Zadornov, Mikhail Nikolaevich- Wikipedia has articles about other people with the same surname, see Zadornov. This article is about the satirical writer. For the political figure, see Zadornov, Mikhail Mikhailovich. Mikhail Nikolaevich Zadornov ... Wikipedia
Azarin, Alexander Efimovich- Wikipedia has articles about other people with the same surname, see Azarin. Alexander Efimovich Azarin Occupation: variety artist, reader, director Date of birth: December 24, 1919 (1919 12 24 ... Wikipedia
Joke- This term has other meanings, see Anecdotes (meanings). Anecdote (French anecdote a short story about an interesting incident; from the Greek τὸ ἀνέκδοτоν unpublished, lit. “not published”) folklore genre, short ... ... Wikipedia
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- Glory to Rod! Etymology of Russian life, Mikhail Nikolaevich Zadornov. The work of Mikhail Zadornov has long transcended the boundaries of satire and humor. His interests are diverse: numerology, history, etymology of Russian life and endless investigations into the origin... Buy for 592 rubles
- Glory to Rod Etymology of Russian life, Zadornov M.. The work of Mikhail Zadornov has long crossed the boundaries of satire and humor. His interests are diverse: numerology, history, etymology of Russian life and endless investigations into the origin...
Mikhail Zadornov- a famous Russian writer, satirist, and humorist, famous for his short stories, which he himself performed on stage. Member of the Russian Writers' Union. Author of more than ten books. He acted in films. After a serious illness, Mikhail Zadornov passed away on November 10, 2017.
Childhood and education of Mikhail Zadornov
Mikhail Nikolaevich Zadornov was born on July 21, 1948 in Jurmala (Latvian SSR). Mikhail's father is the famous Soviet writer Nikolai Zadornov (1909−1992). Zadornov Sr. was a laureate of the Stalin Prize of the second degree for the novel “Father Cupid”; he worked as an actor and director in theaters in Siberia and the Far East. Mikhail's mother is Elena Melkhiorovna Zadornova, nee Pokorno-Matusevich (1909-2003). Elena Zadornova worked as a proofreader and met her second husband at a Ufa newspaper. The first husband was a ministerial worker. Mikhail Zadornov’s mother is Polish by nationality. Her father, Mikhail Zadornov's grandfather, Melchior Justinovich Pokorno-Matusevich was a nobleman and a tsarist officer. Zadornov’s biography notes that on his mother’s side, Mikhail Nikolaevich comes from the old Polish gentry family of the Pokorno-Matusevichs and the Olizarovsky family, which leads to King Stefan Batory. On his father’s side, Zadornov’s grandfather Pavel Ivanovich worked as a veterinarian, died in prison, and was rehabilitated in 1956. Grandmother - Vera Mikhailovna Zadornova.
Father and mother of Mikhail Zadornov (Photo: zadornov.net)
Mikhail Zadornov has a brother, Lolliy (1930), and an older sister, Lyudmila Nikolaevna Zadornova (1942), who works as an English teacher at the Baltic International Academy.
Mikhail Zadornov in childhood (Photo: zadornov.net)
Mikhail Zadornov graduated from Riga secondary school No. 10. After school, he entered the Moscow Aviation Institute (MAI), as the writer himself wrote in his autobiography, in those years he dreamed of becoming an outstanding nuclear physicist or spaceship designer. The first time, Zadornov did not enter the MAI because of a B in literature, but later Mikhail Zadornov transferred from the Riga Polytechnic Institute to the Moscow Aviation Institute with the loss of a year - from the third year to the second. Zadornov graduated from the institute in 1974 with a degree in mechanical engineering. There he began his career as an engineer at the Department of Aerospace Thermal Engineering. Became a leading engineer. At the same time, he began publishing already in 1974. Also in the 70s, Mikhail Zadornov was the production director of the student theater of the Moscow Aviation Institute "Russia". As Zadornov recalled, “MAI was deciphered as the Moscow Acting Institute with a light aviation bias.”
The chief director of the agitation theater, Mikhail Nikolaevich Zadornov, at a rehearsal (left); scene from the prologue of the play by Mikhail Zadornov, staged by the laureate of the 1st All-Russian festival of amateur creativity of workers, laureate of the Lenin Komsomol Prize of the Rossiya agitation theater of the Moscow Aviation Institute, 1980 (Photo: Alexander Sentsov/TASS)
Creativity of a writer and humorist
Mikhail Zadornov made his debut as a comedian on television in 1982 with the monologue “A Student’s Letter Home.” A few years later, Zadornov became famous after reading the story “The Ninth Car”. In addition to the author himself, his miniatures were performed by many famous performers of those years. Zadornov’s stories were so popular in those years that after the collapse of the USSR on December 31, 1991, the comedian even made a New Year’s address to the residents of the already collapsed Union. Thus, at that amazing time, it was Mikhail Zadornov who summed up the existence of the USSR.
Satirist writer Mikhail Zadornov, 1993 (Photo: Alexander Sentsov and Alexander Chumichev/TASS)
In those years, Mikhail Zadornov could often be seen and heard in such programs as “Full House”, “Funny Panorama”, “Satirical Forecast”, “Mothers and Daughters”, the satirist was on the jury of the KVN program. Over time, Mikhail Zadornov moved on to large solo concerts, and also continued to write books. Zadornov’s first collection of stories, “A Line 15,000 Meters Long,” was published back in 1988, followed by “The Mystery of the Blue Planet,” “I Don’t Understand!” and “Return.” In 1997, Mikhail Zadornov’s four-volume work was published - “A Great Country with an Unpredictable Past”, then “We are all from Chi-Chi-Chi-Pi”, “Tiny Stars”, “Zadorinka”. Also from the pen of Zadornov came the one-act comedy “Modern People” and a funny play for a sad movie “Blouse”.
The premiere of the play "Blouse" directed by Vyacheslav Spesivtsev based on the play of the same name by the famous satirist Mikhail Zadornov took place yesterday at the MET (Moscow Experimental Theater) Spesivtsev. In the photo: Mikhail Zadornov (left) and Vyacheslav Spesivtsev after the premiere (left), 2002 (Photo: Tatyana Balashova/TASS)
Comic tournament "Big Hat" Description: Russia. Moscow. November 12, 1992 Tournament participants (from left to right) - Adviser to the President of Russia on sports Shamil Tarpishchev, Secretary of State Gennady Burbulis, writer Mikhail Zadornov and director of the Kremlin Cup - 92 tournament Eugene Scott at the Moscow Olympic sports complex, 1992 (Photo : Roman Denisov/TASS)
For many years, Zadornov remained one of the most popular comedians in Russia; many hours of satirist performances were regularly shown on TV. He continued to publish books, so in 2016 alone five books were published: “Russians are a brain explosion”, “Runes of the Prophetic Oleg”, “Encyclopedia of National Stupidity”, “The Whole Truth about Russia” and “Invented in the USSR”. In 2017, Zadornov released “Perky Reading” and “Big Concert of Mikhail Zadornov.” The writer’s official website says that Mikhail Zadornov cannot influence the prices of his books in stores, so he decided to sell them on the Internet.
Laureates of the Ovation Award: Masha Rasputina (in the category “Soloist of the Year”) and Mikhail Zadornov (in the category “Best Writer - Satirist of the Year”), 1999 (Photo: Sergey Miklyaev/TASS)
In his speeches, Zadornov took a lot out of the United States and Americans; the phrase “they’re stupid” ran like a red thread through the satirist’s concerts.
Satirist writer Mikhail Zadornov and host of the TV program “Full House” Regina Dubovitskaya (right) during the performance “Full House Gets High” at the Rossiya Central Concert Hall, 1997 (Photo: Sergey Dzhevakhashvili/TASS)
Since 2006, Mikhail Zadornov has actively performed amateur exercises in the etymology of Russian words, which have often been criticized.
Personal life of Mikhail Zadornov
Mikhail Zadornov's first wife, Velta Yanovna Kalnberzina, was born in 1948, the daughter of the former first secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Latvia. Zadornov and Velta Kalnberzina got married in 1971.
Zadornov’s second wife, Elena Vladimirovna Bombina, was born in 1964 and works as the writer’s administrator.
Mikhail Zadornov with his wife, 2016 (Photo: instagram.com/zadornovmn)
Mikhail Zadornov's daughter Elena was born in 1990. In 2009 she entered GITIS.
Mikhail Zadornov's illness
In October 2016, Mikhail Zadornov was forced to cancel some of the concerts planned for autumn and winter and withdraw from the Saltykov-Shchedrin Show project on the NTV channel. The reason was Zadornov’s serious health condition. “I really have to cancel some concerts until the New Year. First of all, those that are far from Moscow and require flights and long, difficult journeys. Unfortunately, a very serious illness has been discovered in the body, which is characteristic not only of age. It is necessary to treat immediately,” the writer commented on the latest health news on the social network VKontakte, without specifying what kind of disease he was diagnosed with.
Zadornov reported where he is now, explaining that he will undergo treatment in one of the best clinics in the Baltics. “I warn journalists: it is useless to call me, it is useless to look for me. And it is unlikely that this clinic will answer you anything specific about me. There is also no point in calling my relatives. I didn’t really tell them anything either,” said the 68-year-old comedian.
Later, Zadornov denied rumors that he had incurable lung cancer and advised not to believe the “reliable newspapers” that write about this. The writer also had to “justify” the fact that he was receiving treatment in Latvia. “And now about the criticism, they say, Zadornov stigmatizes the EU, but he himself went there for treatment. Let me explain: there are doctors there who have been seeing me for many, many years. But I’ve been living for a long time. And these doctors preserved the best of Soviet medicine, and did not completely comply with the EU protocol,” Mikhail Zadornov responded to his critics.
Poet Evgeny Yevtushenko and satirist Mikhail Zadornov (from left to right) at the opening of the museum-gallery in Peredelkino, where paintings from E. Yevtushenko’s personal collection and his author’s photographs are presented. The event is dedicated to the poet’s 78th birthday, 2010 (Photo: Evgeny Volchkov/TASS)
Despite his serious health condition, Mikhail Zadornov did not stop his concert activities. On October 22, Zadornov was hospitalized after he became ill during a performance at the Moscow Meridian concert hall. Because of the incident, the concert was interrupted, the artist was helped off stage into the dressing room, after which an ambulance was called.
A few days later, the writer’s relatives told where Mikhail Zadornov is now. After an unsuccessful performance, the satirist went to a sanatorium, where he felt better and began to work.
In February 2017, Zadornov’s friend Vladimir Kachan said that the writer underwent a brain biopsy in Germany in December. “He is now in the rehabilitation department. Doctors don’t give any forecasts yet, they say: “Everything is going as usual!” Hospital treatment is expensive. There are no questions about money yet,” Kachan said.
The writer’s friend Maxim Zabelin said that Mikhail Zadornov wanted to leave the hospital to attend the filming of the film “Once Upon a Time in America, or...” according to his script. In the summer of 2017, Zadornov is scheduled to play the role of Donald Trump in this film.
The latest news about Mikhail Zadornov’s health was not encouraging; for example, many media outlets reported in the summer of 2017 that Zadornov refused to continue treatment, said goodbye to friends in Russia and decided to stay in Jurmala among people close to him.
With reference to an unnamed friend of the satirist, the news reported that Mikhail Zadornov has brain cancer, treatment has not helped and the writer is “melting before our eyes.” Mikhail Zadornov’s assistant and secretary Elena Zavarzina denied this news about his health. Numerous fans of his talent followed the latest news about Zadornov’s condition, wishing the writer health.
In October, Zadornov personally dispelled rumors about his health and “inadequate” treatment for brain cancer. According to him, everything that is written in the press about his physical condition upsets him. Moreover, when famous people talk about going to visit the artist, helping with treatment and “bringing rare medicines prepared in secret laboratories according to recipes found at the UFO crash site.”
In November 2017, Archpriest Andrei Novikov reported that “at the request of relatives and friends, he administered unction to Mikhail Nikolaevich Zadornov.” “Two months ago, Mikhail Nikolaevich brought repentance to God in the sacrament of confession in the Kazan Cathedral in Moscow. He goes through this difficult period of his life as an Orthodox Christian reconciled with the Holy Church. I ask for prayers for God’s servant Michael, including, may the merciful Lord forgive him for his years of shocking flirtation with paganism,” the news quoted the archpriest’s Facebook page as saying that producer Joseph Prigogine considers the death of the famous Russian satirist Mikhail Zadornov a grave loss for the country.
In turn, singer and composer Igor Nikolaev called Zadornov’s decision to return to Orthodoxy before his death a wise step.
There were also people who wanted to promote themselves on the topic of the writer’s death. Thus, the satirical writer Evgeny Shestakov said that Mikhail Zadornov wanted to order texts from him in order to then publish them under his own name.
“About ten years ago. Zhenya Viktorovich Shestakov is visiting Mikhail Nikolaevich Zadornov. Who invited him to offer to write texts for him. Which will be published under the name of Mikhail Nikolaevich Zadornov, and Zhenya will receive $500 for each. Zhenya refused. 2 witnesses. The sweets and tea were quite good,” the news quoted Yevgeny Shestakov’s Facebook post as saying.
In the comments under the writer’s message, musician Yuri Loza stood up for Zadornov, writing: “He honestly offered, you refused. What's wrong? He didn’t steal your reprises.”
Those close to the satirist noted that Mikhail Zadornov had a very ironic attitude towards publicity and always protected his own life and the lives of his relatives from the intrusive interference of others. “We ask that you respect his wishes not to make a fuss about his death. We did not give our consent to anyone for public discussions of his life and death in various talk shows and other television programs, in print media and on the radio,” an appeal from the family of the writer Zadornov was published in the news.
On the afternoon of November 15, Mikhail Zadornov was buried next to his father in Jurmala, Latvia, at the Yaundubulti cemetery. The ceremony was attended by relatives and close friends of Mikhail Nikolaevich. The writer's funeral service took place in the Alexander Nevsky Church in Riga. When the car with the artist’s body left the cathedral territory, it was surrounded by Zadornov’s fans. Many could not hold back their tears; the car was seen off with long applause.
Progressive differentiation is an increase in the systematic number of those groups that make up a given taxon.
61. Population as an elementary evolutionary unit. The action of the mutation process and population waves in natural and human populations.
Population are called a minimal self-reproducing group of individuals of the same species that inhabit a certain territory (area) for a sufficiently long time (for many generations).
An important feature of a population is the great genotypic similarity of its constituent individuals and, as a consequence, similarity in all properties and characteristics in comparison with individuals even from neighboring populations of the same species. This is explained by the fact that within a population, random free crossing and “mixing” of individuals occurs more easily and more often than between different populations, due to their territorial isolation from each other. For example, one oak forest is located several kilometers from another, and oak pollen is spread over several hundred meters. However, during strong storms, pollen picked up by the wind can be transported over much greater distances and reach a neighboring population.
A population is the smallest group of individuals capable of evolutionary development, which is why it is called an elementary evolutionary unit. An individual organism is not an elementary evolutionary unit, since its genotype remains unchanged throughout its life. The population, due to the large number of individuals, represents a continuous flow of generations.
Changes in the hereditary material of germ cells in the form of gene, chromosomal and genomic mutations occur constantly. A special place belongs to gene mutations. They give rise to a series of alleles and thus to a diversity of biological information content. The contribution of the mutation process to speciation is twofold. By changing the frequency of one allele relative to another, it has a direct effect on the gene pool of the population. Of even greater importance is the formation of a reserve of hereditary variability due to mutant alleles. This creates conditions for variation in the allelic composition of genotypes of organisms in successive generations through combinative variability. Thanks to the mutation process, a high level of hereditary diversity of natural populations is maintained. The totality of alleles arising as a result of mutations constitutes the initial elementary evolutionary material. In the process of speciation, it is used as the basis for the action of other elementary evolutionary factors.
Population waves or waves of life (S.S. Chetverikov) are periodic or aperiodic fluctuations in the number of organisms in natural populations. This phenomenon applies to all types of animals and plants, as well as microorganisms. The reasons for fluctuations are often environmental in nature. Thus, the size of the populations of the “prey” (hare) increases as the pressure on them from the populations of the “predator” (lynx, fox, wolf) decreases. The increase in food resources noted in this case contributes to an increase in the number of predators, which, in turn, intensifies the extermination of the prey.
Population waves are an effective factor in overcoming the genetic inertia of natural populations. At the same time, their effect on gene pools is not directed. Because of this, they, just like the mutation process, prepare evolutionary material for the action of other elementary evolutionary factors.
What are biological progress and regression? What are their main features? To find answers to these questions, let's analyze these biological terms in more detail.
Features of development in biology
A. N. Severtsov argued that it is possible to achieve transformations and the emergence of new devices in a variety of ways. He characterized biological progress and regression and gave definitions to these terms.
Characteristics of biological progress
It assumes the victory of another taxonomic group or a certain species in a fierce struggle for existence. Biological progress has certain signs:
- increase in the number of individuals;
- range expansion;
- increase in the number of daughter taxonomic forms.
The listed signs are interconnected. With an increase in the number of individuals, the boundaries of the range of a given species expand, new territories are populated by its representatives, as a result of which new species, subspecies, and populations are formed. Nowadays, birds, many mammals, and insects are in a state of biological progress.
The concept of regress
The main characteristic of biological regression is that this process is the opposite of progress. It also has certain distinctive characteristics that should be mentioned separately:
- a decrease in the number of individuals as a result of the mortality rate exceeding the birth rate;
- decrease in diversity within a species;
- a decrease in the boundaries and integrity of the area, it disintegrates into several separate spots;
- Due to their small numbers, individuals are subject to catastrophic elimination, which can provoke the destruction of the entire group.
Paths of biological progress
Characteristics of biological progress and regression will be incomplete without indicating possible paths of evolutionary changes. A. N. Severtsov noted that there are several options for changing the state of a species or genus. If, in his opinion, biological regression has only one option of existence, then progress is represented in various ways: degeneration, idioadaptation, aromorphosis.
Biological evolution
For a long time, I. I. Shmalgauzen studied the problem of evolutionary processes in biology. It was he who identified the main options for biological progress:
- hypermorphosis;
- allomorphosis;
- aromorphosis;
- hypomorphosis;
- catamorphosis;
- telomorphosis.
Biological regression has no such directions. Aromorphosis is a path of evolution that is accompanied by an increase in the level of vital activity and involves an expansion of the habitat of the genus. Arogenesis is characterized by:
- strengthening activities;
- increased differentiation;
- integration of the body;
- manifestation of active variants of the struggle for existence;
- improvement of the senses and nervous system.
As a result of aromorphosis, changes occur that contribute to the rise of the organization, that is, not biological regression is observed, but development (progress). The species has a chance to transition to new conditions of existence. Examples of arogenesis include a four-chambered heart, the appearance of viviparity, constant body temperature, two circles of blood circulation, and breastfeeding of newborn babies with milk. Biological regression does not have such capabilities. It was through aromorphoses that classes and types appeared and large taxa developed. A. N. Severtsov said that it is aromorphosis that presupposes the complication of the species, its possibility of subsequent self-improvement. What does biological regression lead to? Examples in history indicate that its result is the complete extinction of a species or genus.
Allogenesis involves the formation of specific adaptations during changes in living conditions. In this case, the progression of the organism does not imply a complication of the entire species, and a general increase in energy is not required. Allogenesis leads to species diversity and a significant increase in numbers. For example, mammals have managed to master various living conditions; they can be found in arctic deserts and in the tropics. In addition, their representatives mastered different environments (soil, water, land), which led to a decrease in competition between representatives of different species for habitats and food. But no biological regression occurred. The examples given above, on the contrary, indicate a stable level of organization of living organisms. Thanks to idioadaptation, new genera, species, orders, families appear, and low-ranking taxa arise.
Telogenesis is recognized as a narrow specialization, an adaptation to specific conditions of existence, which does not imply a serious change in the level of organization. For example, chameleons, turtles, and sloths are endowed with additional adaptations to their living conditions.
Conclusion
According to the theory proposed by A. N. Severtsov, the main factor for increasing the organization of living organisms is private adaptations, which can be accompanied by simplification, that is, degeneration. Thanks to the same arogenesis, various “superstructures” may appear, which give the species the opportunity to survive and develop in private conditions. Biological regression and progress are the main methods of biological development that allow a particular order or genus to survive, develop, improve, or lead to its complete death and extinction.
A. N. Severtsov showed that historical transformations and the development of new devices ( adaptationogenesis) were carried out in different ways. He identified the concepts of biological progress and regression.
Biological progress means the victory of a species or other taxonomic group in the struggle for existence. Signs of biological progress are:
1.increase in the number of individuals;
2. expansion of the area;
3. increase in the number of daughter taxonomic groups.
All three signs of biological progress are related to each other. An increase in the number of individuals contributes to the expansion of the boundaries of the species' range, the settlement of new habitats, which leads to the formation of new populations, subspecies, and species. Currently, insects, birds, and mammals are in a state of biological progress.
The concept of biological regression is the opposite of biological progress. Biological regression is characterized by:
a decrease in numbers due to an excess of mortality over reproduction;
decrease in intraspecific diversity;
3. narrowing and expansion of the integrity of the area, which breaks up into separate spots;
4. exposure due to small numbers to mass catastrophic elimination, which can suddenly end the existence of such a group.
A.N. Severtsov showed that biological progress is not the only one, but only one of the possible paths of evolutionary transformations.
The most important ways of biological progress according to A. N. Severtsov: aromorphosis, idioadaptation, degeneration.
Subsequently, the problem of the paths of biological evolution was developed I.I. Schmalhausen. He highlighted the following directions of biological progress: aromorphosis, allomorphosis, telomorphosis, hypermorphosis, catamorphosis, hypomorphosis.
Aromorphosis(orogenesis) – morphophysiological, morphofunctional progress - the path of evolution, accompanied by an increase in the organization of life activity and expansion of the environment habitat . Arogeneses are characterized by:
1 strengthening the vital activity of the body;
2. greater differentiation of its parts;
3. greater integrity of the body, i.e. its integration;
4. development of more active methods of struggle for existence;
5.improvement of the nervous system and sensory organs.
Aromorphosis leads to changes that give a general rise to the organization, and always leads to biological progress. Provides the opportunity to transition to new conditions of existence. An example of arogenesis is a four-chambered heart, two circles of blood circulation, complication of the nervous system, the occurrence of viviparity, feeding the young with milk, constant body temperature. Aromorphoses of amphibians - lungs, three-chambered heart, two circles of blood circulation, limbs, improvement of the brain and sense organs. Examples of aromorphoses of the Archean era are the emergence of the sexual process, photosynthesis, and multicellularity. As a result of aromorphoses, types and classes emerged, i.e., large taxa.
A. N. Severtsov emphasized that aromorphosis is, first of all, a complication of organization, i.e., he paid attention to the morphological characteristics of this phenomenon. A. N. Severtsov and then I. I. Shmalgauzen showed the broader significance of aromorphoses, that is, they gave it an ecological and morphological interpretation.
Allogenesis (allomorphosis, idioadaptation) is the path of emergence of particular adaptations when living conditions change. In contrast to aromorphoses, during allogenesis the progressive development of the organism occurs without complicating the organization, or without a general increase in the vital energy of the organism. Allogenesis leads to an increase in species diversity, a rapid increase in numbers . For example, the spread of mammals not only in various geographical zones from the tropics to the Arctic deserts, but also their mastery of various environmental conditions (land, water, soil) reduced competition between species for food and habitats, while the level of organization remained the same. As a result of idioadaptation, species, genera, families, orders arise, i.e. lower-ranking taxa. Divergence, convergence, parallelism are carried out through idioadaptation.
Telogenesis (telomorphosis)- narrow specialization to limited conditions of existence without changing the level of organization. This is a special form of allogenesis. For example, chameleons, sloths, lungfish, turtles, and woodpeckers have adaptations to particular habitat conditions. A change in the environment during telogenesis makes organisms unviable and leads to their elimination.
Hypermorphosis(hypergenesis)- overdevelopment of organisms in any direction with a violation of relationships with the environment. Hypergenic evolution occurs in two phases. The first phase is characterized by the emergence of large forms within this group. This helps to increase the animal’s resistance to predators, i.e., it promotes survival in the struggle for existence. In the second phase, the advantages of gigantism turn into their opposite. Increase in body size- This is a special case of specialization of telogenesis, which means that even minor changes in the environment lead to the extinction of these forms. For example, gigantism in dinosaurs, mammoths, or the development of individual organs in saber-toothed tigers and giant deer. Modern representatives of giants include whales, giraffes, elephants, and rhinoceroses.
Hypogenesis (hypomorphosis) is a particular form of catagenesis. During hypogenesis, underdevelopment of the organism or its organs, reduction of individual parts, and preservation of larval characteristics are observed. For example, water-dwelling axolotl, proteus, and siren reach sexual maturity at the level of larval organization. They never take on the appearance of adult land amphibians. Thus, sirens have permanent gills, underdeveloped eyes, and a reduced number of fingers. The main directions or paths of evolution are characterized by a number of features. Currently, there is no consensus in science regarding the patterns of relationships between the paths of biological progress.
According to the theory of A. N. Severtsov, after arogenesis, which increases the organization of organisms, there always comes a period of partial adaptations - idioadaptations, sometimes accompanied by simplification - degeneration. Based on the same arogenesis, various “superstructures” can arise, i.e. adaptations to particular conditions (allogenesis, telogenesis). A new aromorphosis, according to Severtsov, can arise from poorly specialized forms formed in the initial phases of idioadaptive development;
Changes in directions in adaptive evolution occur according to aromorphosis pattern - idioadaptation (early)- aromorphosis. The pattern of changing phases of the evolutionary process, characteristic of all groups of organisms, is called by the law of A. N. Severtsov.
According to Schmalhausen, telogenesis, hypergenesis, catamorphosis, and hypomorphosis represent dead-end branches of phylogenesis leading to extinction.
Changing directions of evolution according to Schmalhausen proceeds according to the following scheme: orogenesis - allogenesis - orogenesis. According to this law, a new type or class arises through arogenesis, and then its adaptive radiation occurs - allogenesis with subsequent dead-end directions. A new rise in organization may arise from less specialized forms that developed along the path of allogenesis.
A.K. Severtsov introduced significant amendments to this law according to the scheme: orogenesis - allogenesis - telogenesis - orogenesis. For example, the origin of terrestrial vertebrates from lobe-finned fishes from shallow drying up reservoirs, birds - from flying reptiles.
