The problem of the uneasy relationship between science and pseudoscientific theories.

1) 1, 2, 3, 4, 6

2) 3, 4, 5, 6

3) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

4) 1, 2, 5, 6

For centuries, astrology (1) for example (2) was intensively cultivated as a completely decent activity, and (3) therefore (4) many scientists became involved in it.
1) 1, 2, 3
2) 2, 3
3) 2, 3, 4
4) 1, 2

The idea of telepathic communication (1) by the way (2) came to the attention of a number of our outstanding compatriots, intriguing (3) supposedly (4) V. Bekhterev and K. Tsiolkovsky. For example (5) the famous chemist A. Butlerov, in collaboration with the writer S. Aksakov, even published the magazine “Rebus”, in which telepaths and spiritualists found refuge. Thus (6) great scientists became captives of great occult passions.

1) 1, 2, 5
2) 3, 4, 5, 6
3) 1, 2, 5, 6
4) 1, 3, 4, 5

After all, (1) Chekhov’s dreams of a future life speak of a high culture of spirit, of the World Soul, of that Man who (2) ultimately (3) needs not “three arshins of land,” but the entire globe, about a new beautiful life , to create which we need another two hundred, three hundred, thousand years to work, toil, suffer. All this is from the realm of the eternal, which (4) of course (5) cannot be treated without excitement.

1) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
2) 2, 3, 4, 5
3) 1, 4, 5
4) 4, 5

I (1) fortunately (2) had to play one role in Chekhov’s plays several hundred times, but I (3) hardly (4) remember a performance during which new sensations were not revealed in my soul, but in the work itself - new depths or subtleties that (5) imagine (6) were not noticed by me before.
1) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
2) 1, 2, 3, 4
3) 1, 2, 5, 6
4) 3, 4, 5, 6

Nina (1) as I now understand (2) had all the advantages and disadvantages of the rich. She was courageous, determined, purposeful and (3) also (4) cold, arrogant and aristocratically naive. For example (5) she considered money a heavy burden.
1) 1, 2, 3, 4
2) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
3) 1, 2, 5
4) 1,2,3,5

“We only dream of peace...” - Alexander Blok stated sadly many years later. Perhaps (1) in the second half of the twentieth century, people no longer dream of peace. However, (2) we still (3) crave peace of mind, in which (4) perhaps (5) creative and beneficial rest is only possible in any other activity necessary for people.
1) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
2) 1, 4, 5
3) 1, 2, 3
4) 2, 3, 4, 5

Rules (1) as is known (2) are created or selected for a specific situation. Over time (3) a new situation arises in which the previous theory is no longer capable of leading forward and (4) therefore (5) must be replaced.
1) 1, 2, 3, 5
2) 1, 2, 4, 5
3) 1, 3, 4
4) 2, 5

To control your speech, to rule over it means (1) not to utter a single word in the heat of the moment, a word that you will (2) still (3) regret later. Words (4) after all (5) are not forgotten. Of course (6) only the very wise know how to carefully consider their speeches; a rash word will never escape their tongue.
1) 1, 2, 3, 6
2) 2, 3, 4, 5
3) 2, 3
4) 6

More than once on rainy autumn evenings I (1) felt (2) sad. But (3) it happened (4) you wander through the forest and don’t see a single bird’s nest.
1) 1, 2
2) 1, 2, 3, 4
3) 3, 4
4) 1, 3

In the happy time of youth, many (1) probably (2) write a diary. This matter is (3) of course (4) sacred, secret and takes a lot of strength. But what else can we come up with? After all, (5) a person needs confession, cleansing, and a diary helps him with this.
1) 1, 2, 3,4, 5
2) 1, 2, 3, 4
3) 1,3, 4, 5
4) 1, 2, 5

Landscape art is the most exciting and (1) also (2) the most influential of all the arts. This statement (3) seems (4) strange. Why (5) in fact (6) gardening art should be more effective than poetry, literature in general, philosophy, theater, painting?
1) 1, 2, 3, 4
2) 3, 4, 5, 6
3) 5, 6
4) 1, 2, 5, 6

Leningrad (1) as they said (2) was famous for its second-hand bookstores. Before the war, on Liteiny Prospekt, most of the lower floors were (3) literally (4) bookstores. Here (5) they assure (6) everything could be found: an old French novel, brochures from the first years of the revolution, a church book, German technical reference books.
1) 1, 2, 5, 6
2) 1, 2, 3, 4
3) 3, 4, 5, 6
4) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

The book (1) undoubtedly (2) suffered greatly from the blockade. It was burned by fires, it died during the bombing, it (3) and finally (4) it was used to heat potbelly stoves, stoves, they were kindled with it, they were warmed with it, and it is impossible to blame people for this.
1) 1, 2, 3, 4
2) 1, 2
3) 3, 4
4) 1, 2, 4

Vandal (1) undoubtedly (2) is characterized by hatred (3) literally (4) of everything beautiful. But (5) obviously (6) from hatred of everything beautiful, of works of art, it is very close to hatred of everything that is created by other people and for the common human benefit.
1) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
2) 5, 6
3) 1, 2, 5, 6
4) 1, 2, 3, 4

There are people about whom they say: “This is (1) undoubtedly (2) a man of his word!” This means (3) you can rely on such a person - he (4) is believed to (5) fulfill his promise without a reminder.
1) 1, 2, 4,5
2) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
3) 3, 4, 5
4) 1, 2, 3

For me (1) in general (2) this layer, which is called the new Russians, is extremely mysterious. What do they take and why does the blockhead, who for a quarter of a century seemed to everyone like a nonentity in all areas, suddenly (3) suddenly (4) soar and look down on everyone? These people (5) on the one hand (6) make me smile, and (7) on the other hand (8) they are absolutely contraindicated and scary for me.

Essay based on the text:

There is a lot in our world that cannot be explained from a scientific point of view. And the stronger the ban on observing paranormal phenomena, the more interest they attract. And when you still manage to get closer to the solution to what seemed impossible and unknown, the most important thing is not to violate moral and ethical laws. The problem of their observance is discussed in A. Sukhotin’s text. The author states: “An honest researcher, just a decent person who maintains integrity in matters of science, cannot, no matter what he does, end up among the ranks of false scientists.”

I completely agree with the opinion of the publicist. Under no circumstances should one speculate on moral and ethical standards in pursuit of cheap popularity, as this will not lead to anything good. And there is a lot of evidence of this in our literature.

M.A. Bulgakov in his story “Fatal Eggs” precisely describes the consequences of careless interference with the laws of nature. “Paper from the Kremlin” allowed the head of the “Red Ray” state farm, A. Rokku, “to raise chicken farming in the country” to expropriate from Professor Persikov the “ray of life” he invented in the form of three chambers for enlarging the cage. But instead of chickens, the Moscow region was flooded with giant pythons and crocodiles, accidentally bred by Rock instead of chickens. Wanting not to lose face as the head of a demonstration state farm, Alexander Semyonovich violated all sorts of moral laws, for which he was severely punished. However, like the eccentric Professor Persikov. Salvation came from nature itself - in August a frost of 18 degrees suddenly hit, and the reptiles died out. So M.A. Bulgakov once again says that nature is wise and everything in it is arranged correctly, even if we cannot describe everything from the point of view of science.

Of course, if we talk about violations of moral and ethical standards by scientists, we cannot help but recall A. Belyaev’s novel “The Head of Professor Dowell.” In pursuit of his own glory, Kern, taking advantage of Dowell's asthma attack, deprived the body of his head, and then, passing an electric current through the professor's head, mixing irritating substances into nutrient solutions, forced Dowell to cooperate. Using someone else's knowledge, Kern sews the head of the singer Briquet to the body of Angelique Guy. However, this experiment ends in failure, and the exposed Kern commits suicide. The positive heroes of this novel - doctor Marie Laurent and Professor Dowell - are those honest researchers about whom A. Sukhotin just said that they have qualities “that protect against the temptation of cheap fame.”

Summing up the above, I would like to note only one thing: no matter what a person does, he must be morally stable and not pursue cheap fame by distorting scientific facts. Alas, this glory is groundless and fleeting, because it is easy to debunk with the help of true scientific knowledge.

Text by A. Sukhotin:

(1) Pseudoscience is closely related to the so-called occult science. (2) Occult science admits the existence of hidden forces in the cosmos or in man himself, understandable only to a select few. (3) At first, alchemy, astrology, palmistry entered the occult system, later parapsychology, Philippine healing, the effects of AAP (anomalous atmospheric phenomena) and other events were added here.

(5) Others are more careful: one should not knowingly, without performing a special “inspection,” declare one thing a lie and another the truth. (6) Moreover, prohibit any topics just because someone considers them parascience.

(7) Of course, it is pointless to decree the boundaries of what is permitted. (8) Occultism grows precisely in the vicinity of strange phenomena, far from clear to science, interpreted as mystical and therefore anti-scientific. (9) The ban on experimentation, observation, and search only fuels the situation and breeds rumors and speculation. (10) We are trying to “control” physics on the basis of new results so as not to introduce any mystical elements. (11) Even if the hypotheses of, say, telepathic communication, traveling “cosmic saucers,” and skin vision are not confirmed, their study will help not only relieve the excitement, but also explain other phenomena, and therefore deepen our understanding of the world. (12) Therefore, it would be reckless to shun the mysterious, fencing it off with the concrete of prohibitions. (13) Everything mysterious must be studied. (14) However, on one condition...

(15) It is known that many prominent natural scientists paid tribute to occult matters at different times. (16) For centuries, astrology, for example, was intensively cultivated as a completely decent activity, and therefore many scientists became involved in it. (17) From the depths of history comes a fascination with alchemy, which for a long time remained the guardian of chemical knowledge. (18) The idea of telepathic communication came to the attention of a number of our outstanding compatriots, intriguing V. Bekhterev and K. Tsiolkovsky. (19) And the famous chemist A. Butlerov, in collaboration with the writer S. Aksakov, even published the magazine “Rebus”, in which telepaths and spiritualists found refuge. (20) So great scientists found themselves captive of great occult passions. (21) But would you dare call them false scientists?

(22) None of them resorted to deception or fabrication of facts, no one suffered from scientific fanaticism that could lead to the path of pseudoscientific claims. (23) “Demarcation” runs along the cutting edge of moral and ethical assessments. (24) An honest researcher, simply decent: a person
who maintains integrity in matters of science cannot, no matter what he does, end up among the ranks of false scientists. (25) He lacks certain qualities for this, but he has in abundance those that protect him from the temptation of cheap fame.

(According to A. Sukhotin)

(4) Some scientists, without wasting a lot of words, place the named series of studies and everything that is connected (or seems to be connected) with occult hobbies into the section of pseudo-teachings, calling for their access to science to be completely blocked. (5) Others are more careful: one should not knowingly, without performing a special “inspection,” declare one thing to be a lie and another to be the truth. (6) Moreover, prohibit any topics just because someone considers them parascience.

(7) It’s clear that it is pointless to decree the boundaries of what is permitted. (8) Occultism just grows near phenomena that are far from clear to science, strange, interpreted as mystical and therefore anti-scientific. (9) The ban on experimentation, observation, and search only fuels the situation and breeds rumors and speculation. (10) We are trying precisely on the basis of new results to “control physics so as not to introduce any mystical elements.” (11) Even if the hypotheses of, say, telepathic communication, traveling “cosmic saucers,” and skin vision are not confirmed, their study will help not only relieve the excitement, but also explain other phenomena, and therefore deepen our understanding of the world. (12) Therefore, it would be reckless to shun the mysterious, fencing it off with the concrete of prohibitions. (13) Everything mysterious must be studied. (14) However, on one condition... (15) It is known that many prominent natural scientists paid tribute to occult matters at different times. (16) For centuries, astrology, for example, was intensively cultivated as a completely decent activity, and therefore many scientists became involved in it. (17) From the depths of history comes a fascination with alchemy, which for a long time remained the guardian of chemical knowledge. (18) The idea of telepathic communication came to the attention of a number of our outstanding compatriots, intriguing V. Bekhterev and K. Tsiolkovsky. (19) And the famous chemist A. Butlerov, in collaboration with the writer S. Aksakov, even published the magazine “Rebus”, in which telepaths and spiritualists found shelter.

(20) So great scientists found themselves captive of great occult passions. (21) But would one dare call them false scientists?

(22) None of them resorted to deception or fabrication of facts, no one suffered from scientific fanaticism that could lead to the path of pseudoscientific claims.

(23) “Demarcation” runs along the cutting edge of moral and ethical assessments. (24) An honest researcher, simply a decent person who maintains integrity in matters of science, cannot, no matter what he does, end up among the ranks of false scientists. (25) He lacks certain qualities for this, but he has in abundance those that protect him from the temptation of cheap fame. Vocabulary work

Telepaths- people who have telepathy.

Telepathy- a scientifically unexplained phenomenon of transmitting information over a distance about the state of one living being to another or the thoughts of one person to another.

Spiritualists- a mystical movement associated with the belief in the afterlife existence of the souls of the dead and characterized by a special practice of “communication” with them.

Demarcation- a line dividing the warring parties during a truce.

Alchemy- a pre-scientific direction in the development of chemistry, the main goal of which is to find the so-called philosopher's stone for converting base metals into gold and silver, obtaining the elixir of longevity, etc.

Occult- related to the occult.

Occultism- the general name of teachings that recognize the existence of hidden forces in man and the cosmos, accessible only to “initiates.”

Parascience– pseudo-scientific knowledge ( pair- Greek "near, outside").

Decree- Submit to decree.

Decree- a decree of the supreme authority that has the force of law.

Tasks for text 1

1. Choose a statement that contradicts the author's position.

a) Many great scientists were interested in paranormal phenomena.

b) The study of occult sciences should be prohibited.

c) A scientist must be honest and objective.

d) The study of mystical phenomena will help expand a person’s understanding of the world.

2. From sentence 23, write down a word that has more letters than sounds.

3. From sentence 25, write down a word that has more letters than sounds.

4. From sentences 5–6, write down a phrase with a connection agreement.

5. From sentences 21–25, write down the number of the sentence where there is a phraseological unit.

6. From sentences 11–12, write down a colloquial word and replace it with a commonly used one.

7. From sentences 4–5, write a short participle.

8. Indicate the way the word is formed attach (sentence 3).

9. The meaning of which word is defined incorrectly?

A) Hype(sentence 11) - strong excitement, a struggle of interests around some issue.

b) Hypothesis(proposition 11) – a conclusion from a scientific theory.

V) Temptation(sentence 25) – temptation.

G) Cultivate(sentence 16) – develop, put into use.

10. From sentences 7–9, write down words that illustrate the rule: in the personal endings of verbs of the first conjugation it is written e.

11. Indicate the correct explanation for the spelling of the vowel in the word enthusiasm (sentence 4).

a) We remember the spelling;

b) root with alternation, write e, because there is no suffix A;

c) check with a single-root word with a stressed root.

12. From the sentences of the first paragraph, write down a noun formed by a transition from another part of speech.

13. Write down the grammatical basis from sentence 13.

14. Choose the correct explanation for the placement of the colon in sentence 5.

Others are more careful: one should not knowingly, without performing a special “inspection,” declare one thing to be a lie and another to be the truth..

b) Non-union complex sentence, the second sentence complements the first.

15. From sentences 7–15, write down the number of the complex sentence with the subordinate clause.

16. Among sentences 19–25, find sentences with separate definitions. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

17. Among sentences 1–6, find sentences with isolated circumstances. Write down the numbers of these sentences.

18. Among sentences 11–17, find a complex sentence, part of which is a one-part indefinite-personal sentence.

19. From sentences 10–14, write down the introductory words.

20. Match the means of expression with the sentence numbers:

a) rows of homogeneous members;

b) metaphor;

c) contextual synonyms;

d) antonyms.

Offer numbers: 3, 5, 23, 24.

I. Write an introduction to the essay, reflecting on the relevance of the problem of the text.

Since ancient times, people have been attracted...

Unusual human abilities, mysteries of life and death, other worlds - here...

II. State the problem of the text.

So how should we approach...?

III. Comment on the problem of the text, taking into account the following questions:

1. What points of view does the author of the article give on people’s attitudes towards the occult sciences?

3. What image does the metaphor create in the reader? fencing it off with the concrete of prohibitions?

In order to understand the problem, A. Sukhotin cites opposing points of view:

Some scientists consider occult knowledge..., others say...

Rumors and speculations breed around mystical phenomena due to insufficient...

The metaphor of “fencing it off with the concrete of prohibitions” helps to imagine...

Everything mysterious is necessary..., but at the same time a scientist who studies... must be...

The honesty and objectivity of a scientist is a guarantee...

The metaphor of “being captured by great occult passions” emphasizes the attractiveness of...

To the rhetorical question “Can these scientists be called false scientists?” the reader will answer in the negative because...

Remember the great scientists (Copernicus, Einstein, Lobachevsky, Mendel), whose discoveries were not immediately recognized. Why were these discoveries accepted over time? What qualities necessary for a person involved in science did these people have?

Keys to tasks in text 1

2) moral and ethical;

3) famous;

4) any topics;

6) shun- keep away;

7) connected;

8) prefix-suffixal;

9) b ( hypothesis- a presumptive proposition put forward to explain a phenomenon);

10) grows, warms up;

12) chosen ones;

13) need to study(predicate);

19) let's say it means;

20) a – 3, b – 23, c – 24, d – 5.

Sample essay-reasoning on text 1

Since ancient times, people have been attracted by the unknown, the difficult to explain, the incomprehensible, and the problem posed by the author of the article is still relevant today, because people are still interested in the unusual abilities of man, the mysteries of life and death, and other worlds.

How to relate to the occult sciences? The author of the article reflects on this question.

In order to understand the problem, A. Sukhotin cites different points of view: some scientists categorically consider occult knowledge to be pseudoscience, others are afraid to confidently deny something that no one can understand yet.

The author is convinced that a ban on the study of any mystical phenomena is meaningless and even harmful: after all, it is precisely because of the insufficient knowledge of these phenomena that rumors and speculations breed around them. According to A. Sukhotin, one should not fence oneself off from the mysterious with a “concrete of prohibitions.” This metaphor helps the reader imagine a wall behind which there is something forbidden and over which one wants to climb to find out what is really there.

Everything mysterious must be studied, but at the same time, a scientist dealing with the mysterious must be honest, objective, responsible - this is the idea of the text.

It is difficult for the author to argue: the unknown, the mysterious need to be studied, and all scientific discoveries were made in order to explain the mysterious. Several centuries ago, a thunderstorm was perceived by man as God’s wrath, but now the nature of this phenomenon can be read in a physics textbook, and, perhaps, in decades, the topic “Telepathy” will be included in the school curriculum. There are cases in science when great discoveries were not immediately recognized; for example, Copernicus, who argued that the planets revolve around the Sun and not around the Earth, was not taken seriously, and Mendel, who discovered the laws of genetics, had to convince the scientific world for a long time that he was right. But the discoveries of these scientists were appreciated by their descendants, because their honesty and responsibility guaranteed the objectivity of the results obtained.

(1) The editor told me: since you are going to the village anyway and will live there for some time, please inquire about the TV. (2) I promised. (Z) Of course, I also had some of my own attitudes towards television. (4) I immediately remembered my conversation with an English farmer, whose hospitality I once took advantage of. (5) He then called television a disaster, especially for his young daughters.

– (6) TV produces passivity! - the farmer got excited. - (7) Just think, my daughters, instead of practicing the violin or piano, instead of reading and developing their imagination, instead of collecting butterflies or medicinal herbs, instead of embroidering, they sit all evenings staring at it gray spot.

(8) Time passes, it seems to everyone that everyone is busy with business or at least skillfully using their leisure time.

(13) Now we had to ask how they consume, what they consume and what their wishes are in the area of consumption. (14) With such and such data and with a questionnaire in my pocket, I looked around, standing in the middle of our village. (15) There are now thirty-three houses in it. (16) Antennas rise above eleven roofs. (17) The first TV was bought in 1959, the last one a week ago.

(18) It turned out that cinema comes first in terms of interest. (19) Then production, that is, performances. (20) In third place are football, Travelers Club, singing, concerts, Ogonyok.

(21) It is interesting that, so to speak, the lowest number of points, namely round zero, were received, on the one hand, by symphonic and all kinds of orchestral music and even opera, and on the other hand by conversations on agricultural technology and special agricultural programs in general. (22) This is worth thinking about. (23) Imagine a program about the basics of poetry. (24) Do you think poets would listen and watch it? (25) Not at all. (26) It would be more interesting to all non-poets who want to touch on the secrets of someone else’s profession. (27) Likewise, a story about harvesting tea or cultivating soil is more interesting to a city person.

Tasks for text 2

1. What issue is beyond the purview of the author of the article?

a) How does television influence the formation of a person’s attitude towards life?

b) How does creative perception of life differ from passive one?

d) What TV programs are interesting to the viewer?

2. Determine the style and leading type of speech of the text.

a) Scientific, reasoning.

b) Journalistic, reasoning.

c) Fiction, storytelling.

d) Artistic, description.

3. The meaning of which word is defined incorrectly?

A) Leisure– free time from work;

b) upcoming- real;

V) passivity– lethargy, indifference;

G) symphonic– orchestral.

4. From sentence 12, write down all pairs of contextual antonyms and contextual synonyms.

5. From sentence 6, write down a word that has fewer sounds than letters.

6. From sentence 12, write down words with alternating vowels in the root.

7. From sentences 23–24, write down all the verbs of the 1st conjugation.

8. From sentence 27, write down the grammatical basis.

9. Among sentences 13–20, find a non-union complex sentence, one of the parts of which is an incomplete sentence. Write down his number.

10. Among sentences 6–12, find a simple one-part noun sentence. Write down his number.

11. Determine the method of subordinating subordinate clauses in sentence 13.

12. Indicate the number of grammatical bases in sentence 18.

13. Indicate the type of predicate in sentence 22.

14. Choose the correct explanation for the placement of the colon in sentence 11.

Nothing has been added: neither the ability to play the violin, nor the ability to ride a horse...

a) A simple sentence, a generalizing word stands before a number of homogeneous members.

b) A non-union complex sentence, the second sentence reveals the meaning of the first.

c) Non-union complex sentence, the second sentence indicates the reason.

d) Non-union complex sentence, the first sentence indicates a condition.

15. From sentence 27, write down a phrase with the type of connection agreement. Replace this phrase with one synonymous with the type of connection control.

16. From sentence 12, write down a stable phrase (idiom).

17. From sentence 8, write down the indeclinable noun.

18. Among sentences 9–15, find sentences with isolated circumstances. Write down their numbers.

19. Among sentences 15–23, find one that is connected to the previous one using a demonstrative pronoun turned into a noun.

Write down his number.

a) rows of homogeneous members;

20. Correlate the means of expression with the sentences of the text:

b) question-and-answer form of presentation;

c) lexical repetition;

d) metaphor.

Sentences: 9, 12, 13, 24–26.

Work on an essay-reasoning on the proposed text

I. Write an introduction to the essay. In the introduction, try to think about what role television plays in our lives, what programs are interesting to the viewer.

We all look from time to time...

Different people are attracted to different...: some like..., others..., others...

II. Formulate the problems posed by the author of the text.

What attitude towards art and life does... develop?

What TV programs are interesting...? Thinking about these questions...

III. Comment on the problems posed by the author of the text, formulate the author’s position (on each problem), taking into account the following questions:

2. What language means helps to express the idea that TV absorbs a person’s time and energy?

The metaphor... expresses the idea of meaninglessness...

Contextual antonyms... emphasize the contrast between active and passive...

However, if the TV program is of poor quality...

Every person is probably interested in learning about something new..., so...

Keys to text assignments 2

4) contextual antonyms: creator - spectator, before - now, sing - listen, dance - watch; consumer – active, lively, creative; contextual synonyms – active, living, creative;

5) passivity;

6) considering, creator, creative;

7) think, began to listen;

8) the story is more interesting;

11) homogeneous subordination;

13) compound verb;

15) city man– coordination, to a man from the city– management;

16) play a role;

20) a – 12, b – 24–26, c – 13, d – 9.

Sample essay-reasoning on text 2

We all watch TV from time to time, and we are all attracted to different things: one is more drawn to watching feature films, another is interested in political programs, and the third is interested in popular science programs.

What attitude towards art does watching television programs develop and what interests viewers?

The author of the article reflects on these questions. Recalling a conversation with an English farmer who considered television a disaster, V. Soloukhin tries to convince the reader that television develops in a person a consumer attitude towards art; contextual antonyms(sang - listen, danced - watch)

emphasize the contrast between active and passive perception of reality.

What does the viewer need? After analyzing the results of a survey conducted among village residents, the author comes to interesting conclusions: of all television programs, viewers are especially interested in feature films, theatrical productions, sports and popular science programs, concerts, and it seemed unexpected to the author that rural residents are not at all interested in programs dedicated to agriculture.

The author’s idea that television develops a consumer attitude towards art seems somewhat categorical, because if a person watches a good film or play, he thinks about what he sees on the screen, worries about the characters, compares his ideas about the book (if there is a film adaptation in front of him literary work) with the vision of the director, and thus the inner world of a person is enriched.

Another thing is if watching programs of not the best quality takes up all the viewer’s free time, then the TV is really a gray spot for a person, absorbing time that could be spent on more interesting and useful activities.
I.A. RUDENKO,
Magnitogorsk city
multidisciplinary lyceum

at MSTU named after. Nosova

Case No. 4. Samples of argumentative essays.

Text No. 1.

(4) Some scientists, without wasting a lot of words, put the named series of studies and everything that is connected (or seems to be connected) with occult hobbies into the section of pseudo-teachings, calling for their access to science to be completely blocked. (5) Others are more careful: one should not knowingly, without performing a special “inspection,” declare one thing a lie and another the truth. (6) Moreover, prohibit any topics just because someone considers them parascience.

(22) None of them resorted to deception or fabrication of facts, no one suffered from scientific fanaticism that could lead to the path of pseudoscientific claims. (23) “Demarcation” runs along the cutting edge of moral and ethical assessments. (24) An honest researcher, simply a decent person who maintains integrity in matters of science, cannot, no matter what he does, end up among the ranks of false scientists. (25) He lacks certain qualities for this, but he has in abundance those that protect him from the temptation of cheap fame. (A. Sukhotin)

Essay No. 1.

There is a widespread belief: all means are good to achieve a goal. Are these means and the goal itself always noble and ethical? Before me are A. Sukhotin’s thoughts on a pressing, burning topic. This text touches on a very serious problem: which path should you choose to achieve your goal? This problem is relevant because it is written about in newspapers, spoken on television, and discussed by philosophers, sociologists, politicians, and teachers. It belongs, first of all, to the category of moral and ethical problems. A. Sukhotin examines the issue that interests him using the example of the relationship between pseudoscience and true science, pseudoscientists and genuine scientists. Studying the problem, the publicist comes to the conclusion that on the path to the truth, on the path to achieving the goal, a person can be mistaken, make mistakes, and put forward hypotheses. Even if this person is wrong, he cannot be called a pseudoscientist. The author's position is clear: a real researcher must remain honest and decent at all costs, and not succumb to the temptation of “cheap fame.” One cannot but agree with the opinion of A. Sukhotin. If a person chooses the wrong path to achieve a goal, the path of vanity, deception, calculation, selfishness, then his business, without a doubt, will be doomed to failure. Thus, in 2005, the media often reported on the famous Korean scientist in the field of cloning and stem cell medicine, Hwang. Hwang falsified the results of his experiments and reports about them published in journals. What was driving this man? The desire to make discoveries in science or still gain fame as a scientist who was the first to successfully clone a dog and human embryonic stem cells? At the end of the last, twentieth century, miracle workers like A. Chumak and A. Kashpirovsky often appeared on television screens. Wasn’t this the mass introduction of pseudoscience and, as a consequence, the mass intoxication of people? I think that such doctors, “psychotherapists,” are unlikely to be guided by a noble goal. Unfortunately, there are so many of them that this problem has grown to national proportions. Several years ago, the Russian Academy of Sciences even organized a Commission to Combat Pseudoscience. In conclusion, I would like to note that the real success of any field of knowledge, activity, any type of art is determined, in my opinion, by moral principles, ethical standards of people.

Text No. 2.

(1) Polya’s inflamed state, and most importantly, her confused, ambiguous speech - everything suggested the worst guesses, much more terrible than even Rodion’s captivity or his mortal wound.

(2) “No, this is completely different,” Polya shuddered and, turning to the wall, took out a crumpled, over-read triangle from under the pillow.

(3) Subsequently, Varya was ashamed of her initial assumptions. (4) Although rare transit trains did not stay in Moscow, the stations were nearby, and Rodion knew Polina’s address. (5) Of course, the command might not have allowed the soldier to leave the train to the Blagoveshchensk dead-end street, then why didn’t he at least write a postcard to his beloved one on his way to the active army?..

(6) So, this was his first news from the front, more than two weeks late. (7) In any case, it will now become clear, with

What thoughts did he have when he went to war? (8) Varya impatiently unfolded the piece of paper, which was all pierced with a pencil—it was apparently written on her knee. (9) I had to go to the lamp to make out the dim, half-finished lines.

(10) Varya immediately came across the main place.

(11) “Perhaps the only reason, my dear, why I was silent all this time was that there was nowhere to settle down,” Rodion wrote briefly, with unexpected completeness and straightforwardly, as in confession. (12) – We are still retreating, retreating day and night, occupying more advantageous defensive positions, as the reports say. (13) I was also very sick, and even now I have not fully recovered: my illness is worse than any shell shock. (14) The most bitter thing is that I myself am quite healthy, completely intact, there is not a single scratch on me yet. (15) Burn this letter, I can tell you alone in the whole world about this,” Varya turned the page.

(16) The incident happened in a Russian village, which our unit passed through in retreat. (17) I was the last in the company... and maybe the last in the entire army. (18) In front of us on the road stood a local girl of about nine years old, just a child, apparently taught at school to love the Red Army... (19) Of course, she did not really understand the strategic situation. (20) She ran up to us with wildflowers, and, as it happened, I got them. (21) She had such inquisitive, questioning eyes - it’s a thousand times easier to look at the midday sun, but I forced myself to take the bouquet, because I’m not a coward, I swear to you by my mother, Polenka, that I’m not a coward. (22) I closed my eyes, but took it from her, abandoned to the mercy of the enemy... (23) Since then, I have kept that dried broom with me constantly, on my body,

It’s like I’m carrying fire in my bosom, I’ll tell you to put it in the grave with me if anything happens. (24) I thought I would bleed seven times before I became a man, but this is how it happens, dry... and this is the font of maturity! - (25) Then two lines came across that were completely illegible. - (26) And I don’t know, Polenka, whether my whole life will be enough to pay for that gift...”

(27) “Yes, he has grown up a lot, your Rodion, you’re right...” Varya said, folding the letter, because with such a line of thinking, it is unlikely that this soldier would be capable of any reprehensible act.

(28) Hugging, the girlfriends listened to the rustling of the rain and the rare, fading beeps of cars. (29) The topic of the conversation was the events of the past day: the exhibition of captured aircraft that opened on the central square, the unfilled crater on Veselykh Street, as they were already accustomed to calling it among themselves, Gastello, whose selfless feat resounded throughout the country in those days. (According to L. Leonov*)

Essay No. 2.

Every person goes through a process of growing up at a certain period in his life. Most people mature over a period of years, gradually gaining life experience. Someone becomes an adult quickly, performing, for example, some heroic act. And for only a few, growing up occurs instantly, unexpectedly. The problem of a person growing up cannot leave anyone indifferent, including the famous Russian writer, author of the novel “Russian Forest” Leonid Leonov. It does not depend on time, on a person’s nationality and on what country he is a resident of. What does growing up depend on? Thus, reflecting on the reasons for the delayed maturation of today's young people, we can say that today many boys and girls are surrounded by the care of loved ones who ensure their material well-being and spiritual comfort; most of them do not feel a sense of responsibility for others, do not know wars and famine. But it is war that often makes a person an adult, forcing him to make responsible decisions. Thus, the hero of the presented text becomes an adult precisely during the war. Leonid Leonov, reflecting on the problem of a person growing up, shows the conditions - unusual, unexpected - of this growing up. He claims that it is not necessary to “bleed seven times” to become a man.

Sometimes it is enough for a young man to receive a modest bouquet of flowers from a little girl in order to feel responsible not only for himself, but also for such children, the desire to protect them, to save them from terrible trouble. It is difficult to disagree with the author's position. Growing up can sometimes happen unexpectedly to a person, and war often serves, figuratively speaking, as a catalyst for gaining maturity. To confirm this you cangive a number of arguments. If we turnto the epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War andworld",then, of course, let's remember the youngPetya Rostova, who at the age of fifteen, despite the persuasion of his family,voluntarilywent to war with the French to stand up for the Fatherland, to protect his loved ones from the enemy. FromValentin Kataev's story “Son of the Regiment”,dedicated to another Patriotic War,we find out thatits hero, Vanya Solntsev, who lost all his loved ones during wartime and found himself in territory occupied by the Nazis, having had a hard time, finally ends up in a battery of reconnaissance officers, commanded by Captain Enakiev. He, just a boy, having become the son of a regiment, fights bravely, goes, risking his life, to the German rear. War makes this child an adult, ready to stand up for the Motherland, for the lives of people. The main thing that unites these very different heroes is their thoughts, feelings, desire to be needed by their Fatherland at a time of difficult trials. There is something to learn from people like Petya Rostov and Vanya Solntsev, and there is something to envy many of my peers!

Text No. 3.

(1) Each of us has times in our lives when the natural loneliness given to us by nature suddenly begins to seem painful and bitter to us: you feel abandoned and helpless by everyone, you are looking for a friend, but there is no friend... (2) And then You ask yourself in amazement and confusion: how could it happen that all my life I loved, fought and suffered, and, most importantly, served a great goal - and found no sympathy, no understanding, no friend? (3) Why didn’t the unity of idea, mutual trust and joint love connect me with anyone into a living unity of spirit, strength and help?..

(4) Then a desire awakens in the soul to find out how other people’s lives are going: do they find real friends or not? (5) How did people live before? before us? (6) And hasn’t the beginning of friendship been lost in our days?

(7) Sometimes it seems that modern man is absolutely not created for friendship and is incapable of it. (8) And in the end, you inevitably come to the main question: what is real friendship, what does it consist of and what is it based on?

(9) There are “friendships” based on joint gossip or mutual outpouring of complaints. (10) But there is also the “friendship” of flattery, the “friendship” of vanity, the “friendship” of patronage, the “friendship” of slander, the “friendship” of preference and the “friendship” of drinking buddies. (11) Sometimes one borrows, and the other lends - and both consider themselves “friends”. (12) “The hand washes the hand,” people do things and things together, not trusting each other too much, and think that they have “made friends.” (13) People collide with each other in life and bounce off each other, like wooden balls. (14) Mysterious fate lifts them up like earthly dust and carries them through living space into an unknown distance, and they play out the comedy of “friendship” in the tragedy of universal loneliness. (15) For without living love people are like dead dust.

(16) But true friendship breaks through this loneliness, overcomes it and frees a person to living and creative love. (17) True friendship... (18) If only you knew how it begins and arises... (19) If only people knew how to value it and strengthen it...

(20) There is only one force in the world that can overcome a person’s loneliness: this force is love. (21) In the world there is only one opportunity to emerge from the dust of life and resist its whirlwind; this is spiritual life. (According to I. Ilyin)*

Essay No. 3.

In the article “On Friendship,” the Russian Christian philosopher and publicist I.A. Ilyin discusses the most important moral and ethical topics: loneliness and friendship, love and spirituality. The main problem that I will discuss is formulated in the title of the article and in the 8th sentence: “... what is real friendship, what does it consist of and what is it based on?”

At the beginning of the article, the author bitterly says that loneliness is common to all creative people. In 2-5 sentences, he writes about himself, summarizing the conditions of lonely people: “... all his life he loved, fought and... served a great goal.” So why “the unity of ideas, mutual trust and joint love did not bind me with anyone into a living unity of spirit, strength and help,” the philosopher asks bitterly. Was there friendship “before us?” and “isn’t the beginning of friendship lost precisely in our days,” the philosopher passionately wants to know. In 9-15 sentences, the author sarcastically classifies unfriendship, because common gossip, complaints in a vest, patronage, joint slander, drinking companions, preference, joint small and large fraud - this is not friendship, but “the comedy of friendship in the tragedy of universal loneliness.” I partially agree with this. Prince Hamlet had a true, faithful friend Horatio and two vile traitors - Rosenkratz and Guildenstern. An example of a real strong friendship was the relationship between the students of the lyceum where Pushkin studied. The poems and song of the largest bard of the 20th century, V Vysotsky, became the anthem of male friendship:

Take the guy to the mountains, take him.

Don't leave him alone.

Let him be in a relationship with you,

There you will understand who he is.

And the friendship of Prince Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov?! Isn’t this proof that “true friendship breaks through” loneliness and revives a person to life, activity and love? Thus, at the end of the article, the author concisely formulates the theses of friendship, with which I completely agree. To be friends, you must be able to love. Which is also a gift, “for without living love people are like dead dust.” And only spiritual life contributes to strong friendship and deep love.

Text No. 4.

(1) 60 years have passed since the end of World War II... (2) Psychologists say that human memory retains information related to the positive aspects of life longer in its storerooms. (3) Maybe this is because a person is still born for happiness, friendship and love, for which it is necessary for him to maintain good feelings towards the world around him and discard everything that provokes embitterment and bitterness in him.

(4) The war years are passing further and further, the ranks of those who participated in the war have completely thinned, and in the external attributes of everyday life everything that reminds of it is gradually disappearing. (5) In general, life on Earth cannot be called peaceful, because here and there conflicts of varying duration and sizes, local wars, in which blood is shed and people die, constantly arise. (6) But, fortunately, there has not been a global war similar in scale to that war in these 60 years, and therefore a new generation is growing up, which can be disturbed by the plots of the past war no more than an action-horror movie. (7) And thank God that people are already growing up who do not know the fear of the sky, bomb shelters - everything that their grandparents experienced. (8) But in order for them to take up the baton of the struggle for peace and preserve it for their generation and the generation of their children, they must not live without looking back.

(9) The world is structured in such a way that evil somehow finds a place for itself next to good. (10) There was a huge tree growing near my house. (11) The crown was luxurious, and the foot resembled a deserted mound with dried, gray soil, cut through by branches of roots crawling to the surface. (12) This picture stopped making me happy, and I surrounded the foot with a rocky fence, planting simple, unpretentious, but very beautiful flowers in the same dried soil. (13) And the flowers began to grow and bloom slowly according to the laws of their nature. (14) But I was extremely surprised that right there, where nothing had grown before, a weed grew in lush, aggressive color, which, no matter how much you pluck, advances and advances, trying to displace the delicate flowers or overshadow their beauty... (15) So in nature, and so in the human world. (16) This cannot be ignored, but one should not put up with it.

(17) People are born for happiness, peace and love! (18) However, evil forces appear among them who want to hinder the harmony between them and disrupt their peace and tranquility. (19) Leo Tolstoy in “War and Peace” wrote that evil is aggressive and offensive, therefore the forces of good should not relax and must be prepared to confront. (20) And that is why we must not forget the tragic and majestic pages of history, in order to learn from mistakes and be proud of victories, in order to preserve and pass on from generation to generation the experience that may always be needed.

(21) And that is why people of good will, uniting in various forms of communities, try to preserve the past in their memory in ways available to them, so that through its lessons and examples they can affirm the principles of philanthropy, solidarity, and friendship.

(22) Statement “No one is forgotten and nothing is forgotten!” - this is a call to ensure that no one is forgotten and nothing is forgotten. (23) This is extremely relevant now, when the world is threatened by terrorism of unprecedented scale and cynicism.

24) In the era of globalization of the life of earthlings, the theme of war and peace takes on new dimensions, previously unknown aspects. (25) And therefore, today, turning to the theme of Victory is more relevant than ever before, because the Great Victory made its contribution to the system of fundamental eternal, enduring values, showing how powerful and invincible the people of the Earth are when they are guided by the wisdom of searching for ways to unite the forces of good and humanism against evil and misanthropy. (26) And thanks to these values, to paraphrase B. Okudzhava, we can say that “the Earth is still spinning,” and thanks to them, “the Light is still ... bright.”(According to L. Sailor)

Essay No. 4.

Many years have passed since the volleys of Victory died down over our great Motherland. But people remember the war and go to the monuments of soldiers who died defending the Fatherland, and lay flowers, remember those who gave their lives for peace on Earth. Why can’t we forget the past war? The author tries to answer this very important question in the modern unstable world. L. Sailor complains that the ranks of those who took part in the war have thinned out, everything that reminds of it is disappearing. And although life on Earth cannot be called peaceful, a generation of people has grown up who do not know “the fear of the sky, of bomb shelters.” But next to good, evil finds its place. The author compares the life of human society with nature: weeds grow next to delicate flowers, she recalls L.N. Tolstoy, who in “War and Peace” wrote that evil is aggressive and offensive, therefore “the forces of good should not relax and must be prepared for confrontation."The author, recalling the Great Patriotic War, thanks God for the fact that a new generation of people is growing up for whom the events of the past war are nothing more than an “action-horror movie.” But in order to preserve peace “for their generation and the generation of their children,” writes L. Matros, “people should not live without looking back.” What does the author mean? The fact that everything that reminds of The Second World War, the memory of those grandiose events, the feat of the people in the holy war is fading.The writer convinces readers that memory plays a huge role in people’s lives, that tragic and majestic pages of history should not be forgotten, in order to learn from mistakes and be proud of victories.The author’s point of view is not difficult to determine: in order for peace to reign on Earth, it is necessary to preserve the memory of the past in order to affirm the principles of humanity and friendship through its lessons and examples.I am confident in the correctness of this vision of the lessons of history, because we must remember at what cost the Victory was won, remember that good must always defeat evil.It is difficult to disagree with the opinion of L. Matros.It is unlikely that anyone will deny the fact thatThe role of memory in the modern world, full of cynicism and misanthropy, is extremely great.What arguments can be given to support this thesis?I find a striking example of the fact that memory plays a huge role in a person’s life in the story “The Fate of a Man” by Mikhail Sholokhov. Andrei Sokolov, having gone through the hell of the Great Patriotic War, having lost his wife and children, adopted Vanyusha. Good defeated evil! I read it, and tears well up in my eyes. We remember our heroes - the people who defended the country and gave us Victory.A striking example of the fact that memory has played and continues to play a huge role in people’s lives can be found in A.P. Chekhov’s story “The Student.” Ivan Velikopolsky, a student at the theological seminary, telling random parishioners on the eve of Easter the Gospel episode about Peter’s treacherous denial of Jesus, sees how unusual the reaction of these women is: they cry bitterly... The seminarian realizes that the memory of the past is inextricably linked with the present.Having written the great epic novel “War and Peace,” Leo Tolstoy reminded his people and all of humanity about the lessons of history and the price paid for the Victory in the Patriotic War of 1812. And for us, readers of the 21st century, the events of that time are so obvious, close and important that we seem to feel a connection with our ancestors. Consequently, the role of memory in the life of society is enormous.In V. Rasputin’s work “On the Kulikovo Field” the problem of memory is also raised. Having entered the sacred land of the Kulikovo Field, where Rus' freed itself from slavery and defended itself as a nation, the hero of the essay was amazed at his feelings and sensations. The event that took place several centuries ago became so close and obvious to him that he seemed to feel the presence of his ancestors, his connection with them.Thus, I can conclude that the role of memory in the life of society is enormous.

Text No. 5.

(1) As a child, I hated matinees, because my father came to our kindergarten. (2) He sat on a chair near the Christmas tree, played his button accordion for a long time, trying to find the right melody, and our teacher sternly told him: “Valery Petrovich, higher!” (3) All the guys looked at my father and choked with laughter. (4) He was small, plump, began to go bald early, and although he never drank, for some reason his nose was always beet red, like a clown’s. (5) Children, when they wanted to talk about someone, that he was funny and ugly, they said: “He looks like Ksyushka’s dad!” (6) And I, first in kindergarten and then at school, bore the heavy cross of my father’s absurdity. (7) Everything would be fine (you never know what kind of fathers!), but it was unpleasant for me why he, an ordinary mechanic, came to see us matinees with his stupid harmonica. (8) I would play at home and not disgrace either myself or my daughter! (9) Often getting confused, he groaned thinly, like a woman, and a guilty smile appeared on his round face. (10) I was ready to fall through the ground from shame and behaved emphatically coldly, showing with my appearance that this ridiculous man with a red nose had nothing to do with me. (11) I was in the third grade when I caught a bad cold. (12) I started getting otitis media. (13) I screamed in pain and hit my head with my palms. (14) Mom called an ambulance, and at night we went to the regional hospital. (15) On the way we got into a terrible snowstorm, the car got stuck, and the driver began to scream shrilly, like a woman, that now we would all freeze. (16) He screamed. shrilly, almost crying, and I thought that his ears hurt too. (17) Father asked how long it was left to the regional center. (18) But the driver, covering his face with his hands, kept repeating: “What a fool I am!” (19) Father thought and quietly said to me: “We will need all the courage!” (20) I remembered these words for the rest of my life, although wild pain swirled around me like a snowflake in a snowstorm. (21) He opened the car door and went out into the roaring night. (22) The door slammed behind him, and it seemed to me as if a huge monster, clanging its jaws, swallowed my father. (23) The car was rocked by gusts of wind, snow fell with a rustling sound on the frosted windows. (24) I cried, my mother kissed me with cold lips, the young nurse looked doomedly into the impenetrable darkness, and the driver shook his head in exhaustion. (25) I don’t know how much time passed, but suddenly the night was illuminated by bright headlights, and the long shadow of some giant fell on my face.

(26) I closed my eyes and saw my father through my eyelashes. (27) He took me in his arms and pressed me to him. (28) In a whisper, he told his mother that he had reached the regional center, raised everyone to their feet and returned with an all-terrain vehicle. (29) I dozed in his arms and through my sleep I heard him coughing. (30) Then no one attached any importance to this. (31) And for a long time afterwards he suffered from double pneumonia.

(32)…My children are perplexed why, when decorating the Christmas tree, I always cry. (33) From the darkness of the past, my father comes to me, he sits under the tree and puts his head on the button accordion, as if he secretly wants to see his daughter among the tense crowd of children and smiles cheerfully at her. (34) I look at his face shining with happiness and I also want I smile at him, but instead I start crying. (According to N. Aksenova)

Essay No. 5.

Why don't we always understand our parents? Why are we ashamed of the manifestation of their deep feelings towards us? In her text, N. Aksyonova raises the problem of children’s misunderstanding of selfless parental love. The problem raised by the author is relevant at all times. It is not for nothing that it is classified as “eternal”. Relationships between parents and children are difficult when the latter do not understand, and often do not want to understand and accept loved ones for who they are. The author notes with bitterness,that very often children show spiritual callousness, even cruelty towards the closest and most loving people. The heroine of the text behaves “emphatically coldly” with her father and is ashamed of him. He calls the closest person “this ridiculous man with a red nose,” “a clown with a stupid accordion.” The heroine, feeling sorry for herself, is forced to bear the “heavy cross of her father’s absurdity.” N. Aksenova believes that without realizing the value of parental love it is impossible to achieve understanding. I completely agree with the author of the text. Parents often suffer from the fact that we move away from them, don’t trust them with our thoughts, and offend them with inattention. The realization of selfless parental love comes too late, when it is no longer possible to ask for forgiveness and smile in response. This feeling of repentance is experienced by the heroine of the text: “I look at his face shining with happiness and also want to smile at him, but instead I start crying.” And the children of the grown heroine of the story look at her in bewilderment, not understanding their mother. Memory usually preserves happy and joyful moments in life. It makes me happy to remember the smiling faces of my parents, to think about it, to write. But I know that my father will not forget the harsh words that I have spoken to him many times; I know that my mother is acutely worried about my mood swings. My parents love me with all their hearts, patiently enduring the difficulties of my age. The problem of difficult relationships between parents and children is reflected in the literature. L.N. Tolstoy, I.S. Turgenev, and A.S. Pushkin wrote about this. I want to turn to A. Vampilov’s play “The Eldest Son,” where the author shows the attitude of children towards their father. Both son and daughter openly consider their father a loser, an eccentric, and are indifferent to his experiences and feelings. The father silently endures everything, finds excuses for all the ungrateful actions of the children, asks them only for one thing: not to leave him alone. The main character of the play sees how someone else's family is being destroyed before his eyes, and sincerely tries to help the kindest man - his father. His intervention helps to overcome a difficult period in the relationship of children with a loved one. “You are all my best children,” the father says touchingly, hugging his “eldest son.” In conclusion, I want to say how important it isto say in time about your love for your dearest people, how important it is to linger for a moment to give a smile to your mother, warm words to your father... We must treat our parents in such a way as not to regret and repent, like the heroine of the text, when it is too late. Obedience and respect are not enough for this; our unselfish and selfless love is necessary for this.

Text No. 6.

(1) When I look at my school photographs, I smile shyly. (2) Is it really me that timid, sharp-nosed creature with funny freckles on her cheeks, who looks at me in fear with myopic eyes?

(3) I was always alone at school. (4) I didn’t have girlfriends, the boys avoided me. (5) I still don’t know why this happened. (b) I seemed to dress with taste, skillfully used cosmetics, and studied well. (7) And she didn’t turn up her nose like other excellent students... (8) But for some reason, there was always a wall between me and my classmates. (9) How many tears I shed, how painful it was for me from the cold indifference that surrounded me.

(10) But one day a miracle happened. (11) The most real! (12) Like in a good fairy tale! (13) I came to the first lesson. (14) Without looking at anyone, she took out a textbook and notebook from her bag and put them on the table. (15) And only then did I see a green stem peeking out from under the table cover. (16) It was a rose! (17) She smelled of the lake, and the velvet petals concealed someone’s gentle warmth. (18) Nearby lay a postcard with the inscription: “You are the most beautiful! (19) I, gasping with joyful surprise, looked around. (20) But my classmates seemed to be even more surprised than me. (21) They, numb, looked as if they had seen an extremely rare trick and were now waiting for its solution...

(22) From then on, everything went differently for me. (23) Life became more transparent and joyful, I knew that someone’s loving eyes were looking at me, (24) I graduated from school with a gold medal, entered the university, got married, gave birth to children... (25) Every time, When I came to my city, I asked my former classmates if they knew the one who put a rose on my desk. (26) But in response, the stern, respectable men only shrugged their shoulders. (27) Who is that unknown admirer who never confessed his feelings to me? (28) The mystery of a rose given by who knows who still worries me...

(29) I'm flying on an airplane. (30) Clouds float below me, nearby, in an impenetrable void, the stars shine, behind them swirls infinity. (31) I’m flying home to my children, and, looking at the sky, I see not-distant stars twinkling in thenights, and red roses. (32) Roses planted for people like me, who one day just needed to say: “You are the most beautiful!” (33) I lick a warm tear from my lips and whisper “thank you” to the kind wizard who once touched my numb soul with his tenderness. (34) Above me hangs the sky, below me, illuminated by city lights, the earth sleeps, and I, like a ray of warm, kind sun, fly through infinity. (According to E. Kochneva)

Essay No. 6.

Some people very often feel like an “ugly duckling” in society. But always kind and loved. So E. Kochneva in her text raises the problem of the need for the life-giving power of goodness and love. What changes took place in the heroine’s soul after the miracle she encountered? The problem put forward by the author is psychological, affecting a very important aspect of human life. The impressions a person receives in childhood and relationships with peers have a profound impact on his future life and determine his attitude towards the world, towards people, towards himself. So a miracle happened to the heroine of the text, E. Kochneva, which changed her entire future life: “I lick a warm tear from my lips and whisper “thank you” to the kind wizard who once touched my numb soul with his tenderness.”

It is impossible not to agree with this author’s thought in the words of the heroine, because the most important thing for a person is relationships in society, and most importantly, the support and attention of others. Let us remember Vera Sheina, the main character of A. Kuprin’s story “The Garnet Bracelet”. A gift sent by an unknown lover—a garnet bracelet—caused Vera a storm of indignation. People close to the princess considered the poor telegraph operator who gave the bracelet to be abnormal, a maniac. And when her secret admirer dies, Vera realizes that the love she dreamed of all her life has passed by. One day I also received poems with a declaration of love as a gift. The poems were “raw”, without much rhyme, but they left a mark on my soul. Unfortunately, I also still don’t know who wrote these inept but very touching lines. What a pity! Who are you, answer me! In childhood and adolescence we are always like “ugly ducklings”. And the “ugly duckling” turns into a beautiful swan! Everyone expects a miracle (even those who don’t admit it). Tomorrow I’ll open the door, and there... And my life will change! Exactly! I know... I feel...

Text No. 7.

(1) One day an Eagle flew onto a farm where a flock of sparrows lived. (2) The sparrows flocked to look at the king of birds and listen to what he had to say. (3) And the Eagle began to talk about other worlds and other life. (4) The sparrows listened and listened, but could not understand anything. (5) Then one sparrow came forward and said: “You are talking about something interesting, but alien to us. You’d better talk about the farms and how life goes on in these beautiful places.”

(6) The Eagle looked around with his keen eye and saw a huge farm, in the pens of which fat, dirty, grunting animals were jostling. (7) Some trampled down the mud or rolled in it, others jostled around the feeders, slurping and squealing.

(8) And then the Eagle said to the sparrows:

I considered sparrows to be birds, because they are endowed with wings and flew to you to tell you about other worlds and to invite you with you to unknown distances, to incomprehensible heights. (9) But, unfortunately, I found not birds, but creatures with wings that use God’s gift to survive somewhere and somehow. (10) And they fly not in vast expanses, but in pens, and they see not wonderful worlds, but pigsties, and they live not with their own kind, but with a herd of pigs. (11) And they are unworthy to bear the proud name of a bird, for there is no aspiration in their wings, in their gaze and in their heart.

(12) The sparrows were outraged by such speeches, flew up in a cloud over the Eagle and began to peck at it. (13) Then the Eagle spread its wings, soared into the sky and disappeared into its heights, all that could be heard to the ground: “Short wing - low flight”...

(14) And the sparrows returned to their nests under the roof of the farm and again chirped in the bushes.

(15) Man is given eyes, but they do not see beyond the desires of the body. (16) Man is given reason, but he does not rush beyond the human gaze.

Essay No. 7.

Why do people use what is given to them from God only to get by somewhere and somehow, why don’t they strive for incomprehensible heights? The author of the text “Eagle and Sparrows” thinks about these questions, reflecting on the problem of lack of interest in everything new and more modern. He, citing birds as an example, but meaning people by them, tries to convince the reader that many people stop at what they have already acquired, live a boring, monotonous life, not striving for something unknown or unattainable. The main character of the text, Eagle, tells the Sparrows living on the farm about other worlds and invites them to go with them into unknown distances. But the little birds with short wings do not understand him and are indignant at these speeches. “Man is given eyes, but they do not see beyond the desires of the body. Man is given reason, but it does not go beyond the human gaze”—this is the main idea of the text and the position of the author. I agree with his opinion and believe that you should never stop there, you need to improve and expand your horizons. I will prove this with several examples. I would like to recall I. A. Goncharov’s novel “Oblomov”, in which the main character lies on the sofa within “four walls” and does not at all want to “move forward”, somehow change his life for the better. Even love couldn't fix anything. As further evidence of my opinion and the opinion of the author, one can recall M. Gorky’s play “At the Depths”. This work perfectly reflects the problem of the parable text “The Eagle and the Sparrows.” The main characters of the play listen to the unknown wanderer just as little birds listen to the proud high-flying bird, and they also do not understand beautiful speeches about something unknown and new. Thus, what I want to say is that people should not use what God has given them only for a humble existence. Let everyone live and know that there are still many interesting things in the world. We simply must strive for something new, for the unknown, otherwise our small world will be covered by a wave of monotony, dullness and boredom.

Text No. 8.

(1) A child’s toy has always had an important influence on the formation of a child’s soul. (2) Indeed, she cultivated patience and caution, dexterity and attention; the child unconsciously gained an understanding of cause-and-effect relationships, the essence of human relations, and the complex structure of the world. (3) The toy is a spiritual image of an ideal life, an ideal world; it affirms good and predetermines the distinction between good and evil. (4) In addition, a toy is also a means of education, entertainment and even treatment.

(5) But is the modern child so lucky, who is literally bombarded with a diverse and tempting world of toys? Of course, now every child lives in a world that is much brighter and more diverse than his peers two hundred, one hundred or even thirty years ago. (7) In fact, there are bright covers of books and magazines all around, colored billboards on the street, and at home - felt-tip pens and pencils, colorful clothes and, of course, a variety of toys, sometimes the most unimaginable colors and shapes. (8) I'm not even talking about the TV screen, the computer monitor with their riot of colors, unnatural angles and graphic solutions. (9) Colors, shapes change, pictures, objects, faces flash. (10) And the child’s delicate psyche cannot cope - the perception of color and sound, smell and touch, the idea of good and bad, kind and evil are deformed.

(11) Unfortunately, a modern toy essentially becomes an anti-toy: it contains the idea of possession, rather than joyful comprehension of the world. (12) Psychologists unanimously insist that a generation is growing up raised on toys that cause irreparable harm to the child’s soul. (13) Ninja Turtles, transforming robots, Batman, Spider-Man - these toys atrophy the ability to believe, compassion, empathy, mercy and contribute to the accumulation of aggressive fantasies, which are often realized by a child in life in relation to the weaker. (14) Having become an adult, he, in my opinion, will already be programmed to serve those whose plastic likenesses he gave the first moments of play in his life and with whose help he understands the world.

(15) But a toy is not fun. (16) It puts the initial concepts of good and evil into the soul, gives vivid images of the world, and the formation of a person’s moral qualities often depends on what they are. (17) A toy should create conditions for development, leaving the opportunity for independent creativity. (18) It is necessary to teach goodness and beauty, wisdom and the ability to empathize.

Essay No. 8.

Why does a child need a toy, and what should it be? The author thinks about these questions, reflecting on the problem of the child’s initial perception of the world around him and the subsequent reflection of this perception in the activities of an already formed person. The compiler of this text, giving examples, tries to convince the reader that a toy greatly influences a child’s character; it helps to get an idea of cause-and-effect relationships, the essence of human mutual understanding, and the complex structure of the world. The author talks about modern toys, which are becoming inherently anti-toys; they contain only the idea of possession, and not a joyful comprehension of the world. Such toys contribute to the accumulation of aggression and its further influence on someone. “But a toy is not fun. It implants in the soul the initial concepts of good and evil, gives vivid images of the world, and the formation of a person’s moral qualities often depends on what they are like.” This is the author's position. I agree with his opinion and believe that, of course, a toy should have a positive influence on the child’s character, imbuing him with only good human qualities. To prove this, I will give several examples. Let us remember the story by V.G. Korolenko “In a Bad Society.” In it, a boy from a family of considerable wealth brings his sister’s doll to the dying girl Marusa. It seems that thanks to her, the terminally ill girl lived several days longer. The toy, if it didn’t save you, then at least encouraged you to fight the disease and simply brightened up the last days and hours of your life with a piece of little happiness. I would also like to tell you about an old friend of mine. From the very birth of his child, he bought him only the most modern models of robots, monsters, and computer games with suspicious content. The baby grew up in constant aggression, his perception of the world around him was disrupted. Now this boy is studying in the second grade, not striving for knowledge, but striving to offend the weaker in his interactions with classmates. These are the consequences of toys that have a detrimental effect on a growing, developing organism. I would like to advise young parents to buy their offspring only “good” toys that do not cause aggression and evil. Otherwise, there will be no good people left on Earth capable of truly human actions.

Text No. 9.

Most often, a person is looking for his dream, but it also happens that a dream finds a person. Like a disease, like the flu virus. It seems that Kolka Velin never looked at the sky with bated breath, and the voices of birds soaring in the blue heights did not make his heart tremble. He was an ordinary student, moderately diligent and diligent, went to school without much enthusiasm, was quieter than water in class, loved to fish...

Everything changed in one day. He suddenly decided that he would become a pilot.

In a remote, remote village, where the nearest station is more than a hundred kilometers away, where any trip becomes a whole journey, this very thought seemed madness. The life path of every person here was smooth and straight: after school, boys received a license to drive a tractor and became machine operators, and the bravest ones completed driving courses and worked as drivers in the village. Traveling on the ground is the destiny of man. And then fly on an airplane! They looked at Kolka as an eccentric, and the father hoped that the absurd idea would somehow disappear from his son’s head by itself. You never know what we want in our youth! Life is a cruel thing, it will put everything in its place and indifferently, like a painter, will paint over with gray paint our ardent dreams drawn in our youth. But Kolka did not give up. He dreamed of silver wings carrying him over the wet snow of clouds, and thick elastic air, clean and cold, like spring water, filled his lungs.

After the graduation party, he went to the station, bought a ticket to Orenburg and took the night train to enter the flight school. Kolka woke up early in the morning from horror. Horror, like a boa constrictor, squeezed his numb body with cold rings and dug its toothy mouth into his very chest. Kolka went down from the top shelf, looked out the window, and he became even more scared. Trees protruding from the semi-darkness stretched crooked hands to the glass, narrow lanes, like gray steppe vipers, crawled through the bushes, and from the sky, filled to the brim with shreds of tattered clouds, darkness flowed down to the ground in purple-black paint. Where am I going? What will I do there alone? Kolka imagined that he would now be dropped off and he would find himself in the boundless emptiness of an uninhabited planet...

Arriving at the station, he bought a return ticket that same day and returned home two days later. Everyone reacted calmly to his return, without mockery, but also without sympathy. I feel a little sorry for the money spent on tickets, but I went, looked, checked myself, calmed down, and will now throw all nonsense out of my head and become a normal person. These are the laws of life: everything that flies up sooner or later returns to the ground. A stone, a bird, a dream - everything comes back...

Kolka got a job at the forestry enterprise, got married, is now raising two daughters, and goes fishing on weekends. Sitting on the bank of a muddy river, he looks at jet planes flying silently in the sky and immediately determines: here is a MiG, and there is a Su. His heart groans from aching pain, he wants to jump higher and at least once take a sip of that freshness that the sky generously feeds the birds. But there are fishermen sitting nearby, and he timidly hides his excited gaze, puts the worm on the hook, and then waits patiently for it to start biting. (According to S. Mizerov)

Essay No. 9.

In this text, S. Mizerov talks about how the choice of life path is born.

Does the environment influence a person's choice of life path? What prevents him from staying true to his dream? The author of the text thinks about these questions. He invites us to reflect on this moral problem that is urgent for us. S. Mizerov believes that the influence of everyday traditions and habits often forces a person to change his dream and does not allow him to fully realize his abilities. The hero of the story, Kolka Velin, could not overcome the feeling of fear of the new, he betrayed his dream and became like everyone else. It is difficult to disagree with the author of the text. Often a person gets lost in the face of difficulties. And he, in my opinion, should not just want something, but strive to realize his dream. And then the realized dream will make his life fuller, more interesting. The hero of the story by B. Polevoy, pilot Alexey Meresyev (aka Alexey Maresyev in life), left without legs, dreamed of flying. How much he had to suffer to get back at the helm of the plane! Maria from V. Zakrutkin’s story “Mother of Man”, in incredibly difficult conditions, dreaming of surviving and preserving an unborn child as a memory of the past, was able to overcome her fear and give life to a new person.

You don’t need to give up, lose your composure, but you need to believe in your strength, in your dream, and then your heart won’t groan from “aching pain.”

Text No. 10.

(1) Once I asked one artist why children’s faces on the canvases of old masters are so mature. (2) Madonna or just some woman is holding a child in her arms or leading him by the hand, his body is very small, and his eyes look serious.

(3) The artist answered me something like this. (4) The old masters and, in general, the great painters of the past saw in the baby, first of all, a person. (5) After all, the main thing in every baby is not that he is a child, but that he is a human child. (6) And his human life is difficult, complex. (7) Of course, childhood is the dawn of life, it is happiness. (8) But the child himself does not realize this happiness. (9) Were you happy as a child?

(10) After listening to her, I became thoughtful. (11) Of course, there was some overlap in her words. (12) But when I began to sort through the sad and happy impressions of my childhood in my memory, there were very few happy ones. (13) And the reason for this was not the parents, not those around, not the difficulties of the era. (14) I simply had no time to be happy.

(15) Well, then what about the “golden childhood”? (16) “Golden childhood” is a firmly established formula.

(17) What if the myth of a golden childhood was invented by adult uncles and aunts who had forgotten their childhood years? (18) After all, if everyone were cloudlessly happy in childhood, then children would grow up to be stupid adults. (19) Meanwhile, we live in a society of reasonable, talented, capable, smart, intelligent, thinking people - and this is in all areas of life.

(20) Childhood is a time of very intense study (“learning,” as they say now), a time of mastering and mastering existence. (21) Life as a child is very interesting and very difficult. (22) A colossal flow of information, sensations, and experiences pours into consciousness, and everything needs to be sorted out, but there is still very little mental strength and experience. (23) All the time there are mistakes, mistakes, miscalculations, confusion. (24) The joy of comprehending something is instantly replaced by new searches and new mistakes.

(25) Someone said that every person is a whole world. (26) But man lays the foundation of this world very early. (27) We have to move the heaviest stones in childhood, then bricks will begin to form. (28) And in old age, from the height of adulthood, these stones begin to seem light to us, like feathers, and we begin to remember our golden childhood.(According to V. Shefner)

Essay No. 10.

One night I had a dream: I was five years old, and I was building castles in a sandbox without any worries. In the morning I woke up with thoughts about how good it is to be little: your mother takes you to kindergarten, and you timidly, still yawning, stomp along the path, not thinking about anything at that moment. But I had to think about it after reading the text by Vadim Sergeevich Shefner. A logical question immediately arose: why is childhood traditionally called the “golden age”? This socio-moral, very important, in my opinion, problem forced the author to reflect. He thinks that as a person accumulates life experience, the difficulties that he overcame in childhood seem insignificant, and therefore childhood seems to be a carefree, “golden time.” I agree with the opinion of Vadim Shefner. After all, this is truly the most wonderful time in the life of absolutely every person. I walk along the road and see children frolicking. I want, I really want to run, jump with them, plunge into that “cloudless” atmosphere when there is nothing in the world except dolls, a ball and cartoons. Many times I have heard the song by Yu. Shatunov: “Childhood, childhood, where are you running?” Childhood, childhood, where are you in a hurry? I haven’t had enough of playing with you yet, childhood, childhood, wait, wait!” Yes, this is a game that will definitely remain in the memory. And let’s remember L. Tolstoy’s story “Childhood”, where the great classic shares vivid memories of his “golden time”. Now I am sixteen years old. In a year I will graduate from school, and the doors of childhood will close forever for me. But they will not close in my heart, in my thoughts, in my soul.

Text No. 11.

Andrei saw how from the narrow carriage doors with vertical awkward steps some women in white coats, military men in pea coats and boots, and just people in dark quilted jackets carried children out and stood them down, sat them down, or even laid them right next to the rails on the ground.

Siege... Leningrad... They brought it from Vologda... - it was said in the crowd, next to Andrey.

Nobody reacted to these words. Everyone knew what a blockade was and what Leningrad was. But there was something about the children that people, even those who had not heard the last words, stopped and froze, unable to take their eyes off. And more and more people came and stood there, lining up on the edge of the platform and forgetting about their train.

People saw everything in the war. It was impossible to surprise or amaze them with anything. But they looked, and who would look at them: so much pain, sorrow, painful pity, shock, suffering, but also bitter joy was in their eyes. For, even though these were children of war, pitiful scorches on the black ashes, they were alive; children saved and taken out of the disastrous flame, and this meant rebirth and hope for the future, without which these people, also different on the platform, could not continue to live.

The children were also different. But something united them all. Not only the unusual complexion, merging with the fallen snow, not only the eyes, in which the eternal horror of the blockade froze, as if frozen, not only the strange, unopened mouths. There was one more thing about them, something in common - both in their appearance, and in the same faces, and in the lips, and in the eyes, and something else that could only be seen not individually, but only when they were all together, and that it was expressed in how they behaved towards each other and towards adults, how they stood, how they held hands, lined up in a column - and one can put it this way: children of war. A terrible combination of two unnatural, impossible words. Children here, by their presence, expressed the lowest, most hellish, destructive essence of the war: it struck in the embryo, in the bud, for all other children who were not born, for all generations that did not yet exist.

But these people, who were now standing in a column, teaming up two by two, ready to set off on an unknown journey, had survived! Survived! God forbid! They were messengers from there, from the future, bringing people standing on the other side of the platform, on this still military side of life, hope for the future, no matter what.

In a strange, oscillating thin stream, following the thin dark woman, the blockade soldiers flowed along the rails further and further towards the city. And in every tiny person, wrapped in rags, there was, despite the timidity of the first steps, a weak swaying - causing the living stream to stretch, then shrink, and pulsate, and break to merge again - an inextricable connection with others, friend with the friend with whom they were now walking, clasping their blue fingers so that no one could open them, but also with the people on the platform, and with this silent station, and with this new promised land that would raise them. Will a seed thrown into hard soil sprout and become a noisy ear? (According to A. Pristavkin)

Essay No. 11.

After reading A. Pristavkin’s text, the words of the classic L. Tolstoy instantly came to mind: “War is not a courtesy, but the most disgusting thing in the world.” Almost every sentence of the text makes clear the main idea: “the children... expressed the lowest, most hellish, destructive essence of the war: it was in its infancy, in its infancy...”. Reading these lines, I wonder: will these “tiny people wrapped in rags”, exhausted from severe trials, grow into a normal person? This problem is psychological, vital and relevant especially today. The author believes that the children standing on the platform are “messengers from there, from the future, bringing people hope for the future.” I agree with the author. Of course, it is bitter that the children are “pathetic cinders” of war, but it is still joyful that they are “alive”, saved, which means that there really is hope for the best. My heart aches when I see documentary footage from the TV screen: children, exhausted in a concentration camp, hurrying to free their little hands to show the barbarians their number. Seeing this horror, I say to myself: “Damn you, war!” Until recently, not much was written about children as victims of war. I only remember Vanya Solntsev from the story “Son of the Regiment” by V. Kataev and Kuzmenyshi from A. Pristavkin’s work “The Golden Cloud Spent the Night.” I cry reading the memories of adults, now respected people, about the hard times of war, about the time of their “happy” childhood in the documentary story Belarusian writer S. Aleksievich “The Last Witnesses”, where the title of the book speaks for itself. This is a testament text, a warning, a reminder to all of us! And this is a text of hope: a seed thrown even into callous, hard soil will certainly grow; a “noisy ear” will definitely grow, because life cannot be defeated.

Text No. 12.

(1) There were ten singers, only ten. (2) Everyone is wearing the same black concert suits and white shirtfronts. (3) And no instruments, no microphones, no stage sound amplifiers and, of course, no light manipulators - they just dimmed the lights in the hall a little.

(4) And although I was sure that listeners who had an idea of what a chapel was gathered here, I became afraid for the singers. (5) Our youth are accustomed to electronic noise, and they are like unarmed soldiers on the battlefield.

(6) The singers stood tightly shoulder to shoulder, forming a small semicircle. (7) Their faces were calm and concentrated. (8) And for some reason they all seemed similar to each other. (9) Perhaps because at that hour they were possessed by a common concern, a common readiness, a single spiritual impulse.

(10) And at a nod from the one standing on the right, apparently the leader in the group, they began to sing. (11) And the voices soared...

(12) Al was conquered, enchanted, plunged into thought; everyone had the opportunity to join themselves to what had been formed for centuries in tragic delusions and insights of the mind. (13) And at the same time, the imagination carried everyone into that unclear, but always painfully desired world, made up of one’s own memories, dreams, melancholy, reproaches of conscience, of the losses and joys experienced by a person on his life’s path.

(14) I did not understand and, to tell the truth, did not really want to understand what was happening to me at that hour, what riveted my thoughts and feelings with such irresistible force to these ten singers, but the hymns that they sang seemed to come from from me, from my own impulses, from accumulated pains, anxieties and delights that had not yet found a way out in me, and, freed from them and at the same time filled with new light and insight, I comprehended, thanks to the art of these singers, the original essence of music.

(15) When you make a discovery for yourself, everything in you agrees and enlightenment of the soul occurs. (1b) And on that wave of surging enlightenment, I suddenly thought: where does all this come from in a person - music, Songs, prayers, what need was and is there for them? (17) Perhaps from a subconscious feeling of the tragedy of his stay in the cycle of life, when everything comes and everything goes, comes again and goes again, and a person hopes in this way to express, designate, perpetuate himself. (18) After all, when in billions of years our planet dies and fades away, some kind of world consciousness coming from other galaxies must certainly hear our music and singing among the great silence and emptiness. (19) To live after life is what has been ineradicably invested in us from creation! (20) How important it is to realize how necessary it is for a person to be confident that such self-extension is possible in principle. (21) People will probably come up with the idea of leaving behind some kind of eternal automatic device, some kind of musical perpetual motion machine - this will be an anthology of all the best in human culture.

(22) Life, death, love, compassion and inspiration - everything will be said in music, because in it, in music, we achieved the highest freedom, which we fought for throughout history, starting from the first glimpses of consciousness in man, but to achieve which we succeeded only in it. (According to Ch. Aitmatov)

Essay No. 12.

Life, death, love, compassion and inspiration - all this is said in music that can touch the deepest strings of the human soul. The text, authored by Ch. Aitmatov, reveals the problem of human need for music. What was and is the need for it? What role does it play in a person’s life? The problem put forward by the author is deeply philosophical, quite relevant in our time. The author talks about the concert he attended and the emotions he experienced at that moment. Aitmatov shows us by his own example that the music we listen to seems to come from us, from our own motives, from accumulated pain, anxiety and delight: “When you make a discovery for yourself, everything in you agrees, and the enlightenment of the soul comes.” It's hard to disagree with the author. Music has always had a powerful effect on the human soul, healed it, helped it better understand itself and the world around us. Let us remember the story by V.G. Korolenko “The Blind Musician”. The main character Peter Popelsky was blind, he had no friends, but he took strength to continue life from music, the musical compositions he himself composed. Peter became a famous pianist. Nowadays, young people are accustomed to electronic noise. Each listener has his own preferences in music, because now there is a wide variety of musical styles. They are all very different from each other, but they are similar in one thing - they give impetus to the creative imagination. I also really love music. When I am in a bad mood or have some difficulties, I turn on a quiet melody and calm down, because beautiful music gives me strength and the desire to live well.

Text No. 13.

(1) It must be said that in Rus', if we have not yet kept up with foreigners in some other respects, we have far surpassed them in the ability to communicate. (2) It is impossible to count all the shades and subtleties of our appeal. (3) A Frenchman or a German will not understand and understand all its features and differences; he will speak with almost the same voice and the same language both to a millionaire and to a small tobacco dealer, although, of course, in his soul he is moderately mean to the former. (4) This is not the case with us: we have such wise men who will speak completely differently to a landowner who has two hundred souls than to one who has three hundred, and again to someone who has three hundred they will speak differently , as with the one who has five hundred of them, and with the one who has five hundred of them, again it is not the same as with the one who has eight hundred of them - in a word, even if you go up to a million, there will still be shades. (5) Suppose, for example, there is an office, not here, but in a distant country, and in the office, let us suppose, there is a ruler of the office. (b) I ask you to look at him when he sits among his subordinates - you just can’t utter a word out of fear! pride and nobility, and what does his face not express? just take a brush and paint: Prometheus, determined Prometheus! (7) Looks like an eagle, acts smoothly, measuredly. (8) The same eagle, as soon as it left the room and approaches the office of its boss, is in such a hurry like a partridge with papers under its arm that there is no urine. (9) In society and at a party, even if everyone is of low rank, Prometheus will remain Prometheus, and a little higher than him, Prometheus will undergo such a transformation that even Ovid would not invent: a fly, less than even a fly, was destroyed into a grain of sand. (10) “Yes, this is not Ivan Petrovich,” you say, looking at him. - Ivan Petrovich is taller, but this one is short and thin; he speaks loudly, has a deep bass voice and never laughs, but this devil knows what: he squeaks like a bird and keeps laughing.” (11) You come closer and look - exactly Ivan Petrovich! (12) “Ehe-he!” - you think to yourself... (N.V. Gogol)

Essay No. 13.

In his text, N.V. Gogol shows us the “shades and subtleties” of how officials at different levels communicate with each other, and compares them with French and German ones. The problem of true and imaginary values in the life of society clearly arises. The author describes in an ironic manner the transformation of officials depending on the circumstances in which they find themselves. Sometimes they look like eagles, sometimes like flies. The whole point is what the rank of this or that employee is. I think that this problem has existed for a long time and will continue to exist as long as sycophancy and idolatry towards the “boss” is welcomed in society. Any modern working person must fulfill his duties clearly and fully. And advancement up the career ladder should depend only on his efforts, skills and, of course, hard work. The wonderful work of N.V. Gogol “The Inspector General” very clearly and poignantly reveals this problem, shows us the relationship of officials of one of the district cities to the imaginary auditor. This is where both blasphemy and sycophancy were fully revealed! The example of Chatsky from the work of A.S. Griboedov “Woe from Wit” is very indicative. The words of this character: “I would be glad to serve, but it’s sickening to be served” are still alive to this day. And Chekhov’s “chameleon,” unfortunately, is still walking around the country. S. Mikhalkov, the world-famous author of children's poems and the Russian anthem, said this: “Every piece of paper should have legs.” He meant that with each request you need to go through the authorities yourself, and sometimes more than once, and, more often, not empty-handed. Returning to N.V. Gogol, it should be noted that in his works he harshly and wisely ridiculed officials whose true service to the Motherland was replaced by fear of their superiors.

Text No. 14.

(1) In autumn the forest is silent. (2) Such silence. (3) A hundred steps away you can hear a mouse running away across the dry leaves. (4) In anticipation of the cold weather, the birds fell silent. (5) Not a sound. (6) At such times, the woodpecker’s working music brings special joy to the forest. (7) It seems that a bone hammer is knocking not on wood, but on a tight string.

(8) I walked through the spruce forest for a long time until I saw the only musician in the silent forest. (9) The woodpecker worked tirelessly. (10) The pattern of his “chisel” was visible on the diseased pine tree. (11) Through binoculars one could see how the woodpecker’s long tongue reached out to the larvae that had settled in the wood. (12) I hid behind a bush, admiring the work. (13) The woodpecker looked down, but continued to work. (14) At that moment a story happened, which, unfortunately, is very common. (15) A shot rang out from the hazel bushes - the shot tore off the worm-eaten bark, and with it a bird fell onto the yellow grass. (16) The woodpecker did not have time to swallow the larva - it remained white in its bloody beak.

(17) A guy of about seventeen came out of the blue smoke into the clearing with a new double-barreled shotgun, with a creaking belt full of cartridges. (18) I didn’t swear, but the guy felt: the meeting did not bode well. (19) To top it all off, he didn’t know what to do with the bird.

(20) - Why?

(21) - And just like that...

(22) The guy stood around awkwardly, then pulled out a cartridge from the second barrel and put it in his pocket.

(23) Who should teach boys who, from the age of seven, have been in love with slingshots, homemade pistols and new double-barreled shotguns? (24) Who should teach them to take care of and love nature? (25) Who should explain to them that a forest without birds is boring and inhospitable?

Essay No. 14.

The problem of the relationship between man and nature is relevant in our time. How many words have already been said and how much more will be said about this. In this text, the author reveals the problem of man's irresponsible attitude towards nature. How often do we think about this? And do we even think about it, mercilessly destroying what surrounds us? The problem put forward by the author is deeply moral, affecting a very important aspect of human life and nature - their relationship. The writer talks about the measured life of the forest, which is destroyed by a “fired shot.” We, of course, agree with the author. The thoughtless destruction of nature leads to the death of all living things. This problem is clearly expressed in S. A. Yesenin’s poem “Song of the Dog,” which talks about the merciless destruction by man of innocent carousing. Once on the street I saw how the boys were pulled out of the nest chick and threw it on the road. (A seventeen-year-old boy also mercilessly shot a woodpecker in the forest). I felt sorry for the chick, and I put it back in the nest in the tree. From the media we often learn about how smugglers transport rare endangered species of birds and mammals from region to region for profit under terrible conditions.

So “who should teach boys who, from the age of seven, have been in love with slingshots, homemade pistols and new double-barreled shotguns? Who should teach them and all of us to protect and love nature? Who should explain to us that a forest without birds is boring and inhospitable?”

Text No. 15.

We know such prayers
That the heart is easy at night;
And the proud muses of Russia
Invisibly accompanying us...
(B. Nabokov)
(1) Recently, we have often heard discussions from prominent public figures, people of art and science about the search for a saving “national idea” that could unite Russians in creating their future.
(2) Well, these reasonings are vital! (3) But talk is talk, and the insane conveyor belt of spiritual impoverishment of the nation, in which many TV programs, a huge part of the Internet industry, and the printing business are to blame, does not seem to leave a chance for any uplifting “ideas.” (4) Of course, it is not the television cameras, computers or printing presses themselves that are to blame for this, but, in fact, the people who operate them.
(5) Recalling what kind of heartburn the liberal stratum was caused by the attempt of the Russian Orthodox Church to introduce a course in the fundamentals of Orthodox culture in Russian schools, I am amazed at the very nervous reaction to the subject of part of the country’s scientific community.
(6) Today passions are boiling again! (7) The reason for this is the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation to conduct an experiment in a number of regions of the country to teach the fundamentals of religious culture and secular ethics in schools.
(8) Without plunging into the abyss of a new ideological confrontation, I cannot help but notice: those who do not want the enlightenment of their people are not decreasing. (E) Surprisingly, cursing the Soviet past for the death of “good old Russia” in 1917, they today reject what it, so to speak, stood on.
(10) By the way, about the past: in it, Russia has plenty of striking examples of meaningful, moral life. (11) Here, let’s say, are the artistic and intellectual salons of the early 19th century. (12) If you like, these were a kind of effective communication models that supplied intellectual food for the best minds in Russia, nurturing high ideals in art, science, and education. (13) What a treasure trove for those looking for “national ideas”?
(14) It doesn’t take much effort to “feel the difference,” or rather, the degree of our decline today - just press the remote control button and get, for example, into Ksenia Sobchak’s “salon” in the “House 2” program.
(15) What needs to be done so that the “proud muses of Russia” from Nabokov’s epigraph to these notes accompany HER today? (16) Maybe start small - remember them, look up to them, proud and tall...
(17) As, indeed, with other examples from our great past. (According to G. Rogov)

Essay No. 15.

The past is inextricably linked with the present. In some ways there is development and improvement, but in others there is regression and degradation. Comparing “today” and “yesterday” of our country, I want to understand the spiritual and moral culture of the nation, which sets the tone for the development of society as a whole. In the above text, German Rogov raises the problem of the spiritual impoverishment of the nation. Why is this happening? In modern society, the media have become very popular, through which streams of immoral thoughts flow, changing people’s worldview for the worse. These thoughts “leave no chance for any uplifting ideas.” Russia is degrading spiritually and morally, especially progressively in our time - a time of free dissemination of information. Today the problem of spiritual impoverishment of the nation is one of the most important. The author believes that we need to follow examples from the past of our country, remember and not forget about them. This will restore lost national morality. I do not agree with the author's opinion. In Russia's past there were many immoral examples that one does not need to emulate, but modern people are no worse than their predecessors. G. Rogov mentions the artistic and intellectual salons of the early nineteenth century and considers them “storehouses of national ideas.” I can't agree with him. Yes, this is better than modern “assemblies” in clubs, but there are also disadvantages in the salons described by the author. For example, L. Tolstoy in his novel “War and Peace” talks about the salons of that time: Anna Scherer, Helen, which almost lost one of the main national treasures - the Russian language. These people not only spoke, but also thought in French. They may have developed intellectually, but they degraded morally, because they neglected a national value - the Russian language. Thus, I think that the salons of the nineteenth century cannot be called an example of high morality. The modern writer V. Soloukhin in “Black Boards” concerns what happened in the twentieth century. And this is what happened: the doors and windows of churches were blocked with boards blackened by time, the churches were closed and destroyed. Some churches still survived. The black boards preserved in them, as it turned out, are icons painted several centuries ago. Contemporaries are restoring them, restoring the historical memory of the time when the icons were created, and trying to revive the spirituality lost in the twentieth century. Therefore, I believe that our generation is no worse than the past. There is a lot of talk about the problem of spiritual impoverishment of the nation. Probably not without reason. So there are reasons for that. However, I don't think the past is better than the present.

Option 4

When completing the tasks of this part, in answer form No. 1, under the number of the task you are performing (A1-A30), put the sign "X" in the box whose number corresponds to the number of the answer you chose.

A1. Which of the words is given in the correct pronunciation?

1) snow [s"n"eh] 3) cream [krem]

2) God [bokh] 4) puree [p"ur"e]

A2. Provide an example without violating the norms of lexical compatibility.

1) This is an unprecedented thing.

2) The overwhelming majority of speakers were in favor of introducing new traffic rules.

3) The text is written in very clear language.

4) We tried to carefully avoid talking about yesterday's incident.

A3. Indicate the sentence without grammatical (morphological) errors.

1) The appeal to the governments of the world was signed by more than seven hundred famous scientists.

3) The lieutenant stated that there were no explanations or comments on the order.

4) It is important that children learn to put things in their place at an early age.

A4. Indicate the sentence without grammatical (syntax) errors.

1) To the right of the steering wheel there was a compass with an indicator circle covered with cracked and partly peeled off enamel, on which numerous divisions were applied.

2) Finding myself in the icy water, I was at first shivering, but energetic movements of my arms helped me warm up.

3) Modern cars are much easier to drive than cars produced in the 20s - 30s of the last century.

4) More than half of the townspeople have summer cottages.

A5. Please indicate a possible (grammatically correct) option for

missing part of the phrase: In chess, as in life,........., only by realizing your mistakes and shortcomings.

1) success can be achieved...

2) you can achieve success...

3) success is achieved...

4) achieving success is possible...

Read the text and complete tasks A6-A11.

A. Some linguists believe that writing predates spoken speech by an entire archaeological era, but this theory has no basis in reality.

B. And the data of history, anthropology, and ethnography refute the position that writing arose before the appearance of spoken speech.

B. History does not know a single human society, even the most backward, that does not have its own sound language.

G. Moreover, neither history nor ethnography knows of a human society that would use writing without having speech.

A6. What question can be asked at the beginning of the text?

1) How many years ago did writing appear?

2) How did language originate?

3) Which form of speech arose first: oral or written?

4) Why was writing invented?

A7. Which sentence should the following phrase follow?

Archeology, which is often cited by supporters of the hypothesis of the early emergence of writing, is not able to provide any evidence at all about the existence or absence of spoken speech in the preliterate period.

1) between A and B 3) between C and D

2) between B and C 4) after D

A8. Indicate the correct statement about sentence B.

1) consists of 3 parts; no undistributed ones

2) consists of 2 parts; both common

3) consists of 3 parts; one of them is an unexpanded proposal

4) comprises 4 -x parts; two of them are not widespread

A9. What characteristic corresponds to sentence D?

1 ) complex

2) complex with non-union, subordinating and coordinating connections

3) complex with non-union and subordinating connections

4) complex with coordinating and subordinating connections

A10. In what case are the nouns HISTORY and ETHNOGRAPHY in sentence D?

1) in the nominative

2) in genitive

3) in the dative

4) in the accusative

All. Indicate the meaning of the word SOCIETY in sentences B and D.

1) organization, a union of people who set common goals,

2) a certain segment of the population that differs from other segments in living conditions, education, etc.; class, estate

3) a set of people living in certain specific historical conditions

4) state, country

A12. In place of what numbers is NN written?

In museums, you've probably seen old (1) drawings with (2) written underneath them: “Lead pencil.” Three hundred years ago there were no modern (3) pencils with lead in a wooden (4) shirt.

2) 2,3,4 4) 1,3,4

A13. Which row contains all the words with an alternating vowel in the root?

1) por..sly, companion..n, hot..hot

2) moaning, drinking beer, touching

3) wipe, nat. .army, to..sleep

4) r..get lost, k..speechless, g..rattling

A14. In which row is the letter I missing in both words?

1) greet..greet, pr..educate

2) pr..to proclaim, pr..decorate

3) without..initiative, counter..gra

4) trans..ransky, super..initiative

A15. In which row is the letter A missing in both words?

1) breathable, (they) pop out

2) crying, (they) studied..t

3) employee, (they) jump..t

4) cutting, (they) withstand..t

A16. In which row is b written in place of the gap in all words?

1) assistant.., assistant..nik, rag..

2) hide..seek, achieve..sya, create..sya

3) eight..ten, minority..wide open..

4) in..breaking, breaking up, out..yan

A17. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers in whose place NOT is written?

The Baron (1) regretted (2) time, (3) money to search for the culprit of his disgrace, and (4) what else could he (5) think about besides revenge.

1) 1,4 2) 2,3,4 3) 1 ,5 4) 4

A18. In which line are both highlighted words written together?

1) You must be a patriot, not a (not) nationalist. There is no need to (not) hate other nations because you are a patriot.

2) (S)oon the swimmers found themselves right under the ship, raising (above) them its bare sides, covered with time-blackened resin.

3) Poets put flesh and blood on the (un)bold sophistication of the feelings of the crowd.

4) (C)to the left of the road we saw a pit, (to) the top filled with water.

A19. Provide the correct explanation for the punctuation in the sentence:

In Schwartz's famous play, the scientist's shadow begins to live its own life () and putting it in its place is not so easy.

1) A comma in place of parentheses is needed because the conjunction AND connects parts of a complex sentence.

2) A comma in place of brackets is not needed, because I connects homogeneous members of the sentence.

3) A comma in place of brackets is needed because the conjunction AND is part of the introductory sentence.

4) The parentheses in place are not needed, because AND connects parts of a complex sentence that have a common minor member.

A20. Indicate the sentence with a punctuation error.

1) In the room, in addition to the entrance, there was another door.

2) The caught fish was placed in a hole in the stone filled with water, and the boy, watching with interest as the fish’s body changed color and carefully stroking it, invited us to touch the cool scales.

3) The storm subsided and was replaced by a light breeze, and the sailboat could continue on its way.

4) Curving my whole body and pushing off with my flippers, I surfaced to catch my breath.

A21.What number(s) should be replaced by commas in sentences??

IN that day the white moon standing in the sky, in the morning (I) finally(2) frost hit, and the trees were covered with fragile frost. Thank God it seems(3) winter came.

A22. Indicate a sentence that requires two commas. (There are no punctuation marks.)

1) The brother was smart and dexterous; he easily solved problems and easily learned to do magic tricks.

2) The black hole of the tunnel was either clearly visible or disappeared in the haze rising from the hot stones.

3) The square itself and the sun-gilded leaves and monument seemed somehow foreign.

4) The half-sunken ship had bare sides covered with mold and blackened with tar over time.

A23. Which sentence should not have a dash? (There are no punctuation marks.)

1) The Netherlands is a country in northwestern Europe often called Holland.

2) In the east the country borders on Germany and in the south on Belgium.

3) In the Middle Ages, it was believed that Bordeaux steel was the most reliable in the world.

4) One of the most striking signs of our distance from the people is that we almost completely stopped singing in chorus.

A24. Indicate the sentence with a punctuation error.

1) There are great ones, next to whom everyone seems small, but the truly great is the one with whom everyone feels great.

2) The colonel opened the case and took out two identical swords, the blades of which sparkled in the sun with rays of white fire.

3) The sandy bottom is completely strewn with small fragments of stones, between which tangled algae swayed weakly in time with the barely noticeable movements of the sea.

4) None of us knew which way to go, so we decided to wait for dawn, when we could find our way on the map.

A25. Which answer option shows the correct placement of commas in the sentence:

District (1) where we lived (2) was far from the river (3) and (4) to get to the beach (5) we had to trudge through the whole city on a crowded tram.

1) 1,2,3,4,5 2) 2,4,5 3) 1,3,4 4) 1,2,3,5

A26. In which sentence can the subordinate part of a complex sentence not be replaced by a synonymous participial phrase?

1) People who lived 20 years ago could create works of art of the highest level.

2) It would be unfair to blame science and technology alone for the damage they cause to the environment.

3) The coming third technological revolution, which will change the very nature of work, will be based on the power of human mental activity.

4) Aristotle believed that comets, like a rainbow, are formed due to vapors that rise from the surface of the Earth.

A27.Read the text.

Natural science, being the basis of all knowledge, has always had a significant impact on the development of the humanities with its methods, methodological and ideological attitudes.

mi and ideas, images and ideas. This impact is especially powerful in our era. Now it is obvious to everyone that fundamental training of specialists in the humanities is already unthinkable without familiarization with the history and current state of natural science.

Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the main information contained in the text?

1) In our time, the influence of natural science on all sciences is especially powerful.

2) Natural science plays an increasingly important role in the development of all sciences, including the humanities, and fundamental training of specialists in the humanities requires familiarization with the history and current state of natural science.

3) Natural science is the basis of all knowledge. It plays a major role in our era, therefore fundamental training of specialists in the fields of knowledge is unthinkable without familiarization with the history and current state of natural science.

4) Natural science methods are used in all sciences, including the humanities.

Read the text and complete tasks A28-A30, B1-B8, C1.

(7) Of course, it is pointless to decree the boundaries of what is permitted. (8) Occultism just grows near phenomena that are far from clear to science, strange, interpreted as mystical and therefore anti-scientific. (9) The desire to experiment, to observe, to search only fuels the situation, breeds rumors and speculation. (10) We are trying precisely on the basis of new results to “control physics so as not to introduce any mystical elements.” (11) Even if the hypotheses of, say, telepathic communication, traveling “cosmic saucers,” and skin vision are not confirmed, their study will help not only relieve the excitement, but also explain other phenomena, and therefore deepen our understanding of the world. (12) Therefore, it would be reckless to shun the mysterious, fencing it off with the concrete of prohibitions. (13) Everything mysterious must be studied. (14) However, on one condition: It is known that many prominent natural scientists paid tribute to occult matters at different times. (16) For centuries, astrology, for example, was intensively cultivated as a completely decent activity, and therefore many scientists became involved in it. (17) From the depths of history comes a fascination with alchemy, which for a long time remained the guardian of chemical knowledge. (18) The idea of telepathic communication came to the attention of a number of our outstanding compatriots, intriguing V. Bekhterev and K. Tsiolkovsky. (19) And the famous chemist A. Butlerov, in collaboration with the writer S. Aksakov, even published the magazine “Rebus”, in which telepaths and spiritualists found refuge. (20) So great scientists found themselves captive of great occult passions. (21) But would you dare call them false scientists?

(22) None of them resorted to deception or fabrication of facts, no one suffered from scientific fanaticism that could lead to the path of pseudoscientific claims. (23) “Demarcation” runs along the cutting edge of moral and ethical assessments. (24) An honest researcher, simply a decent person who maintains integrity in matters of science, cannot, no matter what he does, end up among the ranks of false scientists. (25) She lacks certain qualities for this, but she has in abundance those that protect her from the temptation of cheap fame.

(A. Sukhotin)

A28.Find the continuation of sentence 14, which corresponds to the content of the text and the position of the author?

1) ...do not attach serious importance to this study.

2) ... adhere to the rules of the game, that is, remain honest.

3) ...refuse the conclusions drawn by classical science.

4) ...be sure to put the discovery into practice.

A29.Determine the style and type of speech.

1) artistic style; description

2) scientific style; description

3) journalistic style; reasoning

4) conversational style; reasoning

AZO.Which word or phrase is explained through context?

1) occult spider

2) palmistry

4) telepathic connection

When completing the tasks in this part, write down your answer in answer form No. 1 to the right of the task number (B1-B8), starting from the first cell. Write each letter or number in a separate box in accordance with the samples given in the form. Words or numbers when transferring Separate with capital letters. Place each comma in a separate box. Spaces are not used when writing answers.

Write down the answers to tasks B1-VZ in words.

81. From sentences 17-19, write down a noun formed in a prefix-suffix way.

82. From sentences 2-3, write down all animate nouns.

83. From sentences 7-10, write down a phrase with the connection MANAGEMENT, with an adjective as the main word.

Write down the answers to tasks B4-B8 in numbers.

84. Among sentences 10-17, find a complex sentence that includes a one-part indefinite-personal sentence. Write the number of this offer.

85. Which of sentences 7-18 contains homogeneous isolated definitions? Write the number of this offer.

86. Among sentences 15-25, find a complex sentence with a subordinate clause. Write the number of this offer.

87. Which of sentences 15-22 is related to the previous one using a pronominal adverb? Write the number of this offer.

88. Read fragments of the review that analyze the linguistic features of this text. Fill in the blanks with numbers corresponding to the number of the term from the list. Write down the sequence of numbers in the answer in answer form No. 1 to the right of task number B8, starting from the first cell.

(sentences 18, 19, 20, 21, etc.),_(for example, in sentences 8, 9,

12, 17), conversational grammatical means are used (_in sentences 8, 9, 10, 11) and book syntactic constructions (_in sentences 3, 8, 9, 11).

One of the means emphasizing the author’s ironic attitude towards both pseudoscientists and overly distrustful specialists is -_(in sentences 4, 5, 7).”

List of terms:

1) little-known terms

3) words with diminutive suffixes

4) phraseological units

5) particles

6) metaphor

7) expressive lexical repetition

8) comparative turnover

9) series of homogeneous members

10) violation of logical homogeneity

To answer the task in this part, use answer form No. 2. First write down the number of task C1, and then write an essay.

C1. Write an essay based on the text you read.

Formulate and comment on one of the problems posed by the author of the text (avoid excessive quoting).

The volume of the essay is at least 150 words.

Work written without reference to the text read (not based on this text) is not graded.

If the essay is a retelling or a complete rewrite of the original text without any comments, then such work is scored zero points.

Write an essay carefully, legible handwriting.

Answers:

compatriots

(in) the man of the chosen ones

3,4,7,8,9

(not) clear to science

The problem of the uneasy relationship between science and pseudoscientific theories.

1) 1, 2, 3, 4, 6

2) 3, 4, 5, 6

3) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

4) 1, 2, 5, 6

For centuries, astrology (1) for example (2) was intensively cultivated as a completely decent activity, and (3) therefore (4) many scientists became involved in it.

1) 1, 2, 3

2) 2, 3

3) 2, 3, 4

4) 1, 2

1) 1, 2, 5

2) 3, 4, 5, 6

3) 1, 2, 5, 6

4) 1, 3, 4, 5

1) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

2) 2, 3, 4, 5

3) 1, 4, 5

4) 4, 5

I (1) fortunately (2) had to play one role in Chekhov’s plays several hundred times, but I (3) hardly (4) remember a performance during which new sensations were not revealed in my soul, but in the work itself - new depths or subtleties that (5) imagine (6) were not noticed by me before.

1) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

2) 1, 2, 3, 4

3) 1, 2, 5, 6

4) 3, 4, 5, 6

Nina (1) as I now understand (2) had all the advantages and disadvantages of the rich. She was courageous, determined, purposeful and (3) also (4) cold, arrogant and aristocratically naive. For example (5) she considered money a heavy burden.

1) 1, 2, 3, 4

2) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

3) 1, 2, 5

4) 1,2,3,5

1) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

2) 1, 4, 5

3) 1, 2, 3

4) 2, 3, 4, 5

Rules (1) as is known (2) are created or selected for a specific situation. Over time (3) a new situation arises in which the previous theory is no longer capable of leading forward and (4) therefore (5) must be replaced.

1) 1, 2, 3, 5

2) 1, 2, 4, 5

3) 1, 3, 4

4) 2, 5

1) 1, 2, 3, 6

2) 2, 3, 4, 5

3) 2, 3

4) 6

More than once on rainy autumn evenings I (1) felt (2) sad. But (3) it happened (4) you wander through the forest and don’t see a single bird’s nest.

1) 1, 2

2) 1, 2, 3, 4

3) 3, 4

4) 1, 3

In the happy time of youth, many (1) probably (2) write a diary. This matter is (3) of course (4) sacred, secret and takes a lot of strength. But what else can we come up with? After all, (5) a person needs confession, cleansing, and a diary helps him with this.

1) 1, 2, 3,4, 5

2) 1, 2, 3, 4

3) 1,3, 4, 5

4) 1, 2, 5

Landscape art is the most exciting and (1) also (2) the most influential of all the arts. This statement (3) seems (4) strange. Why (5) in fact (6) gardening art should be more effective than poetry, literature in general, philosophy, theater, painting?

1) 1, 2, 3, 4

2) 3, 4, 5, 6

3) 5, 6

4) 1, 2, 5, 6

1) 1, 2, 5, 6

2) 1, 2, 3, 4

3) 3, 4, 5, 6

4) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

The book (1) undoubtedly (2) suffered greatly from the blockade. It was burned by fires, it died during the bombing, it (3) and finally (4) it was used to heat potbelly stoves, stoves, they were kindled with it, they were warmed with it, and it is impossible to blame people for this.

1) 1, 2, 3, 4

2) 1, 2

3) 3, 4

4) 1, 2, 4

Vandal (1) undoubtedly (2) is characterized by hatred (3) literally (4) of everything beautiful. But (5) obviously (6) from hatred of everything beautiful, of works of art, it is very close to hatred of everything that is created by other people and for the common human benefit.

1) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

2) 5, 6

3) 1, 2, 5, 6

4) 1, 2, 3, 4

There are people about whom they say: “This is (1) undoubtedly (2) a man of his word!” This means (3) you can rely on such a person - he (4) is believed to (5) fulfill his promise without a reminder.

1) 1, 2, 4,5

2) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5

3) 3, 4, 5

4) 1, 2, 3

(22) None of them resorted to deception or fabrication of facts, no one suffered from scientific fanaticism that could lead to the path of pseudoscientific claims.

Sample essay-reasoning on text 1

Sentences: 9, 12, 13, 24–26.

Sample essay-reasoning on text 2