Age- one of the central categories of developmental psychology, which has two meanings.
Absolute age(calendar, or chronological) is expressed by the number of time units (minutes, days, years), starting from the moment of conception until death. Determining the chronological age of an object is called dating.
Conditional age(or developmental age) is determined by establishing the location of an object in a certain evolutionary-genetic series, in a certain development process, on the basis of some qualitative and quantitative characteristics. The result of a certain conventional age is the placement of an object into a certain periodization. The signs by which conditional age is determined are called age properties, i.e. Each period is distinguished by its properties (characterize the average person).
A person has several conventional ages: psychological, biological, social, subjectively experienced age of the individual
Biological age determined by the state of metabolism and body functions in comparison with the statistically average level of development characteristic of chronological age. If at a given age a person has not yet experienced the expected changes, it means that he is lagging behind in his biological development, i.e. his biological age is less than his chronological age. If, on the contrary, then the biological age exceeds the chronological age.
Psychological age is determined by correlating the level of mental (mental, emotional, etc.) development of an individual with the corresponding norms. If mental changes lag behind chronological age, then psychological age is less than chronological, and if chronological age is ahead, psychological age exceeds chronological.
Social age measured by relating a person's level of social development (such as mastery of a particular set of social roles) to what is statistically normal for their peers.
subjectively experienced age of the individual a person’s sense of self is taken as a basis, i.e. to what chronological age does he attribute himself? subjective age may be less than, greater than, or equal to chronological age.
Individual's life path
The development of an individual is described in several terms: Life time (length), life cycle (an individual’s life is subject to some cyclicity, the stages of life represent a constant cycle), life path (fully reflects a person’s life).
In modern life, the biographical method acquires great importance - the study of a person goes through his biography, it is customary to study a developing individual in a changing world. Life path characterized by uneven and heterochronic progression of age-related processes. The unevenness and heterochronicity of age-related processes make any scientific organization of the life course and its individual stages obviously conditional, allowing any variations and deviations from statistically averages, which are completely normal, irremovable, representing different types of development.
(you can say what is highlighted, or you can not. It depends on how long it is)
American scientists Sherrod and Brim made the following conclusions:
Neither the process nor the final result of development can be considered unidirectional and leading to the same final result.
Development occurs from conception to death, with plasticity and the ability to change throughout life. Different developmental processes can begin, continue and end at different points in life. Developments in different areas do not necessarily have similar trajectories or principles.
Related information:
- AFTER-POSTMODERNISM - modern (late) version of the development of postmodern philosophy - in contrast to the postmodern classics of deconstructivism 1 page
- AFTER-POSTMODERNISM - modern (late) version of the development of postmodern philosophy - in contrast to the postmodern classics of deconstructionism page 2
Age is a specific, relatively time-limited stage in the psychological development of an individual and his development as a species, characterized by a set of natural physiological and psychological characteristics.
Absolute age - age expressed by the number of time units (minutes, days, years, etc.) separating the moment of the appearance of an object until the moment of its measurement.
Conditional age (age of development) - determined by the location of an object in a certain evolutionary-genetic series, based on quantitative and qualitative characteristics.
Chronological age is the age of an individual, from the moment of conception to the end of life.
Biological age is determined by the state of certain properties and functions of the body in comparison with the average statistical level of development characteristic of a given chronological age.
Psychological age is determined by correlating the level of mental development of an individual with the corresponding normative average symptom complex.
Social age is determined by correlating the level of social development of a person with the average statistical norm for his peers.
Social age is associated with social changes that occur in the psyche and depend on age. These include the most important life events of a person, the so-called social hours (the time of marriage, the beginning and end of education, etc.), as well as age-related changes that determine a person’s worldview and his attitude to life.
Subjective psychological age is the experienced age of a person, which is based on a person’s sense of self; subjective age is determined by age-related self-awareness, depending on the tension, eventful fullness of life and the subjectively perceived degree of self-realization of the individual. Subjective age is reversible to some extent, i.e. a person can not only grow old in psychological time, but also become younger in it. In addition, subjective age may not coincide in different spheres of life (for example, in family and professional). Within the framework of works devoted to the study of subjective psychological time, the research of the Ukrainian scientist B. I. Tsukanov (Odessa), who conducted a study of the relationship between the type of temperament and the perception of a unit of time, is interesting. It turned out that choleric people are characterized by an advance of subjectively experienced time compared to real time (t = 0.7, where t is the ratio of subjectively experienced to objective time), which is accompanied by a focus on the future, an acute lack of time. Sanguine people are also characterized by an advance of subjectively experienced time, although not so strong (t = 0.8), a constant desire for the future coupled with the desire to do as much as possible, and mobility. The melancholic person “stands in time”; a distinctive feature of this type is that the subjective unit of time is synchronized by the objective unit (t=1.0). Unlike previous types, the subjective time of a phlegmatic person lags behind the objective one (t = 1.1), therefore the subjectively experienced time moves slowly and evenly; in the life of a phlegmatic person there is always enough, even an excess of time; he is focused on the past, and gets used to changes coming from the future slowly and with great difficulty.
Individual human development is the ontogenesis of the phylogenetic program embedded in it; its periodization is based on the identification of a number of universal age-related processes (growth, maturation, development, aging), as a result of which the corresponding individual age-related properties (differences) are formed. Age properties show how the average individual of one age differs from the average individual of another age. Age-related processes, age-related properties, as well as the alternation of periods of stability and crises that characterize a person’s life, determine age stages or stages of development.
In modern domestic and foreign psychology, numerous periodizations of mental development are described, the authors of which are L. S. Vygotsky, D. B. Elkonin, A. Vallon, Z. Freud, E. Erikson, etc.
One of the most famous foreign periodizations of mental development is the periodization of J. Piaget, who also considered age-related characteristics of thinking.
Age- one of the central categories of developmental psychology, which has two meanings.
Absolute(calendar, or chronological) age is expressed by the number of time units (minutes, days, years, millennia, etc.) separating the moment of the appearance of an object until the moment of its measurement. This is a purely quantitative, abstract concept that denotes the duration of the existence of an object, its localization in time. Determining the chronological age of an object is called dating.
Chronological age - This is the age of an individual person, from the moment of conception (in fact, from the moment the egg is formed) until the end of life. The chronological age of each person is a personal fact of his life. The chronological ages of two different people are comparable in two measurement systems: on the one hand, by absolute time scale(temporal shift) and, on the other hand, according to those mental changes, which appear in them at a certain age (age matching).
Conditional age (or age of development) is determined by establishing the location of an object in a certain evolutionary-genetic series, in a certain process development, based on some qualitative and quantitative characteristics. Establishing a conditional age - element periodization, which involves the choice of not only chronological units of measurement, but also the system of reference itself and the principles of its division.
Evolutionary genetic series of development when considering human development can be represented, first of all, by biological, psychological and social changes. In accordance with this, there are conditional biological, conditional psychological and conditional social age person.
Biological age determined by the state of metabolism and body functions in comparison with the statistically average level of development characteristic of the entire population of a given chronological age.
The concept of biological age is based on those genetic, morphological, physiological and neurophysiological changes that occur in the body of every person. Due to their measurability (biology has statistical data on at what chronological age what changes should occur), certain age standards have been established. Accordingly, if at a given age a person has not yet experienced the expected changes, it means that he lagging behind in its biological development, i.e. his biological age is less than his chronological age. If, on the contrary, changes have occurred that should occur at an older age, then his biological age is said to exceed his chronological age.
Psychological age is determined by correlating the level of mental (mental, emotional, etc.) development of an individual with the corresponding normative average symptom complex.
Here we take as a basis those psychophysiological, psychological and socio-psychological changes that occur in the psyche of every person. The general picture here is the same as with biological age: if mental changes lag behind chronological age, then they say that psychological age is less than chronological, and, conversely, if they are ahead of chronological age, psychological age exceeds chronological.
Social age measured by relating a person's level of social development (such as mastery of a particular set of social roles) to what is statistically normal for their peers.
The concept of social age is based on those social changes that occur in the life of an average person, as well as changes that characterize his personal development (acceptance of social norms and values, development tasks of the corresponding age stage, etc.). Therefore, this is, on the one hand, life events, that happen to each of us at a certain age (we go to school, make a professional choice, get married, start working, etc.), and, on the other hand, age-related changes, determining a person’s worldview and his attitude to life. If they lag behind the normative ones, they say that the social age is less than the chronological age; if they are ahead, then it is greater.
All of these categories imply some kind of objective, external measurement. But there is also subjectively experienced age personality, having an internal frame of reference. We are talking about age-related self-awareness, which depends on the tension, eventful fullness of life and the subjectively perceived degree of self-realization of the individual.
Here we take as a basis sense of self person, i.e. to what chronological age he ascribes himself, to what point on the chronological axis he projects. Accordingly, his subjective age may be less than, greater than, or equal to his chronological age (Sapogova, p. 34).
Methods for determining the absolute (expressed in years) age of earth deposits and archaeological finds located in them. Based on the property of chemical elements and their compounds to decay into isotopes and molecules over time. In archeology, the potassium-argon and radiocarbon methods are most often used. In addition to chemical methods, there are other methods (see varvochronology, dendrochronology, lichenometry). The oldest radiometrically dated remains of human culture have A.V. at 2.6 million years (Kobi Fora, Hadar).
View value Absolute Age in other dictionaries
Absolute- irrelevant
unconditional
Dictionary of synonyms
Age— years (years)
summer
Dictionary of synonyms
Absolute- lat. detached; about spiritual, immaterial objects, boundless, unconditional, irrespective, indispensable, incomparable, independent, separate and complete,......
Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
Absolute- absolute, absolute; (short masculine not used) absolute, absolute (Latin absolutus). 1. Irrelevant, taken by itself, without comparison with anything; independent of local.........
Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
Age— age, m. Period, degree in growth, development of each person. Infant, adolescence, youth, mature, senile ages. Reach old age. Human........
Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
Age- Balzac, impressive (colloquial), golden (obsolete), golden, mature, critical, young (ustar), young, gentle, immature, undefined, dangerous, elderly, late,......
Dictionary of epithets
Absolute Adj.— 1. Existing, considered, evaluated without connection, dependence on smth. 2. Having reached the highest limit; complete, perfect.
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
Age M.- 1. The number of years from birth, birth, from the creation of something. 2. Period in the development of humans, animals, plants. // Mature period in the development of humans, animals, plants.
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
Absolute- -th, -oe; -ten, -tna, -tno.
1. Irrelevant, taken without connection, without comparison with something; unconditional (opposite: relative). A. population growth. The ath value of the real......
Kuznetsov's Explanatory Dictionary
Age- -A; m.
1. Number of years lived; period in the life of a person or animal. Childhood, youth, old age. Transitional c. (age between childhood and adolescence). Balzakovsky.......
Kuznetsov's Explanatory Dictionary
Absolute Priority— The rule in bankruptcy proceedings according to which
debt, first of all, is fully paid to the largest creditors, and only then to less significant ones........
Economic dictionary
Absolute Title of Property— ABSOLUTE TITLEUnconditional
ownership of personal
property or
ownership of real estate in accordance with absolute
property rights. Such
TITLE........
Economic dictionary
Age- period of time from
from the moment of a person's birth to the present or other specific time. In insurance, V. is one of the main elements of assessment
risk.........
Economic dictionary
Retirement Age
the age at which a pension scheme participant has
right to receive pension payments.
Economic dictionary
Retirement Age, Normal— In the practice of providing benefits for employees:
the age specified in a pension insurance scheme as the earliest age at which
the employee can........
Economic dictionary
Retirement Age, Late— In the practice of providing benefits to employees: an age specified in a pension insurance scheme that is higher than the generally accepted retirement age. In the USA by......
Economic dictionary
Retirement Age, Early- In the practice of providing benefits for employees: an age earlier than the normal retirement age, which is indicated in the pension scheme and upon reaching......
Economic dictionary
Tree Age— - number of years that have passed since
the moment of the beginning of life
tree cycle, determined by the number of annual rings on a cross section of the trunk (stump) or on
root taken with an age drill.
Economic dictionary
Tree stand age— - one of the main taxation indicators characterizing
tree stand Number of years since
the moment of appearance of woody plants that formed this stand.........
Economic dictionary
Age of Equipment— - one of the characteristics of physical and moral
equipment wear, determined based on year data
release or installation of the machine. There are V.o. technical (with.......
Economic dictionary
Age of Fixed Assets— - time interval between date
input into
action and observation date. For characteristics
age of fixed assets, their groupings are also used, for example........
Economic dictionary
Age Working- Cm.
Working age
Economic dictionary
Age of the Main Use Logging— - the age of mature forest stands, established for their designation for final felling in accordance with the intended purpose of the forests.
Economic dictionary
Age of the Policyholder- basic
factor in determining the value
risk of disease and need for medical care.
Economic dictionary
Age Working- legally defined in the Russian Federation
categories of the population located in
aged 16-59 years for men and 16-54 years for women.
Economic dictionary
Age Chronological (chronological Age, Actual Age)- age
subject, measured according to a standard calendar.
Economic dictionary
Effective Age- age
object, determined by its physical condition and
usefulness, in comparison with useful life span - as opposed to chronological age.
Economic dictionary
Age, Attained— In life insurance
the age reached by the policyholder by a certain date. In health insurance, the actual age of the insured person or his age........
Economic dictionary
Age, able-bodied— - one of the elements of conditional gradation
a person’s age depending on his participation in production. In the Russian Federation, the population group located in T.V. includes men 16-59........
Economic dictionary
Reached Age- The age at which a person acquires
right to receive certain
benefice. For example, someone may be entitled to receive income from
trust........
Economic dictionary
Age– one of the fundamental and complex categories of developmental psychology. Already the most general, formal definition of it has 2 meanings, both of which are widely used both in the historical and biological sciences and in the sciences of inanimate matter - This is an absolute and conditional age.
Absolute (calendar or chronological) age is expressed by the number of time units (minutes, days, years, millennia, etc.) separating the moment of the appearance of an object until the moment of its measurement. This is a purely quantitative, abstract concept that denotes the duration of the existence of an object, its localization in time. Determining the chronological age of an object is called dating.
Conditional age (or developmental age) is determined by establishing the location of an object in a certain evolutionary-genetic series, in a certain development process, on the basis of some qualitative and quantitative characteristics. Establishing a conventional age is an element of periodization, which involves the choice of not only chronological units of measurement, but also the system of reference itself and the principles of its division.
Problems of age periodization of mental development
Developmental psychology as a science explores ideas about the mechanisms of human mental development at each age stage and the conditions for transition in personality development from one age stage to another . In this regard, developmental psychology studies such periods as childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. A special place in the theoretical and practical study of age periodization is given to gerantology, which studies mental processes associated with the aging of the body, studying the causes of dulling and attenuation of certain mental functions.
The concept of “age” is usually divided into psychological and chronological. Chronological They call the passport age, that is, the recorded date of birth. It is some background for the mental development and formation of a person as an individual. Psychological age is not related to the date of birth; it is not determined by the number of mental processes. It depends on those mental new formations that determine the mental maturity corresponding to a particular age period. For example, according to the theory of the activity approach, such a mental new formation in childhood can include: play activity, educational activities, communication, etc. In adulthood, work activity, role interactions in the family, at work, etc. In old age, the formation of such a mental phenomenon as “wisdom”, “attitude towards death” as a process of transition to eternity, etc.
Developmental psychology is associated with other sciences: genetic psychology, psychophysiology, differential psychology, developmental psychology, social psychology, educational psychology, medical psychology, legal psychology, etc.
Developmental psychology has scientific methods for studying a particular age period: psychological observation (external and internal); questioning (survey, interviewing, conversation); joint productive activities; an experiment in which such psychological conditions are specially created that help study the aspects of interest to us in the age-related development of personality. In this regard, it is customary to distinguish between natural and laboratory experiments. They differ from each other in that they allow the study of behavior in conditions that are remote or close to reality.
The various age classifications can be divided into two groups:
1) private classifications dedicated to individual periods of life, often children’s school years;
2) general classifications covering the entire life course of a person.
Particular ones include the classification of intelligence by J. Piaget, who distinguishes 2 main periods of development from the moment of birth to the age of 15:
1) the period of sensorimotor intelligence (from 0 to 2 years);
2) the period of organization of specific operations (from 3 to 15 years). In this sub-period he distinguishes stages.
In the classification of D. B. Elkonin, belonging to the first group, three periods of life are considered:
1) early childhood;
2) childhood;
3) adolescence.
Also, D. B. Elkonin identified a number of changing types of activities: direct emotional communication (infancy), object-manipulative activity (early childhood), role-playing play (preschool age), educational activity (junior school age), intimate personal communication (junior teenage age), educational and professional activities (senior adolescence).
Birren's general classification includes the phases of life from infancy to old age. According to this classification, youth is 12-17 years old; early maturity - 18-25 years; maturity - 51-75 years; old age - from 76 years.
E. Erikson described 8 stages of human life (from birth to old age), based on the development of the human “I” throughout life, on personality changes in relation to the social environment and to oneself. These stages include both positive and negative points:
1) the first 12 months of life - the initial stage, characterized by trust and mistrust;
2) II-3 years of life - the second stage, characterized by independence combined with indecision;
3) III-5th years of life - the third stage, characterized by the appearance of enterprise and feelings of guilt;
4) IY - 6-11 years of life - the fourth stage, where a feeling of inferiority appears and skills are formed;
5) Y -12-18 years of life, the child begins to realize himself as an individual, confusing social
6) YI - beginning of adulthood. This stage is characterized by feelings of closeness to others and loneliness;
7) YII - mature age - a person is absorbed in himself and society;
YIII - old age - a person is formed as an integral personality, but a feeling of hopelessness may appear. And at this age, as in other age periods, mental neoplasms arise. In this case, wisdom, which is understood as a fusion of knowledge and life experience. Particular importance in this period of personality development is given to the attitude towards death and immortality. Scientists identify several ways of immortality: religion, creativity, children, nature.
The stages of child development are of particular interest.
So, in each stage that a child lives, the same mechanisms operate. The classification principle is a change in leading activities such as:
1) the child’s orientation towards the basic meanings of human relationships (interiorization of motives and goals occurs);
2) the assimilation of methods of action developed in society, including substantive and mental ones.
Mastering tasks and meaning always comes first, followed by the moment of mastering actions. Development can be described in two coordinates:
1) a child is a “social adult”;
2) a child is a “public object”.
D. B. Elkonin proposed the following periods of child development:
1) infancy - from birth to one year (the leading form of activity is communication);
2) early childhood - from 1 to 3 years (objective activity develops, as well as verbal communication);
3) junior and middle preschool age - from 3 to 4 or 5 years (the leading activity is play);
4) senior preschool age - from 5 to 6-7 years (the leading activity is still
what remains is the game, which is combined with objective activity);
5) junior school age - from 7 to 11 years old, covers primary school education. I
During this period, the main activity is learning, intellectual and cognitive abilities are formed and developed);
6) adolescence - from 11 to 17 years, covers the process of learning in high school (this period is characterized by: personal communication, work activity; the definition of professional activity and oneself as an individual occurs).
Each period of age development has its own differences and a certain time course. If you observe the behavior and mental reactions that arise in a child, you can independently identify each of the periods. Each new age stage of mental development needs changes: you should communicate with the child differently, in the process of training and upbringing it is necessary to look for and select new means, methods and techniques.
If we take the process of child development in this period in general, we can distinguish three main stages:
1) preschool childhood (this is a fairly long period, covering the life of a child from birth to 7 years);
2) junior school age (this period covers the life of a child from the moment he enters school until the end of primary school, i.e. the interval from 7 to 11 years);
3) middle and high school age (this period covers the life of a child from the moment he enters middle school until graduation, i.e. from 11 to 17 years).
It is important to remember that all boundaries of periods are conditional and can be changed in certain psychological approaches or points of view of scientists.
26. The problem of age-related periodization of mental development.
The search for the scientific basis for the periodization of a child’s mental development acts as a fundamental problem of developmental psychology, on the development of which the strategy for building an integral system of educating growing people largely depends. There are different age periods of development. They distinguish different periods, these periods are called differently, the age limits are different, since their authors laid different criteria as the basis.
L. S. Vygotsky identified three groups of periodizations:
1 . The first group is characterized by the construction of periodization based on an external, but related to the development process itself, criterion. An example is periodizations created according to the biogenetic principle.
The representative of preformationism, K. Bühler, believed that the stages of child development are instinct, training, and intellect. In Rene Zazzo's periodization, systems of education and training coincide with the stages of childhood. P.P. Blonsky proposed to distinguish between toothless childhood, deciduous childhood and the period of permanent teeth based on the change of teeth (a physiological sign) in children.
2 . The second group is characterized by the fact that periodizations are built on the basis of one internal criterion, arbitrarily chosen by the author. Z. Freud considered the development of a child only through the prism of his puberty. L. Kohlberg's periodization is based on studying the level of moral development. In E. Erikson's periodization, eight stages of human life are distinguished, which represent a series of critical periods. J. Piaget proposed age periodization based on changes in the mental development of children.
3 . The third group of periodizations distinguishes periods based on essential criteria and characteristics. Such periodizations include the periodization of V. I. Slobodchikov, L. S. Vygotsky, D. B. Elkonin. All these and other attempts at classification have not been confirmed in specific results of studying the mental development of children. The problem of identifying the basis for age periodization remains relevant today: the lack of proper theoretical justification prevents the solution of questions about the driving forces of mental development, what the actual psychological content of the corresponding age is, what are the internal criteria for periodization, identifying age boundaries, what real changes occur in the child’s psyche influenced by changes in his social situation.
