean group of Crimean Tatars represents part of the characteristic Crimea is a community that is a complex ethnic composite that has been formed throughout the last millennium. In its formation, there probably was a partial miscegenation with the Golden Horde population of Eastern Europe. Among the processes that continue, one can note the erasure of narrow group barriers, increased regional migration, powerful urbanization, the widespread loss of traditions, the replacement of local traditions with stylized Soviet or Arab-Turkish ones, and against this background, as a consequence, acculturation and strong intra-group and extra-group group miscegenation. The data obtained do not yet allow us to identify the Crimean Tatars with the Tatars, Turks, Slavs (including Ukrainians), Scythians, Sarmatians, Khazars, Germans (including Goths), Mongols and Celts. But they provide an opportunity to create historical reconstructions. For example, the participation of a large number of forcibly mobilized Chinese population from China destroyed by the Mongols in the campaign of Batu Khan.

The Crimean group of Crimean Tatars under study constitutes a significant part of Crimean society according to the latest population census. In linguistic, cultural and religious spheres of life, as well as in ethnic and genetic-anthropological relations, they represent a unique and specific Crimean community.

Our research can be used by anthropologists, ethnographers, historians, political scientists involved in research of Crimean society, will help to gain a deeper insight into the essence of the problems of the history of Crimea, and reduce the severity of interethnic relations in Crimea. But most importantly, there is a need to conduct a large-scale study of the main groups of the Crimean population, which could solve many issues of modern history.

Crimean Tatars are an Eastern European Turkic people who historically formed on the territory of the Crimean Peninsula. Belongs to the Turkic group of the Altaic language family.

The national flag of the Crimean Tatars is a blue cloth with a yellow emblem in the upper left corner. This flag was first adopted at the national congress of the Crimean Tatars in 1917, shortly after the Federal Revolution in Russia.

Crimean Tatar activists will gather on September 20 or 21, 2015 to completely close the temporarily occupied peninsula. This was stated on September 14 by people's deputy from the Petro Poroshenko Bloc faction, chairman of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar people Refat Chubarov during a meeting of the parliamentary Conciliation Council.

The leadership of the Turkish Republic does not recognize and does not recognize Russia’s illegal annexation of the Crimean peninsula, and will do everything possible to protect the indigenous population of the peninsula - the Crimean Tatars, reports the press service of the Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar people.

In his greeting to the participants of the II World Congress of Crimean Tatars, which takes place in (Turkey) on August 1-2, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan also stated that the safety of the Crimean Tatars in their homeland is a top priority for Turkey.

International reaction to the referendum and annexation of Crimea.

The United Nations Security Council stated that it considers the referendum held in Crimea to be legitimate.

Aziz Abdullayev, Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea;

Ilmi Umerov, head of the Bakhchisarai district state administration;

Fevzi Yakubov, rector of KIPU;

Lilya Budzhurova, journalist;

Akhtem Chiygoz, Deputy Chairman of the Mejlis;

Enver Abduraimov, businessman;

Nadir Bekirov, lawyer;

Server Saliev, Chairman of the Committee on Nationalities Affairs of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea;

Shevket Kaibullayev, head of the information policy department of the Mejlis;

Eldar Seitbekirov, editor-in-chief of the weekly "Voice of Crimea";

Enver Izmailov, musician;

Seyran Osmanov, Honorary Consul of the Turkish Republic;

Safure Kajametova, head of the association of Crimean Tatar educators "Maarifchi";

Ayder Emirov, director of the library named after. I. Gasprinsky;

On VK.com, groups of Crimean Tatars have many subscribers:

153 groups found in Odnoklassniki:

Many groups were also found in: