Natural resources of central European countries. Natural conditions and resources of Western Europe

V.O. Klyuchevsky called nature “the force that holds in its hands the cradle of every nation.” He believed that the characteristic geographical feature of Russia was that its center was located in Europe and therefore it was a European power, but Eastern Europe was very different from Western Europe and in some respects closer to Asia than to Western Europe. V.O. Klyuchevsky wrote: “Historically, Russia, of course, is not Asia, but geographically it is not quite Europe either.”

Indeed, the main geographical characteristics of the nature of Eastern Europe sharply contrast with its western part. If in the West the shape of the Earth's surface is distinguished by its impressive diversity, then in the East it is no less impressive in its uniformity. To complete the geographical similarity with Asia, the East European Plain passes in the south into an immense, low-water and treeless steppe, which is absolutely similar to the steppes of inner Asia and forms a direct, continuous continuation of them. According to V.O. Klyuchevsky, “this is like an Asian wedge, pushed into the European continent and closely connected with Asia historically and climatically.”

According to climate characteristics, physical geography divides the East European Plain into four climatic zones: Arctic, Northern, Middle and Southern. The Arctic belt is a tundra covered with swamps, mosses and lichens. It is incapable of ensuring organized human life and is unsuitable for agriculture. To the south of the tundra stretches a huge forest, the largest in the world. It covers two climatic zones (Northern and Middle) and partly invades the Southern (forest-steppe). The northern (Taiga) belt is a zone of coniferous taiga with podzolic soils, unsuitable (unfavorable) for agriculture. The middle (Forest) belt is a territory occupied by broad-leaved-dark-coniferous mixed forests, in the southern part turning into forest-steppe. It has mostly gray forest soils, favorable for agriculture, but requiring a lot of labor in preparing the soil for agricultural cultivation (felling, uprooting forests). In the southern part of this belt (in the forest-steppe) there are fertile forest chernozems suitable for agriculture. There is a layer of deep and thick black soil in a narrow strip. The southern (Steppe) belt has the deepest and thickest layer of chernozem and is extremely favorable for agriculture, but is completely treeless. The southeastern corner of the Russian Plain and the northern coast of the Caspian Sea are practically a desert, and their soils (salt marshes and sandstones) are unsuitable for agriculture.

The climate in Eastern Europe has a pronounced continental character. Winter temperatures drop sharply as you move east. A peculiarity of the Russian climate is that its coldest regions lie not in the northernmost, but in the easternmost regions. Thus, Verkhoyansk in Yakutia (“the pole of cold”) is located at the same latitude as the ice-free Norwegian port of Narvik. Summer temperatures are more uniform. But they are not an indicator of the amount of average annual heat. Quite high temperatures in the northern regions drop quickly; summers there are much shorter than in the southern regions or at the same latitude in Western Europe.

Continentality is also characterized by large temperature changes throughout the year. The western part does not experience such temperature changes as occur in Eastern Europe. If in Eastern Europe the differences in summer (July) and winter (January) temperatures range from 37 o (Ekaterinburg) to 26 o (Arkhangelsk, St. Petersburg, Kyiv), then in Western Europe in most places the difference does not exceed 22 o. On average, the temperature difference in Eastern Europe is 30.8 o, and in the comparable latitude territory of Western Europe - only 19.3 o (that is, 1.5 times less).

The annual distribution of precipitation is no less unfavorable for agriculture. Precipitation differs from the pattern of vegetation and soils. They are most abundant where the soil is poorest. At the same time, the peculiarity of precipitation in Russia is that it usually rains heaviest in the second half of summer. In Western Europe, the annual distribution of precipitation is more uniform.

A characteristic feature of Eastern Europe is the extreme shortness of the period suitable for sowing and harvesting: from 4 months a year in the northwest (St. Petersburg, Novgorod) to 5.5 months in the center (Moscow) and no more than 6 months in the south (steppe regions ). In Western Europe this period is 8-9 months. On average, in Russia the warm period (at least 10°C) is 4-5 months; in Western European countries it is 1.5-2 times higher.

The consequence of (mostly) insufficiently favorable conditions for agriculture, poor soils, unreliable precipitation and a short period of field work is the low yield of grain crops in Russia. The minimum yield at which it makes any sense to engage in arable farming is “sam-three” (that is, 1:3).

It should be noted that the yield of “one-three” is, in principle, quite enough to feed oneself. As shown by studies of farmers in recent years, the (grain) wealth of the Russian peasant is beyond doubt. But there was only enough grain for food. At the same time, all family members must be involved in agricultural production. Thus, natural and climatic conditions prevented the Russian farmer from producing sufficiently large surpluses of grain. And this hindered the development of specialization of regions (the formalization of the social division of labor), as well as the organization of exchange, commodity-money relations, and intensive economic ties both within the country and outside it.

At the same time, one cannot help but mention an extremely favorable factor, which undoubtedly played a certain role in the peculiarities of the country’s historical development. This is a large number of rivers with branched basins and relatively narrow watersheds. Russia has the largest number of the world's longest rivers with large basins.

In Europe, of the 13 longest rivers, eight flow in its eastern part; in Asia, out of the 10 longest rivers, five were located on the territory of the Russian Empire (within its borders at the beginning of the 20th century). In the European part these are the Volga, Ural, Dnieper, Don, Pechora, Dniester, North. Dvina with Sukhona, West. Dvina In Asia - the Ob with the Irtysh, the Amur with the Argun, the Lena, the Yenisei, the Syr Darya with the Naryn. The total length of rivers in Eastern Europe compared to the whole of Europe is 54.4%; in the Asian part of Russia compared to all of Asia - 42.5%.

No less characteristic figures are obtained when comparing the areas of river basins. In Europe, the total basin of the first 13 rivers is 4862 square meters. km; of which the Eastern part accounts for 3362 sq. km (that is, 69.2%). In Asia, the total basin of the first 10 rivers is 15,150 square meters. km; of which Russian rivers account for 10,134 square meters. km (that is, 66.9%).

Watersheds play an important role in economic development. There are several of them in Eastern Europe: the Valdai Upland, Northern Uvaly, and the Ural Mountains. The Valdai Upland forms the central watershed of the East European Plain. From here originate rivers flowing in different directions: Western Dvina (Daugava) - west to the Baltic Sea (Gulf of Riga), Dnieper - south to the Black Sea, Don - south to the Sea of ​​Azov, Volga - southeast to the Caspian Sea sea. In the Northern Uvals (foothills of the Northern Urals) are the sources of the Vychegda - the Northern Dvina (flows into the White Sea), Kama (flows into the Volga), Vyatka (flows into the Kama). On the western slope of the Ural ridge the following rivers originate: Pechora (flows into the Barents Sea), Chusovaya and Belaya (flows into the Kama), Ural (flows into the Caspian Sea). A large number of rivers flow from the eastern slope of the Ural ridge, the most significant of which is the Tura (flows into the Tobol and Irtysh).

Without much work and special swimming equipment, it was possible from the river. Chusovaya (a tributary of the Kama), coming close to the source of the Tura, penetrates the Ob basin of Western Siberia. In turn, the Ob basin is adjacent to the Yenisei, and that is adjacent to the Lena and Amur basins. And there it’s “a stone’s throw” to the Pacific Ocean (Sea of ​​Okhotsk), to the Chukotka Peninsula and the North American continent.

The importance of narrow and flat watersheds (ditches) is difficult to overestimate. It was thanks to them that with such ease and speed the Russian people passed through all of Siberia and in just over 50 years reached the eastern tip of the Asian continent. It is no coincidence that these people were already called explorers by their contemporaries.

So, the natural conditions of Russia are characterized by a wealth of waterways. Russia is the only country in Eurasia with such a dense network of navigable rivers, which cover the entire territory of the country with their basins and are connected by convenient portages. As a result, even with primitive means of transportation you can sail from the White or Baltic Sea to the Black or Caspian Sea. From the Caspian Sea you can penetrate into Iran (Persia), Central Asia and India; from the Black Sea - to Asia Minor, the Balkans and the Mediterranean; from the Baltic Sea - to Europe; from the Kama-Volga basin - dragged to the Western Siberian river systems and along them to China and Japan. In other words, the nature of the country predetermined its great role for connecting Asia with Europe, for transit routes.

One of the peculiarities of Russia was (and still continues to exist) a low (at least less than in most other European countries) population density. In the 16th century it was no more than 5 people. per sq. km, in the middle of the 18th century. was 6-7 people, in the middle of the 19th century. - no more than 20 people, at the end of the 19th century. - about 50 people per sq. km.

The natural and climatic conditions of the country did not contribute to the development of individual farming, but, on the contrary, required collective farming. The fact that in Russia it is necessary to carry out field work in 4-6 months (and not in 8-9, as in the West), forced people to work very hard and use human and material resources and livestock together. The Russian peasant was not able to single-handedly cope with the work in the climatic conditions of the forest zone. This necessitated the existence of a “large family” and a “neighborhood community.” Which, in turn, fostered collectivism and community consciousness among the population.

Hence another feature of Russia's economic development - extensive economic management. Insufficiently favorable soils were quickly depleted. At the same time, there was a lot of free land that was not put into agricultural use. This led, on the one hand, to the use of a slash-and-shift farming system (after a number of years of farming, the land was abandoned, a new plot of land was cleared of forest and included in crop rotation), and on the other hand, to the easy movement of farmers from place to place in search of virgin land or fallow lands restored to fertility by long rest.

The ease of penetration into new places determined a very important factor in the historical development of the peoples inhabiting Eastern Europe - active movements, migration, and economic development of more and more new territories. It is impossible not to take into account the wealth of natural resources in the country, the possibility of developing various industries: extraction of furs, honey, wax, timber, fish, etc. This led to the need to expand the scope of the economic territory and to constant movements.

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Natural and climatic conditions of Eastern Europe. Peoples of Eastern Europe from ancient times to the 9th century

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Medical and health tourism remains one of the most promising areas in the tourism industry. The basis of its popularity in the 21st century is the victory of the preventive trend in modern medicine, as well as the fashion for a healthy body and a healthy mind. Foreign Europe is a highly developed country where the best conditions are created for people. But natural resources are no less important for the development of medical tourism, so it is important to have a clear understanding of them.

Thus, the purpose of my research: consider and analyze the features of the natural conditions of Foreign Europe; determine its resort and recreational potential and the possibility of organizing recreational activities.

The goal requires the following: tasks :

1. Study of natural resources of Foreign Europe

2. Assessment of resources for recreational activities

3. Forecasting the further development of medical tourism in Europe

Object of study :

Foreign Europe

Subject of study:

Natural conditions (climate, inland waters, relief, landscapes); resources (forest, water, biological, minerals).

Research methods:

• Cartographic (analysis of information from climatic, geological, hydrological maps). Combining maps of air humidity and temperature allowed us to conclude that the climate of this area is comfortable for human health.
• Comparative geographical
• Descriptive
• Statistical

Geology and morphology

The geological structure of Europe is diverse. In the east, ancient platform structures, which are associated with plains, predominate, in the west - various geosynclinal formations and young platforms. In the west, the degree of vertical and horizontal division is much greater.

At the base of the East European Platform lie Precambrian rocks, which are exposed in the northwest in the form of the Baltic Shield. Its territory was not covered by the sea, having a constant tendency to rise.

Beyond the Baltic Shield, the foundation of the European Platform is submerged to a considerable depth and is covered by a complex of marine and continental rocks up to 10 km thick. In the areas of the most active subsidence of the plate, syneclises were formed, within which the Central European Plain and the Baltic Sea basin are located.

To the south and southwest of the European platform in the Archean era, the Mediterranean (Alpine-Himalayan) geosynclinal belt extended. To the west of the platform was the Atlantic geosyncline, bounded by the North Atlantic Land (Eria). Most of it subsequently sank into the waters of the Atlantic, with only small remnants surviving in the north of western Scotland and the Hebrides.

At the beginning of the Paleozoic, sedimentary rocks accumulated in geosynclinal basins. The BAIKAL FOLDING, which occurred at this time, formed small land masses in the north of Fennoscandia.

In the middle of the Paleozoic (end of the Silurian), the Atlantic geosyncline underwent strong mountain building (CALEDONIAN FOLDING). The Caledonian formations stretch from northeast to southwest, covering the Scandinavian mountains and the northern parts of Great Britain and Ireland. The Caledonides of Scandinavia sink into the waters of the Barents Sea and reappear in the western part of Spitsbergen.

Caledonian tectonic movements also manifested themselves partially in the Mediterranean geosyncline, forming there a number of isolated massifs, which were later included in younger folded formations.

In the Upper Paleozoic (mid and late Carboniferous), the entire Central and large parts of Southern Europe were captured by the HERCYNAN OROGENESIS. Powerful folded ridges formed in the southern part of Great Britain and Ireland, as well as in the central part of Europe (Armorican and Central French Massifs, Vosges, Black Forest, Rhine Slate Mountains, Harz, Thuringian Forest, Bohemian Massif). The extreme eastern link of the Hercynian structures is the Lesser Poland Upland. In addition, Hercynian structures can be traced on the Iberian Peninsula (Meseta massif), in certain areas of the Apennine and Balkan peninsulas.

In the Mesozoic, south of the Hercynian formations of Central Europe, a vast Mediterranean geosynclinal basin extended, captured by mountain-building processes in the ALPINE OROGENESIS (Cretaceous and Tertiary periods).

Folding and block uplifts, which led to the formation of modern alpine structures, reached their maximum development in the Neogene. At this time, the Alps, Carpathians, Stara Planina, Pyrenees, Andalusian, Apennine mountains, Dinara, Pindus were formed. The direction of the Alpine folds depended on the position of the middle massifs of Hercynian age. The most significant of them were in the western Mediterranean the Iberian and Tyrrhenian, in the eastern - the Pannonian massif, which lies at the base of the Middle Danube Plain and determined the double bend of the Carpathians. The southern bend of the Carpathians and the shape of the Stara Planina arc were influenced by the ancient Pontida massif, located on the site of the Black Sea and the Lower Danube Plain. The Aegean massif was located in the central part of the Balkan Peninsula and the Aegean Sea.

In the Neogene, alpine structures undergo vertical movements of the earth's crust. These processes are associated with the subsidence of some middle massifs and the formation in their place of depressions, now occupied by sections of the Tyrrhenian, Adriatic, Aegean, Black Seas or low accumulative plains (Middle Danube, Upper Thracian, Padanian). Other central massifs experienced significant uplifts, which led to the formation of such mountainous territories as the Thracian-Macedonian (Rhodope) massif, the mountains of Corsica, Sardinia and the Calabrian peninsula, the Catalan Mountains. Fault tectonics caused volcanic processes, which, as a rule, are associated with deep faults in the contact zones of the middle massifs and young folded ridges (the coasts of the Tyrrhenian and Aegean seas, the internal arc of the Carpathians).

Alpine movements covered not only Southern Europe, but also manifested themselves in Central and Northern Europe. In the Tertiary period, the North Atlantic landmass (Eria) gradually split and sank. Fractures and subsidence of the earth's crust were accompanied by volcanic activity, which caused the outpouring of enormous lava flows; as a result, the island of Iceland and the Faroe archipelago were formed, and some areas of Ireland and Scotland were blocked. Powerful compensation uplifts captured the Caledonides of Scandinavia and the British Isles.

Alpine folding revived tectonic movements in the Hercynian zone of Europe. Many massifs were raised and broken by cracks. At this time, the Rhine and Rhone grabens were founded. The activation of faults is associated with the development of volcanic processes in the Rhine Slate Mountains, the Auvergne massif, the Ore Mountains, etc.

Neotectonic movements that swept across Western Europe affected not only the structure and topography, but also led to climate changes. The Pleistocene was marked by glaciation, which repeatedly covered vast areas of plains and mountains. The main center of continental ice distribution was located in Scandinavia; the centers of glaciation were also the mountains of Scotland, the Alps, the Carpathians, and the Pyrenees. The glaciation of the Alps was fourfold, the continental glaciation was threefold.

FOREIGN EUROPE EXPERIENCED THREE GLACIES IN THE PLEISTOCENE: MINDEL, RISK AND WURMS.

The activity of cover and mountain glaciers of the Middle Pleistocene (Ries) and Upper Pleistocene (Würm) glaciations had the greatest geomorphological significance. During the Rissky (maximum) glaciation, a continuous cover of glaciers reached the mouth of the Rhine, the Hercynids of Central Europe, and the northern foothills of the Carpathians. The Würm glaciation was much smaller in size than the Ris glaciation. It occupied only the eastern part of the Jutland Peninsula, the northeast of the Central European Plain and all of Finland.

Pleistocene glaciations had a diverse impact on nature. The centers of glaciation were predominantly areas of glacial drift. In the marginal areas, the glacier has formed accumulative and fluvio-glacial structures; the activity of mountain glaciers manifested itself in the creation of mountain-glacial relief forms. Under the influence of glaciers, a restructuring of the hydrographic network took place. Over vast areas, glaciers destroyed flora and fauna and created new soil-forming rocks. Outside the glaciation period, the number of heat-loving species decreased.

The geological structures of Foreign Europe correspond to certain mineral complexes.

Inexhaustible resources of building stone are concentrated on the territory of the Baltic Shield and the Scandinavian Mountains; Iron ore deposits are located in the contact zones of the Scandinavian mountains. Oil and gas fields are relatively small and, as a rule, are confined to Paleozoic and Mesozoic sediments (Germany, the Netherlands, Great Britain, adjacent areas of the North Sea), as well as to Neogene sediments of piedmont and intermountain troughs of the Alpine folding (Poland, Romania).

The Hercynides zone is home to a variety of mineral resources. These are coals from the Upper Silesian, Ruhr, Saar-Lorraine basins, as well as from the basins of central Belgium, central England, Wales, Decazville (France), and Asturias (Spain). Large reserves of iron oolitic ores are located in Lorraine and Luxembourg. There are deposits of non-ferrous metals in the mid-altitude mountains of Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Spain (Asturias, Sierra Morena), and bauxite deposits in Hungary, Yugoslavia, and Bulgaria. The Permian-Triassic deposits of the mid-altitude Hercynian Mountains zone include deposits of potassium salts (western Germany, Poland, France).

39. water, forest and agroclimatic resources of Western Europe, recreational resources and areas of the West

39). water, forest and agroclimatic resources of Western Europe, recreational resources and areas of WE.
Europe has a dense water transport network (navigable sections of rivers and canals) with a total length of over 47 thousand km.

km. The waterway network reached almost 9 thousand km in France, more than 6 thousand km in Germany, 4 thousand km in Poland, and 6.6 thousand in Finland.

km. The largest river in Europe is the Danube; it crosses the territory of eight states and annually transports over 50 million tons of cargo. Its drainage basin is climatically and morphologically complex. The most difficult section of the Danube in the Carpathian breakthrough area was the most difficult to pass.

In the early 70s, the Djerdap complex hydroelectric complex (a dam, two hydroelectric power stations and shipping locks) was built, which improved the transport capabilities of the river. The Rhine River, crossing the territory of five countries, is the main transport artery of Western Europe.

The Rhine and its tributaries pass through large industrial centers of Germany (North Rhine-Westphalia, Frankfurt am Main, etc.), France, Switzerland, so cargo transportation along the river exceeds 100 million tons per year. There is a trans-European system of shipping canals connecting the rivers of the Central European Plain - the Bug, Vistula, Odra, Elbe, Weser. The importance of water in WE is very great! Used : in the energy sector, for irrigation of agricultural land, for industrial and municipal water supply.+ water sources serve not only for water intake, but are also objects of household use as transport highways, recreational areas, and reservoirs for the development of fisheries.

According to the sources of food in Western Europe, rivers with glacial, snow and rain feeding are distinguished. The most common rivers are rain-fed, fewer are snow-fed rivers and even fewer are glacially fed.

Agroclimatic resources European countries have a fairly high agro-natural potential, since they are located in temperate and subtropical geographical zones and have favorable thermal resources and moisture availability.

But the increased population density characteristic of Europe in all historical eras contributed to the long-standing and intensive use of natural resources. Low fertility prompted Europeans to pay attention to the development of various ways to improve soils and increase their natural fertility.

It was in Europe that the practice of artificially improving the chemical composition of soil cover with the help of organic and mineral fertilizers was born, and options for crop rotation systems and other agrotechnical measures were developed. In the Mediterranean, sustainable agriculture requires artificial irrigation due to decreased rainfall in southern Europe. The most irrigated land is now in Italy and Spain.

Forests cover 157.2 million hectares in foreign Europe, or 33% of its territory.

On average, every European has 0.3 hectares of forest (in the world this norm is 1.2 hectares). The long history of economic development of European lands was accompanied by intensive deforestation. There are almost no forests left untouched by economic activity in Europe. There are 138 million hectares of exploited forests in Europe with an annual increase of 452 million m3. They perform not only production, but also environmental protection functions.

According to FAO and UNECE forecasts, forest production in Europe in 2000 will reach 443 million m3.

Europe is the only part of the world where forest cover has been increasing in recent decades. And this happens despite the high population density and the severe shortage of productive land. The need, long recognized by Europeans, to protect their very limited land resources and fertile soils from erosional destruction and to regulate flood flow was expressed in the fact that the environmental protection functions of forest plantations were overestimated.

Therefore, the soil and water conservation role of the forest and its recreational value have increased immeasurably in importance.

Recreational resources n They are most widely represented in Spain, Italy, Greece, France, and Switzerland.

Foreign Europe has been and remains the main region of international tourism.

Along with other countries, tourists and vacationers are attracted by the “old stones of Europe” - the sights of its cities. In 2000, the number of foreign tourists reached 400 million. All types of tourism have developed here, and the “tourism industry” has reached a very high level. Europe accounts for more than 2/3 of foreign tourists! Europe ranks uncompetitively first among the regions of the world. Serving tourists has become the main or one of the main sources of income for most of the population of specialized tourist areas.

In foreign Europe, tourism and recreational areas of two types are most widely represented - coastal and mountainous. Nowadays, sea cruise tourism areas are also becoming popular.
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1. Introduction

Europe's provision with resources is determined primarily by three circumstances. Firstly, the European region is one of the most densely populated regions on the planet. Consequently, the region's natural resources are used very actively. Secondly, European countries took the path of industrial development earlier than others. As a result, the impact on nature on an industrial scale began here several centuries ago. And finally, Europe is a relatively small region of the planet.

The conclusion suggests itself: Europe's natural resources are severely depleted. The exception is the Scandinavian Peninsula, whose resources remained largely intact until the end of the twentieth century. In fact, the active industrial development of Scandinavia began only in the second half of the twentieth century. At the same time, the population of the countries of the Scandinavian Peninsula is small and distributed over a large area. All these features of the Scandinavian subregion are opposite to the properties characteristic of Europe as a whole.

Share of Foreign Europe for certain resources

The following resources located within Foreign Europe are important for the world economy:

7. Bauxite

8. Soil

3. Mineral resources

Deposits of igneous fossils are concentrated in places where ancient crystalline rocks come to the surface - in Fennoscandia and in the belt of ancient destroyed mountains of Central Europe.

These are deposits of iron ores in the north of the Scandinavian Peninsula, non-ferrous metal ores in the Baltic Shield region and in ancient massifs and mountains

Europe has significant natural fuel reserves. Large coal basins are located in Germany (Ruhr Basin), Poland (Upper Silesian Basin) and the Czech Republic (Ostrava-Karvina Basin).

At the end of the 60s of the twentieth century, huge reserves of oil and gas were discovered at the bottom of the North Sea. Great Britain and Norway quickly became among the world leaders in oil production, and the Netherlands and Norway - in gas production.

Rice. 1. Oil production in the North Sea (Source)

Europe has quite large reserves of ore. Iron ore is mined in Sweden (Kiruna), France (Lorraine) and the Balkan Peninsula.

Non-ferrous metal ores are represented by copper-nickel and chromium ores from Finland, Sweden, bauxite from Greece and Hungary. There are large deposits of uranium in France, and titanium in Norway. There are polymetals, tin, mercury ores in Europe (Spain, Balkan, Scandinavian peninsulas), Poland is rich in copper.

2. Map of mineral resources of Foreign Europe (Source)

The soils of Europe are quite fertile. However, the countries' small area and significant population explain the low population. In addition, almost all available areas have already been used for agriculture. The territory of the Netherlands, for example, is more than 80% plowed. Water resources. Natural waters are one of the most important and scarce natural resources in Europe.

The population and various sectors of the economy use huge volumes of water, and the volume of water consumption continues to increase. Qualitative deterioration of water, caused by uncontrolled or poorly controlled economic use, is the main problem in modern water use in Europe.

The modern economy of European countries annually takes about 360 km3 of clean water from water sources for the needs of industry, agriculture and water supply to populated areas.

The demand for water and water consumption is steadily increasing as the population grows and the economy develops. According to calculations, only at the beginning of the 20th century. industrial water consumption increased 18 times in Europe, significantly outpacing the growth rate of gross national product production.

The situation with water resources in Europe is generally good, with the exception of the southern regions of Italy, Greece and Spain.

4. Hydropower, forestry, agroclimatic, recreational resources

The Alps, Scandinavian Mountains, and Carpathians are rich in hydropower resources. Agroclimatic resources. European countries have a fairly high agroclimatic potential, since they are located in temperate and subtropical geographical zones and have favorable thermal resources and moisture availability.

But the increased population density characteristic of Europe in all historical eras contributed to the long-standing and intensive use of natural resources. The low fertility of some types of soil prompted Europeans to pay attention to the development of various ways to improve soils and increase their natural fertility. It was in Europe that the practice of artificially improving the chemical composition of soil cover with the help of organic and mineral fertilizers was born, and options for crop rotation systems and other agrotechnical measures were developed.

3. Agroclimatic map of Foreign Europe

Forest resources. Forests cover 30% of its territory in foreign Europe. On average, every European has 0.3 hectares of forest (in the world this norm is 1 hectare). The long history of economic development of European lands was accompanied by intensive deforestation.

There are almost no forests left untouched by economic activity in Europe, with the exception of the Alps and Carpathians. Europe is the only part of the world where forest cover has been increasing in recent decades. And this happens despite the high population density and the severe shortage of productive land.

The need, long recognized by Europeans, to protect their very limited land resources and fertile soils from erosional destruction and to regulate flood flow was expressed in the fact that the environmental protection functions of forest plantations were overestimated. Therefore, the soil and water conservation role of forests, as well as the recreational value, have grown immeasurably in importance; in addition, environmental policy in Europe has contributed to less deforestation.

Finland, Sweden, and Norway have the largest reserves of forest resources in Foreign Europe.

Forests of Finland (Source)

Do not forget that the territory of Foreign Europe is rich in unique recreational resources. The recreational resources of France, Spain, Italy and other European countries are of global importance.

Homework

Topic 6, P.1

What are the features of the placement of mineral resources in Foreign Europe?

2. Give examples of countries in Foreign Europe and their characteristic resources.

Natural conditions. The length of the coastline (excluding Russia) is 4682 km. Belarus, Slovakia, Hungary and the Czech Republic do not have access to the World Ocean.

The region's topography includes lowlands, hilly plains and mountains.

The territory is mostly flat. Mountain ranges are mainly located on the edges of the region: the south is surrounded by the Caucasus and Crimean Mountains, the north is the Khibiny Mountains, the east of the European part of Russia is one of the oldest (Hercynian folding) mountain systems in Europe - the Ural Mountains, the event of the region is the Sudeten, Bohemian and Carpathian Mountains.

In the mountains, vertical zonality is pronounced.

The most mountain system in the region is the Carpathians, which form a convex arc to the northeast, almost 1,500 km long. Average heights - 1000 m, maximum - 2655 m (Gerlachovsky Štit in the Tatras). The Carpathian mountainous country includes the Western and Eastern Carpathians, the Beskids, the Southern Carpathians, the Western Romanian Mountains, and the Transylvanian Plateau.

They are part of the alpine geosynclinal region. The outer belt of the arc is composed of flysch (sandstones, conglomerates, shales), the inner belt is represented by volcanic rocks. There are many thermal springs.

Three quarters of the region's territory is occupied by plains, and the East European (Russian) region is one of the largest on the globe (almost 5 million km2). In its north and in the center (average height is more than 170 m) there are highlands (Timan and Donetsk ridges, Central Russian, Dnieper, Volga, Podolsk uplands, etc.), in the south there is a strip of coastal lowlands - the Black Sea, Caspian.

The northern territories are characterized by moraine-hilly terrain, while the central and southern territories are characterized by gully-gully terrain. Most low-lying areas are located in coastal areas and floodplains: the Middle Danube (Pannonian), Black Sea, Pivnichnopolska, and Dnieper lowlands.

The climate in most of the territory is temperate continental, average temperatures in January are 3o..-5oC, in July +20..

23 °C, precipitation falls up to 500-650 mm per year. In the north of the European part of Russia, the climate is subarctic and arctic (average winter temperatures are 25°.. -30, summers are short and moderately warm), in the extreme south of the region - the southern coast of Crimea - subtropical Mediterranean. Tropical air masses come mainly from the Mediterranean Sea in summer and cause cloudless and sultry weather, warm in winter (+2 o..

4 oC) and humid.

The river network in the region is quite dense. Lowland rivers - the Danube, Vistula, Oder, Tisa, Volga, Kama, Dnieper, Dniester - and their tributaries are mostly full-flowing, have a calm flow and therefore relatively low energy.

There are also many lakes here: the Karelian lake country, Ladoga, Onega, Chudskoye, Balaton, Shatsk lakes and others. In Lithuania alone there are almost 4,000 of them. In Belarus, in the north of Ukraine, in Poland there are huge areas of marshy areas, the most famous being the Pripyat swamp.

There are healing mineral springs in Hungary, Lithuania (Druskininkai), Czech Republic (Karlovy Vary), Ukraine (Mirgorod, Kuyalnik, etc.), Russia (mineral springs of the Caucasus).

Natural resources.

The region has significant mineral resources, their wealth and diversity ranks among the first in Europe. It fully satisfies its own needs for coal (Upper Silesian (Poland), Kladno, Ostrava-Karvinsky (Czech Republic), Donbass, Lviv-Volynsky (Ukraine), Skhidnodonbassky, Pechora (Russia) basins), brown coal, which is mined mainly in all countries by open method (Moscow basin in Russia, Dnieper basin in Ukraine, central regions of Poland, northern Hungary).

The Russian subsoil is rich in oil and gas (Volga-Ural, Timan-Pechora basins), there are minor reserves in Ukraine (Carpathian region, Dnieper-Donets basin) and in Hungary (Middle Danube Lowland), as well as in the south of Belarus (Rechitsa).

Peat is found in Belarus, Poland, Lithuania, and northern Ukraine; the largest reserves of oil shale are in Estonia (Kokhtla-Jarve) and Russia (Slantsy). Countries (except Russia) are forced to import a significant portion of fuel and energy resources, especially oil and gas.

Ore minerals are represented by iron ores (Krivoy Rog basin in Ukraine, Karelia, Kola Peninsula, Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) in Russia), manganese (Nikopol basin in Ukraine, the largest in terms of reserves in Europe and the second largest in the world), copper ores ( Lower Silesian basin in Poland and the Urals in Russia), bauxite (northwest Hungary), mercury (Nikitovskoe deposit in Ukraine), nickel (Khibiny in Russia).

Among non-metallic minerals, there are significant reserves of rock salt (Donbass and Crimea in Ukraine, the lower reaches of the Vistula in Poland), potassium salt (Prykarpattya in Ukraine, Soligorsk in Belarus, Solikamsk, Bereznyaki in Russia), sulfur (southeast and Prykarpattya in Poland , west and Carpathian region - New Rozdol deposit - in Ukraine), amber (Latvia and the Kaliningrad region of Russia), phosphorites (Leningrad region of Russia, Estonia), apatites (Khibiny in Russia).

Forest resources are the largest in Russia (forest cover 50%), Estonia (49%), Belarus (47%), Slovakia (45%), Latvia (47%).

The main part of forest areas consists of plantings that protect water, fields, the sea coast, landscape, as well as groves and parks in recreational areas. In Russia (mainly in the north) forests are of industrial importance.

The average forest cover of the region is 37%.

Agroclimatic resources are favorable in the southern part of the region due to sufficient heat: Ukraine, southern Russia, Hungary.

The main recreational resources include the sea coast, mountain air, rivers, forests, mineral springs, and karst caves.

The region is home to the most famous seaside resorts: Yalta, Alushta, Evpatoria (Ukraine), Sochi, Gelendzhik, Anapa (Russia), Jurmala (Latvia) and others. The largest lake resort is on Lake Balaton in Hungary. Ski resorts are located in the Carpathians, the Caucasus, the Tatras and the Khibiny Mountains. Forestry machines are widely used for recreational purposes in Belarus, Ukraine, Russia, and Poland. In the countries of Eastern Europe, many national parks have recently been created, among which the Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park is especially famous and popular, where bison are protected.

Largely due to the European part of Russia, the region’s natural resource potential is the largest in Europe.

And given the fact that in the northern regions of Russia there are huge reserves of fuel, some metallic (non-ferrous metals) and non-metallic (primarily potassium salts and apatites) minerals, its natural resources are of global importance.

Natural resources of Central European countries

Ticket 1

Natural resources and features of the Italian economy.

Natural resources.

• Mineral resources:

ü small reserves of oil, gas (Sicily and the north of the country) and coal (its production has been discontinued due to unprofitability).

ü Important for the economy: salts (Sicily), polymetals (Sardinia), mercury (Tuscany).

ü Rich in building materials (Carrara marble).

• Land resources. Arable land - 26% of the land fund - is on the Padan Plain in the Po River valley, but its supply is low.

Reduction of arable land. Pastures – 15% of the land. fund.

• Forest cover – 23%, abundance forest resources small:<0,1 га на душу – в основном низкорослые субтропические леса, кустарники.
• From biological resources: marine - fish, shellfish, squid.
• Water resources. The provision of water flow is low: 2-3 thousand m3 per year per capita, but in the north (Alps region) it is somewhat higher.
• Agroclimatic resources very favorable, but the moisture conditions are insufficient, and two seasons characteristic of the subtropics are clearly pronounced: a dry summer and a wetter winter.
• Italy is rich recreational resources.

Features of the economy.

• Italy is one of the leading countries in the world . GDP per capita 28.7 thousand.

• FEC. Fuel resources are scarce and therefore dependent on energy imports. Using imported oil, a powerful oil refining industry arose in port areas. Thermal power plant – 78% of electricity, hydroelectric power station – 20%, geothermal energy – 2%.
• Metallurgy. Powerful black base. met, second place in Europe after Germany in steel production (27 million tons). The main conversion and rolling plants are in the north-west, but now it is black. meth shifts south to port areas, where Fe ore, coking coal and scrap metal are imported.

Here is the largest full-cycle plant in the EU (Taranto). Color. meth less developed. III place in WE in Pb production; Al and Zn are also produced. Our own polymetals and imported bauxites are used.

• Mechanical engineering. The products do not have a high technological level. In certain industries there is a high level of production: radio electronics, household electrical appliances, robotics, machine tool industry, automotive industry (FIAT in Turin, also Rome and Bresci). Shipbuilding is in crisis.
• Chem.

prom. Organic chemistry is growing at the fastest rate. synthesis, production of polymers and finished products using oil refining products as raw materials. The centers are shifting to port areas, where powerful chemical factories .

• Agricultural unable to fully provide for us.

food products. Crop farming specializes in subtropical agriculture. The country ranks 1-2 in Europe in the collection of vegetables, fruits, citrus fruits, olives, and grapes.

In the north (Padan lowland) there are grains (wheat, corn, rice and sugar beets). But their harvest (except for rice) is much more modest than in other countries. countries. The development of livestock farming is hampered by low availability of pastures. North – dairy cattle breeding, south (Sardinia) – sheep breeding.

• Light industry- the oldest industry. The country occupies a leading position in Europe in the cotton and wool industry (second place in the world in the production of woolen fabrics).

Italy is a major supplier of high-quality footwear products (second place in the world in terms of footwear production). High level of the knitwear and clothing industry (Benetton).

• Food industry: winemaking (1st place in the world along with France).

High production level of olive oil, pasta, as well as canned vegetables and fruits.

• Transport system– high level, because very good advantageous geogr. position (international transport routes). Int. transportation – road transport. The largest ports are Genoa and Trieste. Tourism– 4th place in the world (3rd in Europe).

2.OPEC countries : Algeria (RU), Angola (PrRU), Libya (Jamahiriyya, U), Iraq (RF), Iran (RU), Ecuador (RU), Qatar (AmU), Kuwait (KmU), Nigeria (PrRF), Venezuela (RF ), UAE (KmF), Saudi Arabia (AmU).

Indonesia is out.

Ticket number 2

Natural resources and features of the German economy

• Area – 357,021 km²
• Parliamentary republic (2 chamber parliament: Bundestag and Bundesrat + government headed by the Chancellor; president - representative functions)

• Federation (16 historical lands)
• Largest cities: Berlin (3,467 thousand)

people), Hamburg (1,708 thousand), Munich (1,240 thousand people) and Cologne (964 thousand people).

• It is one of the Big Seven - an economically highly developed country, one of the main countries in the world.

• peculiarity - centrality of Germany
• location at the crossroads of trans-European trade and transport routes of latitudinal and meridional directions
• availability of access to the Baltic and North Seas
• possibility to use international rivers (Rhine, Danube)
• direct land proximity to 9 countries of Western, Northern and Eastern Europe

Natural resources :

• Mineral resources:

Coal – Ruhr (80% of reserves), Saar-Lorraine, Aachen basins, lignite basins of eastern Germany (Lausitz, Central German basins) (230 billion tons of proven coal reserves)

2. Iron ore – Walzgitter deposit, proven reserves are significant, ore quality is low

Sodium, potassium, magnesium salts – Hannover

4. Lead-zinc ores - Western Harz

5. Resources for the production of building materials

• Agroclimatic resources:

quite favorable. The country is located in a temperate climate zone, which facilitates the cultivation of crops with a medium to long growing season.

humidification coefficient is greater than unity, i.e. The country is located in a zone of sufficient moisture. The average temperature in January on the plains is from 0 to +3 degrees, in the mountains up to +5 degrees. In July, respectively, +16-+20 degrees, +12-+14 degrees. Precipitation is 500-800 mm per year, in the mountains 1000 mm.

• Water resources:

2 thousand m3 per capita (not enough).

2. The hydropower potential of rivers is high,

3. 80% of the territory belongs to the basins of the North and Baltic seas.

• Forest resources:

1. 0.06 hectares per capita,

2. forest cover – 29%,

3. large areas of forest are planted by people,

4. characterized by broad-leaved forests

• Land resources:

0.1 ha of arable land per capita

2. Soils are podzolic, brown

3. Soil fertility is increased by land reclamation

4. 32% - arable land, 22% pasture (from the land fund)

• Recreational resources.

Farm :

• by total GDP ($2.806 trillion.

for 2009) is second only to the USA, China, India and Japan.

• In terms of GDP per capita - $34,219 (21st place in the world.)
• The share of knowledge-intensive industries in the manufacturing industry is growing
• 32% of industrial products are exported
• Chemical industry + mechanical engineering account for more than 60% of products that are exported

Economic structure (share in GDP):

ü 70% - service sector

ü 29% - industry

Population of Germany (just in case)

1. 82 million people
2. 90% Christians, 8% Muslims
3. A large number of Turks
4. Negative natural increase
5. Population aging
6. Average density 200 people/km2
7. Urbanization rate 88%
8. The largest agglomeration is the Rhine-Ruhr region
9. Employment structure 70% - services, 29% - industry, 1% - agriculture

Industry :

4th place in the world in terms of industrial production (after the USA, Japan, China).

Initially, the industrial structure was dominated by mining, metallurgy, and metal-intensive mechanical engineering. However, now the leading industries of international specialization are mechanical engineering and the chemical industry.

• Mechanical engineering:

Largest industry

2. produces mainly products of an average level of science intensity - machine tools (2nd place in the world after Japan), cars, electrical products, and various equipment.

3. Largest companies: Siemens, Robert Bosch (electrical engineering); Daimler-Benz, Volkswagen (mechanical engineering).

4. This industry accounts for approximately 50% of the production of all industrial products (obviously by cost)

Provides more than 50% of all merchandise exports

6. Aviation and rocket engines are produced in Munich (although the main production is of an average level of science intensity, but as one would expect from a leading country, all industries are developed)

• Chemical industry.

Germany is a leader in Europe.

2. On the Rhine - the largest petrochemical complex. (40% of the complex's products are here)

3. Production of plastics, medicines, fine organic synthesis goods.

4. There is a shift in production to sea routes

• Metallurgy:

1. Ruhr and Saar basins. Extraction of iron and manganese ores, their enrichment and metallurgical production.

Features in the production structure: proportions (1.steel, 2.rolled, 3.cast iron), continuous casting of steel, conveyor; material saving + energy saving.

3. Is the 4th country in the world in steel production

4. Steel is produced using the oxygen-converter or electric melting method

5. The industry focuses on its own raw materials

o Colored:

1. works on imported raw materials, but because

Aluminum/copper production is very energy-intensive, so Germany is one of the leaders (cheap electricity in large quantities)

2. the location of factories is determined by the proximity of trade routes

Germany ranks 2nd in Europe in aluminum smelting

fuel and energy complex :

1. The main role is thermal power plants, but the importance of nuclear power plants is also great (12 nuclear power plants producing 28% of all electricity).

2. The fuel and energy sector is focused on domestic hard and brown coal and imported oil and natural gas.

3. Gas consumption is based on Russian gas

The total capacity of nuclear power plants is more than 20 million kWh

5. Hydroelectric power plays a significant role only in the south

• The textile industry is experiencing a structural crisis as it is uncompetitive

Agricultural :

• 35% of the land fund is used for agriculture
• Gives 1-2% of GDP
• 70% of the cost of agricultural products comes from livestock farming, the needs of which are subordinated to crop farming
• The area under fodder crops is larger than the area under food crops
• Very high level of mechanization and chemicalization
• High productivity of field and garden crops, livestock productivity
• The predominance of livestock farming (provides > 2/3 of all marketable products): dairy cattle, pigs.
• Crop production almost completely satisfies the population's food needs: wheat, barley, potatoes, sugar beets.
• The main type of enterprise is a family farm

Crop production:

20% of all European grain

25% barley

Germany is fully self-sufficient in food grains

Germany ranks first in potatoes

Livestock:

1st place in pig population

Pig farming is developed everywhere

Cattle breeding in alpine and pre-alpine areas rich in pastures

Geographical shifts in the location of households in the 2nd half of the 20th century. 1991

- unification of the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic. Production in the GDR fell sharply. The GDR is a “black hole” of the German economy.

Show on the outline map of the EU countries of Northern Europe; their state
structure and administrative-territorial structure.

(yellow– monarchies, all states are unitary)

1. Sweden— stockholm

Finland - Helsinki

3. Denmark – Copenhagen (don’t forget that it has Greenland)

4. Great Britain, London

5. Ireland - Dublin

Ticket3.

1.Formation of the political map of the world at the newest stage(early 20th century

• Russo-Japanese War 1904-1905, Treaty of Portsmouth: Japan receives South Sakhalin, the cities of Port Arthur and Dalniy.
• World War I, Treaty of Versailles: Russia lost Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland (West.

Ukr. and Zap. Belarus).

• Bessarabia was occupied by Romania.
• The Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed. A kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes arose.
• New borders of Germany, it lost its possessions in Africa, which were transferred to England and France.
• The Ottoman Empire collapsed.
• As a result of the First World War, Great Britain became the greatest colonial empire: it accounted for 20% of the earth's land area, 25% of the world's population lived in it, and 60% of the colonial world was in its hands.
• Formation of the RSFSR in 1917.
• At the end of 1922 - the unification of the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Belarus, and the Trans-SFSR into the USSR.
• Before World War II, the USSR occupied Karelia and established Soviet power in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Eastern Poland, Bessarabia, and Northern Bukovina.
• After World War II, the Crimean meeting took place in 1945, then the Potsdam Treaty.
• France and Great Britain have weakened, the USA is a superpower.
• In 1946 the Cold War began.

Social camp: GDR, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Yugoslavia, China, Mongolia, Vietnam, North Korea, Cuba.

• 1955 – Warsaw Pact as opposed to NATO.
• (after World War II) The territory of Germany decreased by 25%.

East Prussia to Poland, Kaliningrad to the USSR, Transcarpathian Ukraine became part of the USSR. Germany split into the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic. In Asia and Africa there is a process of decolonization. Immediately after the war, Korea, Indonesia, Vietnam, Jordan, the Philippines, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Burma gained independence. Israel was formed. In 1949, the People's Republic of China was formed. Decolonization in Africa began in 1960 and ended in 1990.

• Well, the USSR collapsed.

2.ASEAN countries (Association of Southeast Asian Nations):(U ) Brunei(ATm), Vietnam(PaR), Indonesia(R), Cambodia(Km), Laos(R), Malaysia(KmF), Myanmar(Kunta), Singapore(PaR), Thailand(Km), Philippines(Pr).

The region is especially rich in landscapes of temperate and subtropical zones. The relief alternates between lowlands, rolling plains and mountains, although flat areas dominate. Mountain ranges are mainly located along the edge of the region: the Ural, Caucasian, Crimean, Carpathian, Balkan mountains. Most of the region's area is covered by plains, among which the largest is the East European Plain - one of the largest plains on the globe (with an area of ​​about 5 million km2). Most low-lying areas are confined to coastal areas and floodplains.

The region ranks among the first in Europe in terms of the richness and diversity of its mineral resource base. They are fully satisfied with their own needs for coal (Upper Silesian basin in Poland, Donbass and Lvov-Volyn in Ukraine, Pechora in Russia). Oil and gas are rich in the subsoil of Russia (Volga-Ural basin); there are minor reserves in Ukraine, Romania and Hungary. Peat occurs in Belarus, Poland, and Lithuania, and oil shale occurs in Estonia and Russia. Ore minerals are represented by iron ores (Krivoy Rog basin in Ukraine, KGB in Russia), manganese (Nikopol basin in Ukraine), copper ores (Poland and Russia), bauxite (Hungary), nickel (Russia). Among the non-metallic mineral resources in the region there are powerful reserves of rock salt (Ukraine and Poland), sulfur (Ukraine), amber (Latvia and Russia), and phosphorites (Russia and Estonia).

The climate in most of the territory is moderate continental, with average temperatures in January up to -5 ° C, and in July up to +23 ° C. Precipitation amounts to about 500-650 mm. In the north of the European part of Russia, the climate is subarctic and arctic with harsh weather. The southwest is dominated by a subtropical Mediterranean climate.

It is characterized by a dense river network, represented by the basins of the Volga, Danube, Dnieper, Dniester, Oder, Vistula, etc., their tributaries are usually deep and have a calm flow. There are many lakes here: the Karelian Lake District, Ladoga, Onega, Chudskoye, Balaton, Shatsk Lakes and others. In Belarus, in the north of Ukraine, in Poland there are huge areas of marshy areas, among them the most famous are the Pripyat swamps. Healing springs of mineral waters have long been popular in the Czech Republic (Karlovy Vary), Ukraine (Mirgorod, Prykarpattya and Transcarpathia), Russia (mineral springs of the Caucasus), Bulgaria and Hungary.

Forests, covering more than 30% of the territory, are the national wealth of the countries of Eastern Europe. Rich forests of northern Russia, Carpathians, Caucasus. Forest resources are the basis for the development of the woodworking and furniture industries.

Outstanding recreational resources include the sea coast, mineral springs, and karst caves. The region is rich in sea, river and lake, and mountain resorts. In Eastern European countries, a large number of national parks have recently been created, including of which the famous Belovezhskaya Pushcha.

Natural conditions. The length of the coastline (excluding Russia) is 4682 km. Belarus, Slovakia, Hungary and the Czech Republic do not have access to the World Ocean.

The region's topography includes lowlands, hilly plains and mountains. The territory is mostly flat. Mountain ranges are mainly located on the edges of the region: the south is surrounded by the Caucasus and Crimean Mountains, the north is the Khibiny Mountains, the east of the European part of Russia is one of the oldest (Hercynian folding) mountain systems in Europe - the Ural Mountains, the event of the region is the Sudeten, Bohemian and Carpathian Mountains. In the mountains, vertical zonality is pronounced.

The most mountain system in the region is the Carpathians, which form a convex arc to the northeast, almost 1,500 km long. Average heights - 1000 m, maximum - 2655 m (Gerlachovsky Štit in the Tatras). The Carpathian mountainous country includes the Western and Eastern Carpathians, the Beskids, the Southern Carpathians, the Western Romanian Mountains, and the Transylvanian Plateau. They are part of the alpine geosynclinal region. The outer belt of the arc is composed of flysch (sandstones, conglomerates, shales), the inner belt is represented by volcanic rocks. There are many thermal springs.

Three quarters of the region's territory is occupied by plains, and the East European (Russian) region is one of the largest on the globe (almost 5 million km2). In its north and in the center (average height is more than 170 m) there are highlands (Timan and Donetsk ridges, Central Russian, Dnieper, Volga, Podolsk uplands, etc.), in the south there is a strip of coastal lowlands - the Black Sea, Caspian. The northern territories are characterized by moraine-hilly relief, while the central and southern territories are characterized by gully-gully relief. Most low-lying areas are located in coastal areas and floodplains: the Middle Danube (Pannonian), Black Sea, Pivnichnopolska, and Dnieper lowlands.

The climate in most of the territory is temperate continental, average temperatures in January are 3°..-5°C, July +20..+23°C, precipitation falls up to 500-650 mm per year. In the north of the European part of Russia, the climate is subarctic and arctic (average winter temperatures are 25°.. -30, summers are short and moderately warm), in the extreme south of the region - the southern coast of Crimea - subtropical Mediterranean. Tropical air masses come mainly from the Mediterranean Sea in summer and cause cloudless and sultry weather, warm (+2 o.. +4 oC) and humid in winter.

The river network in the region is quite dense. Lowland rivers - the Danube, Vistula, Oder, Tisa, Volga, Kama, Dnieper, Dniester - and their tributaries are mostly full-flowing, have a calm flow and therefore relatively low energy.

There are also many lakes here: the Karelian lake country, Ladoga, Onega, Chudskoye, Balaton, Shatsk lakes and others. In Lithuania alone there are almost 4,000 of them. In Belarus, in the north of Ukraine, in Poland there are huge areas of marshy areas, the most famous being the Pripyat swamp.

There are healing mineral springs in Hungary, Lithuania (Druskininkai), Czech Republic (Karlovy Vary), Ukraine (Mirgorod, Kuyalnik, etc.), Russia (mineral springs of the Caucasus).

Natural resources. The region has significant mineral resources, their wealth and diversity ranks among the first in Europe. It fully satisfies its own needs for coal (Upper Silesian (Poland), Kladno, Ostrava-Karvinsky (Czech Republic), Donbass, Lviv-Volynsky (Ukraine), Skhidnodonbassky, Pechora (Russia) basins), brown coal, which is mined mainly in all countries open method (Moscow basin in Russia, Dnieper basin in Ukraine, central regions of Poland, northern Hungary). The Russian subsoil is rich in oil and gas (Volga-Ural, Timan-Pechora basins), there are minor reserves in Ukraine (Carpathian region, Dnieper-Donets basin) and in Hungary (Middle Danube Lowland), as well as in the south of Belarus (Rechitsa). Peat occurs in Belarus, Poland, Lithuania, and northern Ukraine; the largest reserves of oil shale are in Estonia (Kokhtla-Jarve) and Russia (Slantsy). Countries (except Russia) are forced to import a significant portion of fuel and energy resources, especially oil and gas.

Ore minerals are represented by iron ores (Krivoy Rog basin in Ukraine, Karelia, Kola Peninsula, Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) in Russia), manganese (Nikopol basin in Ukraine, the largest in terms of reserves in Europe and the second largest in the world), copper ores ( Lower Silesian basin in Poland and the Urals in Russia), bauxite (northwest Hungary), mercury (Nikitovskoe deposit in Ukraine), nickel (Khibiny in Russia).

Among non-metallic minerals, there are significant reserves of rock salt (Donbass and Crimea in Ukraine, the lower reaches of the Vistula in Poland), potassium salt (Prykarpattya in Ukraine, Soligorsk in Belarus, Solikamsk, Bereznyaki in Russia), sulfur (southeast and Prykarpattya in Poland , west and Carpathian region - New Rozdol deposit - in Ukraine), amber (Latvia and the Kaliningrad region of Russia), phosphorites (Leningrad region of Russia, Estonia), apatites (Khibiny in Russia).

Forest resources are the largest in Russia (forest cover 50%), Estonia (49%), Belarus (47%), Slovakia (45%), Latvia (47%). The main part of forest areas consists of plantings that protect water, fields, the sea coast, landscape, as well as groves and parks in recreational areas. In Russia (mainly in the north) forests are of industrial importance. The average forest cover of the region is 37%.

Agroclimatic resources are favorable in the southern part of the region due to sufficient heat: Ukraine, southern Russia, Hungary.

The main recreational resources include the sea coast, mountain air, rivers, forests, mineral springs, and karst caves. The region is home to the most famous seaside resorts: Yalta, Alushta, Evpatoria (Ukraine), Sochi, Gelendzhik, Anapa (Russia), Jurmala (Latvia) and others. The largest lake resort is on Lake Balaton in Hungary. Ski resorts are located in the Carpathians, the Caucasus, the Tatras and the Khibiny Mountains. Forestry machines are widely used for recreational purposes in Belarus, Ukraine, Russia, and Poland. In the countries of Eastern Europe, many national parks have recently been created, among which the Belovezhskaya Pushcha National Park is especially famous and popular, where bison are protected.

Largely due to the European part of Russia, the region’s natural resource potential is the largest in Europe. And given the fact that in the northern regions of Russia there are huge reserves of fuel, some metallic (non-ferrous metals) and non-metallic (primarily potassium salts and apatites) minerals, its natural resources are of global importance.

The video lesson allows you to get interesting and detailed information about the countries of Eastern Europe. From the lesson you will learn about the composition of Eastern Europe, the characteristics of the countries of the region, their geographical location, nature, climate, place in this subregion. The teacher will tell you in detail about the main country of Eastern Europe - Poland.

Topic: Regional characteristics of the world. Foreign Europe

Lesson: Eastern Europe

Rice. 1. Map of subregions of Europe. Eastern Europe is highlighted in red. ()

Eastern Europe- a cultural and geographical region that includes states located in eastern Europe.

Compound:

1. Belarus.

2. Ukraine.

3. Bulgaria.

4. Hungary.

5. Moldova.

6. Poland.

7. Romania.

8. Slovakia.

In the post-war period, the industry actively grew and developed in all countries of the region, with non-ferrous metallurgy relying mainly on its own raw materials, and ferrous metallurgy on imported ones.

The industry is also represented in all countries, but is most developed in the Czech Republic (primarily machine tool manufacturing, production of household appliances and computer equipment); Poland and Romania are distinguished by the production of metal-intensive machines and structures; In addition, shipbuilding is developed in Poland.

The chemical industry of the region lags far behind that of Western Europe due to the lack of raw materials for the most advanced branches of chemistry - oil. But we can still note the pharmaceuticals of Poland and Hungary, the glass industry of the Czech Republic.

Under the influence of scientific and technological revolution, significant changes occurred in the structure of the economy of the countries of Eastern Europe: agro-industrial complexes emerged and specialization of agricultural production took place. It was most clearly manifested in grain farming and in the production of vegetables, fruits, and grapes.

The economic structure of the region is heterogeneous: in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, and Poland, the share of livestock farming exceeds the share of crop farming, while in the rest the ratio is still the opposite.

Due to the diversity of soil and climatic conditions, several zones of crop production can be distinguished: wheat is grown everywhere, but in the north (Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) rye and potatoes play an important role, in the central part of the subregion vegetable growing and horticulture are cultivated, and the “southern” countries specialize on subtropical crops.

The main crops grown in the region are wheat, corn, vegetables, and fruits.

The main wheat-corn regions of Eastern Europe were formed within the Middle and Lower Danube lowlands and the Danube hilly plain (Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria).

Hungary has achieved the greatest success in grain growing.

Vegetables, fruits, and grapes are cultivated almost everywhere in the subregion, but there are areas where they primarily determine the specialization of agriculture. These countries and regions also have their own specialization in terms of product range. For example, Hungary is famous for its winter varieties of apples, grapes, and onions; Bulgaria - oilseeds; Czech Republic - hops, etc.

Animal husbandry. The northern and central countries of the region specialize in dairy and meat and dairy cattle breeding and pig breeding, while the southern countries specialize in mountain pasture meat and wool animal husbandry.

In Eastern Europe, which lies at the crossroads of routes that have long connected the eastern and western parts of Eurasia, the transport system has been developing over many centuries. Nowadays, railway transport is the leader in terms of transportation volume, but road and sea transport are also intensively developing. The presence of major ports contributes to the development of foreign economic relations, shipbuilding, ship repair, and fishing.

Poland. The official name is the Republic of Poland. The capital is Warsaw. Population - 38.5 million people, of which more than 97% are Poles. The majority are Catholics.

Rice. 3. Historical center of Warsaw ()

Poland borders Germany, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine, Belarus, Lithuania and Russia; in addition, it borders the sea areas (zones) of Denmark and Sweden.

About 2/3 of the territory in the north and center of the country is occupied by the Polish Lowland. In the north there is the Baltic ridge, in the south and southeast - the Lesser Poland and Lublin Uplands, along the southern border - the Carpathians (highest point 2499 m, Mount Rysy in the Tatras) and the Sudetes. Large rivers - Vistula, Odra; dense river network. The lakes are mainly in the north. 28% of the territory is under forest.

Minerals of Poland: coal, sulfur, iron ore, various salts.

Upper Silesia is a region of concentration of industrial production in Poland of pan-European importance.

Poland generates almost all its electricity at thermal power plants.

Leading manufacturing industries:

1. Mining.

2. Mechanical engineering (Poland occupies one of the leading places in the world in the production of fishing vessels, freight and passenger cars, road and construction machines, machine tools, engines, electronics, industrial equipment, etc.).

3. Ferrous and non-ferrous (large-scale zinc production) metallurgy.

4. Chemical (sulfuric acid, fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, perfumes and cosmetics, photographic products).

5. Textile (cotton, linen, wool).

6. Sewing.

7. Cement.

8. Production of porcelain and earthenware.

9. Production of sporting goods (kayaks, yachts, tents, etc.).

10. Furniture production.

Poland has a highly developed agriculture. Agriculture is dominated by crop production. The main grain crops are rye, wheat, barley, oats.

Poland is a large producer of sugar beets (over 14 million tons per year), potatoes, and cabbage. The export of apples, strawberries, raspberries, currants, garlic, and onions is important.

The leading branch of livestock farming is pig farming, dairy and beef cattle breeding, poultry farming (Poland is one of Europe's largest suppliers of eggs), and beekeeping.

Homework

Topic 6, P. 3

1. What are the features of the geographical location of Eastern Europe?

2. Name the main areas of specialization in Poland.

Bibliography

Main

1. Geography. A basic level of. 10-11 grades: Textbook for educational institutions / A.P. Kuznetsov, E.V. Kim. - 3rd ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2012. - 367 p.

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Additional

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8. Textbook on geography. Tests and practical assignments in geography / I.A. Rodionova. - M.: Moscow Lyceum, 1996. - 48 p.

9. The most complete edition of standard versions of real Unified State Examination tasks: 2009. Geography / Comp. Yu.A. Solovyova. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2009. - 250 p.

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Materials on the Internet

1. Federal Institute of Pedagogical Measurements ().

2. Federal portal Russian Education ().