Examples of professional words and their meaning. Examples of professionalism in literature and colloquial speech

The use of professionalisms, as well as the word “professionalism” itself, in everyday speech

Purpose of the work: to find out whether people use professionalism in everyday life.

Ways to carry out work:

1). Survey using a questionnaire

2). Observations

3). Analysis of the results obtained

4). Comparison of the received data and bringing them together into a single whole

Work plan:
1). Introduction - theoretical part

2). Results in chart form

3).Analysis of results

4).Conclusion

What are professionalisms? Professionalisms are words or expressions characteristic of the speech of a particular professional group. Professionalisms usually act as colloquial equivalents of terms corresponding in meaning: a typo in the speech of newspapermen is a blunder; the steering wheel in the speech of drivers is a steering wheel; synchrophasotron in the speech of physicists is a saucepan, etc. The terms are legalized names of any special concepts. Professionalisms are used as their informal substitutes only in the speech of persons associated with a profession, limited to a special topic. Often professionalisms have a local, local character. There is, however, a point of view according to which professionalism is synonymous with the concept of “term”. According to some researchers, professionalism is a “semi-official” name for a concept that is limited in use - the vocabulary of hunters, fishermen, etc.

By origin, professionalism, as a rule, is the result of a metaphorical transfer of the meanings of words from everyday vocabulary to terminological concepts: by similarity, for example, between the shape of a part and everyday reality, the nature of the production process and a well-known action, or, finally, by emotional association.

Professionalisms are always expressive and are contrasted with the precision and stylistic neutrality of terms. Professionalisms are similar to jargons and words of colloquial vocabulary in their reduced, rough expression, and also in the fact that they, like jargons and colloquialisms, are not an independent linguistic subsystem with its own grammatical features, but a kind of small lexical complex. Due to the expressiveness inherent in professionalisms, they relatively easily pass into the vernacular, as well as into the colloquial speech of the literary language. For example: the cover is “a mistake” (from the actor’s speech), the wiper is “a car windshield wiper” (from the speech of motorists).

Like terms, professionalisms are used in the language of fiction as a means of representation.

And so, we found out that professionalisms are words characteristic of a particular profession, sometimes close to jargon.

At the second stage of our work, we conducted a survey among people of various professions. In particular, teachers.

To the diagram: 40% of respondents said that they do not know what professionalism is, 27% can guess, more than 30% of respondents answered that they know. Some respondents insisted that the word “professionalism” does not exist, but only professional vocabulary (a concept close in meaning). Slightly more than half said that they often use professionalisms in everyday life; the majority agreed that professionalisms help them communicate with people in their profession, but several people, including a couple of teachers, said that they get along just fine in speech without them.
We also asked all respondents to give a couple of examples of professionalism related to their profession.

Here are the examples we received:

Teachers - pedagogical skills, project, non-linear learning process, class magazine, equation, music teacher - major mood, you are false (in the sense of lying), book sorter - codification (of books), coach - cutting, economist - asset, credit, debit, engineer - sunbed, riser, helmsman - fordak, tacking (overtaking), compass (instead of compass).

From the examples described above, it is clear that many (about 92%) do not perceive the word “professionalism” well. Some Russian language teachers insisted that the word “professionalism” in this meaning does not exist at all. From which we can conclude that the term “professionalism” itself refers to professional vocabulary.

After conducting the survey, we came to the unanimous opinion that we do not need the term “professionalism” in everyday life. We understand each other perfectly well even without him. For example, when we explained what these very professionalisms are, the example of a sailor - a compass - was very helpful. People often use professionalisms and find them convenient. Professionalisms also help people in the same profession understand each other better. Professionalism can become synonymous with ordinary words in everyday life (for example, major mood means “good mood”)

Each profession has its own specifics not only in the field of activity, but also in the vocabulary. Terms, names of tools, work actions - all this has its own definitions, understandable only to specialists. Progress sweeps across the planet, and with the development of science, more and more new words appear. For example, it is worth noting that today there are almost 60 thousand items in the field of electronics, and in Ozhegov’s well-known dictionary there are 3 thousand fewer of them. There is no other way to describe this than a terminological explosion.

Professionalisms in the Russian language: place and meaning

First of all, let's define this phenomenon. Industrial vocabulary is an autonomous language system, which is a collection of all scientific and technical concepts and names. It has the most developed information function.

Special vocabulary also penetrates into the literary language, which is completely inevitable, since highly specialized words may well become commonly used for objective reasons. This includes the popularization of scientific knowledge, increasing the level of people’s culture, and accessibility to modern communication technologies. For example, today everyone knows that perigee, and no one will be surprised by the expression “soft landing” or the science of selenology.

Literary language and professional vocabulary have a common word-formation basis, so a reverse cycle can also occur: an already known concept receives a new meaning that has a narrow specialization.

Communication between specialists, all kinds of scientific works, reports and production reports contain examples of professionalisms that have their own classification.

special vocabulary

First of all, this is a term (from Latin - “border”). This is the name of a word or phrase (in other words, a linguistic sign), which correlates with a special concept. These terms are included in the vast majority of neologisms that have appeared recently. An example is professionalism in medicine.

Terminological system: its components are, in fact, all the same linguistic signs, but have already undergone evolution from functioning as disparate (single) definitions to being combined into a holistic scientific theory.

Nomen (from Latin “family name”). This is an independent category of vocabulary, denoting a single, visible object. For example, when they show us a device and say that it is an oscilloscope, then we will imagine it every time as soon as we hear this word. For non-specialists, it is impossible to imagine another device that visualizes electrical vibrations.

The most democratic concept of special vocabulary is professionalism. They are especially widespread since most of them are unofficial synonyms of scientific concepts. Examples of professionalisms can be found in explanatory dictionaries, and in newspapers and magazines, and in literary works; they often perform a figurative and expressive function in these texts.

Occurrence classification

There are three ways to form special words:

Actually lexical. This is the emergence of new special names. For example, fishermen from the verb “shkerit” (to gut fish) formed the name of the profession - “shkershik”.

Lexico-semantic. The emergence of professionalisms by rethinking an already known word, that is, the emergence of a new meaning for it. For printers, a header is not a headdress, but a heading that unites several publications. And a trumpet for a hunter means nothing more than the tail of a fox.

Lexico-word formation. Examples of professionalisms that arose in this way are easy to identify, since they use suffixes or addition of words. Everyone knows what a spare wheel is (a backup mechanism or part of something) or a chief editor - editor-in-chief.

Features of speech and special words

Despite the apparent limitation in use, professionalisms are found in all. The dryness of the official business style will not surprise anyone, therefore, professionalisms in it have a simple function of conveying the meaning of the statement.

As for scientific speech, professionalism is used here for several reasons:

For better assimilation of information through the imagery of special vocabulary;

They make it possible to quickly remember the text due to the capacity of concepts;

Tautologies are avoided by replacing terms with examples of professionalism.

For journalistic and artistic styles, the use of special words occurs with the same functions:

Informational;

Communicative (not only hero-hero communication, but also reader-author communication);

Saving speech effort - professionalism always explains in shorter terms;

Cognitive, forming cognitive interest.

Where do special words come from?

The main source of professionalisms, first of all, are native Russian words that have undergone semantic rethinking. They appear from common vocabulary: for example, for electricians, a hair becomes a thin wire. The colloquial layer of vocabulary gives the name of the hammer handle - kill, and the jargon suggested that the driver call downtime "kimarit". Even local dialects have shared the definition for the big road - highway.

Another source of the appearance of special words is borrowing from other languages. The most common of these professionalisms are examples of words in medicine. Whatever the name, it’s all Latin, except for the duck under the bed. Or, for example, a foreign printing machine with a form, called a cliche, from which we only have the designation of the drawing made by it.

Any branch of production has objects that make up a system in which classes can be distinguished. Both require specific names to be grouped into thematic groups.

About lexical-thematic groups

Professional titles contain not only knowledge about the industry, but also the speaker's attitude towards the subject. From this point of view, they can be objective (as a rule, these are nomen) and subjective:

Expressing negativity or irony towards the subject itself. So, a faulty car for motorists is a coffin.

Relation directly to the name. This is how the bomber became a bomber in aviation.

Even the quality of work can be indicated by professionalism. In construction, they say about brickwork: waste (little mortar) or zavalinka (uneven wall).

All these thematic groups are in certain connections, and it is they who fragment reality with the help of words.

About lexical-semantic groups

They are united not only by the presence of an emotional assessment of an object or its name, but also, if possible, interact with each other. This concerns semantic relations: synonymy, homonymy, polysemy, metaphor. In this regard, the following groups can be distinguished:

Words that have an equivalent in common vocabulary. Their meaning can be found by opening a dictionary. There are a lot of professionalisms of this order in the Russian language: mine - large intercolumn spaces on a newspaper page.

Terminological synonyms. In different fields, professionalism means the same thing. For example, among motorists, builders and mechanical engineers, a crowbar is called a “pencil”.

Multiple meaning words. The word “Zhiguli”, in addition to the well-known meaning of a car as a trademark, refers to a specific camshaft in mechanical engineering.

And finally about jargon

Each profession has a number of words, phrases, and expressions that contain very vivid expression. These are usually informal synonyms for certain terms. They are used exclusively in communication between specialists and are called “professional jargon”.

The specificity of this vocabulary makes speech incomprehensible to an outsider who is outside this field of activity. Many programmers' professionalisms are tinged with jargon: teapot, dog or crib. They are already more reminiscent of argot - a social dialect widespread in a narrowly professional or even asocial environment. The function of this language is secret, it is only for “our own people”.

Conclusion

Everything related to professional vocabulary, jargon and even argot must be constantly studied, since this is a fairly large lexical layer that cannot be ignored, since it reflects historical processes and the development of society.

Bibliographic description:

Nesterova I.A. Professional vocabulary [Electronic resource] // Educational encyclopedia website

Professional vocabulary has features that allow people of the same profession to communicate freely. However, professionalisms are not necessarily terms. There are certain differences between terms and professional vocabulary. This will be mentioned in our article.

Concept and features of professional vocabulary

Words related to professional vocabulary are called professionalisms. Halperin interpreted professionalisms as “...words associated with the production activities of people united by one profession or occupation.” In his opinion, professionalisms are correlated with terms. The latter appear to define newly emerging concepts as a result of scientific discoveries and technological progress. Professionalisms denote in a new way already known concepts, usually objects and processes of labor (activity). Professionalisms differ from terms in that terms are a specialized part of literary and book vocabulary, and professionalisms are a specialized part of non-literary colloquial vocabulary. The semantic structure of professionalism is obscured by a figurative representation in which the distinguished features can be very random and arbitrary. The emergence of professionalism is based on semantic specialization - the narrowing of the meaning of a word.

Abstract: The article is devoted to the description of special vocabulary, traditionally divided into terms and professionalisms. A large number of examples of professionalism from different professional fields are given: aviation, car transporters, bank employees, librarians, businessmen, accountants, journalists, engineers, cinematographers, meteorologists, medical, police, marine, hunters, carpenters, printers, powder coaters, advertising (PR specialists), rock musicians, builders, taxi drivers, theater workers, television workers, merchants of old Moscow, teachers, schoolchildren, electronics and computer engineers. The materials of the article may be useful to philologists and university teachers.
Key words: special words, term, professionalism

Tverdokhleb Olga Gennadjevna
Orenburg State Teacher Training University, Orenburg

Abstract: The article describes the special vocabulary, traditionally divided into terms and professionalisms. Given the large number of examples of excellence from different professional fields: aviation, autoprodiks, Bank employees, librarians, businessmens, accountants, journalists, engineers, film-makers, meteorologists, medical, police, marine, hunters, carpenters and joiners, printers, needlewomen, advertising (PR), rock musicians, construction workers, taxi drivers, theater, TV crews, vendors of old Moscow, teachers, students, engineers and computer scientists. The article can be useful to philologists-teachers of the University.
Keywords: special words, the term, the professionalism

Language, reflecting the surrounding reality, consolidates in its lexical composition the practical, social and cognitive experience of people, material, spiritual, cultural and scientific achievements. The most important function of language is communicative, which ensures communication in all spheres of human activity.

Common words that are understandable to all speakers of a given language are included in dictionaries of the literary language. But, in addition to commonly used words, the language has a huge number of special words serving different areas of science, technology and culture. Special-professional communication is carried out through the language of science and technology, a special form of natural language that concentrates collective professional-scientific memory. Special vocabulary is words and combinations of words used and understood primarily by representatives of a certain branch of knowledge or profession. However, the special role of science and technology in modern society determines the ongoing interest in various problems of special vocabulary.

In specialized vocabulary, it is customary first of all to distinguish terms and professionalisms.

Terms are part of a terminological system, and “a classifying definition is applicable to them through the nearest genus and species distinction.” Created for the precise expression of special concepts and based on definition, they, playing a classification and systematizing role, organize and streamline scientific knowledge in various fields, in particular: military (N.D. Fomina 1968, G.A. Vinogradova 1980, P.V. Likholitov 1998); marine (A. Croise van der Kop 1910, N.V. Denisova 2003); naval (N.A. Kalanov 2003, L.V. Gorban 2005); railway (S.D. Ledyaeva 1973), economic (M.V. Kitaigorodskaya 1996); legal (N.G. Blagova 2002), etc. As special lexical units, terms have been the subject of analysis of many works of linguistic content, both theoretical and practical.

Professionalisms are words used by small groups of people united by a particular profession. Scientists note that professional jargon (slang) are words and phrases of a semi-official nature, denoting some special concept for which there is not yet an officially accepted designation in a given science, branch of technology, etc. We have already indicated that professional jargon used in a work of art, in particular school jargon, “must be understandable to the reader, and therefore explained.” It is precisely the lack of officially accepted names that is responsible for the fact that there is still no complete list of all professionalisms in the speech of people of different professions. This determines the relevance of our work.

This article provides material for such a list (in alphabetical order):

• aviation: goat ‘involuntary jump of the plane during landing’; underdose ‘undershoot’; peremaz ‘flight’; fly around ‘get used to the car’; bubble / sausage ‘balloon’; give goat ‘hard plant airplane; aircraft names: Annushka ; Plush ; duck ‘biplane U-2’, Donkey , Donkey 'airplane I-16’; Pawn ‘Pe-2 plane’; Hawk ‘plane Yak-3,7,9’; Humpback ‘Il-2 plane’; Balalaika ‘airplane MiG-21’; Eggplant ‘airplane IL-86’; Rook ‘airplane Su-25’;
• car haulers: mouse ‘grey colour’; on the handle ‘with manual transmission’; skin ‘leather interior’;
• bank employees: drunk And goggle-eyed ‘O fake banknotes, portraits on them’; car loan ‘car loans’;
• librarians: storage room ‘room, Where are stored books’; comb fund ‘arrange carefully books on shelves’;
• businessmen: white rollback ‘official Commission intermediary’; non-cash , By cashless ‘to pay non-cash’; turn on the counter ‘increase the loan percentage’; send ‘give bribe’; cash , cash , cash ‘to pay cash’; shuttle , shuttle (business);
• accountants: Kasachka , cash register ‘cassation’; izlup ‘overpaid tax’; kapiki ‘capital investments’; axles ‘fixed assets’;
• journalists: overlay ‘error'; snowdrop ‘Human, working correspondent, But listed V state By another specialties’; telekiller ‘corrupt journalist’; duck ‘deception’;
• engineers (workers): pot (in nuclear physics) ‘ synchrophasotron’; goat (in metallurgy) ‘ remains of frozen metal in the ladle’; cup a (in the production of optical instruments) ‘concave grinder (one of the abrasive devices)’; sneaker ‘self-recording device’;
• filmmakers: filmmaker ‘worker cinema’; shelf movie ‘O unshown/ prohibited film’;
• meteorologists: star , needle , hedgehog , plate (‘kinds snowflakes’) ;
• medical: eight (at dentists) ‘ tooth wisdom’; cover ‘pronounce death’; pulse stretches in a thread ;neuralgic ; birthplace ; talus ;
• policeman: hanger ‘hopeless case’; brood ‘investigative experiment’; tinsel ‘ECG film’; lost ‘missing without lead’; pipes are burning ‘problems with appendages’; cleanliness ‘sincerely confession’;
• nautical: admiral's ‘cabin at the stern’;certificate ‘duffel bag, clothing property’, tank bulletin (tank news ) ‘rumors exchanged between sailors on the forecastle in their wardroom’;Barents ‘Barents Sea’;bargevik (barzhak ) 1. ‘sailor sailing on a barge’. 2. ‘rude, blasphemous’;beska ‘cap, headdress of sailors, petty officers and naval cadets’;all-night watch ‘watch while staying in a port or roadstead (berthing watch) from 00.00 to 8.00, i.e. all night long’;V bre ‘vacation in September-December’; helicopter ‘snow shovel’; grab by the nostril ‘take in tow’;lie ‘lift up or choose, drag towards oneself, towards oneself (from the team "vira")’; Vladik ‘Vladivostok’;soak the anchors ‘stand at anchor for a long time’;galliuntimes ‘newspaper in the toilet’; Holland ‘Higher Naval School in Sevastopol’;Debardaker ‘every mess’; grandfather , hazing ; fraction ! ‘team: « enough! stop working!”(in the navy)’; caperang ‘captain first rank’; drop by drop ‘captain-lieutenant’; compass ; mine ‘lower or(push, pull)move away from oneself(from the "mine" team)’; fur ‘mechanic’; buyer ‘an officer who arrived at the military registration and enlistment office to receive a team of conscripts’, ‘a representative of a formation, a unit who arrived as a half-crew to receive young recruits’; blazer ‘a person in an officer position, but without a diploma from a military university’; rapport ; bagel ‘helmsman’, new guy , starley ‘senior lieutenant’, starmos ‘senior sailor’; holdway ‘bad wine’; walks ‘floats’; chop , sniff ‘sail (about the ship)’; shkershchik ‘a worker who guts fish (usually by hand) on fishing vessels’; types of ships, names of ships: bandura , Warsaw woman ‘B class submarine’; diesel fuel ‘diesel submarine’, box , little one, tumbler, Rybinets,tuzik , pike ;
• hunters: hang on one's tail ‘chase the beast with hound dogs’; wheel ‘grouse's loose tail’; dug ‘sharp lower tusk of a boar’; kuiruk , burdock ‘deer's tail; shovel ‘beaver tail’; seasoned ‘dominant, main wolf’; pestun, peston ‘old bear’; pereyarok ‘yearling wolf’; log ‘wolf tail’; profitable ‘wolf before of the year’; embrace the beast ‘take a hunted animal away from a dog’; furry ‘squirrel tail’; pipe ‘fox tail’; fallen ‘hidden hare’; flower , bunch , burdock ‘forms tail hare’;
• carpenters and joiners: mold , zenzubel , tongue and groove (‘kinds planer’);
• printers: widow ‘incomplete line with which a page begins or ends’;clogged (font) ‘font, remaining for a long time in typed galleys or strips’; Christmas trees ‘quotes’; goat (goats ) ‘omission of text in prints’; paws ‘quotes’; slur ‘outsider imprint on imprint’; ending ‘decoration V end books’; slur ‘foreign imprint on the print’; band ‘column'; tendril - ‘ending with thickening in the middle’, tail ‘lower external field pages', and ' the bottom edge of a book, opposite the head of the book’; stranger (font) ‘letters of a font of a different style or size that are mistakenly included in the typed text or heading’; a cap ‘common title for several publications’;
• downworts (Orenburg): snowflakes , feline paws , rays , little trees , snakes , raspberries , large raspberries , little windows , millet , ropes (‘kinds patterns’);
• advertising (PR people): vital cycle ‘period, V flow whom noticeable positive reaction on advertising’; wall ‘inscription propaganda content on walls, fences, cars; used V black PR’; drain ‘tradition publicity Togo, What held on V secret’; elephant ‘authoritative face, organization, which can bring to the candidate additional vote voters’; sandwich -advertising ‘previously recorded video clip television or radio advertisements, inside whom reserved empty place For inserts special advertising messages’; background ‘effects, which accompany advertising announcement By radio And television or advertising V press’;
• rock musicians: operational drive ; execution live , under plywood ; labukh ‘bad musician’; drummer ‘drummer’; soundtrack ‘sound track’; cover-version ‘transfer’;
• builders: capital ‘overhaul’;
• taxi drivers: station worker ‘taxi driver, specializing on service station public’; hat ‘fastidious passenger Taxi’;
• theatrical: chief manager , give bridge ‘emotionally complete stage’; green play ‘last play season’; throw , leave text ‘fast repeat dialogue With partner’; pass the text kicks ‘physically distribute text on stage’; clean turn ‘full change scenery’;
• TV people: bow ‘funny story program news, to cheer up spectators’; leader ‘producer’; cranes , fishing rods ‘microphones on long stick, stretched To far standing hero plot’; sound ‘sound engineer, sound engineer’; suckers ‘spectators V studios’; furniture ‘People, invited V program, including communication with spectators: them they will give say one phrase or No, their called "For furniture"’; bush ‘big fluffy nozzle on microphone, protective his from wind’; soapy ‘ a sentimental film (often a television series) dedicated to the problems of love, family relationships, and raising children’;block synchronous ‘impose picture on interview, relevant, When Human speaks too much for a long time’; overlap ‘short plot, voiced Not correspondent, A leading’; eyeliner , ustnyak ‘words presenter before showing plot’; a gun ‘microphone’; shot down pilot ‘leading, which was Very popular, A Then disappeared With screen’; Cup , Stakankino ‘television center "Ostankino"’; ear ‘earphone, through which leading hears teams from hardware’; wheeze ‘message, transmitted correspondent V ether By telephone, with bad quality sound’;
• traders of old Moscow: handbrake ‘hand seller’; collar ' gatekeeper’; money for the wind ‘missing money’; prick ‘complete the deal’; sub-fence place ‘a place reserved for sale near a fence’;
• teachers: zero ‘preparatory Class’; window , good guy ;
• schoolchildren: wheel , wheels ‘vehicle’, control ; rooster ‘five'; spurs , crib ;
• electronics and computer engineers: tower ‘tower computer case (mini tower, midi tower, big tower)’; vir ‘computer virus’;truck ‘a character with ultra-high strength indicators, used to transport goods and resources’; freeze ; save ‘save’; script ‘ write a script, create some sequence of actions’;computer ;machinists And evaem people ‘computer center maintenance personnel’; soap box ‘a simple, cheap camera, player, radio, or any other portable device’;get too drunk ‘reboot’; armpit ‘mouse pad’; inkjet ‘jet printer’;to brake ‘extremely slow operation of a program or computer’; X horny ‘computer mouse' and etc.

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Professionalisms– these are special words used in everyday life of professionals. Professionalisms are “unofficial” names of special phenomena and concepts of the profession; they constitute professional jargon.

An important difference between professionalisms and terms is that professionalisms are relevant primarily in the colloquial speech of people of a particular profession, sometimes being a kind of unofficial synonyms of special names. Often they are reflected in dictionaries, but always with the mark “professional”. Unlike terms - the official scientific names of special concepts, professionalisms function primarily in oral speech as “semi-official” words that do not have a strictly scientific character. These words form a lexical layer, which is also sometimes called professional slang or professional jargon.

For example, in the editorial offices of newspapers and magazines, a specialist involved in the selection of illustrations is called build editor. Build editor is a term. However, in the actual production process it is most often called for short build– this is professionalism, professional jargon. Build trampled all the photos according to the layout– undoubtedly, this sentence uses professionalisms, but not terms (With terms, the same phrase would sound more cumbersome. In addition, terms often have a foreign language origin and are difficult to pronounce, which also does not contribute to their use in business conversation. By the way, this is why Professionalisms often become reduced terms: build editor – build, calipers(special measuring ruler) – barbell and so on.).

Professionalism simplifies speech and makes it more suitable for quick everyday support of production processes.

Professionalisms, like terms, can be grouped according to the area of ​​their use: in the speech of economists, financiers, athletes, miners, doctors, hunters, fishermen, etc. A special group includes technicalisms - highly specialized names used in the field of technology.

Professionalisms most often serve to designate various production processes, production tools, raw materials, manufactured products, etc. In other words, they designate phenomena for which the use of terms, although possible, is cumbersome and unprincipled. In addition, professionalism is often the result of creative rethinking, “mastering” a highly specialized phenomenon. These are the words spare tire(spare tire for car mechanics and drivers), corral(spare texts prepared by newspaper editors), paws And herringbone(types of quotation marks used by proofreaders and printers). Such professionalisms, easily and in their own way replacing terms, make special speech more lively, simple and mastered, easier for quick use and understanding.

For example, the following professionalisms are used in the speech of printers: ending– graphic decoration at the end of the book, clogged font– worn out, worn-out font due to outdated linotype printing, etc. Journalists prepare a draft for the future text, called a draft fish or dog. Engineers jokingly call it a self-recording device sneaker. In the speech of pilots there are words underdose,peremaz, meaning undershoot and overshoot of the landing mark, as well as: bubble, sausage– balloon, give the goat– landing the plane hard, causing it to bounce after touching the ground, etc. Many of these professionalisms have an evaluative or understated tone.

In the professional speech of actors, they use a complex abbreviated name chief manager; in the colloquial speech of builders and repairmen, the professional name for major repairs is used capital; specialists who build and maintain computer systems in companies are system administrators. On fishing boats, workers who gut fish (usually by hand) are called shkershchiki. Bankers in a conversation among themselves instead of the term car loans use the word car loans, officials call housing and communal services communal apartment, and the social sphere - social media etc.

Many professional words have entered into wide business and colloquial use: give out on the mountain, storming, turnover and so on.

Professional vocabulary is indispensable for the laconic and precise expression of thoughts in special texts intended for a trained reader or listener. However, the information content of narrowly professional names decreases if a non-specialist encounters them. Therefore, professionalism is appropriate, say, in large-circulation industry (departmental) newspapers and is not justified in publications aimed at a wide readership.

Professionalisms, being predominantly words for colloquial use, often have a reduced stylistic connotation, being, in fact, slang words. This should also be taken into account when using professionalisms in an official situation or in official publications. They may not only be incomprehensible outside a professional audience, but also sound risky for the reputation of the person using them.

On the other hand, skillful use of professional jargon can even add richness and flavor to official speech, and help demonstrate knowledge of the subject characteristic of a professional who has regular and direct contact with the work environment. A top manager of one large oil company, a professor and doctor of sciences, said that when you go on a business trip to the north, then you should never talk at the rig production– Oil workers simply won’t talk to you. It is imperative to speak like them: to Mining. Then you are a person from the industry, and they recognize you as one of their own. Thus, the manager deliberately deviates from the accentological (sometimes lexical) norms of the Russian language in order to speak the same language with specialists.